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*.  I 


f  *  *. 


THE    JOURNAL 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  MTIQUARIES 

OF    IRELAND 


ID^e  Xtosal  l^istarical  anb  ^rcf)seoIogtca(  Slssociatton 

OF    IRELAND 


Etie  Itilftcnns  Srcljolostcal  Society 

VOL.  II.— FIFTH  SERIES. 
TOL.    5XII.— COHSECUTITE    8EEI18 


1892 


DUBLIN 
PRINTED   AT    THE   UNIVERSITY   PRE8 

FOB   TEE   SOCroir 

BT.POKSONBY  AND  WELDRICK 
1892 


STANFORD  UNIVBRBIfv 

"WWW" 
SEP    81970 


Thk  Council  wish  it  to  be  distinctly  understood  that  they  do 
not  hold  themselves  responsible  for  the  statements  and  opinions 
contained  in  the  Papers  read  at  the  Meetings  of  the  Society, 
and  here  printed,  except  so  far  as  No.  26  of  the  G-eneral  Eules 
of  thfi  Society  extends. 


PREFACE. 


WITH  the  steady  and  rapid  growth  of  the  Society 
in  the  last  few  years  are  many  signs  of  awakened 
interest  in  Irish  Antiquities  and  History.  This  is 
evidenced  in  the  activity  of  the  two  newly-risen 
local  Societies  which  our  Society  may  justly  claim  as 
daughters.  But  still  more  in  the  great  increase  in 
the  number  of  Papers  submitted  to  the  parent  Society 
for  publication.  At  the  same  time  the  enlarged  number 
of  Members  has  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  Council 
additional  funds  available  for  printing.  They  have 
therefore  felt  justified  in  so  far  enlarging  the  size  of 
the  Quarterly  Parts  of  the  Journal  that  the  four  parts 
issued  in  the  year  are  now  suflScient  to  form  a  separate 
volume.  The  Journal  for  the  year  1892,  is  therefore 
now  presented  to  the  Members  as  the  second  volume 
of  the  Fifth  Series.  It  is  the  twenty-second  volume 
of  the  Society's  Journal^  numbering  consecutively  from 
the  beginning  in  1849,  forty-four  years  ago. 

The  form  of  the  publication  has  at  the  same  time 
been  changed.  Originally  the  Journal  was  in  form  a 
record  of  the  meetings  of  the  Society.  The  Papers 
read  were  then  printed  as  matter  incidental  to  the 
business  of  the  meeting,  only  a  few  of  the  longest 
Papers  having  distinct  titles.     This  plan  was  open  to 

several  objections.     It  is  undesirable  that  an  important 

a2 


IV  PREFACE. 

communication  should  be  inserted  without  an  indepen- 
dent title  and  in  a  form  which  gave  an  appearance  of 
incompleteness.  Difficulties,  too,  in  the  preparation  of 
illustrations,  and  other  delays,  rendered  it  impossible  to 
publish  within  a  reasonable  time  all  the  Papers  presented 
at  a  given  meeting.  It  soon  became  therefore  the 
custom  to  detach  the  Papers  from  the  report  of  the 
particular  meeting  at  which  they  were  read  and  to 
print  them  separately  afterwards.  This  practice  once 
established,  the  "Proceedings"  gradually  shrank  to  a 
formal  report  of  the  meeting.  As  the  Papers  now  form 
much  the  most  important  part  of  the  Journal^  the  Council 
have  thought  it  best  to  give  them  tlie  foremost  places 
in  its  pages;  and  to  print  the  "  Proceedings,"  or  report 
of  the  meetings,  at  the  end  of  each  number. 

But  though  relegated  to  a  position  of  comparative 
obscurity  the  "  Proceedings  "  still  include  much  matter 
of  general  interest.  The  Report  of  the  Council  presented 
at  the  January  Meeting  (page  91)  contains  an  impor- 
tant rSsumS  of  the  Society's  work  and  position.  The 
reports  of  the  Excursions  to  Kilkenny  and  neighbour- 
hood, Kells,  Co.  Meath,  and  Belfast  and  district,  give 
interesting  accounts  of  the  places  visited,  which  supply 
a  souvenir  to  those  who  took  part  in  the  meetings,  and 
much  information  to  those  who  could  not  join  them. 
At  the  Belfast  Meeting  a  very  excellent  feature  was 
introduced  in  the  opening  Address  given  as  Chairman 
by  the  Rev.  George  R.  Buick,  m.r.i.a.,  one  of  the 
Vice-Presidents  for  Ulster.  This  Address  (printed  at 
pp.  317—9),  includes  a  short  but  admirable  sketch  of  the 
advances  made  in  archaeological  studies.  It  vindicates 
with  patriotic  pride  the  share  which  our  Society  has 
taken  in  the  work,  and  with  inspiriting  enthusiasm  calls 


PKEFACE.  V 

for  new  workers,   and  wisely  points  out  the  lines  of 
antiquarian  work  most  needing  help. 

The  volume  is  especially  rich  in  studies  of  early  and 
mediaeval  churches  and  religious  life.  Earliest  in  time  is 
Dr.  Stokes's  sketch  of  S.  Fechin*s  Religious  Settlement  at 
Fore,  Co.  Westmeath,  which  draws  a  spirited  picture  of 
early  monastic  life.  The  origin,  history,  and  present 
remains  of  the  Religious  Settlement  in  Co.  Carlow, 
called  after  its  founder  and  patron,  S,  Mulling,  is 
fully  described  by  Rev.  J.  F.  M.  ffrench.  Mr.  Romilly 
Allen  presents  new  studies,  admirably  illustrated,  of 
the  strangely  interesting  early  religious  settlement  on 
the  Skellig ;  of  the  Romanesque  Church  of  Kilmalkedar ; 
and  of  the  later  Religious  House  of  Muckross.  Mr. 
Wakeman's  sketches  of  Ante-Norman  Churches  in  Co. 
Dublin  are  valuable  records  of  some  very  interesting 
remains. 

Of  Norman  Churches  the  foremost  place  may  be 
given  to  the  Paper  on  Graignamanagh  Abbey.  In  this 
Mr.  Cochrane  has  added  to  Mr.  O'Leary's  account  one 
of  the  most  exhaustive  descriptions  of  an  Irish  Abbey 
yet  published  in  our  Journal. 

Rev.  A.  L.  Elliott's  History  of  the  Abbey  of  S.  Thomas, 
from  its  princely  foundation  to  its  extinction  in  all  but 
the  name  surviving  in  an  obscure  alley,  is  excellent,  and 
might  with  advantage  be  taken  as  a  model  by  other 
writers  of  Irish  monastic  history.  In  connexion  with 
the  same  Abbey  of  S.  Thomas,  a  very  curious  light  is 
throAvn  on  the  inner  life  of  a  mediaeval  monastery  in 
Mr.  Berry's  erudite  Paper  on  Signs  used  by  the  Victorine 
Canons. 

On  pre-historic  archaeology  there  are,  as  usual,  many 
Papers.     Rev.  L.  Hass^,   whose  contributions  are  ever 


VI  PEEFACE. 

welcome,  describes  the  discovery  of  Pagan  Burials  at 
Monasterboice  (p.  145)  and  with  the  aid  of  Mr.  Cochrane, 
supplies  a  much  needed  plan  of  that  very  early  Christian 
site. 

Our  northern  Members  are,  as  usual,  foremost  in  this 
branch  of  study.  Mr.  Knowles  gives  an  account,  ren- 
dered very  valuable  by  his  great  experience,  of  recent 
Finds  in  Co.  Antrim,  while  Mr.  Patterson  (p.  154) 
makes  the  reader  feel  thoroughly  at  home  in  the 
task  of  collecting  Worked  Flints  in  the  slob  at  the 
opposite  side  of  Belfast  Lough.  Canon  Baillie,  too, 
describes  the  finding  of  Cists  in  Donegal  Coimty. 

Dr.  Frazer  furnishes  a  good  account  of  Early  Jet 
Beads,  some  of  which  have  been  found  in  Ireland.  Rev. 
J.  F.  M.  ffrench  describes  two  curiously-formed  Stones 
found  at  Lough  Gur,  one  of  which  he  suggests  may 
have  been  one  of  the  champion's  hand-stones  of  the 
bardic  tales. 

Lord  Walter  Fitz  Gerald  has  given  an  account  with  a 
drawing  of  the  Holed-stone  at  Castledermot,  showing 
that  previous  writers  have  been  strangely  mistaken  as 
to  the  character  of  the  markings  upon  it.  His  Paper 
has  drawn  from  Mr.  Mac  Ritchie  a  description  of  a 
number  of  similar  ^Mioled-stones"  in  England  and 
Scotland.  Lord  Walter's  Paper  also  describes  the  Round 
Tower  at  Castledermot. 

Nor  are  our  Papers  in  this  branch  confined  to  home 
studies.  Dr.  Healy  has  given  a  most  interesting  account 
of  an  antiquarian  ramble  in  Brittany,  which,  too,  inci- 
dentally throws  light  on  the  character  of  some  of  our 
own  Rude  Stone  Monuments.  This  Paper  was  originally 
given  to  the  Society  as  a  lecture  illustrated  by  lantern 
views  of  photographs  taken  during  the  tour. 


PBEPACE.  Vll 

For  Ogham  students  Mr.  Romilly  Allen  offers  very 
carefully  prepared  readings  of  several  stones  (pp.  165—70, 
256-61,  276). 

In  the  department  of  Irish  Art,  Rev.  D.  Murphy  has 
done  excellent  service  in  the  illustration  of  shrines  of 
early  Irish  workmanship ;  comparing  the  shrine  found 
not  long  since  in  Lough  Erne  with  others  remarkably 
similar  in  form  and  ornamentation  existing  in  Scotland 
and  Denmark.  He  has  also  in  his  ''Shrine  of  S. 
Caillin  "  figured  an  excellent  example  of  a  later  period 
of  ecclesiastical  art. 

Mr.  Westropp's  illustration  of  the  Irish  Romanesque 
Arch  in  Killaloe  Cathedral  is  a  really  important  contri- 
bution to  the  study  of  Irish  art  in  stone  work.  This 
elaborate  and  beautiful  doorway  has  not  hitherto  been 
adequately  represented.  The  pencil  of  the  same  inde- 
fatigable artist  hasal  so  drawn  for  us  the  mediaeval  wood 
carvings  still  remaining  in  Limerick  Cathedral. 

Mr.  Mills's  Paper  on  the  Estates  of  the  Earl  of  Nor- 
folk in  the  thirteenth  century  affords  much  information 
on  the  internal  state  of  the  country  at  a  period  as  yet 
very  little  known. 

Other  illustrations  of  the  condition  of  the  people  a 
few  hundred  years  ago  are  afforded  by  Dr.  Frazer's 
Paper  on  a  Wooden  Vessel  probably  used  for  carrying 
milk,  with  a  drawing  by  Mr.  A.  Williams,  e.h.a.  ;  and  in 
Rev.  J.  O'Laverty's  account  of  the  making  and  use  of 
Bog-butter.  Isaac  Butler's  Journey  to  Lough  Derg 
(pp.  13—24,  126-36),  in  the  middle  of  the  last  century, 
contains  many  points  of  much  interest  in  the  description 
of  places,  and  still  more  of  the  manners  of  the  people 
among  whom  he  passed. 

Mr.  Burtchaell's  Paper  on  the  Fitz  Geralds,  Barons  of 


VUl  PREFACE. 

Bumchurch,  is  a  most  exhaustive  treatment  of  a  hitherto 
obscure  family  history.  It  affords,  too,  some  light  on  the 
history  of  the  country  from  the  twelfth  to  the  seven- 
teenth century.  Miss  Hickson's  Papers  on  *^  Old  Place 
Names  and  Surnames"  (pp.  137,  389),  in  addition  to 
many  genealogical  particulars,  include  some  interesting 
topographical  details  and  name  derivations.  Mr.  Berry's 
note  on  the  name  ^' Scorch  villein"  (p.  178)  should  be 
noticed  as  a  correction  of  a  common  but  obvious  error 
about  a  prominent  figure  in  our  thirteenth  century 
history. 

Mr.  Colman's  '^  Grraveyards  of  Great  Island,"  and  his 
account  of  *^  Spike  Island,"  will  be  read  with  interest  as 
illustrating  well-known  places  whose  history  is  very 
obscure.  Colonel  Vigors  has  contributed  a  series  of 
excerpts  from  the  Corporation  Books  of  New  Ross  of 
the  seventeenth  century. 

Among  Papers  of  a  miscellaneous  character  perhaps 
the  most  interesting  is  Mr.  Day's  Notice  of  part  of  his 
collection  of  ^^  Posey  "  Rings.  Their  quaint  Elizabethan 
English  and  the  purity  and  dignity  of  the  sentiments 
they  breathe  are  alike  charming. 

Mr.  Milligan's  Paper  on  Examples  of  Extreme  Lon- 
gevity will  arouse  the  interest  of  all.  Miss  Hickson's 
word  of  warning  (p.  207)  should  not  be  forgotten  in 
some  such  cases.  Dr.  Frazer's  Musical  Sounds  in  Hunt- 
ing (p.  156)  records  a  document  on  a  very  curious  and 
little  known  subject. 

The  last  of  the  Papers  in  the  volume  is  one  which 
must  prove  of  the  greatest  value  to  all  who  are  interested 
in  the  architectural  antiquities  of  Ireland.  Mr.  Cochrane 
has  the  most  thorough  knowledge  of  all  that  relates 
to  the   *^  Ancient  Monuments  Protection  Acts."     His 


PREFACE.  IX 

Paper  on  the  subject  supplies  a  mass  of  information,  the 
want  of  which  has  long  been  felt.  The  spread  of  this 
knowledge,  it  may  be  hoped,  may  still  further  stimulate 
interest  in  our  remaining  Antiquities  and  prove  a  guide 
to  those  who  can  take  an  active  part  in  protecting 
them. 

Under  the  head  of  **  Miscellanea"  there  are  gathered 
in  each  Part  a  large  number  of  shorter  communications 
sent  in  by  Members.  A  few  of  these  have  been  already 
noticed,  but  the  volume  includes  many  others.  Witness 
the  fact  pointed  out  by  Rev.  J.  O'Laverty  (p.  432), 
apparently  so  strangely  overlooked,  that  the  name  Brugh 
still  survives  at  New  Grange  in  the  very  slightly  altered 
form  of  Bro.  In  these  pages  an  opportunity  is  offered 
to  our  Fellows  and  Members  to  record  permanently 
antiquarian  finds  of  any  kind,  survivals  of  primitive 
customs,  and  unrecorded  scraps  of  our  fast  dying  Folk- 
lore ;  and  generally  short  notes  on  matters  of  importance 
which  can  be  dealt  with  briefly,  from  those  who  may 
not  have  opportunity  to  prepare  more  formal  Papers. 


CONTENTS. 


VOLUME  II.,  FIFTH  SERIES. 

1892. 


PART    I. 

PAPERS  : 

St.  Fechin  of  Fore  and  his  Monastery.    By  Key.  G.  T.  Stokes,  D.D.f  M.R.I.A., 
p.  1. 

A  Journey  to  Lough  Derg  {circa  1749)  by  Isaac  Butler.    Part  First,  p.  13. 

The  Abbey  of  St.  Thomas  the  Martyr,  near  Dublin.   By  Eev.  Anthony  L.  Elliott,  M.  A., 
p.  26. 

On  Two  Rare  Stone  Implements,  found  at  Lough  Gur,  Co.  Limerick.    By  Rev.  J.  F.  M. 
ffrench,  M.R.I.A.,  Fellotc,  p.  42. 

Recent  Finds  in  the  Co.  Antrim  (Two  Plates).    By  W.  J.  Knowles,  M.R.I.A.,  Fellote, 
p.  46. 

Accounts  of  the  Earl  of  Norfolk's  Estates  in  Ireland,  1279-94.     By  James  Mills, 
M.R.I.A.,  p.  60. 

On  Posey  Rings.    By  Robert  Day,  F.S.A.,  M.R.I.A.,  Vice-FreHdrnt,  p.  63. 

The  Round  Tower  and  Holed-stone  of  Castledermot  (Four  Plates).     By  Lord  Walter 
FitzGerald,  J.P.,  M.R.I.A.,  Fclhw,  p.  66» 

Carvings  in  St.  Mary's  Cathedral,  Limerick  (Two  Plates).    ByT.  J.  "Westropp,  M.A., 
p.  70. 

Miscellanea,  p.  80. 
Notices  of  Books,  p.  86. 

PROCEEDINGS : 

Annual  General  Meeting,  Dublin,  1892,  p.  90. 

Report  of  Council  for  1891,  p.  91. 

Ezcundon  to  King's  Inns  and  Public  Record  Office,  p.  99. 


Xll  CONTENTS. 


PART    II. 

PAPERS : 

Ante-Norman  Churches  in  the  County  of  Dublin  (Three  Plates).  By  W.  F.  Wakeman, 
Son.  Fellow f  p.  101. 

On  the  Use  of  Signs  in  the  Ancient  Monasteries,  with  special  Bcfercnco  to  a  Code  used 
by  the  Victorine  Canons  at  St.  Thomas's  Abbey,  Dublin.  By  Henry  F.  Berry, 
M.A.,  p.  107. 

A  Journey  to  Lough  Derg  by  Isaac  Butler.    Part  Second,  p.  126. 

Old  Place  Names  and  Surnames.     By  Miss  Ilickson,  p.  137. 

An  Urn-burial  on  the  Site  of  Monasterboice,  Co.  Louth  (Three  Illustrations).  By 
Bev.  Leonard  Hassc,  M.B.I.A.,  Fellow,  p.  145. 

The  Shrine  of  St.  CaiUin  of  Fenagh  (Plate).  By  Rev.  Denis  Murphy,  S.J.,  M.R.I. A., 
Felhw,  p.  151. 

On  a  newly-discovered  Site  for  "Worked  Flints  in  the  County  of  Down  (Plate).  By 
W.  H.  Patterson,  M.R.I.A.,  p.  154. 

On  the  Musical  Sounds  employed  in  Hunting  Game  in  the  year  1676 :  From  a  Manu* 
script  (Plate).    By  William  Frazer,  F.R.C.S.I.,  M.R.I.A.,  Fellow,  p.  156. 

Notes  on  the  Antiquities  in  Co.  Kerry,  visited  by  the  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
Ireland  and  the  Cambrian  Archaeological  Association,  August,  1891  (Nine  Illus- 
trations).   By  J.  Romilly  Allen,  F.S.A.  (Scot.),  Felloto.    Part  First,  p.  158. 

Extracts  from  the  Books  of  the  Old  Corporation  of  Ross,  Co.  Wexford.  By  Colonel 
P.  D.  Vigors,  J.P.,  Fellow,  p.  164. 

Miscellanea — Cases  of  Remarkable  Longevity — Fowke  Family — The  Epithet  *  *  Scorch- 
villein" — **The  Folk  Speech  of.  Devonshire" — Throwing  the  Dart — Spike 
Island — Report,  Hon.  Local  Secretary,  North  Dublin — Mediaeval  Charters  and 
Ancient  Wills — Beeswax  obtained  near  the  ancient  church  of  Kilaspugbrone — On 
Rude  Crosses  made  from  Twigs,  with  Interlaced  Straw  or  Rushes — Report  of  the 
Local  Secretary,  South  Eildare,  p.  177. 

Notices  of  Books  (Illustration),  p.  189. 

PROCEEDINGS : 

Second  General  Meeting,  Kilkenny,  1892,  p.  203. 
Audited  Account  of  the  Society  for  1891,  p.  206. 
Excursion  to  Ullard,  Graigue,  and  St.  Mullins,  p.  210. 


CONTENTS.  Xlll 


PART     III. 

PAPERS: 

Pre-hifttoric  Stone  Monuments  of  Brittany.     By  Rev.  Jolm  Healy,  LL.D.,  p.  213. 
On  Jet  Beads  found  in  Ireland.    By  W,  Frazer,  F.R.C.S.I.,  M.R.I.A.,  Felhw,  p.  221. 

Some  Recent  Cases  of  Remarkable  Longevity  (One  Illustration).  Second  Paper.  By 
Seaton  F.  Milligan,  M.R.I.A.,  Fellow^  p.  224. 

Notes  on  the  Cistercian  Abbey  of  Graignamanagh  (Four  Illustrations,  Plate,  and 
Plan).    By  Patrick  O'Leary  and  Robert  Cochrane,  F.S.A.,  Fellow,  p.  237. 

The  Graveyards  of  the  Great  Island,  Cork  Harbour.     By  James  Coleman,  p.  248. 

Notes  on  the  Antiquities  in  Co.  Kerry,  visited  by  the  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
Ireland  and  the  Cambrian  Archaeological  Association,  August,  1891  (Nineteen  Illus- 
trations).   Part  II.    By  J.  Romilly  Allen,  F.S.A.  (Scot.),  Fellow,  p.  266. 

On  a  Wooden  Vessel  obtained  from  a  Bog  near  Newry  (One  Illustration).  By  W. 
Frazer,  F.R.C.S.I.,  M.R.I.A.,  Fellow,  p.  286. 

Extracts  from  the  Books  of  the  Old  Corporation  of  Ross,  Co.  "Wexford  (continued  from 
page  176).     By  Colonel  Philip  D.  Vigors,  J.P.,  Fellow,  p.  287. 

Miscellanea  —  Shecla-na-Guira  —  Witchcraft  in  Co.  Limerick — Ballinamore  Castle, 
Chapel,  and  Burying-ground,  County  Longford — Stone  Graves  in  the  County 
Donegal — Notes  on  Holed-Stones — A  Charm  Doctor  at  Work — The  Treaty  Stone 
of  Limerick — Longevity  —  Report  of  the  Hon.  Local  Secretary,  Co.  Kerry — 
Tinnehinch  Castle  —  Fowke  Family  —  Congress  of  ArchcBological  Societies  — 
Crosses  made  of  Twigs,  with  Interlaced  Straw  or  Rushes,  &c.,  p.  291. 

Notices  of  Books,  p.  308. 


PROCEEDINGS  : 

Excursion  to  Kells,  Co.  Meath  (Four  Illustrations),  p.  311. 

Third  General  Meeting,  Belfast,  1892,  p.  316. 

Historical  and  Descriptive  Account  of  the  City  of  Belfast  (Five  Illustrations),  p.  323. 

Excursions  to  Carrickfergus,  Lame,  Downpatrick,  Newcastle,  and  Carlingford  (Four 
Illustrations),  p.  334. 


XIV  CONTENTS. 


PAET    IV. 


PAPERS : 


On  the  Ornamentation  of  the  Lough  Erne  Shrine  (Nine  IllustrationB).  By  Bey.  Denis 
Murphy,  S.J.,  M.R  I.A.,  Fellow ,  p.  349. 

The  reason  why  the  Irish  buried  their  Butter  in  Bog  banks.  By  Rev.  James  0*Layerty, 
P.P.,  M.R.I.A.,  p.  366. 

The  Geraldines  of  Co.  Kilkenny.  Part  I.  The  Barons  of  Bumchurch  (Folding 
Pedigree).     By  Geo.  Dames  Burtchaell,  M.A.,  LL.B.,  M.R.I. A.,  Fellow,  p.  358. 

St.  Mullins,  Co.  Carlow.  (Four  Illustrations.)  By  Rev.  J.  F.  M.  ffrench,  M.R.I.A., 
Fellow,  p.  377. 

Old  Place  Names  and  Surnames  (continued  from  p.  144).    By  Miss  Hickson,  p.  389. 

Killaloe:  its  Ancient  Palaces  and  Cathedral.  Part  I.  (One  Plate  and  one  other 
Illustration).    By  Thomas  Johnson  Westropp,  M.A.,  p.  398. 

Notes  on  the  **  Ancient  Monuments  Protection  (Ireland)  Act,  1892,"  and  the  preyioas 
legislation  connected  therewith.  By  Robert  Cochrane,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A., 
M.R.I.A.,  Fellow,  p.  411. 

Miscellanea.  Nowgrange  still  called  Brugh — Mervyn  Archdall  at  Slane — Isaac  Butler 
— Innisfallen — Sculptured  Slabs  at  Saul  (Three  Illustrations) — Forty-fourth  Year 
of  Issue — Disappearance  of  a  Relic  of  the  Past — Sheo's  Almshouse,  St.  Francis 
Abbey,  St.  John's  Priory,  Kilkenny — Sheela-na-Guira —Ancient  Irish  Sundials — 
Russell's  History  of  the  Geraldines  —  A  Journey  to  Lough  Derg — Honours  to 
Members  of  the  Society—Report  of  Hon.  Local  Secretary,  Limerick —  Ballina- 
courte — The  Society  and  the  Ancient  Monuments  Act — Ballinamore  Castle  and 
the  Brownes — Tinnehinch  Castle — Alleged  discovery  in  Co.  Clare — Ballintoy 
Church — History  of  Co.  Clare,  p.  430. 

Notices  of  Books  (Two  Plates  and  four  other  illustrations),  p.  448. 


PROCEEDINGS : 
Fourth  General  Meeting,  Dublin,  October,  1892,  p.  470. 


Index,  p.  476. 

Title-page  and  Preface  to  Vol.  II.,  Fifth  Series. 


(       XV       ) 


APPENDIX. 


> 

PAGB 

The  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Ireland,         

2 

Patrons,           . .         . .         . .         . ,         . ,         , .         . , 

6 

President, 

6 

Vice-Presidents.          . .         . . 

5 

Honorary  General  Secretary  and  Treasurer,           , ,         •  • 

6 

Council  for  1893,        

6 

Secretary  and  Treasurer,       , .         . .         . ,         , , 

6 

Honorary  Curator  of  the  Museum, 

6 

Bankers,           

6 

Honorary  Provincial  Secretaries,      . .         . .         . . 

6 

Honorary  Local  Secretaries,             

.       6-7 

Fellows  of  the  Society,          

8 

Honorary  Fellows  of  the  Society,    . . 

16 

Members  of  the  Society,        

17 

Fellows  and  Members  deceased, 

49 

Fellows  and  Members  resigned, 

60 

Members  in  arrear  struck  off  the  List,        

.  61-62 

F«ocieti<^9  in  CopvYexion. 

63 

General  Kules. 

66 

Index  of  Archaeological  Papers  published  in  1891,  issued  under  the  direction 
of  the  Congress  of  Archeological  Societies  in  Union  with  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,        . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         . ,         . .         . .         . .     1—40 


Beport  on  the  Transcription  and  Publication  of  Parish  Begisters,  &c.. 


1-16 


(     xvi     ) 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTEATIONS. 


An  asterisk  prefixed  indicates  a  Plate. 


Eecently  discovered  Finds  in  Co.  Antrim : — 

irl&te  x.f  ••  ••  ..  .. 

Jl uite  i-X^f         ••         ••         ..         .. 


•Round  Tower  of  CastJedermot,         

♦West  Doorway  of  Old  Church  at  Castledermot,     . , 
♦Doorway  and  Windows  of  Round  Tower  at  Castledermot, 
♦Holestone  in  Churchyard  at  Castledermot,  . . 
Carvings  in  S.  Mary's  Cathedral,  Limerick  : — 

•  Plate  I.,  Tombstones, 

•  Plate  II,  Misereres, 

Ante-Norman  Churches  in  Co.  Dublin  : — 

•  Plate  I.,  Killiney, 

•  Plate  II,  Dalkey,  Ireland's  Eye, 

Jl la Tie  XAJ..,        ••         «•         ••         ••  ••         ,■ 

Um-burial  on  the  Site  of  Monasterboice  : — 

X?  Xk  aXye*         ••         ••         ••         ••  •• 

X?  ^K*  ^ya*         ••  ••  ••  ••         ••  •• 

Fig.  3,  Ground-plan  of  Monasterboice  Churchyard, 

•Shrine  of  St  Caillin, 

♦Worked  Flints  found  in  Co.  Down,  

♦Ancient  Hunting  Notes, 

Muckross  Abbey : — 

(^^loiSLers,  ••  •«         ••         ••         •»         •• 

Details  of  Cloisters, 

Ground-plan,   . .  . . 
Inscription, 

Aghadoe  Cathedral : — 

Ground-plan,   . .         . .         . .         . . 

West  Gable  and  Doorway,    . . 

Details  of  West  Doorway, 

Aghadoe  Round  Tower,         

Aghadoe  Military  Tower, 

Sovereign's  Scat  and  Desk,  Belfast,  

Cases  of  remarkable  Longevity — Mn.  Humphreys, 


. .  to  face 

•  •      i» 

•  •      >» 

>> 

•  •      »» 

•  •      »» 

•  •      >> 

»» 


»» 


ti 


»» 


PA6B 
46 

48 
66 
67 
68 
69 


70 

74 

102 
103 
105 


. .  146 
..146 
..149 

. .  to  face     152 

155 

156 


160 

161 

ib. 

162 

163 
164 
165 

166 

167 

201 

235 


U6T  OF  ILLU8TBATION8. 


Abbt;  of  Gnignamsugli  :— 

•  TilM  bom  Floor,        tofaee  237 

Gnignunaiuigh  m  it  maj  have  I>««ii,          237 

ExterioT  of  Window  of  Befectoiy, 241 

Bomaiiu  of  Buding  Gallv;  of  Befectory,            242 

BemaiiMof  Entnnoe  to  Chapter  Houw, 243 

•  PUn  of  the  Abbey to  face  244 

BalliDtiiKart  Ogam  Slonea: — 

loembedCroM 268 

OgMD  InacriptiOD,                  ..         ..                     ..         ..                    ..  it. 

Ditto,                  afi7 

Ditto,                  it. 

Ditto,                  i». 

Ditto,                 . .  iS. 

JnBcribed  Cr<3SB,          ■■         ..         ■•         ..         ■■         ..         •.         ■■  25S 

Ogsm  Imcriptioii, ii. 

Inscribed  Cross,          ..         .•         ..         ■■         -.         -■         ..         .■  it. 

Ogam  Inscription,       ..         ■•         •.         •■         -.         ■■         ..         ..  it. 

Ditto,                   it. 

Ditto,               259 

Ditto,               i*. 

Ditto,               it. 

Ditto,               280 

Ditto, it. 

Ditto, ift. 

Kilmalkedar  Chnrch :  — 

Arcada  iiui4a,             ..                    .  w         ..         . .         .*         . .         . .  262 

Capital  of  Aicade  CotaniD, 163 

Baae  of  Arcade  CoIuiDD H. 

OgnmlnsciiytioQ 266 

Ditto,                 266 

Iiucribad  Stone 287 

Ditto,                 268 

Inacribed  Stone  at  Eeatk,  Co.  Eert; 369 

Inicribed  Stona  at  Gallenu, 270 

Oratory  of  Gallcnia  ;— 

EbiI  Window — exterior,         271 

Oratory,           ^12 

Doorway — eiterior,    . ,         , .         . .         .  ■         ■  ■         . .         . .         . .  t*. 

Dillo,       interior, 273 

Eait  Window — interior  (two  viewa),           .. 274 

Ogam  Inacription  at  Temple  Hanogban 370 

Skellig  Michael  ;— 

KuinodCliituhofS.  Micbael 277 

FrontofCella 278 

Small  Oratory,            279 

Oratory  and  Croaa, 280 

Plan  of  Early  Uonaitie  Battlement,            282 

*0W».  ».a.A.l.,  VOL.  II.,  FT.  IT.,  BTM  atB.  *> 


XVIU 


LIST  OP  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


^. 


Wooden  Vessel  obtained  from  a  Bog  near  Newry, 
Eells:— 

Great  Cross,     . .         . .         . .         .... 

Crucifixion — Anglo-Norman  period, 

XJnfimshed  Head  of  Cross, 

8.  Columkill's  House,  

Belfast :— 

Corporate  Seal,  

Ditto,  1640, 

Belfast  Castle,  Cave  Hill, 

High-street,  1786, 

Donegall-place,  

Downpatrick : — 

Reputed  Grave  of  St.  Patrick,  

Cathedral,  with  Cross  and  Round  Tower,  before  1790, 

Ancient  Church  of  Inch,  now  removed, 
Magenis  Castle,  Newcastle,  erected  in  1588, 
Ornamentation  of  Lough  Erne  Shrine  : — 

Fig.  1,  Lough  £me  Shrine, 

Fig.  2,  Ark  from  Book  of  Eells, 

Fig.  3,  Boss,  Lough  Erne  Shrine,    . . 

Fig.  4,  Money  musk  Shrine,  . . 

Figs.  5  and  6,  Moneymusk  Shrine  Bosses,  . . 

Fig.  7,  Side  View  Lough  Erne  Shrine, 

Fig.  8,  Side  View  Moneymusk  Shrine, 

Fig.  9,  Shrine  in  Copenhagen  Museum, 

*Geraldines  of  Co.  Kilkenny — Pedigree, 

S.  Mullins,  Co.  Carlow : — 

Fig.  1,  "Window  of  Church  No.  1,    . . 

Figs.  2  and  3,  Doors  of  Churches  Nos.  1  und  3, 

Fig.  4,  Window  of  Church  No.  4,    . . 

Plan  of  the  Ruins  in  Graveyard, 

S.  Moling's  Well, 

*Arch  in  North  Wall  of  Nave  of  Eillaloe  Cathedral  (from  Photograph), 
Ditto  from  Drawings  by  T.  J.  Westropp,   . , 

Slabs  in  Saul  Churchyard,     . . 

Ditto,  

Ancient  Seal  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,    . . 
*Page  from  Book  of  Kells, 
*Shrine  of  Book  of  Dimma, 

Satchel  of  Book  of  Armagh, 

Kilkenny  Castle  from  the  River, 


PAOB 

286 


312 
ib. 
ib. 

313 


323 
326 
326 
330 
331 

33S 
340 

341 
34& 


350 
351 

ib. 
352 
353 
354 

ib, 
355 

to  face    358 

..     381 

ib, 

..     382 

..     383 

..     385 

to  face    409 
..     409 

..     432 
..     43S 

..     449 

to  face    451 


ft 


ib. 
452 
459 


THE   JOURNAL 


OP 


THE  EOYAL  SOCIETY   OF  ANTIQUARIES 

OF  lEELAJSTD, 
FOR  THE  YEAR  1892. 


PAPERS  AND  PE^  ^EEDINGS-PAET  I.   FIRST  QUARTER,  1892. 


i^apetjGS 


ST.  FECHIN  OF  FORE  AND  HIS  MONASTERY. 
Br  REV.  G.  T.  STOKES,  D.D.,  Membbb  of  Council. 

IHAYB  undertaken  to  give  the  Society  a  sketch  of  St.  Fechin  of  Fore  and 
the  existing  remains  of  his  monastery  in  the  county  of  Westmeath, 
because  it  seems  to  me  that  this  sketch  will  effect  two  purposes — (1)  it  will 
show  the  exceeding  value  of  a  great  work  far  too  much  neglected  by  Irish 
students  of  their  own  past,  history,  I  mean  Colgan's  "  Acts  of  the  Ancient 
Irish  Saints  "  ;  and  then — (2)  because  it  will  show  the  vast  importance 
of  going  and  seeing  personally  the  places  where  these  ancient  worthies 
lived  and  the  remains  of  their  buildings  which  have  survived  the  wreck  of 
ages.  Now  first  let  me  tell  who  Colgan  was.  He  was  an  Irishman,  a 
Franciscan  monk,  who  lived  at  Louvain,  in  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  about  the  time  of  Charles  I.  But  though  he  lived  in  Belgium, 
he  had  spent  all  his  early  life  in  Ireland,  for  he  was  born  in  the  county 
Donegal,  and  knew  this  country  thoroughly,  so  thoroughly  in  fact  that  his 
testimony  is  even  still  of  the  greatest  value  concerning  the  geographical 
details,  the  names  and  places  and  traditions  of  this  island  about  the  year 
1600.  Let  us  reflect  on  the  importance  of  this  fact.  Here  we  have 
a  native  scholar  acquainted  with  aU  the  literature  of  this  country  who 
lived  before  vast  quantities  thereof  had  perished,  and  who  stood  at  a  point 
of  time  when  Ireland  was  practically  in  exactly  the  same  condition  as  it 
was  five  hundred  years  before,  as  far  as  the  social  conditions  of  the  country 

JOUR.  R.8.A.I.,  VOL.  U.9  PT.  I.,  6tH  VOL,  B 


2  EOTAL  SOCIETY  OP  AWTIQTJAHIES  OP  IHELAND. 

were  coneeraed.'  The  Bizteonth  century  had  indeed  swept  oTer  tho  land 
and  nominal) y  dissolved  the  raon  astoriea  and  tlio  monastic  bodies,  but  still 
here  and  there,  even  in  the  neighbourhood  of  great  English  fortresses  like 
Athlone,  the  monasteries  remained  and  were  inhabited,  so  that  scholar* 
still  worked  in  tho  Franciscan  monastery  at  Athlone  and  produced  there  the 
translation  of  the  Chronicle  of  Clonmacuois  now  in  T.C.D.,  and  at  the 
monastery  of  Donegal  the  Four  "Masters  were  engaged  in  their  great  task 
of  preserying  in  the  folios  of  their  vast  tomes  the  ancient  annals  of  this 
country.  Colgan  had  a  wonderful  store  of  literary  material  at  his  com- 
mand, as  wo  shall  see  from  his  account  of  St.  Fochin.'  Now  let  me  begin 
by  telling  you  the  story  of  this  ancient  Irish  worthy.  Fechin  of  Fore  wa« 
a  native  of  the  county  Sligo,  and  was  bom  some  time  about  the  year  600. 
Some  sceptic  may,  however,  hero  come  forward  and  demand,  how  do  you 
know  that  any  such  man  ever  existed?  Is  not  his  life  and  career  only  a 
piece  of  that  Irish  romance  of  which  you  arc  always  boasting,  be-aring  no 
comparison  at  all  as  to  truth  and  reality  with  the  solid  facta  of  which 
English  history  is  composed  ?  Some  such  calm  assumptions  we  at  times 
hear  from  our  English  friends,  and  sometimes  too  from  certain  Irish 
friends,  who  in  this  respect  are  often  more  English  than  the  English  them- 
selves. Well,  we  can  produce  most  satisfactory  testimony  on  this  point. 
Bt.  Fechin's  existence  and  career  and  history  are  as  certain  as  the  eiisteuce 
of  Bede  or  Augustine  of  Canterbury.  Let  me  give  a  few  authorities.  Let 
as  begin  with  Archbishop  TJssher.  Ho  prints  in  the  sixth  volume  of  his 
works,  as  edited  by  Elrington,  p.  477,  an  ancient  catalogue  of  Irish  sainta 
extending  from  tho  year  433,  aad  ending  with  664.'  This  ancient  cata- 
logue divided  the  Irish  saints  into  three  or^iers ;  the  first  which  come 
with  St.  Patrick  or  belonged  to  his  time ;  the  second  which  belonged  to 
the  time  of  St.  Colnmba.  8t.  Jarloth  of  Tuara,  and  St.  Eieran  of  Clonmac- 
nois,  or  broadly  the  sixth-century  saints ;  and  lastly  the  third  order 
which  belonged  to  the  seventh  century,  including  among  them  TJltan  of 
Ardbraccan,  who  was  a  bishop,  and  Fechin  of  Fore,  Aileran  of  Clonard,  St. 
Cronan,  and  many  others  who  ware  presbyters.      Ussher  docs  not  find  the 


'  See  for  an  account  of  Colgan,  "Waj-B's  "  Writers  of  Irelund."  O'Doaovnn,  in  bis 
. .  Dunt  at  the  pariah  of  Omey,  in  tbe  Galway  Ordnsnoo  Survey  Lettecs,  pointa  out 

I  that  Colgan  wsa  not  u  well  acquainted  with  the  gcogmpby  of  ths  extreme  West  aa 

f  with  that  of  other  parta  of  Irdnnii. 

*  See  Arehdeapoii  O'Rorko's  "  History  of  Bally rodnre,''  pp.  im  to  469,  for  a  long 
BvuOont  of  St.  Fechin.  He  identifies  the  places,  churchei,  and  even  rocks  mentioned  in 
OUT  saint's  life  with  that  sccuraoy  which  local  know-lodge  alone  impnrtB.  On  p.  427  he 
■howa  that  ihs  very  spot  in  which  he  was  bom  is  Btill  shown,  and  called  St.  Fechin's 
Bed.  Ho  ssys  that  St.  Fechin  belonged  to  the  O'Uamfamil;.  Tho  whole  neighbour- 
hood ia  full  of  St.  Fechin  and  bia  meniorinlB,  wella,  ahurobes,  crossea,  tc. 

'  Tho  references  in  Ussher  about  St.  Fechin  are  vol.  ti.,  pp.  SI  I,  637,  600.  Ses 
&  nota  infra,  which  shows  that  Fore  and  St.  Feobin's  Monastery  wore  known  in 
Oermaoj'  and  Bvritzerlsnd  in  a.d.  800.  It  ia  very  wonderful  bow  modem  nianuscript 
.disooveriea  conBrm  ancient  Irish  tradition ;  see,  for  initunce,  Zimmer's  Olaiia 
Eibtrnicit,  p.  iiri.,  for  a  notice  of  Clomuacnoii  in  the  eighth  or  ninth  oantury,  and 


that  it 


it  CorUruhe. 


8T.   FBCHIN  OP  FOHB  AND  HI8  MONASTERY. 


I 


Bligbtest  difficulty  then  in  accepting  tie  real  existence  of  St.  Fechin  as 
proved  by  this  ancient  catalogue  wliich  ia  TJsaher'fl  time  was  nt  least  fire 
hnndccd  yeors  old. 

Next  let  UB  take  up  GiralduB  Carahrensis,  a  writer  who  visited  Ireland 
and  inspected  its  antlquitiea  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  us  the  nppointed 
friend  and  guardian  of  the  young  Pricoe  John.  And  here  I  may  remark 
that  it  ie  Bcorcely  creditable  to  us  that  w  few  Irishmen  or  eren  Irish 
students  of  axchteology  have  read  or  even  possess  the  works  of  GiraldoB 
Cambrensis  on  Ireland,  seeing  that  they  can  be  had  in  English  in  Bobn's 
series  for  the  sum  of  Sf.  Oiraldus  Cambrensis  gires  us  express  testi- 
mony  concerning  the  esistence  and  history  of  St.  Feebin  telling  us  in  the 
62nd  Chapter  of  the  second  distinction  of  his  Topography  of  Ireland, 
concerning  the  mill  of  St.  Fechin  which  be  mado  at  Fore  with  his  own 
hands,  the  churches  which  were  sacred  to  the  saint,  the  prohibition 
against  women  entering  either  the  chnrchea  or  the  mill,  and  the  punish- 
ment which  overtook  several  of  the  soldiers  of  Hugh  de  Lacy,  who  having 
encamped  at  Fore  for  the  night  dared  to  disregard  the  laws  of  the  saint  and 
the  reverence  due  to  him.  This  avidence  of  Giraldus  Cambrensis  then  is 
twelfth-century  testiraony  showing  that  when  the  English  came  here  St. 
Fechin  was  a  well-known  historical  character,  with  his  churches  and  his 
religious  establish m cut.  Now  let  us  take  up  Colgan,  and  examine  the 
two  lives  which  he  gives  us.  The  first  was  written  about  the  year  HOO 
by  Augustine  Mac  Graidin,  a  celebrated  writer  of  All  Saints'  Island 
monastery  in  Lough  Rce,  about  ten  miles  from  Athlone,  and  just  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Inny,  where  it  diaohargea  into  the  Shannon. 

All  Saints'  Islaad  is  a  beautiful  spot,  and  possesses  most  interesting 
remains  of  Mae  GEraidin's  monastery,  and  it  was  with  great  regret  indeed  1 
found  that  we  were  obliged  on  our  excursion  to  Lough  Eee,  in  the  summer 
of  1890,  to  turn  back  without  visiting  it.  Believe  one  who  has  tried  it, 
you  cannot  find  a  more  interesting  spot  than  this  ancient  monastery  where 
five  hundred  years  ago  Augustine  Mac  Graidin  wrote  the  life  of  St.  Fechin 
which  Colgan  has  reprinted  for  us.  Mac  Graidin  himself,  too,  forms  a  most 
interesting  personality.  He  was  a  diligent  student  and  a  copious  writer, 
some  rcmoiuB  and  manuscripts  of  whom  still  survive  in  Trinity  College 
among  the  Ussher  MSS.  What  a  pity  some  member  of  our  society  does 
not  take  up  his  history  and  literary  remains  and  distinguish  himself  by 
producing  a  monograph  on  the  subject.'     Augustine  Mac  Graidin  doubtless 

'Dr.  Beeves  in  bia  paper  on  tie  "CodoiKilkenriiaQaiB,"nMS.nowiQMBrali'B  Library, 
rend  before  tbe  Boy al  Imb  Acodeoiy,  Janiury  2fi,  187S,  and  published  in  the  Proceedings 
of  that  SocieW,  shovs  Ihnt  the  MS.  Tolume  classed  E,  3,  11,  in  Trinity  Colltqta 
oollMtion  of  MumiscripU,  once  belonged  to  Augustine  Man  Gruidin's  monastery.  It  ii 
■llDott  identical  with  the  "  Codex  Kilkvtinienaie  "  Bocdli>d,andgivo9USRgoodiaea(if  tlia  . 
tnonutic  literature,  style  of  writing,  4c.,  currDnt  in  the  monaBtoriea  o!  Lough  Boo,  St  1 
that  tiiBe.  The  Codei  E,  3,  11  iin»  the  mane  of  James  Dillon  written  '  '" 
Bainu'  Isluid  is  situated  in  Dillcn's  country.     The  family  of  Oilloa  gut  i 

thii  district  af  ancient  Ueath  niter  the  Norman  invasion.     T'' 

prevails  there. 


f  DiUon  si 


4  ROrAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTiqnARIEH  OF  IBELAND. 

felt  a  local  interest  in  Fechin  as  a  Meath  or  Weatmeath  saint.  Fedun's 
monastery  of  Fore  stands  beside  the  river  Glore,  which  river,  according  to 
legend,  has  a  miraculous  connexion  with  the  monastery,  as  I  shall  here- 
after show.  The  Glore  falls  into  the  Inny,  and  the  waters  of  the  Inny  are 
within  sight  of  the  monastery  of  All  Saints.'  But  Colgan  gives  us  still 
more  ancient  testimony  than  Mac  Graidin.  He  tells  us  he  had  a  number 
of  ancient  lives  of  the  saint  in  the  Irish  language.  One  ot  these  ho  had 
derived  from  &  monaatery  founded  by  St.  Fechin  himself  in  an  island 
off  the  Galway  coast,  and  these  Lives  had  originally  been  composed  by 
St.  Aileron  of  Clonard,  or  at  any  rate  by  some  other  contemporary  of  our 
saint.  Out  of  these  ancient  Irish  Manuscripts  Colgan  composed  what  is 
called  the  second  Life  of  St.  Fechin.  It  is,  however,  only  Colgnn's  extracts 
in  Latin  out  of  the  Celtic  Manuscripts.  If  these  ancient  Irish  lives  still 
exist  among  the  Franciscan  reconls,  either  hero  or  in  Home  or  among  the 
Manuscripts  of  the  BoUandiats  in  Brussels,  they  would  form  if  published 
a  very  precious  record  of  religious  life  in  Ireland  more  than  1300  years 
ago.'  And  then  to  crown  the  matter  of  our  somewhat  prolonged  investi- 
gation, we  have  the  express  statement  of  the  "  Annals  of  the  Four 
Masters,"  that  St.  Fechin  died  in  the  groat  plague  wliioh  swept  over 
Ireland  in  the  years  fi64  and  665,  carrj-ing  ofl  many  of  its  moat 
distingnisheJ  and  most  learned  sons.  I  trust  now  that  you  can  see  we 
have  even  contemporary  evidence  of  the  life  and  work  of  St.  Fechin  just 
as  good  and  sound  as  that  which  men  have  for  the  lives  and  work  of 
English  or  "Welsh  saints  of  the  same  period. 

Now  let  mo  give  you  a  brief  sketch  of  his  life,  St.  Fechin  was  bom  in 
the  south -we  stem  division  ot  thecounty  Sligo,  that  portion  which  now  forma 
the  diocese  ot  Achonry,  about  the  year  600.  Ho  came,  like  St.  Columba,  of 
a  distinguished  chieftain's  family,  tuid  from  an  early  period  devoted  himseli 
to  an  ascetic  and  anchorito  lite.  He  soon  became  a  founder  of  religious 
establishments  which  extended  all  over  the  central  districts  of  Ireland.  He 
founded  the  Abbey  of  Ballysadare  in  Sligo,  which  was  called  Tormon 
Fechin,  and  he  or  some  of  his  disciples  founded  the  monastery  of  Termon 
Fechin,  near  Drogheda,  which  from  the  thirteenth  to  the  seventeenth 
centuries  became  the  favourite  residence  of  the  Primates  of  Armagh.'  He 
established  island  monasteries  on  islets  lining  the  Galway  coast,  where 
he  was  the  firf*t  man  to  preach  the  Gospel,  and  baptize  the  inhabitants, 
showing  us,  as  liis  earliest  Lives  do,  that  Paganism  prevailed  in  the 

'SirH.  PiBTB,  "  lliatory  of  WeBtmoath  "  in  Valiancy's  Collatanta,  gives  ua  nmny 
particalars  about  ibe  Glore  Kndlany  ;  eee  also  "The  AnglHrin  Ireland,"  an  interesting 
account  of  tlio  Weslmeath  lakes,  pabllatied  TO  yeorg  ago.  It  is  a  rare  book,  bat  a  copy 
will  be  found  in  Maiaii's  Library.  I  gaye  an  account  of  it  ia  tha  Chrigtmaa  nnmber  of 
Ibe  Daili/  Expriit,  forl891. 

'  In  the  Eeviu  (ktliqui  for  July,  1S9I,  Ibere  is  a  translation  of  a  Celtic  Life  of 
St.  Ferhin,  iiibelanliBll;  the  fliuae  as  Calgao'a  nanstivea ;  but  it  cannot  have  been 
his  original  autborlty. 

'  See  UaaLor'a  Works,  vol.  i.  7*;  vi.  637;  xi.  423,  EIrington'a  Edition,  lor 
notices  of  Termcm  Focbin. 


ST.    FECHIN   OF   FOKE   AND    HIS   MONASTEKY. 


I 


Mtreme  west  of  tliis  country,  ovon  after  St.  Columba  Lad  converted  the 
Highlanders  of  Scotland.  These  monasteries  continued  in  the  ialands  of 
Ardoilenand  Immagia  till  the  timeofColgan,andfrom  them  Coigan  obtained 
the  most  ancient  manuscripts  connected  with  oar  saint's  life.'  His  labours 
■eem  to  have  dealt  principally  with  a  district  of  country  extending  from 
Dublin  to  Galway,  or  rather  to  Cong  and  CHfden,  or  broadly  speaking 
the  district  now  served  by  the  Midland  Qreat  Western  Hallway."  A  careful 
study  of  his  Lives  is  most  intereating,  as  throwing  light  upon  the  social 
eotidition  of  this  central  portion  of  Ireland  in  the  soventh  century.  We 
find  him  at  Gort,  for  instance,  in  Galwny,  and  Lough  Cutra,  a  lake  now 
included  in  Lord  Gough's  demesne.  We  &nd  him  again  and  again  at 
Naas,  in  the  county  Kildare.  We  get  agsia  and  again  glimpses  of  the 
social  life  of  the  common  peo])1e  as  well  as  of  the  chiefs ;  and  we  have 
most  interesting  information  about  the  residence  of  the  King  of  Leinster, 
near  Naas,  and  about  the  rath  of  Naas,  and  the  great  cross  which  down 
to  the  seTentecnlh  century  used  to  mark  the  site  of  its  church  and 
sanctuary.'  Wc  find  hira  again  at  Poula-phouca,  or  else  at  the  Salmon 
Leap,  conceming  which  an  interesting  story  is  told,  illustrating  the 
intense  devotion  of  St.  Fechin,'  and  then  above  all  we  find  him  at  Fore, 
in  Wcstmeath,  where  the  very  buildings  ho  erected  1200  years  ago  can 
still  be  seen. 

And  now  let  me  beetow  the  remaiader  of  the  time  at  my  disposal  in 
telling  you  what  can  be  seen  at  Fore,  which  will,  I  Inist,  be  found 
Bufliciently  attractive  us  to  lead  to  a  future  visit  on  the  part  of  our  Society 
in  its  corporate  capacity. 

Tore  is  situated  about  midway  between   Mnllingar  and  Kella  or 

'  Thsse  iiluiiia  are  now  Ihus  called,  Ardoileii.  Bigli  laliind.  and  Immiiges,  Omey ; 
O'Donavan  gWei  ■  long  aciouot  of  them  in  hU  Gulway  Oidnuncc  SuiTey  Letlerf, 
wLcDlieaUng  of  the  puriah  of  Omey,  pp.  73-92,  Petrie  visited  High  IslBrd  in  1820, 
and  giTBi  s  long  account  uf  8l.  Fecbin's  MonasteTy  in  bis  Eesay  on  tbe  EctlHiuitical 
Architecture  of  Ireland,  commoiily  «aUed  his  "  Eound  Towctb,"  pp.  121-424.  Be 
deeuribrs  Fecbia's  MomulGry  afi  conlaiuing  one  of  the  most  peifect  sncborite  SBtsblieh- 
nenta  remuning  in  Europe.  The  iilimd  is  very  inacteEuble.  uhioh  accounts  pei^p* 
for  tbe  perfect  atste  of  tbe  mini.  Mr.  WaliemBn  has  given  mo  an  account  of  them 
wbidi  ngreet  wiib  Pctrie's  deccriplion.  He  nas  obliged  1o  Bptud  a  night  on  tbe  iilaDd, 
H  bit  boat  was  bloirnnnav.  There  are  numerous  he«hiTe  celli,  covered  ways,  ■  csshd, 
erCMiei,  a  holy  well,  and  tbn  lake  which  lupplisd  St.  Fecbin'a  mill,  all  remaining  u  ha 
lofttbem.  Tbn  Church  of  St.  Feehin,  on  Bigh  Inland,  is  11  feet  ID  inches  by  10  feet 
Sinehes:  tbedaurway  is  4  fctl  6  IncbeBbigb,  nnd  1  font  IDttKhcawide.  A  drawing  of  it 
bvlfr.  WaltemRnran  he  seen  in  the  Petrie  coUectinn  in  the  K.I.A.,  vol,  iv.  pi.  iii.  The 
iilanil  wu  the  retreat  of  a  body  of  hermits  till  the  vear  IDIT,  as  Cotgan  oheervea  in  his 
DOfeaonSt.  Fethin'slives;  cf.  Four  Masters,  A.n'..  1017.  See,  for  more  about  him, 
O'Flaherty's  "  West  Connaught,"  ed.  Hardimnn.  p.  114;  "  Four  Masters,"  *.D.  1363, 
note,  cd.  0' Donovan  ;  aee  also  Duffui  Hardy's  "Catalogue  of  DocumentB"  (italli 
Seriw),  vol.  i.,  pp.  260,  261,  for  a  notice  of  Iho  documents  beating  on  our  aoint,  and  ■ 
list  of  thoM  who  have  written  about  him  as  given  in  Colgan'a  AA.  SS.,  p.  144. 

•  Bee  WUde's  "  Lough  Corrib,"  p.  162. 

>  Bee  Colean'i  AA.  SS.,  p.  13S,  ch.  iixii.,  and  notes  20,  21,  22,  on  pp.  141,  143. 
Etpeakingof  Naas  he  menlionB"  Magna  ilia  crux  lapidea,  quae  videtur  esse,  quaebodiein 
hiro,  nppidique  medio  jactt." 

*  See  Colgan's  AA.  SS.,  p.  133,  ch.  ixzriii. 


6  EOYAL  SOaETY  OF  iNTIQUARIES   OF   lEELAND. 

Oldcastle,  that  is  some  ten  or  twelve  miles  from  either  place.  St. 
Fechin  seems  to  have  fixed  upon  it  in  tlie  course  of  his  missionary 
labours  along  the  central  line  of  Ireland,  which  he  chose  aa  his  special 
field  of  labour.  It  was,  according  to  Dr.  John  O'Donovan,  called  long  before 
Fechin's  time  Glcann  Fobhair,  or,  as  he  interprets  it,  the  Glen  of  the 
Streams,  from  the  wonderful  subterranean  river  which,  bursting  full 
upon  the  view  at  the  foot  of  the  bill  where  Fore  stands,  is  miraculoualy 
accounted  for  in  the  Lives  of  St.  Fecbin.  TJsBber  indeed  in  his  "Antiquities" 
gives  quite  a  difierent  esplanation  of  the  name  Fore,  which  he  interprets 
as  meaning  "  the  town  of  the  books,"  paralleling  it  with  Kirj'ath-Scpher 
in  the  1 5th  of  Joshua.  Cut  O'Donovan  says  that  this  derivation,  which  is 
the  common  one,  referring  to  the  multitude  of  monks  who  studied  there 
under  St,  Fechin,  is  quite  mistaken,  and  due  simply  to  Ussher'a  ignorance 
of  Irish.'  But  into  this  quarrel  I  will  not  enter,  for  I  have  learned  by 
experience  that  no  battles  are  so  severe  and  dangerous,  and  nowhere  are 
such  deadly  wounds  given  and  received  aa  in  those  contests  where  Celts 
or  Celtic  students  meet  their  equals.  From  any  such  eneouateis  it  is  my 
earnest  wish  to  be  for  ever  delivered.  Pore  lies  in  a  valley  bttween  two 
of  the  loftiest  bills  in  Weetmeatb.  The  hill  on  the  east  is  called  the  Ben 
of  Fore,  and  rises  to  the  beigbtof  710  feet,  while  the  hill  on  the  west  is 
very  little  its  inferior.'  Now  let  us  take  the  existing  remains  in  order. 
On  the  western  hill  stands  first  of  all  the  ancient  anchorite  cell.  The 
anchorites  wore  an  order  of  ascetics  who  wore  originally  derived  from 
Syria  and  the  east.  They  lived  a  thoroughly  solitary  life,  though  other 
monks  or  ascetics,  and  even  large  communities,  might  live  in  close  prox- 
imity to  them.'  Thus  in  the  later  middle  ages  there  was  an  anchorite 
often  mentioned  in  the  State  Papers  who  lived  close  to  Christ  Church 
Cathedml.     There  was  the  anchorite  at  St.  Doulough's,  and  there  was 

'  Bee  O'Donovau'e  letter  oa  Foro  in  his  Westuieath  OnlnnncB  Survey  Lettsre.  Hi* 
view  IB  thai.  Fore  ia  merely  a  corruption  of  Toliar  or  well  ;  cf.  Dsiher,  vi.  538.  Tha 
MrlieBt  notiua  of  Fure  aa  a  monaHlflrf  vrhicli  1  liavo  found  U  eoiiluiued  in  tlie  Lire  of 
St.  Fintiui,  or  Findun,  nn  Iriabmiui,  the  patron  saint  of  Reichetmu,  in  SwiUerlind. 
He  lived  a.o.  800.  Ilia  Life  wu  published  by  Goldosl,  ia  lEOG,  in  his  great  colleation 
ciUed  Serum  Alamanaievfuin  Scripiorci,p.  318.  Finton  mentioasa  uiunk  of  Fore  to 
irhomFintau  had  told  the  viaioos  God  granted  to  him  at  Beichenau  (cf.  cUap.  viii.  of 
the  Life).  The  Life  eoataim  unitcni^eB  in  Irish  which  prove  the  writer  Co  have  been 
an  IriBhinan;  of.  Itceres'  "  Adaomui,"  preface,  p.  ixiii.  The  llrat  chapter  of  St. 
FinlAn'e  Life  gires  an  inteietling  lifepicture  of  the  actual  prococdinge  of  the  Sanea  in 
Ireland. 

'  Ben,  according  to  Dr.  Joyce 
bills:  see  ■' Irish  Niimes,"' vol.  i. 
the  Celtic  name  of  Howth. 

'  'thus  the  aecuud  life  of  Fechin,  given  by  Colgan,  chap,  ilvi.,  tells  ui  "  Tantu* 
eititit  vir  sanctus  Bolitiidinia  et  anichoreticae  vilao  omator,  ut  nihil  ipsi  duloiiu 
videretuc,  quam  vitam  aolitariani  ab  omnibus  bominum  eliam  mouathoriini  consortiis 
■ubtroclani,  nunc  in  ipeluntie,  nunc  in  soieis  reulusoriis,  et  aligitando  destrtiK  montibui 
Bgore.  Unde  in  retliisorio  nunc  Fovaiensi,  nunc  in  Immocensibua  diversia  delileacens 
delictebntiir."  This  passage  shows  that  he  inhabited  the  beehive  cells  on  Ardoilen,  and 
that  in  all  probability  the  original  of  the  hermit's  cell  at  Fore  was  beehive  in  shape.  Id 
its  present  form  it  woe  rebuilt  in  1680.  Ht.  Fintan's  Life,  mentioned  above,  ahowi  the 
teen  desire  of  the  Irish  monks  for  a  solitary  life  even  in  Switzerland. 


ST.   FECHIN  OP  FORE  AND   HIS  MONASTERY,  7 

till  1680  an  anchorite,  the  last  of  the  order  in  Western  Europe,  I  suppose, 
who  lived  at  Fore,  and  inhabited  the  cell  which  you  can  still  see  in  a 
perfect  state  on  the  side  of  the  lofty  hill,  at  whose  base  the  town  of  Fore 
now  stands.  There  is  a  book  far  too  little  known  called  Sir  Henry 
Fiers's  **  History  of  Westmeath,"  in  which  that  worthy  baronet  describes 
this  anchorite,  and  his  doings  and  mode  of  life  as  he  was  to  be  seen  in  the 
year  1680.  His  name,  that  is  the  name  of  the  man  whom  Sir  H.  Fiers 
saw,  was  Fatrick  Biglin,  as  is  stated  upon  a  monument  erected  to  his 
memory,  which  is  still  in  the  adjoining  chapel  which  was  used  by  the 
anchorite  as  his  private  oratory.  This  anchorite  cell  is  very  interesting, 
as  it  represents  for  us  the  nearest  approach  ever  seen  in  Western  Europe, 
to  that  wonderful  pillar  upon  which  St.  Simon  Stylites  spent  so  many 
years,  and  is  thas  the  direct  descendant  of  ancient  Syrian  monasticism, 
modified  by  the  demands  and  requirements  of  our  western  climate.  Those 
who  are  interested  in  this  subject  of  anchorites,  their  cells  and  their 
mode  of  life,  will  find  much  more  on  this  point  in  Dr.  Reeves's  **  Memoir 
on  St.  Doulough's,"  or  in  ch.  ix.  of  my  own  "  Celtic  Church."  Now,  my 
idea  is  this,  that  this  anchorite  cell  represents  the  original  residence  of 
St.  Fechin.  He,  too,  was  an  anchorite,  as  his  Lives  expressly  inform  us,^ 
and  led  a  life  of  strictness  and  severity  which  would  fully  equal  anything 
we  read  of  Eastern  asceticism.  But  then,  too,  he  was  abbot,  or  head  of 
a  large  college  or  monastery  of  monks.  There  is  an  ancient  hymn  sung 
in  his  honour  which  tells  us  in  monastic  rhyme  : — 

«  De  hinc  f  uit  monacborum 
Dux  et  pater  trecentorum 
Quos  instruxit  lege  morum 
Mums  contra  Vitia.*'* 

That  is  that  St.  Fechan  had  an  assembly  of  three  hundred  disciples 
whom  he  taught  in  the  way  of  religion  and  virtue.  Now  my  theory  is, 
that  he  placed  his  monastic  or  anchorite  cell  high  up  on  the  side  of  the 
hill,  in  order  that  he  might  be  able  to  overlook  all  the  huts  or  cells  of  the 
monastery  which  were  placed  lower  down  round  the  church,  just  as  we 
find  in  St.  Columba's  Life,  written  by  Adamnan,  that  St.  Columba's  cell 
at  lona  was  placed  higher  tlian  all  the  rest  in  order  that  he  might  be 
able  to  overlook  the  conduct  and  conversation  of  all  his  disciples,  and  be 
able  at  the  same  time  to  attend  to  his  own  duties,  his  prayers  and  his 
studies,  and  his  manuscript  labours,  without  any  undue  interruption.' 

The  next  point  of  interest  at  Fore  is  St.  Fechin*s  Church.  There 
were  till  sixty  years  ago  the  ruins  of  three  churches  at  Fore,  just  as  in 
Sir  Henry  Fiers's  time  about  1680.    These  churches  were  called  first  the 

^  See  note  ^3),  p.  6,  above. 

^  Tbree  ancient  Latin  bymns  on  St.  Fecbin  will  be  found  in  Colgan,  pp.  132,  133. 
From  tbese  Ussber  took  bis  extracts  given  in  bis  **  Antiquities.** 

^SeeReeves'seditionof  Adamnan's^Lifeof  Columba,*'pp.  367-364," and  myown 
"Ireland and  tbe  Celtic  Cburcb,*'  p.  117. 


8  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARrES  OP   IRELAND. 

Church  of  the  BlefiBcd  Virgin  at  the  south  gate,  the  rains  of  vbich 
are  etill  to  be  seen  close  by  the  handsome  new  Bomaa  Catholic  church. 
There  was  another  church  levelled  to  the  ground  about  1830,  called 
Tempull  Fionan,  outside  tho  Castlcpollai-d  gate,  and  then  there  is  still 
tlie  ruins  of  St.  Fechin'a  Church,  a  few  liundred  feet  directly  below 
the  anchorite  cell.  Thie  church  is  a  very  remarkable  one.  Dr.  Pctrie 
in  bis  Essay  upon  tho  Round  Towers  waxes  enthusiastic  about  one 
special  feature  of  it,  its  cyolopean  doorway.  He  fixed  the  date  of  the 
cliurch  as  the  first  half  of  tho  Bevi>nth  century,  and  then  tells  us  that 
the  eminent  traveller,  Edward  Dodwcll,  whoso  magnificent  works  on 
the  Cyclopean  architecture  of  Greece,  published  seventy  years  ago,  are 
far  too  little  known,  had  told  him  that  the  doorway  of  Fore  was  as 
striking  and  as  perfectly  Cyclopean  as  any  that  he  had  seen  in  Greece, 
at  Tyryn.t,  Argos,  or  elsewhere.' 

The  apecial  feature  of  this  doorway  is  the  lintel  which  is  one 
enormous  mass  of  stone  six  feet  Ion  g,  two  feet  high,  and  three  feet  thick. 
The  story  told  in  Sir  H.  Piers's  day  is  the  same  which  I  heard  from  an 
ancient  inhabitant  of  Fore  last  October,  that  this  lintel  was  placed  in 
position  by  the  miraculous  action  of  St.  Fechin  himself.  The  workmen 
had  been  labouring  for  hours  striving  to  raise  it,  but  their  labour  was  all 
in  vain.  St.  Fechin  told  tbem  to  go  homo  to  breakfast,  and  then  betook 
himself  to  prayer.  After  some  time  spent  in  devotion,  the  saint  took  the 
stone  in  his  arms,  and  without  any  difficulty  placed  it  in  its  rei^uired 
position  to  the  astonishment  of  the  labourers  when  they  returned. 
But  it  is  not  only  the  doorway  of  this  church  which  excites  astonish- 
ment. Tho  church  itself  is  all  through  composed  of  the  most  gigantic 
stones,  which  I  am  sorry  to  say  do  not  excite  tho  reverence  or  respect  of 
tho  inhabitants,  for  the  worthy  parish  priest  (old  me  with  indignation 
that  very  lately  ho  found  thiit  some  of  these  stones  had  been  removed  by 
a  contractor,  and  used  for  the  purpose  of  building  a  wall  round  the 
adjoining  graveyard,  which  the  poor  law  guardians  were  erecting.  He 
hoped,  liowever,  to  have  them  duly  restored.  Tho  question  naturally 
arises,  how  were  such  vast  stones  moved  into  position  in  a  rude  age 
when  there  were  no  mechanical  appliances  such  os  we  now  possess; 
appliances  which  even  now  would  be  severely  tested  were  they  called 
upon  to  perform  a  similar  task.  I  think,  however,  that  on  my  visit  I 
discovered  tlie  solution  of  this  question.  The  Churcti  of  St.  Fechin  is 
situated  at  tho  base  of  a  lofty  hill  700  feet  high.  The  top  of  it  is 
one  mass  of  rock.  Tho  workmen  had  simply  to  quarry  the  stones,  and 
then  set  tbem  rolling,  when,  as  I  proved  by  an  example,  they  would 

'  The  Church  of  St.  Fechin,  on  Ardoilen  Islaini,  iocms  alio  to  U  marked  by  tho 
Cyplopsnn  chnrader  of  its  atones,  as  it  appesre  in  Mr.  Wakeman'a  drnwing  above 
referred  to.  I  monot  imagino  how  the  Cyplopoan  stones  were  gat  intoposillon  nt  llig)i 
lilnnJ,  unless  quarried  on  the  spot,  Mr.  WakeniHn  haa  written  n.  long  actount  of 
Ardoilen  laknil  in  Duffj'a  Siitmian  Xagaiini,  under  tho  title  of  "  An  Dninhsbited 
Island," 


ST.    FECfflN    OF   FOBE   AND    HIS   MONASTEEY. 


simply  tumble  down  by  the  force  of  gravity  to  tbe  desired  powtion.  On 
the  top  of  the  hill  there  can,  in  fact,  be  seen  the  ancient  qnarries 
used  1300  years  ago  by  St.  Focliin  and  his  fellow- workers.  Another 
moat  interesting  point  about  this  lintel  is  the  cross  which  is  engraved 
upon  it.  Petrie  deBcribea  it  thus:—"  On  the  lintel  is  a  projecting 
tablet,  in  the  centre  ol  which  is  sculptured  in  relief  a  plain  erosa 
within  a  circle."  Now,  this  cross  is  deserving  of  the  mo.st  careful  notice 
in  connexion  with  the  Cyclopean  nature  of  the  architecture.  There  is  a 
most  valuable  work  written  by  a  distinguished  French  scholar  and 
traveller,  a  copy  of  which — the  only  copy  in  Dublin — lies  on  this  table. 
Its  title  is  Dc  Vogue  "On  tho  Architectiu^  of  Central  Syria."  This  work 
describes  the  churches,  houses,  and  tcmple.s  of  nn  unknown  distriit  of 
Syria,  north-east  of  Antioch,  which  was  thoroughly  explored  more  than 
thirty  years  ago  at  the  expense  of  the  French  Government.  Here  it  is  in 
Central  Syria  that  wc  find  the  original  type  of  these  Cyclopean  Celtic 
churches,  and  here  in  De  Vogue's  book  you  can  see  literally  dozens  of 
examples  of  exactly  the  same  kind  of  cross  in  a  circle  curved  upon  stone 
lintels,  in  precisely  the  same  manner  aa  St.  Fcchin  carved  his  cross  in 
the  first  half  of  tlie  seventh  century.'    St.  Fechin's  Church,  then,  is  most 


parntivc   architecture  and 
origins   of   Celtic    art    and   Celtic 


I 


interesting,  from  the  point  of 
history,    shedding   light  upon    thi 
Christianity. 

Again,  the  monastery  of  8t.  Fechin  was  doubtless  situated  round  the 
Church  of  St.  Fechin.  But  not  a  trace  of  it  now  remains,  and  that  for 
a  Tery  simple  reason.  The  ancient  Celtic  monks  lived,  like  the  ancient 
Syrian  and  Egyptian  monks,  each  in  a  separate  cell,  which  was  composed 
not  of  stone,  but  like  cabins  erected  in  bogs  to  this  day,  of  wattles  and 
day.  I  do  not  remember  a  single  case,  at  Clonmacnois  (St.  Kicran's), 
Glendalough  (St.  Kevin's),  or  Inchcleraun  (St.  Diermat's),  or  at  any 
other  really  ancient  Celtic  monastery,  where  remains  of  the  original 
monastery  exist,  save  where  there  are  a  few  bet-hive  huts,  as  at  Innia- 
mnrray  in  Donegal  Bay.'  But  the  site  of  the  mill  of  the  monastery  is 
still  shown,  side  by  side  with  one  of  the  natural  wonders  of  Fore,  which 
legend  connects   with   St.    Fechin's  miraculous  powers.     Lough  tcne, 

1  There  is  a  utnilu'  cRUs  on  the  lintel  of  St.  Fechin's  Churub  at  High  Islaod.  but 
it  ii  CBtTEd  upoQ  the  tinder  aide  of  it,  not  in  front.  Another  eimilar  cro»  is  carred 
on  the  rookg  of  Dolkey  Islnnii,  nnd  is  depiiiled  in  the  last  number  of  this  Jevrnal  for 
1891,  on  p)[ile  facing  p.  701. 

*  There  is  a  diitinclion  to  ba  bome  in  tnind  betireen  the  monialeriea  od  tbe 
seiteni  coast  nhers  the  beehive  Btane  huta  were  an  ahaolata  neceasilr,  if  the  wind  was 
not  to  iweep  them  bwbt,  and  other  nncient  Celtic  munasteries.  The  inbahilants  ot 
Achfll  Btill  hiiild  their  cabins  in  tbin  beehive  shape,  as  1  bflve  myaeif  seen.  In  the 
tDleriocof  Ireland  Cbere  were  no  such  storms  as  on  the  irestooast,  and  Here  veie  vntl 
STOwds  of  monks,  and  tbcj'  needed  numerous  residenees,  and  such  as  could  be  more 
•only  raised.  A  couplo  of  active  men  cnn  still  rniiie  a  u-srm  and  comfortHbla 
house  of  "scrawH,"  oitnrt,  and  a  few  branches  in  the  course  of  a  day.  We  have, 
therafore,  ibuDdant  beehive  huts  in  tbe  wEsl,  but  none,  so  far  ■■  I  know,  in  the 
intmar  of  I  reland . 


10  ROYAL  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES    OF  IRELAND. 

one  of  Hie  'Westmeath  lakcB,  is  a  milo  distant  from  Fore,  and  is  separated 
from  it  by  the  lofty  hills  on  which  the  church  and  nnchoritoe' 
nell  are  built.  St.  Fecliin  is  said  originally  to  have  built  a  mill  suited 
for  a  water-mill  on  the  present  site.  His  chief  carpenter,  however, 
scoffed  at  the  saint  for  erecting  a  mill  where  there  was  no  stream  to 
drive  it.  It  is  at  all  times,  however,  a  dangerous  thing  to  make  jokes 
upon  distinguished  men,  as  the  carpenter  found  to  his  cost.  St.  Fechin, 
stirred  to  action  by  the  carpenter's  sneer,  resorted  to  the  lake,  took  bis 
stuff,  flung  it  into  the  lake,  which  forthwith  drove  it  againet 
the  side  of  the  hill,  which  the  staff  at  once  pierced,  cutting 
its  way  through  the  stone  cliffs,  drawing  the  waters  of  the  lake 
after  it,  and  coming  out  a  mile  distant  at  the  exact  point  where 
the  mill  had  been  erected.  And  now  came  the  punishment  of  the  mill- 
wright. He  had  gone  to  sleep  in  the  mill  wlicn  the  saint  deported  to 
the  lake.  The  wondrous  staff,  however,  brought  sueh  a  volume  of 
water  along  with  it  that  the  mill  was  filled,  and  the  slcejiing  miilwright 
drowned,  in  punishment  of  his  scoffing  incredulity.  St.  Fechin  relaxed 
however,  and  when  he  had  given  him  this  severe  lesson,  miraculously 
restored  him  to  life ;'  and  now  it  anyone  doubts  the  story  toid  in  Colgan, 
he  can  go  and  see  the  river  Glore  rushing  in  full  flood  straight  out  of  the 
cliff,  hurrying  off  to  join  the  Inny,  and  thence  the  Shannon,  John 
O'Donovan,  however,  with  true  niiietetnth -century  scepticism,  tbiuks 
that  this  wondrous  stream  existed,  and  the  name  of  Foie,  or  Valley  of 
Streams,  as  he  interprets  it,  ages  before  St.  Feebin  lived  at  all.  Time 
would  foil  me  to  tell  of  the  mounds  or  moats  of  Fore,  erected,  as  some 
say,  by  Cromwell,  or  as  others  say  by  Queen  Elizabeth's  soldiers  to 
battle  the  town.  Hut,  alaa !  for  such  theories  formed  from  modern  ideas. 
The  moats  are  quite  too  distant,  being  half  a  mile  or  so  from  the  walls, 
for  the  ordnance  of  that  period  to  have  had  any  eBcct,  or  even  to  reach 
at  all  the  works  at  which  they  would  have  been  aimed.  The  cannon  of 
the  seventeenth  century  conld  not  tell  with  any  effect  beyond  the 
distance  of  100  yards  or  thereabouts.  TJieu  there  are  the  miraculous 
wells  of  Fore,  and  the  gales  and  fort iti cations  of  Fore.  The  gates  are 
still  perfect,  and  O'Donovan,  according  to  his  long  letter  on  Fore, 
traced  the  fortifications  on  the  side  of  the  bill  in  the  year  1837,  as  I 
myself  did  in  October,  1B91.  Then  there  were  no  less  than  fourteen 
crosses  erected  round  Fore,  a  considerable  number  of  which  still 
exist,  or  their  sites  and  bases  arc  still  shown.  And  ihcn  lastly,  there 
is  the  thirteenth -ccatury  monastery,  either  of  the  Benedictines  or 
Cistercians,  built  by  the  Nugents   atter  the  Anglo-Norman  Conquest.' 

'  SeeColgan'a  "First  Life,"  chaps,  xiv.,  iv.,  ia  AA.  SS.,  t.  i.,  p.  131. 

'  I  sec  that  Dean  Cogan  and  An:bdtiuoua  U'Buikc  both  nltrihuto  the  building  or  this 
moiiflalerj  W  Waller  do  Lacy,  who  dailitaled  it  to  Si.  Taurin  und  St,  Fechin,  and 
gaTB  it  to  the  ficnedirtinet  of  Evreux  ia  NoiroaDdy.  A  Vut  of  the  Priors  from  St. 
Ferhtn'B  time  down  lo  1169  nitl  be  found  appended  to  his  Lite  in  Colgan.  It  ii  evident, 
bi>vever,  thit  the  Anglo- Nortuans  at  once  put  an  end  to  Cellia  abhuts,  ag  we  find  in 


r  OF  FORE  AND  HIS  UONASTEGT. 


11 


I 


This  is  a  fine  Bpecimen  of  Kormau  architccttire,  and  embodies  very 
different  notions,  and  a  very  different  stote  of  civilization  from  St. 
Fechin'e  Church.  It  is  very  clear  that  the  Englisli  builders  wanted 
to  have  nothing  to  say  or  do  with  St.  Fechin,  save  on  one  point,  and 
that  was,  his  lands  and  tithes  aad  poaBeasions,  of  which  they  completely 
possessed  themselves.  They  built  their  monastery  at  quite  the  oppoaita 
Bido  of  the  town  from  that  where  hia  monastery  stood.  They  cleared  out 
the  ancient  Celtic  monts,  and  scoffed  at  their  ancient  history.  Augustine 
Mac  Graidin  tells  us  in  his  Life  of  St.  Fechin  a  curious  story  which  illus- 
trates the  bitter  hostility  with  which  the  new  invaders  regarded  the  ancient 
Celtic  saints.  You  will  find  the  story  in  the  18th  chapter  of  Colgan'a 
first  Life.  I  give  you  a  literal  translation  of  it : — "  It  happened  in  the 
territory  of  St.  Fechin,  after  the  invasion  of  Ireland  by  the  English, 
that  a  certain  Englishman  was  vicar  ol  St.  Fochin's  Church.  This  man, 
detesting  the  Irish  people,  was  apcuatomed  to  abuse  St.  Fechin,  the 
patron  of  his  church,  with  special  contumely.  But  on  a  certain  day 
when  he  entered  the  Church  of  St,  Fechin,  and  knelt  before  the  altar,  a 
tall  cleric  approached  to  hira.  His  body  was  emaciated,  bis  appearance 
terrible,  bis  face  red  with  auger.  The  unknown  rushed  at  the  vicar  as 
at  a  blaapbcmer,  and  struck  him  violently  upon  the  chest  with  the  staff 
he  held  in  his  hand.  The  vicar,  astonished  by  his  appearance,  and 
sick  on  account  of  the  intolerable  blow,  at  once  returned  home,  declaring 
that  hia  assailant  was  St.  Fechin  whom  he  had  abused  and  derided. 
As  Boou  as  he  got  to  his  houae  he  took  to  his  bed,  and  died  in  three 
days.'"     And  St.  Fechin,  you  will  obseiTc,  did  not  revive  the  blaspheming 

Ur.  Gilbert's  edition  of  the  ■■  fie{pEt«r  of  S(.  Thomoa't  Abboy  "  (RoIU  Seriei),  p.  U6, 
that  the  Prior  of  Fore  aignei]  dcede  bb  b  witnesi,  together  with  a  number  of  Other 
Nonnau  iligmluries  in  tlie  jeai  121D.  See  bIboji.  349,  where  his  signature  appean  to 
the  decree  about  the  poueeeion  of  the  body  of  Hugh  de  Ijicy  in  1205. 

'  St.  Feclun,  according  to  the  "FourMasterB,"  was  a  dangerous  Baint  to  hii  onamiei. 
They  tell  us,  fur  instanco.  tbat  a  Leinaler  king  led  an  army  in  1061  into  Meath,  and 
bnmed  our  saint's  churches  al  Fore.  St  Fechin  met  hiiii  -in  his  relum  face  lo  face 
■ndsiew  him.  Jn  the  time  of  Primate  CoUoti,  St.  Fechin  retained  his  tamo  in  th* 
northern  province;  soe  Reeves's  "Colton  Viailation."  The  Irish  udnta  in  gecorol 
leoeived  very  slight  notice  in  Anifln-Nornuin  books  of  ritual.  There  seems  to  hnve 
bten,  however,  a  popular  memorial  nt  them,  thouih  not  recognised  io  ihe  pulilic 
calendar.  See  Ur.  Jsoies  Mills's  "Account  Rollof  Holy  Trinity,"  p.  S.  The  Lives 
of  St.  PechiD,  printed  by  Colgan,  are  vtry  rich  in  the  Bocial  hislory  of  IreliiniJ 
in  Celtic  times.  I  just  note  one  or  two  points.  In  the  second  Life,  ch.  xiv.,  we 
Me  a  whole  family  devoting  themselves  and  thoii  descendants  for  all  time  as  tbd 
viUtnns  or  setfs  of  Fccbin's  Monastery.  In  chap,  xxiii.  we  have  a  leper  and  leprosy, 
and  the  King  ol  Meath  dwelling  in  h  crumog,  or  island  fortress,  in  Lough  Leae.  There 
Lives  give  indications  where  investigations  might  bo  made  for  antiquities;  while agaia 
we  have  repeated  nuiiues  of  the  use  uf  limbvr  houses,  of  guest  bousea  in  moniiBlorics,  the 
organilation  of  the  ancient  Celtic  orders,  the  lines  of  the  ancient  road',  the  int^rcaursa 
between  learned  ana,  the  influenceeiorciaedby  thulnsb  saints  on  kings,  and  in  public  life, 
the  internal  wars  and  jealousies  between  rival  chiefs,  which  have  ever  been  the  bane 
of  Itviaad.  There  are  rnnny  curious  coincidences  between  St,  Feohin's  Lives  and  thit 
of  St.  Columha  by  Adamnon.  Dr.  Beeves  notices  several  of  thim,  as  about  wolves, 
stags,  and  bulls  giving  milk.  They  both  expressly  refer  lo  a  monastery  called  Snamh- 
lalhair  which  Dr.  Reeves  identified  with  Slanore  in  the  county  Cavan,  otherwise 
ankaown.     (See Kceves's edition  of  Adamnan'e  "Life  of  St.  Columba,"  pp.  173-171, 


12  ROYAL  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES    OP   IRELAND. 

Englishman,  which  ought  to  he  a  warning  to  all,  not  only  Englishmen, 
hut  Irishmen  who  scoff  at  their  own  country,  its  history,  its  scenery, 
or  its  antiquities ;  and  with  this  healthful,  useful,  and  timely  lesson, 
I  shall  now  conclude  a  Paper  which  has  heen  unduly  prolonged,  but 
which  will,  I  hope,  lead  many  to  make  a  personal  acquaintance  with  a 
district  of  Ireland  far  too  much  neglected. 

and  compare  Colgan*8  second  Life,  ch.  xxx.)      These  are  interesting  proofs   of  the 
ancient  character  of  Fechin's  second  Life,  which  expressly  declares  that  St.  Fechin 
was  a  contemporary  of  Adamnan.     The  monastery  of  Fore  seems  originally  to  baye 
exercised  jurisdiction  over  a  wide  area.  In  Sir  John  Davis's  account  of  the  condition  of 
the  Church  in  Cavan  in  the  time  of  James  I.,  ho  states  that  the  monastery  of  Fore 
owned  the  tithes  of  fourteen  parishes  in  Cavan  and  Westmeath.    Now,  as  we  learn 
from  the    Book    of  Fenagh  and   other  examples,  the  ancient  Celtic  abbots  claimed 
offerings  from  a  large  district  round  their  monasteries.     My  idea  is  that  the  English 
commuted  these   demands  into  a  fixed   payment  of  tithes,  \rhich   were  accordingly 
bestowed  upon  the  adjoining  monastery  in  lieu  of  the  previous  vague  claims  of  the 
abbots.  Thus  it  was  that  the  monaster^'  of  Granard,  in  Longford,  became  possessed  of 
the  tithes  of  all  the  parishes  along  the  Shannon  side  till  Clonmainois  district  was 
reached,  because  the  Abbot  of  Granard  originally  claimed  offerings  from  all  the  district 
of  Teffia,  comprising  these  parishes :  cf.  '*  Ireland  and  the  Celtic  Church,"  p.  83. 
Granard,  inde^,  seems  to  have  had  a  kind  of  supremacy  as  far  as  Birr  down  to  the 
seventeenth  century.     I  have  lately  noticed,  in  an  old  history  of  Parsonstown,  called 
a  **  Picture  of  Birr,**  in  K.I.A.,  a  charter  or  grant  of  Charles  I.  which  mentions  a 
head-rent  out  of  the  Eing*s  County  amounting  to  £200  a-ycar,  payable  to  Granard  Castle. 
Granard  Castle  probably  got  the  tithes  belonging  to  Grananl  Monastery,  as  Athlone 
Castle  got  the  property  of  the  Athlone  abbevs.     I  may  perhaps  here  add  a  thought 
which  has  struck  me  about  the  beehive  stone  liuts  of  the  West.     Their  narrow  funnel- 
like entrances  have  often  puzzled  investigators.     Why,  they  have  asked,  did  not  the 
anchorites  make  proper  doors  ?    The  answer,  however,  is  not  far  to  seek.     They  made 
these  entrances  as  some  protection  against  the  wind,  and  to  cut  off  draughts  in  some 
degree.     I  heard  a  lecture  the  other  day  by  Dr.  Nansen  descriptive  of  Iceland.     He 
showed  that  the  entrances  into  the  houses  used  in  winter  in  that  country  are  of  exactly 
the  same  kind  as  we  find  in  our  own  beehive  cells.     Anyone  who  will  look  at  the  Plate 
in  our  last  Quarterly  Number  showing  the  beehive  cells  on  the  Skelligs  will  see  how 
needful  was  some  such  precaution. 


I 


LEiTiNG  the  Citj  of  Dublin  we  proceeded  thro'  Stonybater  to  Castle- 
luiook  HO  caUelasbeiDg  seated  on  a  hill,  at  a  Email  distance  from  the 
great  road.  Thia  A  rioiont  Castle  was  built  by  Sir  Hugh  Tjrell,  Goremor 
of  Trim  A.D.  1174.  It  was  fortified  with  large  ramparts,  parapeta  &  a 
deep  Fosse,  y*  Lands  were  given  to  him  by  Sir  Hugh  de  Laoy,  for  Lis 
Servioe  in  the  "Wara.  From  y*  Emiaeaca  appears  a  delightful!  prospect 
of  y*  City  of  Dublin  &  it's  large  (Harbour,)  a  noble  tratt  of  Mountains  in 
y"  South,  &  on  y'  North,  &  West  a  curious  level  well  cultivated  Country, 
abounding  in  Vilnges,  hamlets  &  Groves,  4  numbers  of  Gentlemons  & 
Citizens  Country  Seats  &a.  a.d,  1316  E.  Bruce,  Brother  to  tho  K:  of 
Soota,  with  the  Earl  of  Murray  &  a  nunicroua  Army  laid  Siege  to  y* 
Castle  &  took  it  making  the  Baron  therein  prisoner.  Bruce  lay  here  for 
some  time  &  afterwards  proceeded  into  Munster.  This  Castle  with  the 
Lands  thereto  belonging  thro'  failure  of  Heirs  Male  in  a.d.  1370  devolved 
by  the  Fomales  into  another  Family,  who  have  let  it  fall  to  ruin,  little 
thereof  remaining  but  part  of  y'  Court  Walla  &  y  great  Tower  oh  y" 
East  Side,  in  w""  (it  is  said)  was  a  Window  wherein  a  lighted  Candle 
being  placed  in  a  stormy  Night  could  not  be  e:itinguiahed  by  y"  Wind. 
The  town  is  seated  near  one  4"  of  a  mQe  to  y'  North  East  from  tho 
Castle,  &  is  at  present  but  mean.     The  Church  bus  been  considerable,  y* 

'  [Tbis  descriptioa  of  a  "  Journev  from  Dublin  to  tlie  Sliorea  of  Lough  Dergh" 
■ppenra  worth  being  picserrcd.  It  took  placa  bood  after  tho  year  1740.  lor 
i(  wiU  be  obeerved  that  that  dute  is  montioned  in  Ihe  munuBcript,  being  a  period 
of  "gient  frOBt,"  wbich  the  author  conaideied  bad  i^iued  the  distiirbance  ot  booIb 
marly  deponit,  produoiug  a  milky  colouration,  in  the  wotera  of  a  "holy  well  callsd 
DsTogh  Patrick."  Dt.  Maule  is  meationed  an  Bishop  of  Meulli.  He  held  the  See 
from  1744  to  1768.  We  Gnd  several  iac  idea  Col- reoiarka  of  interi^at  rpi^orded  in  our 
tiavellet'i  accoiint  of  hia  joumajtings.  His  description  of  the  uiiiversa!  prerolence  of 
home  manufoctuTD  in  whiskey  in  cettoic  localities  deserves  to  be  nouced ;  also  bis  state- 
neat  of  the  manner  in  which  it  was  consumed,  and  its  effects  upon  the  healUi  of  the 
people.  The  arbitrary  magisterial  proceedings  in  favour  of  tho  preservation  of  gold- 
finches at  Dunahangliiin  are  worthy  of  remark.  Likowiae  Beveml  of  his  poming  obser- 
vations about  local  cysloms,  and  the  social  condition  of  tho  peasantry  at  the  time  of  his 
journeying  along  the  northern  roads  about  ISO  years  ago.  It  is  a  matter  of  regret  that 
the  copying  of  manumeatal  inscriptioas  was  not  carried  out  with  sufficient  caiefulneu, 
but  it  appeared  preferable  to  preserve  unchanged  the  spelling  of  the  entire  manuscript, 
and  especiaUy  ot  the  different  inscriptions  which  are  presented  verbatini  with  literal 
conecuiess.  ItwUlnotbediCScultto  delect  and  rectify  many  errors  Mr.  Butler  fell  into 
ed  on  obvious  character.  I  have  to  acknowledae  my  obligsdons  to  A.  D.  Cooper,  Esq., 
of  *Bsldojle,  for  permitting  tho  publication  ot  this  communicarion,  copied,  as  alreadv 
auted,  bj  A.  Cooper,  Eaq.,  hu  grandfather,  from  the  original  manuscript. — W. 
FiuzSH,  r.H. O.B.I.  The  notes  signed  G.  T.  S.  have  been  added  by  Dr.  Stokes.  The 
o'l)-r  notes  are  those  of  Mr.  BuSor,  tho  author  of  the  tour,  or  of  Mr.  Cooper,  the 
iransctiber.] 


14 


BOTAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAKIES  OF  IRELAND. 


Chancel  was  large  consisting  of  two  arched  Isloa,  at  preflcnt  out  of  TJae  ft 
nncovered,  y"  great  West  Isle  is  in  good  repair  &  in  decoct  Order  has  a 
large  Congregation  on  Snhbath  days.  There  was  here  anticntly  a  Cell  ft 
a  Manual  priory.  Y'  is  ono  of  the  Prebends  of  8'.  Patrick's  Cathedral 
Dublin.  la  y'  Body  of  y"  Church  \s  a  large  Chest,  wherein  are  deposited 
y*  plate,  Vestments  ftc.  on  w"  is  j*  following  Inscription  : —  , 

This  Chest  mode  for  y  Use  of  Castleknook 

Church,  Richard  Sharpless  &  James  Dunn 

Church  Wardens  1675. 

On  a  Grave  Stone  near  the  Altar  in  y  Church  is  y'  Inscription  : 

Here  lye  the  Bodys  of  William  Proby  of 
DamoBtown  Esquire  of  Elizabeth  his  Wife 
Of  Anne,  &  Atalanta  Lis  Daughters,  of  Elizabeth 
And  Sarah,  Daughters  of  his  Second  Son  Thomas, 
Of  Anne  Wife  of  his  third  Son  William,  of 
Robert  Nicholas,  Son  of  Elinor  daughter  of  Thomas 
his  Second  Son,  of  Elenor  daughter  of  Elenor  aforesU, 
Of  William  Eldest  Son  of  Charles  Eldest  Son  of 
William  aforesaid,  Anno ' 

In  the  Neighbourhood  of  Castleknock  (w°''  gives  name  to  the  Barony) 
are  good  quarries  of  Limestone  &  in  great  plenty.  A  pit  was  lately 
opened  for  Lead  our  in  vi'^  was  found  yellow  &  brown  Okar  superior  to 
any  imported,  y"  oar  not  answering  Expectiition  y'  pit  is  since  closed  up. 
From  hence  we  proceeded  to  Blanch ard'stown,  a  small  Vilage,  leaving 
Abbot'stown  (y*  sejour  of  Admiral  Rowley  when  here)  on  our  right,  ft  , 
by  the  Continuance  of  a  good  road  to  Curdufl,'  whose  curious  Groves  on 
y*  Winding  Meanders  of  the  River  Tolekan  form  an  agreable  prospect, 
from  hence  to  Malahidert,  at  present  a  small  Vilage,  w'"  antiently  was  a 
Guild,  one  of  the  prebends  of  S'.  Patrick's  Dublin.  The  Church  at 
present  ia  ruins  is  situated  on  a  hiJl  &  dedicated  to  y'  Virgin  Mary,  from 
y"  appears  a  most  extensive  ft  dolightfull  prospect  into  y'  County  of 
Meath  &  Dublin,  in  it  was  committed  a  most  barbarous  &  infamous 
action  by  some  of  y'  neighbouring  Inhabitants  in  Sep'.  1690,  a  Company 
of  Col'.  Poulkos  men  in  their  march  to  Dublin  by  stormy  rainy  weather, 

'  [The  (nroily  of  Frolij-  was  ecnted  at  DaBiBslowB,  three  roilea  beyond  Castleknocli, 
OD  tlid  light,  liil  the  end  of  the  Isst  century  at  Icoet :  aeo  V/ilaan'a  "  FoatcLaiaa 
Companion,"  ed.  17H6,  p.  67-  In  Colonel  Vigors'  "  McniorittU  of  Iho  Deod"  for  1890, 
p.  167,  a  Captain  William  Proby  appears  aa  preBcnting  a  cbalice  to  St.  Miehan't 
chuTDh,  which  he  aent  out  of  Spain.     Ihia  may  have  been  early  in  the  ITlh  eentury.] 

'  [This  place,  otherwiao  Corduff,  muat  be  dletinguiebed  from  Corduff,  near  Luak. 
Prior  to  1690  it  waa  the  property  of  a  Thomas  Warren,  who  took  the  loaing  side  and 
forfeited  it.  Bee  Dnlton'a  "County  Dublin,"  p.  664.  It  waa,  however,  theaeat  of  a 
Mr.  Warren  in  1788 — "  Poalcbaiae  Companion,"  p.  67.  So  the  family  would  aeem  to 
have  recovered  their  property.     Corduff  is  uow  the  scat  of  Hr.  M.  Butterly.— G.  T.  S.] 


A  JOUENET  TO  M)UOH  DEKO.  1  5 

retreated  into  y*  Church  for  Shelter,  but  were  all  of  them  murdered  ia 
cold  Blood  before  j'  morning,  some  of  thoae  Wretches  were  afterwards 
executed  in  ITiomae  Street  Dublin,  amongst  y"  Put:  Moore,  And: 
Cannon,  Ph.  Strong,  Jhfi  Cummin  Ac.  others  made  their  Escapes. 
About  midway  ascending  to  y'  Church  is  an  excellent  Well,  it  ia  care- 
fully walled  &  several  large  Trees  about  it.'  Here  on  8"  Sep',  a  great 
patron  is  kept  with  a  vast  Conoourae  of  all  Sexes  &  Ages  from  many 
mile.s,  npwards  of  eighty  Tents  aro  pitched  hero  furnished  with  all  kinds 
of  Liquors  &  provisions  for  y*  Heception  &  Refreshment  of  y'  Company. 
From  honce  thro'  a  fino  Corn  Country  well  cultivated  on  all  Sides  to 

Clonee,  a  small  Vilage  with  a  good  Stone  Bridge  over  y"  Tolckan,  w"* 
is  reported  to  have  the  best  Trouts  in  Leinster,  y'  place  is  in  Meath  near 
i  a  mile  to  Westward  of  j'  Mearinga  of  y"  2  Counties.  Dunboyn  a  mile 
West  of  Clonee  ia  a  pariah  town  &  Capital  of  y*  Barony,  w'"  hears  y'  same 
Name,  it  ia  pleasantly  situated  in  y*  County  of  Moath,'  &  has  several 
'good  Houses  in  particular  Captain  Dillon,  haa  a  neat  Stone  House. 
Colonel  Hamilton  a  noble  Houso  with  curous  Avenuea  in  a  genteel 
Taste.  Mr.  Lindsey  of  Lozersbill  has  a  neat  well  wooded  Betreat,  here 
ia  a  yearly  Fair  tor  Cuttle,  &  a  Weekly  Market,  The  Church  is  on  y* 
West  Side  of  y'  town,  it  ia  dedicated  to  S'  Peter  &  8'  Paul,  y'  Chancell  is 
ftt  present  only  in  Use  y*  body  of  the  Church  is  in  Ruins  with  the  Steeple 
at  y*  End,  y'  ia  a  Vicarage  subordinate  to  the  Deanery  of  Eatoath.'  Here 
was  huryed  Hugh  Brady  Bishop  of  Moath  1583.  On  a  Grave  stone  in  y' 
Church : — 

Here  lyeth  the  body  of  Edward  Fonl 

Of  Woodpark  esq',  who  deceoacd  may 

the  IT"'  being  holy  Thursday  in  the  Tear' 

of  our  Lord  1T05  and  of  his  Age  63. 

'^Dallon,  p.  o91,degmbe8  ail  well,  which  was  dedicated  tolheB.  V.  M.,  as  atill 
eziiUng  under  the  ibnie  of  two  very  ancient  ash  treea,  and  as  produDing  very  fine 
water.  It  wai  in  just  the  eanio  state  in  17S6,  aa  we  learn  from  the  "  Fosl^sise 
OnmpanioD,"  col.  6B; — "Near  Mulhuddert  churchyard  ia  a  very  hnndaame  well,  lup- 
plied  with  «  remarkably  fine  fipring  of  wntor,  and  dedicated  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  whose 
■tstiie  in  miniature  ii  aet  up  ia  a  oiche  of  the  building,  in  form  of  a  small  bouie  round 
thaweU."— G.  T.  8.] 

'  [The  CouBtry  was  culled  in  y'  early  ages  Hyniellia  or  y  Territorj  of  Neill,  from 
Ifsill  the  Great  whoae  four  Sans  planted  yoBolvea  in  v'  Country,  which  being  diiided 
■moDg  them  their  posterity,  were  called  y  South  Neills,  as  tboge  who  moved  into 
UUter  WBTTj  called  y  North  Ncila.     FUgherly'a  Ogygja,  p.  iOOJ. 

*  [The  Church  of  Dunbnyne  wiui,  in  ancient  times,  impropnate  in  the  Augustisian 
Friary  of  St.  Mary  at  MuUiiigar-  The  Prior  was  rector  of  Duiiboyne  parisb,  and 
besides  owned  considerable  property  in  Dunbayne  parish.  Hia  eccleaiastical  proSU  out 
of  the  chnrah  wore  locally  called  "The  door  of  St.  Peter's  Church  in  Dunboyn." 
Bishop  Doppiog,  in  his  "  Meath  Viaitatioo  Book,"  now  in  Morrfi'a  Library,  in- 
eonectly  sa^s  that  it  was  impropriate  in  the  Dominican  Friary  of  Hullingar,  which 
was  quite  distinct  from  the  Auguatinian  Priory.  The  Dominitans  did,  however,  own 
■Dma  land  in  Dunbayne  parish.  Tbe  vicarage  in  Doppiug'a  time  (1693)  was  worth  £60 
per  umuiB.  The  rectory  impropriate  in  Sir  Lan-rcnce  Parsona  was  worth  £250  per 
annum.  In  1663  the  Jtav.  Thomas  Hawly  woa  vicar.  The  church  wai  tben  in  th« 
wme  state  as  at  the  date  of  our  tour  fifty  yeora  later.  The  chancel  was  in  repair^  the 
body  of  the  church  in  niin  since  1S11.— G.  T.  S.] 

•  [That  is  Ascension  Day.} 


16 


ROTAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES   OP  IRELAND. 


Near  y*  former  on  a  Grave  Stone  also  ; — 

Here  lyeth  the  body  of  Walter  Burton 
Of  Woodpork  caq',  who  di'teused  May 
the  17'"  being  holy  Thursday  in  the  Year 
Of  our  Lord  1731  and  of  Ids  Age  56.' 

On  the  left  hand  entring  the  Clmreit  is  a  curioaa  Font  of  brown  Marble 
of  an  Octogon  Form,  and  y'  following  Letters  on  four  of  the  Sides  : — 

SW.  CEB.  CW.  1579 
Pimsing  from  hence  into  y'  groat  Turnpike  road  we  left  the  Puce  a  noted 
Inn  on  our  right,  &  anotbor  on  y'  division  road  to  Trim  on  our  left  &  y* 
Vilage  of  Rathbegan  on  our  right,  from  the  Bog  of  y'placo  y'Tolek  an  takes 
it's  Spring,  from  whence  passing  to  Clonce,  Malahidert,  Cordufl,  Finglaas, 
GIoBsnecTin  &  Drumconcrath  it  enters  y°  Sea  at  Ballybought  bridge. 

Dunachaghlin'  13  miles  from  Dublin  takes  it's  name  from  S'  Sechnal, 
who  erected  a  Bishoprick  here.  He  was  called  by  y*  Irish  Shachlin, 
afterwards  y'  town  was  called  Dun  or  Domnach  Shachlin,  w""  according 
to  Arch  Bishop  UBhcr  signifieu  y'  Church  of  Shachlin,  The  Church  & 
Steeple  are  in  good  Repair,  but  y'  Chonoell  in  Kuins  in  which  with  some 
Difficulty  we  discoTered  a  Grare  Stone  in  Memory  of  the  Eev'  D'  Webh 
with  y'  Inscription  : — ' 

Eov'^  Noah  "Webb  STB 

Decunufi  Leighnin'  hoc  Non  Vicnris 

Dunshaghliuen'  Hie  uaa  cum  numorosa  

de  prole  tumulatus  Jacct 

Obit  7°"°  Aug"  Ann.  Dom.  .  ,  .   1696 
^tat  sue  58 

Henrieus  Filius  Primogent"  posuit 

Ad  defti  incom—  Multa  dosudet 

Paucifl  nti  totis  Yiribus  ad  Ecclffi  & 

Patriae  Bonvinse  contulit 
y'  Town  is  a  }  of  a  Mile  in  Length  with  several  good  Houses  &  some 
neat  Inna.     there  is  a  Well  b^  to  be  purgative  dedicated  to  S'  Sechnall  & 

I  to  bavo  ofl-en  changed  its  owners  in  the  last  cenlurj.  lu 
it  is  thus  describoii : — "  About  a  quarter  of  » 
n  the  left,  ia  Woodpark,  the  seat  of  Ura. 


tbe  " , 

mile  an  tbia  side  the  Black  Bull  Inn   c 
Bliieldn,"— G.  T.S.] 

•  T*  Keiitbbourbood  of  y'  town  is  re-mnrkabiB  tor  breeding  y  grealert  ftuaatilioB  of 
Goldfinrhes  &  are  luppoat'd  to  ba  the  beat  Songsters  o£  their  Kind  in  the  Kingdom, 
tioah  Webb  Esq'.  Ic  Justice  of  j '  peace  bag  made  it  penal  for  U17  one  to  take  thsM 
Birds  without  hia  Leave  &  Euuh  as  are  convicted  are  publicly  whipt  thro'  y  town. 

'  ^Tbo  chanoel,  acrording  to  Doppin^,  was  ruined  in  1611.  The  vicar  in  1B93  WM 
Noah  Webb,  tlio  inacription  on  whose  tombstone  our  tourist  oopicd.  "  Be  resided  on 
fais  benoflne,  ond  preached  couslantly."  In  a  list  of  his  clergy,  with  their  characters. 
Bishop  Dopping  describes  him  as  "  rpmdent  and  deserving."  He  served  two  large 
unions,  comprising  the  parishes  of  Dunshaughjin,  TrcTct,  Rathangan.  Eilbrue,  and 
Ralhfeigh.  In  the  Act  of  Attainder  of  the  Irish  gontrv,  passed  by  King  James  II., 
he  is  cHlIed  Ezechiel  Webb  ;  see  King'a  "  State  of  Irish  Proleslants."  Appendix,  p.  4. 
According  to  Erck's  "  Etclcsinstical  Register,  p.  26,  Noah  Webb  was  appointed  Vicar 
of  Rntoath  by  Dr.  Dudley  Loftus  in  1676.  In  1  "86  (here  was  a  considerable  prival* 
school  kept  tljare  by  a  Rev.  Dr.  French.^"  Poslchaise  Companion,"  col.  88, — G.  T.S.J 


17 


I 


covered  over  with  several  large  Trees,  upon  an  Infnaion  of  Galls  it 
exhibited  a  pale  Yellow,  y*  Solution  of  Tartar  changed  it  into  a  fair  blue 
&  y'  of  Logwood  into  a  florid  purple.  From  honce  crossutg  the  Lands 
W"  are  a  low  rich  Soil  between  a  light  Clay  &  Loam,  producing  great 
QuantitieB  of  all  Kinda  of  Grain  &  excellent  pasturage  wo  came  to  y' 
antient  Town  of  Trevet  North  of  Dunchachlin.  Trevct  in  the  Barony  of 
Skiine  waa  antiently  a  considerable  town  &  Collony  of  English  it  ia 
situated  on  a  rising  Ground  environed  by  a  fertile  Com  Country,  at 
present  it  ia  an  obscure  Yilago  not  above  six  poor  Cottages  &  a  good 
Farm  House.  The  Church  dedicated  to  8'  Patrick  has  been  very  con- 
eiderable  at  present  is  Kuins,  it  was  built  by  the  English  at  their  first 
Entrance  into  Meath  under  Sir  Hugh  de  Lacy.'  In  the  Body  of  the 
Church  have  been  interred  a  great  Number  of  Noble  psons,  as  appears 
from  y"  Fragments  of  their  once  beautifull  Tombs  &  Monuments,  there 
are  some  modern  ones,  y*  remains  of  one  to  y"  Memory  of  Sir  Tho', 
Cusaok  &  Family  y'Tomb  was  large  &  beautified  with  various  Sculptures 
upon  y*  Cover  ia  raised  in  bass  relief  y'  Effigies  of  Sir  Thomas  Cusack  & 
Dame  Cusack  his  Wife  both  in  a  prajing  posture  with  Six  Children 
behind  each  of  y"  with  their  Hands  in  u  praying  posture  ali  ia  bass 
relief.  Upon  another  large  Stone  belonging  to  y"  s''  Tomb  y"  figure  of  a 
Skeleton  with  bow  &  Arrow,  a  Woman  in  a  mourning  posture  &  the 
following  Inscription  in  some  places  very  difficult  to  read : — 

Sub  hoc  Lapido  quod  A  mea  Filio  Johane  Cusaco 

Fabrigatii  Politum  Esou-p  Tumquie  fuit  Ego  Thomas  Cusaco 

Monumento  Humor  A^  1574  pro  euis  Fldcli  Anima  Orate  Fidelis 

Vis  Hocce  Thomas  quern  Tegit  Saxum  potis 

Ambram  Alloquere  Genviuum  Aquilo  prodet  Caput. 

Me  Virtus  Genuit  Povit  Pietas  Honor  Avoeit 

Extulit  Ars  Abu  Fama  Proraget  Anus. 

Jora  Tuli  Prorex  Me  Dilme  Clara  Boavit. 

Btemmate  Darciadum  Stirpo  Matilda  Sata 

Jura  Tuli  index  me  Lex  me  jura  Bearunt 

Jura  Tudes  animos  Cudcre  Docta  ABii 

fama  pes',  Abiit  sod  puic  Nun  quid  super  quieris  Manet 

Audi  Loquontis  verba  quin  Audi  sonos 
An.  Tho.  C8  Gesta  Libris,  Astria,  Virtus,  Mea  Gloria  Famie 

H^ret  Humo  Corpus  Noment  et  ipso  polo 
Ipse  poio  Mea  prole  Sedo  Renovatur  Imago 

quam  Gignis  Sacro  aera  Matilda  Toro 
Cui  Sedeat  Anima  Cognoscere  plura  Meonim 

quid  Muro  inspiciat  fixa  Tabeliu  refert 
Hoc  Lusiterit  y — Msivm  ipsius  f  Ho^  Ex  filio  et  K^beiie 
PrognatUB  Jacobus  Cusaco- 

'  [Doppin^  layi  IhatboCh  churc.b  and  ctumceL  were  riiined  iu  IGii.   Tlio  pnriali  wu 
■  InpropriaU  hk<>  so  many  other  Meath  parishnt  in  St.  Thomas'B  Abbpy ,  Dublin  ;  seo 
\Ul.  Oabort'a  edilion  of  St.  Thomas's  "  Hcgiater,"  in  tho  Eolla  Series,     Htace  the 
e  iMlronage  formerly  enjoyed  by  tha  Cron-n  in  Meitth.— G.  T.  S,J 
■[Tbi«  WM  the  tomb  aS  SirTiuimas  Cuiock,  Lord  ChuiceUor  of  Ireland  iu  the  Km? 


18  ROYAL   SOCIETY    OF   ANTIQUABIES  OF   IRELAND. 

On  a  Grave  Stone  within  y*  Church  near  j"  North  Wall.    The  Anns 
a  Escalope,  y  Crest  a  Bword  in  Hand  : — 
This  Tomh  was  erected  by 
M'  Robert  Jcallous.  March  y*  25"' 
1725.     "Where  Under  Ucth  his 
Father  and  Mother  Edmond 
Jeallous  &  Mary  Woods  with 
OnB  Child  &  his  Wifes  Mary 
Pettlt  &  Erialli  Holma  where 
He  designs  to  be  interred  him- 
-self,  where  many  of  his  Aneostors 
hath  been  interred  these  five 
Hundred  Tears  Tast. 

On  a  raised  Tomh  with  a  Coat  of  Arms,  y'  Crest  a  Lion  passant  o; 
Dragon : — 

This  Tomb  was  erected  by  M' 
John  FitzPotriclt  of  Gerard's  Town  June 
y'  22d.  Anno  Domini  1726  .  .  . 
Hero  lyeth  the  Body  of  M'  Laureno* 
Fitz  Patrick  who  departed  this  Life 
the  23d  of  February  1722  in  y*  61  Tear 
Of  his  Age,  likewise  the  body  of  M" 
Mary  Fitz  Patrick  aliaa  Nugent  his 
Wife  who  departed  this  Life  y'  26th 
day  of  April  1725  in  the  59th 
Tear  of  her  Age. 

From  Treret  we  took  y*  Short  way  over  the  Fields  w'""  are  covered 
with  Com  &  Pasture  into  tho  Turnpike  Eoad  w'''  lends  to  Killeen, 
antiently  a  Town  of  Note  reduced  at  present  to  a  few  Cabbina.  Tho 
Castle  is  a  largo  stately  quadran^lar  Building,  erected  by  Sir  Hugh  do 
Lacy  A.i>.  1 180  &  was  a  long  time  y*  Habitation  of  the  Plunkcts  Earls  of 
Fingal  who  lived  from  their  Arrival  with  Strongbow.  8'  Christopher 
PImiket  was  Deputy  of  Ireland  a.d.  1432  w*^  Title  (almost  defaced)  is  to 
he  seen  upon  his  Tomb  in  S'  Mary's  Church  a  small  distance  from  y' 
Castle  North  West.  This  Church  was  a  great  Ornament  to  y'  Town,  it 
was  of  Gothic  Structure,  with  2  Towers  at  y'  West  End,  y*  East  Window 
was  of  curious  Workmsp  with  beautiEull  Cavings  &c.  large  &  high.  The 
Floor  of  y*  Church  consists  of  a  Number  of  curious  inscnlped  Tombs 

of  Honrj  VIII.  and  Queen  Marf .  Hin  dnuglit^is  intermarried  vlth  some  of  tlie  beat 
fUDiliei  in  Irelnnd.  See  Lodge's  "Peerage,"  vol,  iy.,  p.  28S,  ed.  17G1,  where  & 
monument  ii  descrilied  ibon  eiiBtisg-  in  Uie  Church  of  Cirbery,  county  Eildore, 
erected  in  1705  by  Henry  CoUey,  En].,  in  memory  oFhii  snceslore,  who  were  detoended 
io  the  female  line  from  this  Kame  Sir  Tfaomiu  Cuiaclc.  A  correct  reading  of  tbu  above 
inlcriptiDa  is  published  in  vol,  i.,  Gth  Series  (1891],  p.486  of  this /lurru;.— 0.  T.  S.] 


A  JOUBNBT  TO  LOUGH  DERG.  19 

Konnments  &  Grave  Stones,  some  very  antient  w^  time  has  rendered 
almost  imintelligible.    Bound  the  ]i£argin  of  a  Grave  Stone : — 

Here  under  lietli  the  Body  .  .  .  Esquire 
Of  Eobart  Cusack  of  Genurdstown  and  Towey 

Ousack  in  Connaght  and 

Margaret  Plunket  his  Wife  and  his  former  Wife  Margaret 

Porter,  and  the  Body  of  his * 

Son  and  Heiair  James  Cusack  Anno  Domini  1620 

On  the  Tomh  the  Cusack's  Arms  almost  defaced.  Near  the  South 
Entrance  within  y'  Church  on  a  large  Grave  Stone  y*  Passion  of  Christ  is 
beautifully  performed  in  Bass  relief,  tho'  pretty  much  defaced  with  this 
Inscription : — 

Here  lieth  the  Bodi  of  John  Quatermas 
And  his  Bedfellow  EUenre  ne-hor  Oft:  this* 
Chu:  Porch: 

And  Leaft.  ANAN 
PEL :  PORTO  .... 
R  PAIER  THE :  S— 
AM :  TOWHOS 
SoLs :  God  Be 

MERCIPVLL 
1507 

AD 

At  y*  East  End  of  a  large  Tomb,  whereon  is  the  Pigure  of  a  Knight 
in  complete  Armour,  in  haut  relief  is  y*  following  Line  in,  as  I  appre- 
hend, Irish  Characters  \_characier8  unintelligihU], 

There  are  several  large  Grave  Stones  &  Covers  of  elevated  Tombs, 
with  y*  Figures  of  Mitred  Bishops,  some  whereof  had  been  inlaid  with 
curious  brass  Work,  others  with  Scriptural  pieces  but  greatly  defaced  by 
time.  This  Church  was  a  Vicarage  subordinate  to  j*  Dean  of  Skreen. 
In  y*  Chancell  on  y"  right  of  the  Altar  are  2  Monuments  fixed  in  y"  Wall 
with  particular  Coats  of  Arms  &  an  Inscription  under  each  as  follows : — 

(1)  .   (2) 

Pestina  Lente  Dieux  en  tout 

S'  Nicholas  Plunket  3**  Son  to  This  monument  was  erected 

Christopher  Lord  Baron  of  Eileen  for  him  by  S'  Valentine  Browne 

&  Jane  Dillon  his  Lady,  Daughter  of  Ross  in  the  County  of  Kierry 

to  James  Dillon  Lord  Baron  of  Kill-  Bart.  &  Dame  Jane  his  Wife 

-keney  West,  afterwards  Earl  of  Sole  Daughter  &  Heire  of  the  said 

Eoscomon  died  the  25th  day  of  S'  I^icholas  Plunket  &  was 

December,  a.d.  1680  finished  in  the  Month  of 

And  of  his  Age  October  1681. 

the79»*» 


^  [This  should  apparently  read :  **  who  roft  thlB.''] 

C2 


EOYAL  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIES  OP  IRELAND. 

The  Plunket'a  original  Name  was  Plugnct  they  came  into  EnRland 
with  j'  Banes  &  settled  here  in  Strongbow's  time.  They  have  enjoyed 
Honours  for  several  Ages,  in  H86  Broughton  Plunket  Lord  of  Killeen, 
1493  Edmund  Plunket  Baron  &  Lord  in  Parliament,  1549  John  Plunket 
Baron  of  Killeen,  1682  Luke  Plunket  Earl  of  Fingal.  The  Lands  in  y* 
Neighborhood  are  a  very  rich  Boll,  nffonling  Plenty  of  grain  with  good 
Pasture  &  Mcdows.  A  email  Distance  Westward  from  Killeen  is  finely 
fdtuated  y*  anticnt  house  &  Church  of  Dunsuny,  at  present  in  miaertlfele 
ruins,'  j'  Church  was  a  noble  large  pilo  120  foot  in  Length  by  24  in 
breadth,  it'a  great  arched  Windows  in  y'  Gothic  Taste  are  visible  proofs 
of  it's  Antient  Splendor.  In  y'  center  of  y'  ChancuU  (w*  is  scperated 
from  y'  body  of  y*  Church  by  a  large  well  tamed  Arch)  is  a  noble  raised 
Tomb  of  gray  marble  cmbelished  on  y  Sides  with  several  Coats  of  Arms  ; 
npon  y  Cover  in  haut  relief  is  a  Knight  in  Armour  &  his  Lady  on  Lis 
right  in  y  proper  Dress  of  y*  Age  they  lived  in,  hut  no  Inscription,  they 
are  supposed  to  he  y"  Founders  of  y'  Church.  In  y'  East  Wall  is  fixt  a 
large  black  Marble  with  y"  Arms  of  y"  ONeil  Viz', : — 

3  Mullets 

2  Lyons  passant  guardant  &  a  bloody  hand  between  y™ 

1  Midlet  proper  below  y" 

y'  Crest  an  extended  Arm,  armed  with  a  Sword ;  with  y'  Inscriptioti 
below  y"  : — 

Here  lyeth  the  Body  of  S' 

Bryan  ONeille  Bart  one  of  the 

Justices  of  the  King's  Bench  in  the  Reign 

of  King  James  the  2''  und  died  the  17'"  of  October 

1697,  And  the  Body  of  Dame  Mary  his  Wife 

Sinter  to  the  Lonl  Dutjeany,  and  the 

Body  of  Dame  Mary  ONeille  ala  Baggot 

Who  died  March  the  1"  1714  who  was 

Wife  to  8'  Henry  ONcille  the  s^  S'  Bryan's 

Son  who  erected  this  Tomb  Anno 

Domini  1706 

Near  the  West  Window  is  a  curious  Octagon   Font  of  Green  marble, 
with  y*  Figures  of  y"  12  Apostles  in  bass  llelief  on  y'  Sides.     There  is  - 
also  on  y"  pedestal  y  Effigies  of  4  Men  having  a  Coat  of  Arms  on  thdr 
right  hand  &  each  of  y"  fronting  y'  4  cardinal  points  of  heaven.     A  few 
y""  South  of  y  Church  is  a  large  Danish  Rath,  from  whose  Summit  ia 


•  [It  U  no  B-ondur  it  sbouM  liavo  been  [q  ruins  whtn  im  owner  ia  Oms  dewribed  by 
Bishop  Pocwke,  in  hia  " Taur  ia  Ireldcd,"  p,  177;  Dublin,  1891.  "Neai  Sileen 
Cwtle  1  Mw  Dnngdnv,  where  Lord  Duiuany  livet  a  Soman  Catholic  lord  of  about 
£200  a-year."— G.  T.  S.] 


A  JOUSKEY  TO  LOUGH    DERG. 


21 


I 


^BOOvered  a  beautifull  cultivated  Country,  y'  Church  was  a  Eectory  sub- 
ordinate  to  y"  Deanery  of  Skryno. 

From  hence  bending  our  CourBe  Northward  wo  came  into  y*  great 
Tompike  Koad  w"'  leads  to  Tarah  antiently  called  Temoria,  17  milo 
North  West  from  Dublin  ;  it  ia  an  hill  of  easy  Aseent  near  y'  Center  of 
Meath,  upon  it's  Summit  is  a  plain  extending  North  &  South  upwards  of 
100  y"  by  30  in  breadth.  On  y-  place  y'  Monarchs  of  Ireland  bad  their 
palace  or  principal  Seat  Royal  &  there  kept  their  Grand  Con-ventions. 
HiatoriauB  saya  y'  Cormuck  M'Art  y'  109  Monarch  of  Ireland  built  his 
great  Hall  upon  y*  plain  &  y'  it  was  300  feet  in  length  &  50  in  breadth 
y' it  had  14  great  doors  &  1150  waiters  daUy  at  his  Table.  This  Hill  ia 
encompassed  by  a  spacious  plain  &  ia  so  advantageously  situated  y'  from 
it's  Summit,  'tis  poesiblc  in  clear  weather  to  distinguish  more  than  12 
Counties  &  for  a  prospect  to  the  Boundaries  of  y"  Horizon  few  places  can 
produce  y  like,  in  y"  Tilage  are  2  tolerable  Inns.  The  Church  dedicated 
to  S'  Patrick  is  on  y=  North  Side  of  y"  Hill,  y-  Body  of  y'  Church  is 
unroofed,  y"  Cbancell  only  being  in  use,  y'  steeple  at  y*  "West  end  is  low 
&  square  &  open,  a  worried  Bullock  made  a  Shift  to  go  up  y*  Stone  Steps 
to  y*  first  loft  &  fell  into  the  waste  part  of  the  Church  where  ho  expired 
on  the  Spot.'     In  y'  Chaucell  ou  a  black  marble  is  this  Inscription ; — 

Here  lyeth  the  body  of  Robert 

Galbracth  late  of  Bivere  Town 

in  the  County  of  Meath  Esq' 

who  departed  this  Life  Novemb' 

the  2'  Anno  1712  aged  56  Tears 

Here  also  lyeth  the  body  of  his 

Mother  M"*  Margaret  Nisbit  who 

Departed  this  Life  December 

the  28  An°  1712  Aged  86  Years 

On  y*  North  Side  of  y*  Hill  in  a  Bottom  y"  Earl  of  Meath  has  a  large 
modem  Seat,  there  is  a  fine  Avenue  from  the  Eoad  to  y  House  w'^  with 
y*  Rookery  forms  an  agreable  prospect.'  From  y'  Summit  of  this  Hill  y* 
Mountain  Talten  can  be  easily  discerned,  where  y'  Taltanian  Sports  have 
been  much  celebrated  by  y*  Irisli  Historians,  they  consisted  of  "Warlike 
Exerrisea,  they  were  held  yearly  at  y"  Mountain  for  15  days  before  &  15 
days  after  y  1"  of  Aug'.  Lugaidh  Lam-Fadha  12"'  King  of  Ireland  who 
began  to  a.m.  2,764  first  instituted  y"".  This  Country  is  well  inhabited 
both  by  rich  Farnifra  &  Numbers  of  Gentkiuvii  who  have  beautifull  Seat* 

'[Tb)'  oburcb  of  Tora,  according  Ui  J olia  O'Donof 
Leltcra,  VM  situnted  on  the  site  of  St.  Aduunan's 
nncieatpagaD  fort. — O.  T.  8.1 

'  [Tbi«,  accoiding  to  PocoAe,  I.e.  p.  177,  waaui  ancient  tui] ding,  "a  large  houte 
nod  »«id  to  have  been  round  a  court.  They  «aj  it  wa*  built  by  Stopfordj  Secrsiary  to 
OlivBT  Cromwell,  andatioostor  to  theStopfunb  of  th«iouBty."  Inthebuhop'stiniB  it 
wu  occupied  hy  Mr.  Brabiizun,  brotbcr  and  heic  of  the  £bi1  of  Heatb.  In  17S6  it  «u 
oaUed  Now  Hull,  the  jeat  of  tba  Hon.  Willinn,  Binl.nion.— G.  T.  S.] 


32  ItOYAL  SOCIETY   OF  ANTIQUARIES   OF   IRELAND. 

in  several  parts  thereof,  great  Quantities  o!  MotI  are  found  ia  divers  parts 
of  y"  Country  with  w^"  to  good  purpose  they  manure  their  Lands.  Near 
y*  great  Eoad  on  y'  Side  of  y"  Hill  was  found  a  Vein  of  excellent  Ocre, 
lioth  Tellow  &  Brown  as  good  as  any  imported.  Two  Miles  North  of 
Tarah,  is  y'  Vilage  of  Skreen,  formerly  known  by  y*  Name  of  Scrinum 
Sancti  Columbani,  it  was  given  by  S'  Hugh  de  Lacy  to  Adam  de  Feipo, 
&  prffiterea  feodum  miiuB  militis  circa  Durelinum,  scil.  Claatorht  & 
Santres  &c. 

Francis  Feipo  founded  an  Augustin  Monastery  here  in  y"  Keigu  of 
Edw.  S''.  The  Church  dedicated  to  Columb-cillo,  is  delightfully  situated 
on  y  Summit  of  the  Hiil  (aboto  y'  town)  y"  Chancell  only  is  in  Bepair 
y  other  part  ia  uncovered,  at  y*  West  end  a  Steeple  ;  over  y'  Entrance  of 
y  Church  ie  a  mucb  time  defaced  Bust  of  y*  Saint.'  this  is  a  Burel 
Deanery  belonging  to  the  Bp  of  Meath,  it  has  eleven  Yicarages  &  4 
Rectories.  From  y*  Church  appears  a  dclightfull  prospect  to  y*  Horth  & 
North  East,  in  clear  "Weather  y"  Mountains  of  y'  Couuty  of  Aimagh  those 
of  Dundalk  &  CarlJngford  may  be  easily  seen,  with  a  prospect  of  y"  Sea 
near  Drogheda.  In  y'  burial  Ground  of  y'  antieut  Church  may  be  seen 
y*  Fragments  of  Tombs,  Grave  Stones  some  of  y"  very  antique.  In  y* 
Church  near  y*  Altai,  on  a  large  Grave  Stone : — 

DOM 

Hoc  MonuMENTum  Gu-SlTEro 

MABWAKde  BARoni  A  Serin 

MAliGARet^  PLuNKet  Brim^  Su^ 

ConiuGi  Ac  Matilda  DARcey  Mari 

GeNEr  A  Dclrin  Minor  Nutu 

Filiua  at  leNEla  MARWARD  HE^res 

et  Vnica  Natu  PoSVErunt  EcclesLS 

Omamento  hie  VEro  eepultua 

JIEmoritE  Perpotu^ 

lohanea  Cusack  Fuisdcm  GVA*""" 

ex  MaTBB  Germanus  FraTER     sculpsi 

Mann  Propria  Anno  Bomi.  1611.' 

'  [The  Ordnance  Survey  Lettcra  of  1837  in  the  Meath  Tolumea  deecribe  thii  huat 
Bi  then  at  the  bead  of  a  grave.  The  writer  dcucribes  a  cross  in  the  N.-£.  of  Skreen 
Ohurcbyard,  and  aoolLer  inscribed  cnea  6  feet  long,  formerly  in  the  S.'E.  of  the  wall* 
of  the  old  church,  that  is  the  cburib  in  use  in  1761.  At  tno  top  thii  crosi  U  fonred 
into  the  shape  of  a  human  hp-ad,  witli  three  figurea  standing  at  tliu  foot,  S.-W.  of  the 
churchyard  ia  a  quem  reputed  lo  have  been  UB«d  Ly  St.  Cdumba.  Tliis  latter  croaa  in 
1S37  had  bc«D  taken  down  and  placed  at  the  head  of  a  grave. — G.  T.  S-l 

'  I'the  Uanvords  were  titular  baroni  of  Screen  down  lo  the  seventeenth  oentuiy. 
This  monument  vas  erected  lo  a  Walter  Uarvard.  haran  of  Skreen,  about  1600.  See 
Lodge's  "  Feeiage,"  vol.  iv.,  p.  61,  ed.  17S0.  Tliis  Walter  Monraid  eeema  to  have 
been  married  to  Margaret  Plimkel,  daughter  of  Lord  Dunsany ,  and  aftenrorda  to  a 
Matilda  Darcy.  Lodge  and  this  monument  differ  in  little,  but  the  Latin  ia  very  badly 
eopied.  I  wonder  if  the  monument  still  aiiata.  The  Feipo  family  are  also  said  to  have 
been  baiona  of  Skreen.  A  pedigree  of  the  Felpu  faRiilj,  sliowiug  bow  the  lands  of 
Skreen  pasaed,  in  tbe  flfteenth  century,  into  tlie  liunds  of  the  Marwards,  will  be  found 
in  Mr.  Gilbert's  "Chartularies  of  8t.  Mary'a  .Vbbey,"  ii.  23:  cf.  Orpen's  "Song  of 
Sernot  and  the  Eail,"  p.  31«.— O.  T.  S.] 


A  JOUENEY  TO  LOUGH  DEEO. 


23 


From  hence  turning  to  y  left  ve  camo  into  y*  great  Turnpike  Boad, 
passing  by  Ardsallagh,  on  y  vest  Banlc  of  y'  Boyne,  j°  beautifuil  Seat  of 
M'  Ludlow  y'  House  is  lofty  &  well  designed  with  a  fine  Firr  Grove 
VI  "^  almost  encompass  y*  Houae  here  are  dolightfull  Gardens,  &  curiouB 
subterraneous  Grottos.' — Kilcamc  21  miles  from  Dublin  hero  is  a  stately 
sl.rong  Stone  Bridge  of  5  Arches  over  y'  Boyne.'  A  Mile  of  good  Road 
brought  us  to  NaTan,  y*  Capitol  of  y'  Barony  &  is  a  Borough  &  sends 
2  Members  to  farl'.,  it  ia  situated  on  a  risiBg  Ground  near  the  Conflux  of 
y*  Boyne  &  Blackwater,  y"  Town  is  compact  &  tolerably  well  buitt,  in  j' 
great  Street  y"  Market  house  a  low  moan  building.  A  large  weekly 
Market  here  on  Wednesdays  with  4  Fairs  in  y'  Year  it  was  formerly 
noted  for  one  of  y'  beat  Markets  ia  Leinet«r,  for  Cattle  &  Grain  y'  Dublin 
Butchers  had  tltis  for  their  Common  Market  before  Smithfield  was  built. 
The  Church  lately  rebuilt  is  low,  without  a  Steeple  &  on  y'  left  entering 
y'  town.'  On  y°  South  Side  of  the  Black  near  it's  Conflux  with  the 
Boyne,  was  a  famous  Abbey;  on  y'  Scito  of  w'*  y'  present  Horse  Barracks 
are  built.  In  y'  Abbey  burial  Ground  are  Remains  of  somo  Old  Tombs 
&  Figures  in  Haut  Belief.  Upon  y  Cover  of  a  large  tomb  is  the 
following : — 

Here  lyeth  the  Body  of  Phinehas  Eckersley 
Of  BeetiTe  in  the  County  of  Meath  Son  of 
Eoger  Eckersley  of  Balreask  Gent;  who  dcpa- 
-rted  this  Life  June  the  third  90  in  the  26th  Year 
Of  his  Age,  Also  the  Body  of  Phinehas  Eckersley 
this  Son  bom  the  1st  of  July  90  after  his  Fathers 
Death,  who  departed  the  I2th  of  the  s'  Month 
This  Tomb  Stone  was  ordered  by  hia  Relict  the 
Daughter  of  Richard  Janns  of  Black  Castle 
Esq'  in  Memory  of  her  said  Husband  Roger. 

Sir  Hugh  do  Lacy  walled  y'  town  &  gare  it  y'  Lands  belonging 
thereto,  with  those  of  Ardbracon  unto  Joceline  Son  of  Gilbert  de  Bangle, 
y"  Borough  gives  Title  of  Baron  to  y'  Eight  Honourable  James  Darcey. 

■  rTbefnlnilyof  Ludlow  Lud  obtained  ty  1786  the  tide  of  Earl  Ludlow. —G.T.B,] 
'  [In  178G  KUksroe  was  the  resideccB  of  the  Barry  family,  wLo  h»d  owned  it  for 
more  thsn  a  cenluiy  :  aee  below  for  inecripliona  belonging  to  tlicm. — G.  T.  8.] 

'  [In  Dopping's  "  ViBJlation  Book  "  there  u  a  long  nccoutit  of  the  old  church  of 
Xavim,  and  the  Dumerona  monumenla  of  the  Wakel;  nnd  other  families  wiiich  be 
bad  seen.  BithL>p  Dopping  restored  the  nave  of  the  ehiiicb  in  the  year  1683,  tlie 
pulpit,   sedilia,  snd  Other  ornaments  being   added  in   1685,   at   the   eipenae  of  the 

faruhioners.  The  diurch  v  as  reopened  Dee.  19th,  1RS6,  according  to  a  farm  ordered 
y  tie  ConTocalion  of  Dublin.  Irio  most  noloble  monumentB  recorded  bj  Dopping 
we  one  of  un  abbot  of  the  oioriistery  of  Kavan  in  the  gravejord,  and  in  the  church 
one  to  tliu  Manning  family,  dalad  IGIG.  An  inscription  on  the  pulpit  b^  one  B. 
Smjth,  who  erected  it  in  1'19D;  ooe  in  a  Eide  tbapvl  to  Maw  or  Man,  the  founderof  it ; 
one  to  John  Wately  and  bis  wife  Catherine  Bawson,  dated  September  Znd,  1G90. 
Tho  Wakely  family  were  Iny  rectors  of  Kavan  in  Elizabeth's  reipo,  holding  tlie 
*bt>ey  property.     Yet  litii  monument  has  a  prayer  for  the  dead  upon  it. — O.  T.  S.] 


24  BOTAL  80CIETT  OP  ASTIQCASIEB  OP  IKELAITO. 

On  f  BMt  Bak  of  j*  Borne  o|^MMite  to  I^mmi  are  j*  Bimis  ol  tiie  gieat 
H^iOM;  «f  Atblomnejy  tif  ivpoitcd  T*oiie  of  j*  Families  4tf  y*  Magniics  was 
liTiiig  in  it  vben  O:  Cnnnwell  toA  Dro^ieda  &  to  prerent  Olircr  from 
putdMkg  anj  Shelter  or  Snlastence  there,  set  j*  StatelT  Fabiick  on  Fire 
w^  eottsomed  all  j*  carious  Apartmcnta  w^  vere  s'  to  be  tcit  rich  & 
eostlj.  A  small  IMstanee  to  y*  Westward  of  y*  house  are  y  &iins  ol  a 
large  Chnreh  with  j*  B<pmains  of  serenl  Tombs  &  GrsTe  Stones  on  one 
maj  be  read  y*  Inscription : — 

Boc  Monumentom  est  erectnm  inreri 
Bonj£  Yite  Boni  Gnlielmi  Goo^  Memo 


£t  Ejus  Sponsae  Matronie  spectassinue 
Anno  CHEerers  qum  hie  tnmnlator  et 

rtr 

nsqne  Posteris  Anno  Domini 

1692 
Tain — ^Disce  quis  hac  lapidom  Sufamole  Tlator 
Conditor  et  Coelom  Scandere  posce  Deum 

This  was  a  Yicarage  in  j*  Deanery  of  Skrine. 


{To  he  continued.) 


(     25     ) 


TKE  ABBEY  OF  ST.  THOMAS  THE  MAETTR,  NEAR  DUBLIN. 
Br  REV.  ANTHONY  L.  ELLIOTT,   M.A.,  Rbctoe  of  St.  Cat 


Ts  the  year  of  grace  1170,  the  citizena  of  Dublin  "rammed  up  their  gates 
-*-  against  the  world  ;"  but  they  rummed  them  up  in  vain,  for  soon  the 
English  flag  floated  from  the  Castle,  and  wafted  a  message  not  only  of 
victory  but  of  change  of  dynasty. 

One  of  the  earliest  moniimentB  of  the  new  influence  soon  rose  in  the 
western  suburb  of  the  little  city — rose  to  flourish  as  an  English  inatitn- 
tion,  and  to  be  struck  down  by  an  English  hoed.  The  only  local  traces 
of  it  to-day  are  to  be  found  in  the  street  nomenclature  of  the  LibertieSf 
Thorn  as -street,  Thomas-court,  and  Thomas-court  Bawn. 

The  nucleus  of  the  Abbey  seems  to  have  been  a  church  of  St.  Thomas, 
founded  in  1177  by  William  FitzAldelm,  "dapifer"  or  sewer,  as  well  as 
kinsman,  of  Henry  II.,whom  that  King  sent  over  to  Ireland  as  his  deputy. 
"  This  FitzAldelm,"  writes  Giraldus  Cambronsis,'  who  was  a  contem- 
porary of  his,  "  was  large  and  corpulent  both  in  stature  and  shape,  but 
of  a  reasonable  height.  He  was  a  pleasant  and  courtly  man,  but  what- 
ever honours  ho  paid  to  anyone  were  always  mingled  with  guile.  Ther» 
was  no  end  of  his  craftiness — there  was  poison  in  the  honey,  and  a  enako 
in  the  grass.  To  outward  appearance  he  was  liberal  and  courteous,  but 
within  there  was  more  aloes  than  honey."  He  was  the  ancestor  of  the 
Clanrickardo  family,  and  of  most  of  the  other  Burkes  and  De  Burghs  of 
Ireland. 

The  foundation  stone  of  the  Abbey  waa  laid  in  the  presence  of  St. 
Laurence  O'Toole,  Archbishop  of  Dublin.  It  was  dedicated  to  Thomas  & 
Beckot,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  who  had  been  murdered  in  his  own 
cathedral  but  a  few  yeors  before,*  and  who  had  just  recently  been  canon- 
ized ; '  and  it  waa  deyoted  to  the  use  of  the  Order  known  as  the  Canons 
of  the  Congregation  of  St.  Victor,*  an  order  which  had  come  into  exist- 
ence in  1113,  in  the  revival  of  the  monastic  system. 

Here  let  it  be  said — and  it  is  said  without  political  bios — that  the 
character  of  the  Abbey  as  a  power  in  Ireland  was  not  only  un-Irish  but 
anti-Irish.  Without  taking  cognizance  of  the  religious  life  of  the  com- 
munity or  the  spiritual  influences  which  actuated  individual  lives,  but 
viewing  it  as  a  factor  in  things  historical,  wo  sec  in  it  an  ecclesiastical 


"CoBqueat"{BoWflEd.),  p.  276. 


I  December  S9tb,  1170. 


*  See  OrdiauiH  Seligiasartmi  m  tttlitia  miiilanti  Calalegtu,  bv  Pliilip  Bononnus 
(ITSS). 


26 


ROTAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 


fort  of  English  power,  under  the  direct  control  of  the  King,  and  nourished 
bj  him  Bs  a  useful  agent  in  the  affairs  of  State. 

It  was  endowed  largely  by  those  whom  Ireland  regarded  as  her  enemies. 
William  FitzAldelm  will  ever  ho  remembered  as  he  who  transferred 
from  the  esaeiitially  Irish  Armagh  to  the  far  from  Irish  Duhlin  the  sacred 
relics  known  as  the  "Staff  of  Jcaua"  and  the  Superaltart  marmoreum 
taneii  Pairic'i-'  "When  he  died  in  1205,  the  feeling  witK  which  he  was 
regarded  is  expressed  in  the  record  of  the  event  in  the  "Annals  of  Lough 
Ce  ;  "  '  William  Btirk,  destroyer  of  all  Erinn,  of  nobility,  and  chieftain- 
ship, mortutu  est.'  " '  Another  of  its  benefactors,  Hugh  de  Lacy,  is  spoken 
of  in  the  "Annals  of  Ulster"  as  "the  profaner  and  destroyer  of  the 
sanctuaries  and  churches  of  Ireland." ' 

The  Ahbey  was  a  special  object  of  royal  favour.  When,  in  1261, 
"  The  abbot  having  provided  at  Dristol  a  quantity  of  stone  to  build  thoir 
church,  the  mayor  and  bailiffs  of  that  town  seized  the  same  to  repair 
the  Castle  of  Bristol,"  it  was  the  King  (Henry  111.)  who  caused  it  to  ho 
promptly  restored.'  It  was  the  King  who  was  invited  to  lay  the  founda- 
tion stone  of  the  new  church.  It  was  the  King  (Edwai-d  I.)  who,  in 
1269,  gave  the  abbot  twenty  oak  trees  of  the  forest  of  Glencree  to 
reconstruct  certain  buildings  of  the  Ahhey  "lately  burned  down  by 
misfortune."' 

It  was  governed  on  a  thoroughly  Erastian  principle.  Its  highest 
office  was  in  the  gift  of  the  King:  even  its  prior  could  not  he  raised  to  he 
its  abbot  without  the  royal  assent.'  It  was  the  King  who  commanded 
Guch  feasts  as  those  of  St.  Thomas  the  Uartyr  and  St.  Edward  to  be 
kept  in  its  church.'  It  was  the  King's  power  which  issued  .such  a  "  Hue 
and  Cry  "  as  this — "  Cause  to  bo  arrested  brother  Koger  Corbaly,  late 
Canon  of  the  House  of  St.  Thomas  the  Martyr  by  Dublin.  Ho  left  his 
house  and  religion  without  licence  of  the  Abbot  and  convent,  and  carried 
away  with  him  a  great  sum  of  money  of  the  same  convent."'  There 
was  a  chamber  in  the  abbey  called  "  The  King's  Chamber,"  where  one 
Gcene  at  least  was  enacted  which  showed  the  King's  power  dominating 
things  religious  as  well  as  political.' 

The  names  of  the  Canons  which  appear  in  the  Obits  of  Christ  Church 

'  Dr.  Todd's  IntroduclioQ  to  Ihe  "  Oliits  of  Christ  Church."  pp.  ntii.  and  ivi.  At 
p.  XI,  Ibc  latter  relic  is  deecribed  as  "a  portablo  altar  or  slab  of  marbls,  to  ba  laid 
■on  an  uncon secreted  altar  whenever  it  was  neceasary  to  coneecrate  in  a  journey,  or 
when  access  (a  a  Kitieeorated  place  could  not  be  obtained." 

'  "  Annals  of  Loth  C*,"  vol.  i.,  p.  Tt6. 

'  "Annals  of  the  Four  Maxters,"  vol,  iii.,  p.  73. 

*  Arthdall's  "  Monnsticon."  edited  bj  Bishop  Moran  :  cf.  "  CalGodar  of  Documents 
relating  to  Ireknii "  (1261),  So.  3107. 

'  "  Stale  Papers"    (1223  «id   1262).      Bee  also  Gilbert's    "  llegisler,"  pp.  li. 


THE  ABBEY  OF  ST.    THOMAS  THE   MARTYR. 


I 


Ct^edral,'  in  some  ancient  deeds  preserved  in  6t.  Catiierine's  Parisli 
Church,'  and  in  the  valuable  "llQrtyrology"oftlie  Abbey,*  as  well  as  tha 
names  of  ita  abbots '  which  have  been  rescued  from  oblivion  and  given  to 
ueinArchdall'B  "MonBrticon"  and  Gilbert's  "Registerof  the  Abbey  of  St. 
Thomas,"  show  a  decided  preponderance  of  the  Englbh  clement.  It  was 
painfully  representative  ol  the  spirit  wliich  imbued  the  "  Statutes  of 
Kilkenny,"  passed  in  1367,  and  confirmed  by  Act  of  Parliament  in  H96,' 
two  of  whose  enactments  read  as  follows : — "  xiii.  It  is  ordained  that  no 
Irishman  of  the  nations  of  the  Irish  be  admitted  into  any  collegiBt*  or 
cathedral  church  by  permission,  collation,  or  presentation  of  any  person, 
nor  to  any  benefice  of  Holy  Church  anjoogat  the  English  of  the  land.  .  ,  . 
xiv.  It  is  ordained  and  eatubliahed  that  no  religious  house  which  is  situate 
amongthc  English  [be  it  exempt  or  not]  shall  henceforth  receive  any  Irish 
to  their  proleBsion."  '  This  principle  was  rife  in  Thomas  Court.'  Indeed, 
in  the  "  Uonasticon"  [edited  by  Bishop  Moran]  it  is  specially  noted, 
under  the  date  of  1380,  that  "  it  was  enacted  by  Parliament  that  no  mera 
Irishman  should  be  permitted  to  make  his  profeesion  in  tliis  Abbey." 
The  only  Jady  who  figures  in  the  living  scenes  of  its  history  was 
English  oi  the  English,  Uosilia  FitzGilbert,  who,  for  the  spiritual  wel- 
fare of  her  fother,  the  Earl  of  Pembroke ;  of  her  brother,  Eail  lUcbard, 
better  known  as  Strongbow  ;  and  of  her  two  husbands,  Keimund  and 
Geoffroi  Fitzltobeit,  Anglo-Normou  seneschal  of  Leinster,  gave  largo 
grants  to  the  Church  of  St.  Thomas  at  Dublin,  which  she  describes  as 
the  place  "  where  she  serves  as  a  nun,  and  in  which  she  desires  to  be  in- 
terred."' 

It  was  scarcely  a  step  in  the  direction  of  toleration  when,  in  "  1474, 

'  John  WaltLe,  WilUBm  I,yiLrTck,  Henry  Praut,  Tbomua  Hnrrold,  Adam  Rath, 
Jolm  Sthyrborn,  Richard  Simcok,  Uobert  Slnunton  (Prior),  John  Row,  WilliMa 
£;<avtt,  John  Whyt,  John  Slecle,  Richard  Foalere  (Abbot). 

"    ■  "     ■,   WiL" 


t'illi'rain  Fowler,   John  Cuming, 


, Whyt, 

'  John  Mole,  John  Ingol,  AVilliaiu  Ersdebyn, 
CbaplnioB -,  and  Willinm  FTOge,  Cleric. 

'  Thoma*  Penkyr,  Henry  or  Grenoch,  nnd  John  of  Qrenoch. 

•Simon  (1174t);  Simon  (1200-1228) ;  Stephen  TrTtGU(1221  P) ;  Edward  (1221  ?) ; 
Adam  (1229-1230)  ;  NichoIaB  (1230-1233) ;  Henry  (1240)  ;  Nichulaa  (1246) ;  ■Wurin 
(1147  M367)  ;  Kieholai  (1286)  ;  Williato  de  Wslibe  (1287}  :  Ralph  do  WildeBhire 
(lt91-lS03?];  John  le  Turner  [ISOOfj;  Tbomoa  (130B);  Eslnh  la  Windeor  (1311- 
1317);  Nicbolu  WTiylereU  (1321)  ;  Slephon  Tyrrell  (1328)  ;  William  de  Cloncurry 
(182S) ;  Nicholn*  AUeyn  (1329} ;  Nicholas  (1363) ;  John  Walsh  (1351-1361)  ;  Thomw 
Sourlock  (1304-1391);  John  Sergeant  (1392);  Richard  Tutbiiry  (1395);  John  Shir- 
bume  (1397);  NichoU*  O'Beaghn  (1397)  ;  John  (UlT)  :  Nicholas  Talbot  (1420); 
John  WMting  (1420-1423)  ;  Rjchird  (1431-U47)  ;  Thomas  Fitzgerald  (1448)  ; 
Riehard  (1460);  WiUiam  (1466) ;  Richard  Fostete  (1468-1470) ;  John  Puroall  (1478- 
14S6):  Waller  Walsh  [IS06-15I2);  WilUani  Brent  (1515);  Thomaa  Mey  (1622- 
Ifi2e)i  Thomu  Holder  (162S);  Brant;  James  Cotterel  (1629) ;  Henry  DuSh  (1534- 
1639).  Even  the  Avt  of  1465  (5  Ed.  IV.  3).  which  imposed  English  surnames  on  the 
oative  Iriali,  will  scarcely  account  for  the  AngUi:an  t<me  of  those  names  read  as  a 

•  10  Henry  VII.  B. 

*  Tianslatett  and  edited  by  Jjimes  Hardiman,  h.r.i.a. 

'  Giibert'a  "  RegiBter,"  p.  liv. :  and  "  National  Mannscripts, "  1. 113. 
'  See  an  interesiing  notice  of  her  by  Professor  Blokes  in  his  "  IreUnd  and  Ihs 
Anglo-Norman  Church,"  p.  1T3. 


28 


ROYAL  SOCIETT  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 


an  Act  waH  passed  reciting  that  Richard,  Abhot  of  St.  Thomas's;  Walter, 
Abbot  of  St.  Mary's ;  and  WilliHin,  Prior  of  All  Saints',  Dublin,  haring 
much  land  within  the  quarters  of  the  Irish  enemies,  they  were  by  the  said 
Act  pei-mitted  to  seed  i-ictuals  to  the  said  Irish,  to  let,  to  farm,  and  sell 
the  profits  of  thoir  lands  to  them,  and  to  intercommon,  treat,  and  he 
conversant  with  them,  ns  well  in  war  as  in  peace,  and  that  they  might 
be  godfathers  to  the  said  Irish  without  offence  or  breach  of  law." ' 

The  property  and  power  of  the  Abbey  inereosed  with  enormous 
rapidity.  In  1178  there  "  was  given  from  the  king  a  eamcate  of  land 
called  Dunower  (Donore)  with  mill  and  meadow,  &c.,  for  the  health  of 
the  souls  of  his  father  and  mother  and  ancestors,  his  own,  and  his  son'e-" 
Two  years  later  it  was  given  sereral  churches  and  estates  in  Lismoro, 
Dungarvan,  and  Cork,'  besides  a  considerable  property  in  Bray,  and  two 
earucates  of  land  adjoining  the  Abbey.  One  of  its  many  important  pos- 
sesBions  was  Kilniddery,  near  Bray.  It  is  carefully  defined  in  an  ancient 
deed'  as  being  hounded,  as  it  is  to-day,  by  the  King's  highway  called 
"  le  Windgates."  It  originally  belonged  to  Dicremieius,  son  of  Macgillc- 
maholmoc,  who  granted  the  lands  to  Bichard  du  la  Felda,'  who,  in  turn, 
grunted  them  to  the  Abbcy.^  In  1256  they  were  farmed  by  the  Abbey 
to  Radulf  de  Nottingham  un  the  condition  ^  that  he  was  not  to  let  ihem 
to  "religious  men,"  the  Abhot  wisely  objecting  to  a  rival  institution 
being  established  on  the  property  of  the  Abbey  itself.  In  1185  it  was 
enriched  in  a  difEercnt  way,  by  a  toll  of  beer,  payable  to  Prince  John 
out  ot  the  taverns  of  Dublin — an  inheritance  rich  in  litigation  ;  and 
ten  years  later  in  a  dilJerent  way  again,  by  being  awarded  the  head  of 
Hugh  de  Lacy,  whose  remains  some  years  after  his  murder'  were  divided 
between  the  Abbey  of  St.  Thomas  and  Be etive  Abbey,  in  the  county  Meath; 
the  Iiish  wife  of  Hugh  de  Lacy,  Eosc  O'Conor,  daughter  of  the  King  of 
Connaught,  having  been  already  interred  in  the  Cemettiry  of  Thomas 
Court.'     In  1200  it  obtained  possession  of  the  lands,  whose  ownership  it 

'  Archdnll's  "Moraatkon"  (eniled  by  BishopMorfln),  quoting Hama'a  "CoUecl": 
cf.  thefoUowing:— "The  AbbolBOt  the  Monusteriesof  tit.  Mary  and  St.  TLuinas,  aai 
the  Prior  of  the  House  of  All  Saints,  Dublia,  obtained  on  Act  of  I'srlitLiceiit  to  enable 
them  to  deal  "with  their  landH  in  dietrictfl  ruled  by  Irish  enemies  of  the  King  of 
EngUod"  ("Cliiirta.  of  St.  Maiy'a  Abbey,"  edited  by  Gilbert,  vol.  ii,,  p.  lii., 
U  Edward  IV.). 

>  Among  the  Cork  EiantE  were  the  Church  of  St.  Ruieeu,  on  Iniepic  f  Spike  laluid) ; 
and,  in  1270,  St.  Nicholas's  Chapel  in  the  city  of  Cock.ion  the  uoaditlou  thai  the  Abbey 
should  pay  yearly  lo  8t.  Finbar'a  Chiuch  B  nuBimt  jtnglici,  and  one  pound  of  wai, 
St,  Bi:uieti,  of  Spike  Island  memory.  "  was  the  eame  persou  na  Roes,  son  of  Tricem, 
who  ii  allFgcd  to  have  talieD  pait  in  the  compilation  of  tna  Sencbui  Mot  in  St.  Patrick'! 
time.— '  Mart.  Donegal  '  Apul  7lh."     (See  "  Monasticon/') 

'"BegiBterof  St.  Thomaa'a  Abbey,"  edited  hy  Gilbert,  pp.4,  149, 150,  275.  The 
naroe  ia  written  in  the  "Register"  oa  Kiltetherj,  KJiritbtran,  Kilrotieri,  Kilxothere, 
Kiliutheri,  Eylrudri,  Eilnidderi. 

•By  O'Mevey  of  Teffia,  at  Duirough,  in  11S6.  A  notice  in  the  "Charts,  of  St. 
Mary's  Abbey ''  (vol.  ii.,  p.  307),  in  relerenoe  to  this  allotmeut  of  Du  Lacy's  remain*, 
reada  like  a  burial  registry :— "  Caput  vero  ejusdem  Hugonis  positum  est  in  Monaa- 
teiio  Sancii  Thoioe,  Dublm." 

'  See  "  Charlre,  Pririlegitt  et  ImmunitateB,"  p.  17,  quoted  in  Stokea'a  "  Ireland  and 


had  disputed  Titti  the  city  authorities,  and  also  a  lot  of  ground  at  tbo 
Bridge  of  Dublin.  Gifts  of  churches  continued  to  flow  in ;  indeed,  its 
patronage  ■was  so  extensive  that  it  had  its  own  form  of  presentation 
drawn  up,  so  as  to  suit  not  only  different  parishes  but  different  dioceses,' 
In  1287  the  Abbey  of  St.  Catherine's,  near  the  Sulmon  Leap,  was  annexed 
to  it.  In  1315  the  Churches  of,  St.  Catherine  and  St.  Jamoa  wore  found 
to  belong  to  it,  the  Church  of  St.  James  having  been  granted  as  early  as 
1196.  It  may  bo  noted  in  passing  that  a  striking  commentary  on  this 
system  of  absorption  of  Dublin  parish  churches  by  monaBtories  is  found  in 
the  "Ecclesiaatical  Taxation  in  1303-6."  There  is  scarcely  a  Dublin  pariah 
church  mentioned,  while  the  three  chief  cccnobitic  institutions  of  the  city 
are»etdownaafollowB;— Priory  of  Holy  Trinity,  £182  19*.  Sid.;  Abbey 
of  St.  Mary,  £26  8«.  Od. ;  Abbey  of  St.  Thomas,  £aO  2i.  Irf.  Testimony 
to  the  abbey's  importance  of  a  different  kind  and  of  an  earlier  date  is 
found  in  its  seal,  which  Cardinal  Moran,  who  is  the  poasesaor  of  a  copy 
of  it,  and  who  describes  it  minutely.*  assigns  to  the  early  part  of  the 
thirteenth  century. 

In  1305  King  Edward  I.  confirmed  to  the  Abbey  a  grant  of  powor  to 
hold  a  Court ' — a  privilege  which  it  had  exercised  from  the  time  of 
King  John,  but  on  which  the  city  had  dared  to  infringe.  Thcnce- 
(iirwanl  the   Abbot  exercised  judicial  functions,  and  held  a  Court  for 

A,  S.  Ch.,"  p.  1B7.  Cf.  the  alluhion  to  hifl  wife  in  a  grant  of  Adaiu  cie  Hereford 
(1180) :—"  AU  that  lot  of  ground  irhich  Earl  John  had  given  hiru  liol ween  the  Oliurch 
ol  8t,  Thomas  and  the  uity,  new  the  oros*  which  had  been  erected  for  the  soul  of  the 
wife  of  Hugh  du  Lacie  ("  Uonailicon  "). 

'  "  Begialer,"  p.  *. 

1  "TliHiealot  St.  Thomaa's  Abbey,  an  iraporfect  copy  otwhioh  is  in  the  posseaaion 
of  the  editor,  was  3J  inches  in  diameter.  The  legend,  aa  far  as  is  proaervcd,  reads, 
■  Sion-Li'M  coautNB  •  •  Sano.  •  •  '  —  the  leat  ia  broken  off.  On  the  front,  or 
nbTOrse  of  the  seal,  ia  a  tripled  gabled  cnnopy,  the  centre  one  being  the  highest,  with  a 
gablet,  Hod  boae  of  a  tuwer  behind.  The  under  parts  of  the  canopy  are  tmfoiled  vith 
aaiall  qiiatrcfoila  in  the  spaodrils.  A  pillar  at  each  side  of  the  seal  auppotta  the 
gabled  canopy.  The  figure  of  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury,  in  pontifical  vestments, 
with  the  cTonet  in  bia  right  band,  stAnda  under  the  ceotral  canopy  ;  beside  his  head  i» 
a  iCToU,  with  the  legend,  '3ca  TbDinas.'  Dndr^r  the  side  canopies  are  the  kneeling 
figures  of  Benedictine  oianka,  two  at  each  dda,  with  their  hands  joined  in  prayer,  ami 
looking  up  to  the  centre  figure.  On  the  reverse,  or  counter  aeal,  the  remains  of  the 
lecoad  reada  '  ■  <  ■  us  lda[  Thou.  Ddblihih.'  In  the  exergue  the  aame  atyle  of 
Inple  canopy,  with  tiefoiled  archea  beaealh,  and  tabcmaclo  vorlc  above  the  centre 
gable,  but  all  ofplainer  design  than  that  on  the  obverse,  is  reprcsvoted.  Under  the 
ojitipj  at  the  nght  is  a  draped  altar  ;  behind  which  ia  aeon  the  crogs-bearer  Grim, 
holding  out  the  crota,  and  the  sword  of  one  of  the  Knighta  striking  his  arm,  which. 
with  ike  cross,  appeara  falling  down.  St.  Thomas  kneels  before  the  altar,  withjoined 
hands,  and  mitred  h^nd  bowed  donn.  The  four  Knights,  Beginold  FitE  Urae,  William 
Tracey,  Hugh  de  MorvDb,  nud  Kichard  Brito,  stand  in  admirable  perspective  oppoait« 
the  kneeling  Archbishop.  Fitz  Urse,  the  second  figure  to  the  left,  bears  a  shield  cbnrged 
wiOi  s  bear  rampant;  and  the  Knightoeitthe  Archbishop  carries  a  long  peaked  shiSil, 
barry  of  tea  :  lus  sword  appeara  to  Cut  ofi'  the  top  of  tbs  bead  of  the  prelate,  whicb 
was  actually  done  by  Eichard  Brito.  The  device  on  the  shield  may  be  found  to  be  his 
annorial  bearings.  The  Knights  are  belmetcd,  and  clothed  in  chain  armaur.  The 
style  of  the  shield  is  qiiile  atlistic,  and  well  executed.  The  letters  are  Lombardic,  and 
the  workmanship  appears  to  be  of  the  early  part  uf  the  thtrtoentli  century."  (Note  in 
"Ifonutioon,"  edited  by  Bishop  Moran,  vol.  ii.,  p.  5iJ). 
*  Cf.  note  on  p.  32. 


30 


HOYAL  SOdETT  OF  ANTIQnABIES  OF  IBELUTD. 


the  diBtrict,  which  hecnme  so  important  as  to  call  Into  esiatenoe  the 
familiar  title  of  the  Ahbey,  Thomat  Court.  Connected  mth  thia  privilege 
was  the  right  of  lanctuary  which  obtained  in  the  Abbey.'  and  connected 
with  it  more  cloBoIy  still  was  the  office  of  Coroner,'  as  wel!  as  the  mani- 
fold privilcgeB  of  the  Liberty  {i.e.  the  district  exempt  from  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  Mityor),'  of  Thomaa  Court  and  Donore,  A  sketch  of  this  district  is 
given  in  a  Patent  of  1583: — "The  Liberties  extend  eastward  to  a  port 
within  the  house  where  John  Healie  lately  dwelled,  westwardB,  round 
about  the  church  [8t.  Catherine's]  within  the  manor,  and  southwards  as- 
far  as  Donore" — a  sketch  of  the  boundaries  whose  outline  has  beea 
filled  up  with  a  full  list  of  the  streets  which  comprise  the  Liberties  by 
an  Official  Report  in  the  year  1836.' 

The  tliatinctiona  of  the  Abhey  in  the  social  and  political  world  move 
on  in  proud  procession.  One  of  its  Abbots,  Thomas  Scurloclt,  became, 
in  136fi.  Deputy  Lord  Chancellor,  and  in  1375  Lord  Treasurer  of 
Ireland ;  another,  Thomaa  FitzQerald,  became,  in  HIS,  Lord  Chancellor 
of  the  Kingdom.  The  Abhey  itself  was  honoured  by  the  Court  of  the 
King  being  held  there  in  1201  ;  while  in  1524  it  waa  the  accne  of  a  great 
feast  given  by  Gerald,  Earl  of  Kildare,  to  the  nobility  and  other  magnates 
of  Ireland.  Its  Abbot  was  an  tx  officio  Baron  of  Parliament.  In  short,  all 
•long  the  centuries  honours  of  one  kind  or  another  wore  showered  upon 
it  almost  incessantly. 

One  of  the  evils  attendant  on  property  is  litigation.  And  Thomas 
Court  was  no  exception  to  the  rule.  Perhaps  the  exercise  in  law,  aa  it 
discharged  judicial  functiona  in  ita  court,  sharpened  the  legal  facnltiea. 
At  all  events,  it  hod  its  law  suits  with  other  abbeys,  with  the  city,  and 
even  with  the  king.  Some  of  its  latest  energies  were  expended  in 
asserting  its  legal  rights.  But,  in  parenthesis,  let  it  be  said,  that  the 
religious  efforts  of  a  religious  institution  are  not  to  he  measured  by  the 
documenta  from  which  ita  history  is  compiled.  The  records  of  any 
Church  organization,  like  the  records  of  the  Christian  Church  at  lat^e, 
are  occupied  with  its  troubles  and  difficulties  and  failings,  rather  than 
with  the  quiet  influence  it  wielded  as  its  machinery  worked  on  at  the 
task  for  which  it  was  established.  Wc  are  not  to  adjudge  that  the 
ivorthiea  of  Thomas  Court  were  wont  to  dovote  their  energies  to  intenie- 
cine  atrife,  because  we  read  that  in  1392  a  most  unseemly  row  took  place 
there."  It  wita  during  the  rule  of  the  Abbot  John  Sergeant ;  some  of  the 
canons,  led  by  Richard  Totterhy,  one  of  their  number,  conspired,  with 
one  William  FitzHugh,  a  goldsmith,  to  drag  out,  with  the  assistance  of  a 
mob,  the  abbot  and  his  party  and  to  kill  them.  Totterby's  genius  for 
intrigue  and  sensitiveness  of  conscience  were  in  inverse  ratio.     He  bribed 

<  Cf.  note  an  p.  40. 

'  Appendix  (a  the  Fint  Report  of  tbe  Ci 

IreUnd),  1838. 
'  "  Monseticon." 


lommisaiouera  (Municip&l  Corpatations, 


I 


THE  ABBBT  OP  BT.  THOMAS  THE  MAETYR. 

the  Jfayor  ol  the  city.  John  Haurownnl,  and  John  Drake,  a  merchimt, 
to  aid  him.  Their  price  was  40  marks.  And  to  obtain  this,  the  conven- 
tual rebels  stole  the  abbot's  cross  and  chalices  and  other  eflfeots  to  th& 
TBlue  of  100  marks,  and  pledged  them  -with  FitzHugh.  The  mayor,  true 
to  his  bargain,  rang  the  city  bell  and  prepared  for  the  attack.'  But  the 
Castle  authorities  intervened,  and  the  power  of  the  Lord  Deputy  saved 
the  abhot'a  life.  In  apito  of  this,  however,  there  was  aa  attempt  madft 
to  bum  the  abbey,  the  windows  were  broken,  and  divers  clerks' were 
rescued  from  the  king's  officers.  The  Mayor  and  his  party  killed  one 
man,  and  took  possession  of  certain  temporalities  of  the  abbey,  to  wit,  a 
lance,  a  halbert,  a  portiforium,  a  pair  of  leg-hameas,  an  iron  headpiece, 
and  a  bow  and  twenty  arrows ;  while  J"olm  Gerrard  broke  into  the  abbey, 
confined  the  abbot  and  canons,  and  took  four  coats  of  mail,  value  20*. 
each,  and  twenty  blankets,  value  5a.  each.  But  we  are  not  to  regard 
Buch  a  revolt  as  characteristic  of  the  life  of  Thomas  Court  in  olden  tiroes. 
A  kindly,  as  well  as  an  obedient,  spirit  seems  to  have  marked  it.  And 
that  the  fraternity  enjoyed  their  innocent  pleasures  in  common  is  still  to 
be  seea  at  Eilniddery,  their  resort  for  health  and  recreation  near  Bray, 
where  remain  their  fish-ponds  and  bowling-green  and  sylvan  theatre ;' 
and  where  till  lately  were  to  be  seen  their  labyrinth  and  their  fanciful 
pieces  of  ornamental  water,  cut  in  the  shapes  of  the  aces  of  hearts  and 
clubs  and  spades  and  diamonds. 

"We  return  to  the  historical  fact  that  some  of  the  latest  energies  of 
the  abbey  were  expended  in  asserting  its  legal  rights.  The  abbot,  Thomas 
Holder,  lodged  a  bill  of  complaint  against  the  Mayor  and  bailiffs  of  the 
city,  on  August  1st,  1524,  before  the  Commissioners  of  Henry  VIII.  Tha 
gravamen  of  the  charge  was  concerning  their  cherished  right  of  "  Tol- 
boU" — "  that  ys  to  say,  of  every  brow  of  alo  or  methc  to  bo  solde  in 
Bnblin  one  measure  callit  the  Tolboll  (conteyning  in  hitself  a  gallon  and 
a  diraidium)  of  the  best  ale  and  methe,  and  aa  mych  of  the  secound."  It 
waa  agreed  to  leave  the  matter  Ut  the  arbitration  of  four  merchants  of 
Dublin  (Nicholas  Quaytrot,  William  Talbot,  Walter  Eustace,  and  Cristofer 
Hssher).  The  award  was  characterized  by  common  sense  and  compro- 
mise. The  Tolboll  was  to  be  rendered  to  the  abbey  by  every  brewer 
who  browed  to  the  amount  of  not  less  than  sixteen  bushels  at  a  brew, 
while  petty  brewers  were  discharged  from  all  liability  of  Tolboll ;  and 
the  abbey  waa  to  acknowledge  a  responsibility  of  £300  "  of  Icffel  mony 
of  Irland,"  while  the  Mayor  of  the  city  and  his  successors  were  to  pay 
the  abbot  and  convent  "ten  syllinges  of  laffull  mony  of  Irland"  yearly,* 

'  In  f&ct  it  ie  Btated  in  the  "  Monasticon"  that  "the  said  Major  and  John  Drake 
reeaived  tie  money  knowing  of  tie  theft ;  that  the  Mayor  and  bailiffs  lang  tha  city 
btO,  vid  vith  Williuu  Fili  Hugh,  and  others  of  the  citizena  Kruied,  did,  with  inUnt 
and  malice  aforethought,  sttuvk  the  Abbey." 

*  Initr  aliat — Thomas  Sergeant,  Simon  do  la  Vslle,  Waller  Foil,  John  Derpatrick, 
Henry  Fiti  Williami,  Patrick  Wyae,  and  Williiim  Rower. 

*  Alluded  tfl  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  a  note  to  St.  Ronan'M  Wilt. 

*  "  Calvndar  of  Ancient  Doouraenli  of  Dublm,"  edited  by  Gilbotl,  pp.  178-183. 


32 


ROYAL  SOCIETY   OF   AMTIQUARIES   OF   IRELAND, 


In  1527  there  was  a  decree  on  several  olaima,  viz.  "  A  certain  cuatoin 
oallyt  Tolboll ;  a  bote  to  fish  upon  the  watjr  ol  the  citic ;  the  ordirryng 
of  the  watyr  that  comys  fro  Doddyrunto  the  sayd  cittie  ;  the  jurisdiction 
ol  all  tho  howfiia  in  Seynt  Thomas- atrett,  that  the  foresayd  abbot  pretends 
to  be  of  his  glebe,  except  ono  franke  house  leyng  by  Soynt  Katerine  ys 
Church  style  ;  the  ordirryng  and  rjdyng  of  the  fraunchea  in  everywher 
about  Seynt  Thomas  Court ;  tho  coronorship  of  all  whcrea  within  the 
fraunches;  forty  shillings  yerlythat  the  Ballittes  for  the  time  beyng  was 
wont  to  he  allowyd  by  the  foresaid  abbot  and  convent  for  ther  good  pay- 
ment of  twenty  markea  due  unto  them  by  tho  kynge's  noble  progenitores 
graunts ;  and  alao  a  certayn  com  that  tho  kcper  of  the  watyr  of  the  said 
cittie  was  accustomed  to  levy  and  percew  of,  and  apou  all  the  foresayd 
abbot's  myllis  yerly.'"  The  award  ia  given  in  full.  "Furst" — thia 
was  a  "largo  order" — "do  award  and  juge  that  the  sayd  parties  shall 
remyt  and  forgew  unto  others  all  manor  of  rancorea  and  displesurea 
dependyng  betwix  them  conccrnyng  anny  poynt  of  tho  preraisais  fro  the 
begynyng  of  the  world  unto  the  date  hereof,'"  Then  follow  tho  items' : — 
(i.)  The  "  city  fathers"  were  to  control  the  water,  and  the  abbey  was  to 
help  them  to  bring  it  to  Dublin — us  well  to  the  abbey  mills  aa  to  the 
city — the  abbot  paying  the  keeper  of  the  water  eight  bushels  of  com 
yearly:  (ii.)  The  former  award  regarding  the  Tolboll  was  confirmed: 
(iii.)  The  convent  might  have  a  boat  on  the  Liffey  ;  but  they  wore  not  to 
sell  the  Salmon  caught,  or  to  sot  their  boat  for  division  of  profits:  (iv.) 
Due  notice  being  given  by  the  Mayor  and  other  civic  authoritiea,  the 
abbey  was  t»  facilitate  their  riding  of  the  franchises — the  overplus  of  the 
party,  however,  being  bound  to  go  by  the  highway  :  (v.)  The  abbey  was 
to  have  juriediction  within  the  abbey,  in  the  carucate  of  Bonure,  aud  in 
what  they  claimed  aa  glebe':  (vi.)  Certain  moneys  were  to  be  paid 
annually  to  tho  abbey,  and  "the  sayd  abbot   and  convent,    and   their 

'  '•Caleodar  of  Anciant  Documents  of  Dublia,"  edited  by  Gilbart,  pp.  183,  184. 

'Ibid.,  p.  186. 

'Jbtd.,  pp.  185-199. 

*  It  mny  be  of  intoreat  to  compare  with  this  certain  reminiacencGS  of  ahout  these 
times,  Diilled  from  tliQ  "Cnlendikr  of  Patent  Hulls,"  Elieabutlii  p.  59.  Dopasition  of 
Peter  Kell.  in  Chancetyj  Pubruiry  7th,  lfl78  ;— "  Thnt  the  bouse  of  Thomas  Courta, 
vitb  all  the  lodgings  irithin  the  watU,  and  the  fore-street  houses  in  Thomas-street, 
were,  as  long  as  be  remembers,  plseee  privileged,  and  without  tho  corrijotiaa  ol  the 
city.  He  bad  friends  in  the  Abbey  in  Abbot  Duff's  time,  nod  was  often  '  using '  the 
house  ;  and  rainembers  thut  upon  the  Mlling  of  a  man  in  Abbot  DulTs  time,  a  little 
before  the  costing  of  the  house,  there  was  a  gallowa  set  up  at  the  wood  side,  and  two 
porsoiui  were  hangod  there  who  murdered  Richard  Marten  and  another,  whoso  name  be 
cannot  remember  ;  nud  lie  quesle  that  went  upon  their  deolhs  was  called  within 
Thomas  Court,  and  they  were  judged  there,  and  hanged  after  tlie  fliippresBion  by  Sir 
William  Bmbaeon ;  and  at  Chat  tiiae  Bamnbe  King  was  Saneschull  of  the  Court  of  the 
Olehe.  He  knows  not  what  privileges  the  house  had  before  its  dissolution,  but  he 
remembers  that  persons  who  committsd  great  faults  fled  to  tho  Abbey  and  there 
remained,  aod  oone  oould  talce  them  away."  In  tho  same  suit  Sir  John  Plunkett, 
Knight,  Chief  Justice  of  the  Chief  Bentb,  deposed,  '*  That  ho  attended  upon  his 
mnalcr,  tho  Chuncellor  Fitzsimons,  of  St.  Pstrici's,  with  his  strollers  aiu^ng  'baliads' 
in  the  Ahbot  Brant's  {next  but  one  before  Abbot  Duff)  chamber." 


I 
I 
I 


ntoceBBors  for  eTer,  say  yerly  every  tyme  of  the  payment  of  the  sayd  mony, 
and  especially  in  Die  Animamm  in  their  chapter-house.  '  De  Profundia  ' 
OTer  and  ahove  the  '  De  Profundis '  that  they  arc  bound  to  say  otherwise 
by  ther  order  or  conetitucionis,  for  the  sowlye  of  our  Soverayn  Lord 
the  Kynge's  noble  progenitores,  and  for  tbe  Bowlys  of  the  mayres,  bal- 
lifFeB,  citteaentea,  and  commenya  of  the  cittie  of  Dublin,  and  their  sncceB- 
Htrea  for  ever." 

These  covenanla,  with  spiritualitieB  on  the  one  side  and  temporalities 
on  the  other,  were  of  no  unfreiiuent  occurrence  in  the  history  of  the 
■bbey.  One  of  them  may  be  quoted  here — less  perhaps  because  of  what 
it  containa,  than  because  of  tbe  interesting  place  in  which  it  ia  found. 
Three  of  the  perBons  mentioned  in  it  are  known  to  history,  viz.  William 
Chever,  who  wae  aecond  Justice  of  the  King's  Bench  in  1425 ;'  Walter 
Champfleur,  or  Champfleury,  a  visitator  of  the  Cistercian  Order  in  Ireland, 
and  described  as  a  prudent  and  learned  man,  who  having  suocecdcd  Hand- 
cock  in  the  Abbacy  of  St.  Mary's,  ruled  there  from  1467  tu  1497,'  and 
who  took  part,  with  Gerald  Earl  of  Kildarc,  in  the  moyemont  in  Ireland 
in  favour  of  Lambert  Simnel — receiving,  however,  with  those  associated 
with  him,  a  royal  pardon,  which  is  entered  on  the  Patent  Rolls  ot  Henry 
VII. ;'  and  John  Purcell,  the  Abbot  of  St.  Thomas's,  who  with  his  brother 
Champfleur  of  St.  Mary's,  both  took  part  in  the  rebellion  and  tasted  the 
royal  prerogative  of  mercy.  This  deed  may  be  translated  as  follows  : — 
"Be  it  remembered  that  a  covenant  was  mode  on  the  6th  day  of  July, 
1478,  between  John  the  Abbot  ot  the  Convent  of  the  Monastery  o(  St. 
Thomas  the  Martyr  near  Dublin  of  the  one  part :  and  Walter  the  Abbot 
of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary's,  near  Dublin,  Philip  Bermengham,  and 
James  Aylmer,  of  the  other  part.  It  bears  witness  that  the  said  John 
and  the  Convent  of  the  eaid  Monastery  of  St.  Thomas,  for  a  certain  sum 

'  "ChartB.  of  St.  Miry'a  AbbBy,"  edited  by  Gilbert,  vol.  ii.,  p.  xvi. 

'  H>7  3S,  IIBS.  Anent  tbia  piirdon  oiay  be  given  a  descnpiion  of  tbe  publio 
rocODciUatioD  of  tbe  dienOecIed  wbicb  took  pluie  in  St.  Thomns'  Abbey  in  July  of  ihe 
■tmajear.  Itia  taken  from  ''The  Voyage  of  S-ir  Richard  Edf^econibo, "  sent  by  King 
Henry  VII.  iato  Irolond  in  1-988,  to  take  new  Oa  tha  of  Allegiance  from  the  nobility  and 
other*,  who  bnd  declared  tor  (the  then  Pretender)  Lambert  Simnell  {Hihtmica,  Dnhlin, 
1770).  "  12  [July].  Item.  The  Erie  of  Kiidore  came  to  a  plate  of  Canons  without 
the  walla  otDublyn  called  St.  Thomas  Court,  with  the  number  oftwo  hundred  horses.'' 
On  Banday,  July  2Dlb,  the  Enil  and  Council  ofFered  to  be  swotn  "upon  tbe  Holy 
Suniment  "  that  afternoon  to  be  the  King's  true  liegemen.  "  Wbi^reuntu  the  seyd  Sir 
Kiehfttd  wonld  in  no  wise  agree  for  many  canaes,  but  would  have  them  to  be  sworn  on 
the  Forenoon ;  and  that  a  chaplain  of  hia  own  should  conjecrate  the  same  Host,  on 
which  the  sejd  Erie  aod  Lordes  should  be  sworn  ;  and  so  diflarred  the  taking  of  their 
Oalhs  unto  the  neit  Daye."  '■21  Hem.  The  ioyd  Sir  Rithard  at  tba  Desireofthe 
wyd  Erie  went  to  the  Moaaatry  of  St.  Tbomns  tbe  Martyr,  where  tbe  Lords  and 
Coundll  were  aaacmblid,  and  ther  in  a  great  chambir  called  the  King's  Chamhir,  iho 
rerd  Sir  Bichard  took  Homage,  first  of  the  soyd  Erie,  and  aftvr  that  of  other  Lordes, 
wbOM  namts  be  writteo  hereafier  in  iho  Boko ;  and  this  done,  the  said  Erie  went  into 
■  ebAmbir,  wher  the  seyd  Sir  Richard'a  chaplsio  was  at  Masse  ;  and  in  the  Masse 
tine  the  said  Erie  was  abriven  aod  oatoiled  firoDi  the  curse  that  be  stood  in  by  the 
Tlrtue  of  tbe  Pope's  Bull ;  and  before  the  Agnus  of  ihe  sevd  Maesc,  the  Hosto  divided 
into  tbre  partes,  the  I'riesl  turned  him  from  the  Altar,  holding  the  said  thro  paries  ot 
tb«  Host  upon  the  Patten,  and  ther  in  tba  presence  of  many  persons,  the  seyd  Erlo 
JODK-  B.*.a.i.,  VOL.  II.,  PT.  I.,  5tii  sm.  D 


k. 


34  EOYAL   SOCIETY   OF   ASTIQUiRIES   OF   IRELAND. 

of  money  given  for  tho  repair  of  the  Church  of  the  aaiil  Monastery  of  St. 
Thomaa,  shall  admit  to  all  their  Buffragen  the  eouls  of  Ihoae  that  follow, 
viz.  William  Chever,  EliBabeth  Holywode,  Alicia  TreTcrs,  Walter  Chever, 
EUzaheth  Wellca,  John  Chpver,  and  "William  Chever,  and  of  all  their  off- 
spring  present  and  future.  Horoovcr,  the  aforesaid  John  the  Abbot  and 
tlie  Convent  and  all  their  sncceasors  of  the  said  Monastery  of  St.  Thomai 
sliall  celobrato  obsequies  every  year,  with  ringing  bells  and  certain 
[?  wax]  candles  lighted,  for  the  said  eouls  on  the  Saturday  next  follow- 
ing the  Feast  of  St.  Dunstau,  bishop,  viz.  a  Placebo  and  Dirige  solemnly, 
with  maaa  on  the  morrow,  while  endless  ages  last.  Given  in  the  day  and 
yiar  above  said." 

This  deed  is  written  on  no  common  skin  of  parchment,  but  on  a  page 
of  the  "  Martyrology  "  of  the  Abbey.  This  volume — one  of  the  few  sur- 
viving relics  of  the  conventual  days  of  Thomas  Court — is  preserved  in  the 
Library  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  For  the  genuineness  of  its  pedigree 
there  is  both  internal  and  external  evidence.  Here  and  there  through 
tho  "  Calendar"  are  written  obile  recordiJig  names  connected  elsewhere 
with  t)ie  history  of  tho  abbey,  while  nami's  of  a  similar  class  arc  scribbled 
at  the  close  of  the  hook,  and  engrossed  at  the  foot  of  one  of  tho  pages  of 
the  "  Calendar"  (that  tor  the  month  of  May)  is  the  deed  al>ove  given, 
BO  binding  it  on  the  conscience  of  the  convent.  And  in  the  Catalogue  of 
MSS.  in  the  T.C.D.  Library  the  tFook  is  described  as  "  Hie  codex  membr. 
olim  [nit  Abhatiee  8.  Tbomce  justa  Lublin,"  while  Archbishop  Ussher,  in 
a  MS,  note  on  the  volume,'  thus  begins  his  description  ; — "  In  libro 
MS.  (fol.)  olim  pertincnte  ad  monosterium  bcati  Thomas  martyris  juxta 
Dublin :  oontenta.'"  As  a  specimen  of  the  art  of  penmanship  the  book 
stands  high — the  engrosser's  minute,  firm  handwriting  being  admirable  ; 

holtting  his  right  Hand  ovir  ihe  ILolj  Hast,  mads  his  nolecnn  Ooth  of  Ligeancs  unto 
our  SovoraigD  Lord  King  Hemy  the  Tlh,  in  souch  mnnQer  aa  wns  afur  Devised;  and 
in  likflwiae  the  Bushopps  and  Lordeg,  as  appearith  heraftir  madu  liliv  UoLli ;  and  that 
done,  and  the  Maaaa  sndid,  the  esjd  Erie,  with  the  sevd  Sir  Bichaid,  Iliahopa  and  LordM. 
went  into  the  Church  ot  the  seyd  MonMtry,  and  in  the  oboir  therof  tho  Archbishop 
of  QuhlfD  bi^gBD  Ti  Deum,  and  the  clioir  vith  the  organs  aung  it  up  golsinpaly : 
and  at  that  tjme  all  tba  Bells  in  the  Church  rung."  "  Memorandam.  The  tven^-&nt 
day  of  Julj,  the  third  jero  of  our  Sovereign  Lord  King  Henr)*  VII.,  Gerald,  Erie  of 
Kildare,  made  aa  well  his  homage  as  hii  Fealty  and  Onth  of  Ligcnm^e  bofare  iiir  Biehard 
Edgecombe,  Knight,  sufficiently  autbariiod  therunto  hy  our  enid  Sovereign  Lord, 
in  u  chamhir  called  the  ELcg'i  Chamhir,  within  tho  Monastery  iif  St.  Thoinu  tbs 
KInrtyr  bolide  Dublyn."  The  aame  day  and  iu  the  lame  place  the  fnlloM-ing  made  their 
houiEigo  and  fealty,  "super  saccamentiun."  Walter,  An^bbishop  of  Dublin;  John, 
Bishop  of  Meath;  Edmoud.  Bishop  of  £ildare ;  Roknd  Euatiice,  "Threasorer  of 
Iilaund,  and  Lord  of  Portleatec ;  "  Robert  Fraston,  Visct.  Garmanatown  -,  John,  Abbot 
of  Si.  Thomas  the  Martyr'g ;  Walter,  Abbot  of  St.  Mary'a  ;  Jamas,  Prior  of  Holm- 
patriok  ;  James  Flsmiug,  Baron  of  Slane  ;  Nicholas,  Lord  Howth  ;  Chriatopher 
Baraewell,  Lord  of  Trimlealon ;  Sir  John  Pluniot,  Lord  of  Duuimne ;  Philij. 
Bermlngham,  Chief  Justice ;  Christopher  Bellov  of  Bellewatowii ;  Patrick  BenuinBham, 
of  Bsldungaii ;  John,  lato  Archbishop  of  Dublin  (i.  c  John  Walton,  who,  being  blind, 
resigaed  the  see  of  Dublin  in  1484). 

•SeeMSS.  E.  3,  16,  p.  117. 

•  Dr.  lodd,  in  his  Introduction  to  tho  "  Christ  Cburrh  Obiti,"  pUialy  atjlsi  it 
'■  The  Martyrology  of  the  Monastery  of  8t.  Thomas  the  Martyr." 


and  both  tho  vellum  and  the  ink  are  in  perfect  preservation.  The  con- 
tents, (u  analyzed  by  Unaher,  are  as  follows : — 1.  A  Calendar  (but  only 
for  a  little  more  than  the  first  half  of  the  year)  with  rules  interspersed, 
and  notes  written  in  roughly  recording  the  deaths  of  those  who  were  well 
n  the  abbey  ;  f.g.  Margeria  de  Grenoc,  tho  mother  of  brother  John 
of  Grenoch,  wlio  died  in  1217  ;  brother  Thomas  Pcnkyr,  a  former  prior; 
brother  Henry  of  Grenoch  ;  besides  some  other  entries,  including  the 
original  Latin  ol  the  deed  already  quoted.  2,  Tables  of  different  Calen- 
dars,  described  in  verse  with  glosses  in  the  margin ;  based  on  tho  table  of 
Denis  and  Sedc.  3.  The  art  of  [making]  a  Calendar  with  an  account 
[or  division  oi  time],  in  verse  with  glosses,  i,  A  form  of  prayer  to  be 
used  by  tho  brothers  in  the  morning,  in  connexion  with  the  use  of  tho 
ilartyrology  and  Necrologium.  5.  Concerning  the  art  of  finding  tho 
changes  of  the  mooa.     6.  The  raartyrotogy. 

This  US.  gives  us  a  valuable  insight  into  the  old  conventual  tile,  with, 
its  system,  its  possible  connexion  with  eertaia  anchorites,*  its  tastes,  and 
its  kindly  commemorution  of  some  who  hud  lived  and  laboured  among 
them,  and  its  business-like  obligations  to  remember  others  in  their 
prayers  who  hod  stipulated  lor  such  commemoration  wlien  they  gave 
aums  of  money  to  the  monastery — some  bargaining  that  their  obiti  should 
be  observed  perpetually,  and  some  that  they  should  be  observed  for  a 
given  term  of  years.'  It  is  hallowed  by  sacred  memories.  Connected 
with  the  inner  life  of  the  fraternity,  it  was  the  inmate  of  a  home  secluded 
from  the  din  of  the  halt-civilized  world  outside.^ 

The  calm  was  soon  to  be  broken  by  such  a  storm  as  penetrated  every 
sanctuary  of  the  kind.'  The  .^kilus  o£  that  storm  was  King  Henry  VIII. 
— one  of  whom  no   Catholic,  Protestant  or  Boman,  has   reason  to    be 

'  See  p.  90  of  this  "  Maitfrolo^ty."  Possibly  it  is  thia  volume  Ibit  in  referred  to 
in  the  IriBh  portioa  of  "  Engtub,  Scotch,  and  liiah  Historical  Libmrios,"  by  Willinm 
NichoUou,  Bishop  of  CurlUta.     [London,  1736.) 

"  Cf.  Introduotion  to  "  Cliriit  Church  Obits,"  p.  mi.  :— "  SometimBS  there  was 
tha  stipuhitiiin  that  tho  obit  wns  to  be  observed  only  fur  a  Umited  dine.  Tbtii  the 
following  entry  uccura  nt  the  H  Eal.  Aug.  in  the  '  Calendar  of  the  Marlyralogy  of 
the  Abbey  of  St.  Thcimas,'  juat  mentioned;  where  tho  obit  is  agreed  to  (or  twenty 
ye»r»  only,  in  coniideration  of  a  legacy  of  ten  mark*  of  English  money ;  '  Orate  pr« 
antmnbus  Jobianis  Itsynolds,  patris  matTiaqiio  ejus,  qui  abijt  iii°  die  Julii,  et  coatulit 
__Li.  , ^j  Anglicaoo  monete,  ouius  oliuus  solemnia  obaeryabilur  per  abbalem 


ongint 


>  The  little  item  of  war-news  that,  in  135D,  tha  mount^nsept  of  the  Harolds  aub- 
mitted  to  the  English  GoTernmeiit,  speaks  volumea  of  th«l  guerilla  warfare  which 
harried  and  wasted  tbe  siibuibs  of  Dublin  ;  so  mlso  those  whica  tell  ui  that,  in  1492, 
the  Earl  of  Onnond.  ia  arms  against  Henry  Vll.,  encamped  with  a  largo  body  of  Irish 
at  Tbomas  Court  wood  ;  and  ttut  in  1631  Thomas  Fitx  Qsrald,  the  eldest  son  of  the 
£jirl  of  Sildare,  repulsed  in  his  attack  on  the  Castle  at  3heep-strcet,  reniored  at  once 
to  Thonuu-Biieet,  and  attempted  to  enter  tha  cjly  by  New^^ate  l,H'ithin  a  stoas'S'thtow 
of  tha  Abbey),  demolishing  the  partitions  of  the  bouses  on  either  side  of  the  street,  to 
make  covered  passages  by  whith  his  borae  and  foot  cuaid  advance  with  impunity. 

*  Tbe  latest  nolJca  we  have  of  Thomas  Court,  belbre  its  suppression,  is  in  tha 
Jb^ff-toriuiK  I'iridi  (1630),  where  Archbishop  Alan,  speaking  of  Bl.  Catherine's  Parisli, 
••T"' — "Within  whose  limits  are  situated  the  dominical  Unds  of  tha  Monastery  of 
D2 


BOTAL  socnnr  of  antiqitabies  of  ibeland. 

MoiiHBtorii'B  were  the  most  pronounced  representatives  of  &  system 
that  opposed  him,  and  ho  would  brook  no  opposition.  Monafltcries  were 
rich,  and  he  loved  to  have  pnascssioEB  to  bestow  on  those  who  prored 
themselves  fnithful  servants  of  th.e  Crown.  The  deduction  was  simple  : 
monasteries  must  he  suppressed. 

Wo  are  not  concerned  with  the  fate  of  other  ahheys ;  hut  the  follow- 
ing item  from  the  Patent  Roll  under  the  date  of  July  25th  of  the  31st 
year  of  Henry's  reijfn  (1539)  ia  a  fair  sample  of  what  was  taking  ploce 
all  over  his  kingdom: — "Surrender  of  the  Monastery  or  House  of  St. 
Thomas  the  Martyr,  commonly  called  '  St.  Thomas  is  Courte,'  of  the 
Order  of  St.  Augustin,  by  Henry  Duffe,  abbot,  with  the  consent  of  the 
convent,  and  of  4  castles  or  torts,  50  messuages,  4  mills,  1  camicate  of 
land,  16  acres  of  meadow,  8  orobards,  30  acres  of  wood,  2  gardens,  12 
acres  of  pasture,  and  20s.  rent  in  Dublin  ;  the  manors,  lordships,  and  cells 
of  St.  Katherine  and  Kilrodry.  the  castle  and  lands  of  EilroJry,  Cromliog 
and  Kilmanogh,  the  churches  of  St.  Katherine  and  St.  James  near  Dublin." 
And  so  on  and  on. 

The  "  oonunt  of  the  convent,"  as  it  is  politely  styled,  was  bought, 
and  the  price  was  paid  in  pensions  and  offices. 

If  the  extract  from  the  Patent  Roll  just  given  tells  what  King  Henry 
was  doing  with  one  hand,  the  following/an(  issued  three  days  later  tells 
how  his  other  hand  was  occupied.  "  Warrant  by  commission  for  a 
pension  to  Sir  Henry  Dufl,  late  Abbot  of  St,  Thomas  Court  by  Dublin  of 
£42  ;  Sir  James  CottreU,  late  Abbot,'  a  pension  of  £10  (in  confirmation 
of  a  grant  from  the  convent) ;  to  Sir  John  Brace,  prior,  a  pension  of 
53j.  4(i.,  and  to  bo  curate  of  the  Church  of  St.  Katherine  by  Dublin ; 
to  Sir  John  Butler,  his  "  con-brother,"  a  pension  of  405.,  to  he  curate  of 
St.  James's  by  Dublin,  and  to  have  his  orchard  within  the  precinct  of 
Thomas  Court ;  issuing  from  the  Parsonages  of  Grenoke,  ftc. ;'  and  to 

St.  Thomas,  with  the  wood  nnd  mill,  and  uf  Iha  whole  barony  itself  "  ;  and  where  hft 
thus  deMrilea  ihe  Abbey  :—■'  Abbathi*  S.  Thom-b  Canieoram  ordinis  Victoriensiom  ei 
Sundatione  Henrici  Regis  AdeIub  Soouodi,  qui  primus  Dotuinum  HiboroiEe  bh  actipsit. 
Stiper  unn  Cairuc'  Temo  (dina  [DoDore]  )  pro  ooiDia  Galfredi  Planlacenet  Comitis 
AndeguTenaia  eC  Matilda  Impeiatncis  (PatiiB  et  MatriB  sui]  mediaata  WUlo  Aldelmi 
Dapifero  auo,  pnBsentibua  Oidfrodo  de  ConaUntiQa,  Wallero  de  RideUord,  et  Johanne 
de  Clahulla,  cum  aliis  quB.m  plurimiB,  Autlmritate  H.  Cardinalis  et  Laureotii  Archiepi 
Dablin,  lempora  ultimi  Conqueetui.    Ecce  in  ordinH  prima  ecclia." 

'  RsGigned  before  DutTa  appointmoDt,  The  foIlowinK  note  may  bs  given  from 
Lewis's  "  Top.  Diet."  :^LBiilip  was  "  gtanlod  to  the  Abbey  of  St.  Thomaa  Cmtrt, 
Dublin  ;  and  b;  an  Inquisition  of  1604,  it  appears  that  Thomas  Cottrel,  the  last  Abbot 
of  that  house,  was  seised  of  tbo  manor  of  l.eiilip,  nnd  the  right  o(  a  flagon  of  ale  out 
of  every  brewery  in  the  town."  Anent  ibis  connesion  of  the  two  places,  it  may  b« 
noted  that  Adam  de  Hereford,  one  of  Iho  early  grantors  to  tbe  Abbey,  was,  doubtlese, 
identical  with  Adam  t'itz  Hereford,  to  whom  Loiilip  was  gnuited  ;  and  that  in  a  deed 
of  1296,  presflrred  in  St.  Catherine's  Pariah  Church,  one  Kichnrd,  eon  of  Augustus  of 
the  Salmon  l.enp,  is  tbe  grantee  of  a  certain  property,  "  with  its  buildings  and  appur- 
tenances, in  Saint  Tbomos-Street "  ;  and  in  another  of  the  St  Catherine's  deeds  (1309V 
there  ia  a  certain  tenement  apolen  of  as  being  "  in  suburbio  Dublinieosi  in  Vico  Sonoli 
Thome  in  parochia  Sancto  Knlberine,"  and  as  being  meared  by  land  formerly  belong- 
in;  to  Richard  of  the  Salmon  Leap. 

'  Grenoch  not  only  belonged  to  the  Abbey,  but  seetns  to  have  lieen  the  birth-placs 
of  several  of  the  fraleniify.     (See  above). 


Patrick  Clyncher,  "clero  of  the   organs,  a  penaion  of  £5,  28tli  July 

The  Abbey  of  St.  Thomos  the  Martyr  was  robbed  of  its  greatnesB,  not 
by  any  agent  of  King  Henry,  but  by  the  king  himself.  Its  very  dedica- 
tioa  would  have  added  to  the  certainty  and  uttcrncEs  of  its  downfall. 
Henry  YIII.  hated  the  nami!  of  Thomas  a  Beeket.  Greed  and  hate  went 
together  when,  with  one  hand,  he  swept  into  his  own  treastireB  the 
jewels  ofiered  at  the  shrine  of  the  murdered  urchbiBhop  at  Canterbury, 
and  vrith  the  other  scattered,  if  he  did  not  burn,  the  martyr's  bones.' 

There  were  no  bones  worth  scattering  at  Thomas  Court;  hut  there 
were  poBseasions  richer  tljan  the  precious  stones  of  Canterbury,  and  they 
were  awept  into  the  private  treasures  of  the  king.  As  he  might  have 
drawn  forth  from  those  treasures  an  ^  Beckct  jewel,  so  he  drew  forth,  by 
a  Royal  Patent,  the  fabrie  and  lands  of  Thomas  Court,  and  gave  them  to 
Sir  William  Brabazon.' 

Of  the  after  history  of  the  "House"  itself  we  know  hut  little.  It 
waa  thoroughly  secularized.  State  letters  and  official  documents  were 
dated  from  it  from  1561  (eight  or  nine  years  after  the  death  of  Brabazon, 
and  probably  while  hia  heir  was  still  a  minor) ;'  and  these  continued  to 
issue  from  its  walls  for  at  least  fourteen  years.*  Then  there  came  a  con- 
siderable period   during  which  it  was  the   residence  of  the    Brabazon 


'  Lori  Herbart  of  Cberbury's  '•  HaDry  VIII." 

'  In  1(34  Williun  Enbuoii, geDtlenion,  was  giaoted  tbe  officts  of  UnderTreaEiirer 
and  BMUTer-Oencral,  to  hold  for  life  (Fat.  Roll).  In  1330  Sir  Wilbsm  Brsbuina, 
Knigbt,  wit  madoVico-Tieasurer  of  tbe  Kingdom  of  Ireland  (A.  CrOBaloy'B  "Peerage''). 
In  1643,  '46,  and '49,  he  was  one  of  the  Lot^la  Juslices  of  the  couD^  (Ibid.),  "To 
tbia  Lord  Justice  new  eeals  vera  aent  because  of  the  oltoiatioa  of  the  King's  style  from 
l.oHD  lo  EiNO  of  Ireland,  and  the  old  sesla  wore  sent  back  to  England."  In  1547 
"Tbe  Cistle  of  Athlono  was  likewise  prtpsred  and  gardsoaed,  by  special  orders  from 
Eogland,  uid  tbe  Vice-Tmaaurer,  firabszon.  had  the  care  and  managiment  tbereof, 
and  perfnrmcd  it  effectually,  in  spile  of  tbe  great  opposition  he  met  wilh  from 
Oununiok  U'Kelly  and  other  great  men  of  Connaiigbt."  In  1543  Sir  Wm.  Brabason 
■rtiB  elected  Lord  Justice  by  tbe  Council  in  accordance  with  the  law  enacted  in 
1641  to  meet  luoh  aa  emergency  oa  bod  occurrsd.  Hia  vigorous  rule  ended  only 
with  his  death  on  July  Ttb,  1552.  tbe  occasion  being  a  '  hoaling'  be  had  made 
againat  Hugh  O'Nei!  and  tbe  Scats  in  IlUter.  Dying  at  Enockfergua  (aee  inscription 
on  his  monument  given  in  A.  Croaaley'a  "  Peerage"),  his  body  waa  aent  by  alup  to 
Dublin,  where  it  woa  interred  in  tbe  CatbcdraJ  of  tbe  Holy  Trinity  (Ware],  and  hia 
heart  was  sent  to  Ibe  young  King,  Edward  VI.,  "in  token  of  hia  ioynlty  and  truth 
towards  him"  ("Tbe  Four  Maaters"),  and  was  eventuslly  "interred  in  tbe  monu- 
ment of  Lis  ancestors  "  (Ware  and  Croaaley),  The  entry  of  bis  death  in  the  "  Obiti 
of  Chnat'i  Church"  is  intarsating  in  more  waya  (ban  one;—"  Obijl  Wyllalmus 
Brabson  miles  et  subtbezsuriua  domini  regis  in  Hybemia  cuius  anime  propieietiir 
deua  Amen.    Anuo  domini  M°  d°  lij,  et  anno  regis  Edn-ardi  sexti  sexto." 

*0f.  Pal.  Roll,  of  1659 :— " ConTByancB  whereby  ChrialophBr  Blunt  grants  to 
Edward  Bouse  the  Abbey  called  St.  Thomas  Court,  near  Dublin,  and  all  its  poaaeasions : 
Tgsidens;  S  orchardi ;  a  malt  mill ;  the  wood  mill;  the  double  mills  ;  sevoral  parcela 
of  land;  the  wood  of  Thomas  Court,  containing  40  acres;  Kuthlond,  60  aona 
arable  ;  Uacbynealand,  60  acres  arable  ;  tbe  wood  of  Gilten ;  a  meadow  lying  sgainit 
tbe  wood  mill,  uonlaining  S  acres  at  tbe  bavk  of  tbe  Oarron  stable  ;  a  parcel  of  land 
colled  the  Pipei*.  containing  7  acres ;  and  aemal  yearly  rents  issuing  out  of  houaea  and 
tenements  panel  of  the  poasessions  of  the  Monastery  :  to  hold  dunng  the  minority  of 
the  heir  of  Sir  William  Brabazon  at  ■  rent  of  £120  a-yenr.— Jan.  SSlh,  1"  Mary." 

'  The«  were  written  by  Sir  W.  Fits  Wylliams,  a  Lord  Justice,  and  othors  :  the 
Uit  being  from  Sir  J.  Symcott,  dated  July  21th,  1676. 


38 


ROYAL  SOCIETY   OF   AHTIQUAKIES   OF   ICELAND. 


family,  as  appeore  from  private  letters,  and  from  the  wills  of  tte  firat 
Lord  Brabazon  and  the  first  and  second  Earls  ot  Mcath.  In  spite  of  the 
loss  of  its  ecclesiastical  |;lor7,  the  building  seems  to  have  remained  for 
same  time  a  leading  feature  in  the  west  DubHa  landscape.  In  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  city  in  1607  the  foDowiuR  note  occurs: — "In  the  south 
[correctly  west]  quarter  of  the  city  stand  two  gites,  Ormond's  Gute  and 
Now  Gate  (which  is  their  common  house  ot  correction).  These  lead  unto 
the  longest  suburbe  of  all,  called  Saint  Tkomat-ttrtet,  and  a  magiiiScent 
abbey  bf  the  same  name  called  Thomat  Court,  founded  and  endowed  in 
times  past  with  very  ample  revenues  by  King  Heniy  the  Second,  for  the 
aipiation  of  the  murder  of  Thomas,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury."'  Almost 
our  only  other  suthority  is  Speed's  map  of  Bubliu  as  it  atoo<l  in  1610. 
On  it  "St.  Thorns-Court"  is  conspicuous,  lying  nearly  midway  between 
"  St.  Cathren's  Church  "  and  the  western  end  of  the  "  Come,"  as  nearly 
as  possible  where  Heath  Market  opens  (or  opened)  into  Earl-streit, 
This  map  represents  Thomas  Court  us  consisting  of  a  great  gateway,  with 
roofed  houses  abutting  on  its  western  wall ;  bounded  on  the  city  side  by 
part  of  a  wall  which  runs  from  Thomas-street  (half-svay  between  St. 
Catherine's  Church  and  Meath-street  of  to-day)  to  the  western  end  of  the 
Coombe,  where  it  terminates  in  a  gateway'  spanning  a  road  which  still 
exists,  and  which  is  now  known  as  Pimlico.  To  the  S.-W.  of  the  house 
of  Thomas  Court  lie  two  other  gates,  nearer  to  what  had  been  the 
monastery,  and  from  the  more  western  of  these  an  irregular  line  of  wall 
runs  northward  till  it  ends  in  another  gateway,  which,  if  it  were  still 
standing,  would  span  the  unhandsome  thoroughfare  which  we  call  Thomas- 
Court,  just  at  St.  Catherine's  School-house. 

In  connexion  with  this  sketcli  of  Thomas  Court  whii:h  Speed's  map 
affords,  it  is  interesting  to  read  of  a  "  Lord  Mayor's  Show  "  which  passed 
through  its  grounds  in  1603.  In  riding  the  franchise  jn  that  year,  the 
mayor  "rode  alongst  throughe  the  Coumbe,  near  the  houses,  through 
Washame's  Gattf  to  the  Myll  pound  on  the  south  side  of  the  small  gata 
at  the  west  end  of  the  Coumbe,  leading  into  Thomas  Courte,  over  the 
pound,  at  the  east  end  ot  the  meddow  just  against  the  myddest  thereof, 
called  the  Abbot's  Meddowe,  there  wear  planeks  putt  over  by  Sir  Edward 
Brabson's  people  for  the  maior  and  his  company  to  passe,  over  which  the 
maior  and  swoord  berrer,  with  many  others  of  the  company,  rode  through 
the  meddowo,  nnd  in  the  midst  of  that  meddowe  was  a  great  ould  hathonie 
bonding  the  tranches  which  was  lately  cutt,  but  the  roote  and  stock 
Icfte."* 

I  Holland's  tmnsUtion  (1637)  of  Cmudeii's  "  Britlania  "  (1607). 

*"  isibl^  this  gitttenay  lepieients  the  "  Stonu  Towor"  aaar  IMa  spot  mentioaed  in 

Inqitiaititin  of  14  Jaa.  I. 

'  Cf.  the  f,aie  mentionBd  in  aa  Inquisition  in  the  reign  of  Richard  11. ; — "  In  the 
vaA  part  of  D..bli",  pinsing  from  the  CaihediBl  of  St.  Patrick's  through  the  Coombe 
nnd  Uic  pool  of  (he  House  of  St.  ThoiiiHB  tho  Martyr,  lentiai;  tie  leiitk  f/aU  of  thr 
ilmatteiy  of  WilitchnK,  and  the  Conelan,  lowordB  the  north,  on  the  left  hand " 
(Arch's  '■  Monasticon,"  edited  hy  Biibop  Monin,  11.,  p.  20). 

'  "  Calfndur  ot  Ancient  Dooumenlsoj  Dublin,"  edited  hy  Gilbert,  vol.  i.,  p.  194. 


I 
I 
I 


THE  ABBEY  OP  ST.  THOMAS  THE  MABTYK. 

A  fesv  years  later  (1624),  in  the  will  of  the  same  Sir  Edward,  then 
Lord  Brnbozoa  of  Anlee,  in  which  he  leavca  &  life  use  of  Thomita  Court 
to  hia  widow,  the  house  and  gardens  and  offices,  &c.,  as  woU  ae  four 
closea  or  woods,  are  dtacribed  ae  lying  on  the  north  of  the  lane  of  Donoure. 
This  will  gives  lis  a  glimpse  into  the  hed-rooms  and  into  the  "  great 
dyning  chamber"  of  the  baron  ;  the  same  rooms,  doubtless,  as  we  get 
11  glimpse  of  in  the  will  of  this  Sir  Edward's  grandson,  Hdward  the 
second  Earl  (in  1674),  as  ho  apeake  of  "my  best  feather  bedds,"  "my 
blue  flowered  velvctt  bedd,"  and  my  "  blacke  velvett  bed,"  and  "my 
forrest  work  hangings  of  tapestry  now  at  Thomas  Court  in  Ireland." 
No  donht  it  was  in  the  garden  of  Thomas  Court  that,  by  meana  of  hia 
will,  dgned  with  a  trembling  hand  on  August  2nd,  1651,  "William  the 
first  £arl  of  Meath  lets  ns  sec  him  carried  to  and  fro  by  the  two  men  to 
whom  he  left  £1  each  for  their  aud  task. 

In  this  some  Thomas  Court,  whiio  uacd  aa  a  manor  house  by  the 
firabaxon  family,  there  seems  to  have  been  erected  an  estraordinaiy  trophy 
as  a  commemonition  of  triumph  in  haad-to-hand  combat.  There  being  a 
(oud  between  a  Colonel  O'CuUen  and  one  of  the  Brabazona,  apparently 
William,  afterwards  the  firat  Earl  of  Ueath,  who  has  just  been  seen 
carried  to  and  fro  in  the  garden  of  Thuuiaa  Coui't,  they  settled  the 
matter  on  the  24th  of  July,  160.3,  by  a  battle  between  the  opposing 
factions,  each  led  on  to  the  attack  by  its  chief.  After  several  encounters 
"O'CuUfa  was  slain  with  a  launeo  by  Brabanzon,  and  himself  was 
desperately  wounded  ;  the  said  O'Cullen's  confederates  were  dispersed,  ao 
that  the  said  Brabanzon  took  possessioa  of  oil  his  real  estate,  for  which 
exploit  afterwards  their  ensign  was  put  up  in  Thomas  Court  Hall, 
belonging  to  the  family  of  Brabanzon,  the  efligies  of  himself  and  O'Cullen 
carved  as  big  aa  the  Life  in  wood,  all  in  compleat  armour  on  Horseback 
jnst  as  they  were  at  the  said  time,  and  in  the  posture  they  fought."' 

la  the  next  maps  of  Dublin,  after  Speed's  (i.  e.  Brookjng'a  of  1728, 
and  Buci^ucs  of  1757),  not  a  vestige  of  the  old  monasterial  precincts  is  tu 
b6  found  save  the  name  "  Thomas  Court,"  as  of  the  site  of  a  building, 
written  in  Brooking's  map  across  the  Thomas  Court  Bawn  of  to-day. 
The  few  strokes  with  which  Speed  represented  its  remains  in  1610,  show 
the  fraying  which  was  soon  to  end  the  thread  of  the  history  of  Thomas 
Court. 

One  meagre  atrand  of  that  thread  atretched  itself,  with  ever  decreas- 
ing interest  and  importance,  until  it  reached  almost  to  the  present  time. 
It  was  the  privilege  which  gave  the  title  "  Court"  to  the  abbey  cl  St. 
Thomas.  Its  origin  has  been  touched  upon  already.  The  exempt  juris- 
diction, known  in  recent  years  as  "  The  Earl  of  Meath's  Liberties,"  and 
in  earlier  times  aa  "Tho  Liberty  of  Thomas  Court  and  Bonore,  was  a 
privilege  conferred  upon  the  abbey  by  King  John,'     We  have  seen  that 


40 


BOrAL  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARrES  OP  IRELAND. 


this  right  was  confirmed  b;  Edward  I.,  and  that  in  1583  the  limits  of  the 
jiirisdiction  were  defined,  anil  that  the  sketch  then  given  has  its  outline 
filled  up  with  a  full  list  ot  the  etreets  which  compriao  the  Lihurty  by  lui 
Official  Report  of  the  year  1836.' 

Aiter  the  diseolution  of  the  monaBturies  had  taken  plnce,  all  the  rights 
o{  this  Liberty,  '^hich  had  belonged  to  St.  ThomaB*,  and  had  been 
appropriated  by  the  King,  were  made  over  by  a  royal  grant  to  the  anoestor 
of  the  Earls  of  Meath  as  lord  of  the  manor.  And  through  Biicoeeding 
generatioaa  the  inhabitants  of  the  western  suburbs  of  Dublin,  if  they  had 
depicted  a  figure  of  Justice  with  bandaged  eyes,  and  with  sword  and 
ficalea  in  hand,  would  have  capped  the  figure  with  the  coronet  of  an  earl, 
just  a8  their  forefathers  would  have  capped  it  with  an  abbot's  mitre. 
And  as  a  visible  token  of  the  earl's  relation  to  the  jurisdiction,  his  coat  of 
arms  and  crest,  carved  in  wood,'  was  a  conspicuous  feature  in  the  court- 
house. 

The  CommiHsioners  of  1836  reported  that  there  were  five  manorial 
jurisdictions  or  liberties  in  Dublin  : — (1)  St,  Sepulchre's,  (2)Tho  Liberty 
or  Manor  ot  Thomas  Court  and  Donore.  (3)  The  Liberty  of  the  Dean 
of  St.  Patrick's,  (4)  The  Manor  of  Glasnevin  or  Grangegorman ;  and 
(&)  The  Manor  of  Kilmainham. 

In  that  year  the  Liberty  of  Tbomaa  Court  was  found  to  he  nominally 
divided  into  four  wards : — Upper  Coomhe  Ward,  Lower  Coombe  Ward, 
Thomas  Court  Ward,  and  Pimlico  Ward.  Some  years  before  Dunore  bad 
been  made  into  a  separate  barony.'  But  the  two  divisions  of  tho  Liberty 
enjoyed  the  same  privileges,  though  even  in  1836  most  of  these  privileges 
had  fallen  into  disuse . 

Tho  following  are  extracts  from  the  Report  of  that  date: — "The 
officers  of  that  liberty  are :  a  Seneschal,  a  Registrar,  a  Marshal,  and  a 

'  The  LiberLy  ol  'rhomms  Court  and  Donoro  "  cumpriaea  the  greater  part  o£  8l. 
Catherine's  Parish  and  the  entirs  of  St.  Luke's,  including,  witbin  its  limits,  upwards  of 
40  streets  and  Isnea  of  the  city  of  Dublin,  as  built  upon,  nod  nbout  22,000  of  its  poorest 
inhabitants.  Tbe  EotlowinB  slreels  and  parts  ot  streets  are  stated  b;  the  Marshsl  to 
l>e  within  tho  Manor  of  Thomas  Court ;— Thomas  Court,  from  the  oourthoufle  to  St. 
Catherine's  Church;  Thomas-street,  south  aide,  from  Thomns-court  to  Menlli-streel ; 
U oath-street ;  HaDbuty-lana  ;  Earl-street  (South)  ;  Cole-alle;  ;  Elbow-bini!;  Engine- 
alley  ;  CroBlick-al]ey  ;  Flag-alley  ;  Coombn  (north  side),  Asbe-street  to  Fimliixi ; 
Pindico  ;  John-street;  Summer-street;  Brsithwaita.  street ;  Tripoli,  near  Courthouao  ; 
Marrowbooc-lane,  as  far  as  Dooore  boundary  ;  Tsylar'a-lanc  ;  Stbool -street ;  Crane- 
■treot  to  boundary  stream ;  Colemon'i-broak  ;  Bainaford-stretit,  frum  Thomas-coort  to 
PorlLtDd-street ;  Portland-street ;  Band -street ;  Grand  Canal  Harbour.  And  the  follow- 
ing otreoU  and  lanes  and  parts  of  such  in  the  Manor  of  Donore  r^Coowbe  (south  aide], 
from  a  certain  boundary  on  Cross  Poddle  to  Ardeo-atreut;  Skinner's- alley;  Fardham'i- 
alley  ;  Brabason.stroet  ;  Brabazon-ron-  ;  Ardee-etrsct ;  Newmarket ;  Mill-lane  ; 
Ward'e-hill;  Newmarket;  Mill-Btreel ;  Mill-lane;  Sweeny'a-lnne;  Tanner' a-row i 
BlaekPitta;  Chamber-street;  Ormond-atreet ;  Weaver' a -square  ;  Ilrown-slreet ;  Lots- 
lane  ;  Cork-street,  from  Ardee-atreet  to  Diping  Bridge  (boundary) ;  Patnell-place 
(boundary) ;  Harold'a  Cross  (ditto),  part  Earl  ot  Meath,  part  Arohbuhop  of  Dublin." 
— [Appendix  to  the  First  Eeport  of  the  Commissioners  (Municipal  Corporations 
(Irehind)),  1836.] 

'  Mow  at  Kilruddery. 

>  13  £  14  George  III.  31,  $  2. 


THE  AfifiET  OF  ST.   THOliAS  THE  BiARTTB.  41 

Weighmaster."  ''There  is  a  court-house  helonging  to  the  Liberty. 
Lord  Meath  has  recently  expended  £200  upon  it ;  it  is  convenient  and  in 
good  repair."  "  The  markets  within  the  Liberty  are  not  of  the  same 
importance  as  in  St.  Sepulchre's.  Meath  Market,  in  Hanbury-lane,  is 
the  only  flesh  market  of  any  extent."  ''  There  is  a  grant  of  a  fair  to  be 
held  at  Donore  (Eot.  Pat.,  26  Car.  II.,  p.  4,  m.  6  and  7),  and  of  tolls  of 
a  former  patent  of  Elizabeth.  But  the  fair  is  not  held,  nor  are  the  tolls 
collected.  Lord  Meath  has,  under  his  patent,  a  right  to  hold  a  market 
on  Tuesdays  and  Fridays,  and  four  fair  days  in  the  year.  None  are 
held." 

This  is  the  history  of  an  institution  which  gave  a  peculiar  greatness 
to  the  Abbey  of  St.  Thomas,  even  in  the  height  of  its  dignity  and  power, 
and  struck  terror  into  the  hearts  of  many  a  Dublin  evil  doer  of  medieval 
and  post-Eeformation  times.  The  only  survival  of  it  in  brick  and  stone 
is  the  court-house  of  the  Liberty.  Either  by  the  irony  of  fate,  or  by  the 
happy  chance  of  a  successive  buildings  marking  the  ancient  site  of  where 
the  Abbot  held  his  court,  the  little  court-house  of  to-day*  stands  in 
Thomas-court  Bawn,  just  where  Brooking  wrote  upon  his  map  the 
historical  name  of  ''  Thomas  Court."  It  is  a  meagre  monument  of 
monasterial  might. 

With  such  an  environment  as  this  mean  little  structure,  and  a  few 
street-name  labels  at  the  comers  of  unromantic  highways,  the  **De  pro- 
f  undis  "  cry  of  the  Abbey  is  certainly  not  "  Si  monumentum  queeris, 
circtimspice."  It  is  only  in  the  retrospect  of  history  that  the  greatness 
of  its  power  can  be  gauged,  and  a  true  judgment  formed  of  the  waxing  and 
waning  of  the  glory  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Thomas  the  Martyr. 

^  The  only  contact  of  the  present  edifice  with  things  ecclesiastical  seems  to  have 
been  in  1760,  when  it  was  fitted  up  as  a  place  of  worship  for  the  parishioners  of 
St.  Catherine's  during  the  rebuilding  of  their  parish  church;  and  in  1786,  when,  on 
the  first  Sunday  in  February  of  that  vear,  the  premier  Sunday  School  of  Ireland — 
St.  Catherine's — began  its  life  within  the  wdls  of  the  UtUe  courthouse.  (See 
Freeman" t  Journal,  February  20th,  1786.) 


ON    TWO    RARE    STONE    IMPLEMENTS    FOUND    AT    LOTJGH 
GUR,  COTTNTT  LIMERICK. 


THB  etone  implementa  which  I  hring  vmder  the  notice  of  the  Meeting 
were  found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  "  the  Crnnnogued  Waters"  of 
Lough  Our,  in  the  county  of  Limerick,  and  form  a  portion  of  the  colleo- 
tion  of  one  of  our  Members,  Mr.  R.  Fogarty,  of  Limerick,  to  whoia 
klsdncBa  I  am  indebted  for  permisBion  to  exhibit  them. 

The  object  which  I  will  first  describe  ia  a  heart-shaped  implement 
made  of  basalt,  or  molaphyre,  and  bears  a  high  polish.  It  is  six  inches 
loijg,  and  four  and  a-half  inches  wide,  and  tupera  from  either  side  to  a 
blunt  rounded  point.  It  is  flat  on  one  side,  and  at  the  other  it  is  of  a 
flattened  oval  shape,  and  has  a  hole  worked  into  it  about  half  an  inch  in 
depth.  It  has  also  at  one  edge  a  surface  elightly  flattened,  to  which  I 
shall  hereafter  have  occasion  to  refer.  1  have  not  seen  any  implement 
exactly  similaj-  to  it  in  shape  in  our  muBenms,  although  I  have  seen  a 
rough  specimen  somewhat  like  it  in  the  Museum  of  the  Boyol  Irish 
Academy.  The  ([uestion  will  now  naturally  arise,  is  this  a  new  and 
heretofore  undiscovered  type  of  stone  implement  ?  and  in  answering  thia 
inquiry  the  antiriuarian  can  derive  great  help  from  the  geologist. 
With  this  object  in  view  I  submitted  this  specimen  to  that  well-known 
and  Ekilled  geologist  and  antiquarian,  Mr.  0.  H.  Kinahan,  u.b.i.a.,  who 
tells  me  that  on  the  beaches  of  Clare  Island  and  other  beaches  in  that 
neighbourhood,  I  might  pick  up  nearly  the  counterpart  of  this  specimen, 
and  that  even  the  hollow,  which  we  will  call  the  thumb-hole,  is  princi- 
pally duo  to  the  weathering  out  of  a  soft  concretion  chamct«ristic  of  this 
kind  of  rock.  At  the  same  time  he  agrees  with  me  in  believing  that  the 
hole  was  artificially  deepened ;  so  that  I  think  we  may  safely  conclude 
that  this  stone  is  one  of  those  which  our  late  General  Secretary,  the 
Rot.  Jomca  Graves,  would  have  described  as  an  adapted  stone — a  stone 
that  proceeded  in  its  present  form,  not  from  the  workshop  of  man,  but 
from  the  workshop  of  nature.  When  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  thia 
country  had  to  provide  themselves  with  implementa  which  could  be  made 
U80  of  to  procure  food  and  clothing,  to  construct  habitations,  and  which 
would  be  useful  as  weapons  to  protect  them  from  the  attacks  of  their 
enemies,  in  the  absence  of,  or  owing  to  the  scarcity  of  metal,  they  freely 
made  use  of  the  substance  that  came  moat  readily  to  hand,  which  was 
stone,  and  in  some  instances  they  found  atones  which  had  either  been 
splintered  off  from  the  native  rock,  or  which  had  been  worn  down  by  the 


ON  TWO  RABE   STONE   IMPLEMENTS. 

I  notion  oi  iratcr  well  adapted  to  the  uses  to  which  they  viehed  to  apply 
them,  and  requiriDg  Teiy  slight  modification  on  their  part.  Thia  heart- 
shaped  implement  is  doubtlesB  ono  of  these  adapted  etoneB,  which  the 
intelligence  and  ingenuity  of  the  earlier  inhabitaata  of  the  country  led 
them  to  malje  use  of  for  an  economic  purpose.  I  say  one  of  the  adapted 
stonea,  for  sea  and  river  Btones,  made  use  of  as  implements,  and  adapted 
for  that  purpose,  have  been  frequently  found  on  the  sites  of  primitive 
hftbitations,  and  natural  stones  are  sometimes  even  etill  made  use  of  by 
the  peasantry.  Mr.  Einahan  tells  mo  be  has  known  them  to  employ 
pieces  of  rock  that  have  splintered  up  into  suitable  fragmentn  as  rollers 
or  smoothers  of  potato  or  turnip  drills.  They  punch  a  hole  at  one  end  of 
the  etone,  and  to  it  attach  a  rope  by  meanfi  of  which  it  can  bo  dragged 
■long  the  ground.  It  would  he  an  interesting  subject  to  inquire  how 
many  of  our  stone  implements  may  have  derived  their  present  shape 
from  natural  forms ;  for  instance,  "  Wilde  "  tells  us  that  upon  roviewtng 
flint  flakes  and  rudely  formed  weapons  and  tools,  he  found  that  many 
arrow-shaped  portions  were  thrown  off  by  the  natural  fracture.  If  you 
take  this  stone  in  your  hand,  place  your  thumb  on  the  hollow,  put  your 
index  finger  on  the  flattened  portion  of  the  side,  and  then  spread  your 
fingers  out  at  the  back,  you  will  at  once  feel  that  you  have  in  your 
hand  a  most  formidable  weapon,  which  could  be  used  either  for  offence 
or  defence,  or  for  helping  to  skin  an  animal  killed  in  the  chase,  and 
breaking  it  up  for  food.  So  formidable  is  this  weapon,  that  a  friend  of 
mine,  a  gentleman  who,  I  must  say,  is  of  a  most  peaceable  and  amiable 
disposition,  when  he  first  grasped  this  stone  in  his  hand,  was  unable  to 
repress  a  feeling  of  exultation  at  what  be  described  as  the  neat  iilea  his 
ancestors  had  of  the  best  contriTances  for  leaving  their  mark  on  the  akulla 
of  their  enemies,  and  I  think  Buoh  an  expresBion  of  opinion  from  such 
B  Bource  implies  strong  presumptive  evidence  of  the  purpose  for  which 
thia  stone  implement  was  intended.  I  sent  a  photograph  of  this  stone 
to  Dr.  John  Evans,  the  President  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  and 
it  ia  only  fair  to  mention  that  he  suggested  a  much  more  prosaic  and 
commonplace  use  for  it.  His  idea  is  that  it  may  have  been  used  at  an 
early  period,  as  "  the  bearing  of  the  upright  spindle  of  a  mill."  and  even 
■hould  that  be  the  case,  it  would  be  a  very  iaterestiug  relic  of  antiquity. 
The  second  object  which  I  have  to  describe  is  not  of  such  an  unusual 
tjpo,  and  yet  it  is  not  without  features  of  interest.  It  might  he  described 
in  a  rough  and  ready  way  as  a  celt  with  a  cutting  edgo  at  either  end  ; 
bnt  my  contention  ia  that  it  is  not,  properly  speaking,  a  celt,  and  that 
objects  Buch  as  these  have  not  as  yet  been  properly  classified.  Lewellynn 
/ewitt  describes  a  stone  celt  as  a  more  or  less  flat  blade  of  stone  ap- 
preaching  a  uniform  shape,  not  unlike  that  of  a  mussel  shell.  He  Bays 
the  sides  are  more  or  less  straight,  and  one  end  is  broader  than  the  other, 
the  lower,  or  brood,  or  cutting  end,  is  slightly  convex,  and  rubbed  down 
to  a  aharp  cutting  edge.     He  further  states  that  the  manner  in  which 


44 


BOTAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES   OF  IRELAND. 


celte  were  oied  appears  to  have  been  by  fixing  them  into  wooden  or 
bono  handles,  but  eome,  he  saya,  were  midoubtedly  made  for  holding 
in  the  hand. 

Taking  the  foregoing  as  a  fair  general  description  of  celts,  it  v^ill  be 
easily  seen  that  this  stone  object  does  not  answer  to  it.  It  is  a  fine 
Bpecimen  of  a  polished  stone  implement,  and  made  of  that  favourite 
quality  of  rock  out  of  which  many,  if  not  most,  of  the  best  specimens  ol 
Irish  celts  were  manufactured,  "  felstone  or  petro-eilex,"  this  specimen 
being  of  grayish-green  colour.  In  shape  it  is  a  flattened  ovoid  ten  inches 
long,  and  about  two  inches  thick,  and  four  inches  wide.  It  tapers 
slightly  ut  one  end,  and  may  be  described  as  ground  down  to  a  cutting 
edge,  not  only  at  both  ends,  but  all  around  its  circumference.  The  labour 
that  was  bestowed  on.  this  specimen  must  have  been  very  great,  and  the 
skill  of  the  constructor  not  inconsiderable  to  produce  such  an  even  for- 
mation and  such  a  smooth  surface  in  hard  pctro-silcx  ;  but  I  think  the 
members  will  agree  with  me  that  this  implement  could  neither  he  bafted 
nor  used  with  any  degree  of  comfort  by  holding  it  in  the  hand.  I  pro- 
■duco  an  ordinary  celt  foiind  in  a  railway  cutting  in  the  county  Kildare. 
1  have  had  it  roughly  hafted  by  inserting  it  in  a  club-shaped  handle.  It 
■could  also  have  been  hafted  by  twisting  around  it  a  "  withy,"  and  if  it 
was  net  bafted  it  could  have  been  used  in  the  band.  In  it  you  see  a 
"  celtis"  or  chisel-shaped  implement,  in  outline,  qititc  unhke  the  specimen 
I  produce  for  description  to-day,  and  which  I  would  call,  not  a  celt,  but  a 
casting-stone,  a  specimen  of  the  warrior's  stone  that  is  so  often  mentioned 
in  the  anuals  of  early  Irish  warfare. 

Dr,  Sullivan,  in  his  Introduction  to  O'Curry's  "Manners  and  Customs," 
tells  us  that  "  stones  were  employed  aa  weapons  of  war  by  the  ancient 
Irish  in  five  ways  :  first,  as  unfaahionod  missiles,  which  were  thrown  from 
the  hand ;  secondly,  as  specially -fashioned  stones,  one  of  which  was  kept 
in  the  hollow  of  the  shield,  and  hurled  from  the  hand  on  certain  occasions ; 
this  was  the  '  lia  lamha  laich,'  or  champion's  hand-stone ;  thirdly,  as  jave- 
lins and  arrows ;  fourthly,  as  axes  and  hammers ;  and  fifthly,  as  ding- 
stones,"  Let  us  now  try  to  obtain  some  idea  of  what  those  specially 
fashioned  stones,  classed  by  Dr.  Sullivan  as  the  second  variety,  were  like. 
The  information  on  this  subject,  to  be  found  in  Mr.  O'Curry's  Lectures, 
will  provide  us  with  most  valuable  aid  in  forming  an  opinion  on  the  aub- 
ject.  From  his  writings  we  Icam  that  these  stones  were  "  half-flat,"  or 
partially  flattened  stones,  narrow  stones,  stones  that  would  kill,  choice 
weapons  for  success,  precious  and  valuable  stoneH,  stones  that  were  carried 
in  the  hollow  of  the  shield,  and  cast  with  a  swift,  rotatory  motion,  stones 
that  could  be  thrown  with  such  force  that  they  could  pass  through  an 
adversary's  head  {and  consequently  they  could  not  have  been  hafted), 
and  lastly,  they  are  called  missive  stones.  I  submit  that  the  stone  I 
have  now  placed  before  the  Meeting  fairly  answers  to  that  description, 

In  an  account  of  a  battle  fought  near  Limerick  against  the  Danee, 


ON  TWO  RARE  STONE  IMPLEMENTS.  45 

about  A.D.  920,  and  quoted  in  Wilde's  "  Catalogue,"  we  are  told :  "  Their 
youths,  and  their  champions,  and  their  proud,  haughty  veterans  came  to 
the  front  of  the  battle  to  cast  their  stones."  As  fighting  stones  were 
made  use  of  in  that  neighbourhood  at  so  late  a  period,  the  county 
Limerick  would  not  be  an  unlikely  place  in  which  to  find  a  specimen  of 
the  warrior's  casting  stone. 

I  believe  that  ike  stone  that  I  now  place  before  the  Meeting  will 
answer  to  the  description  given  of  the  Casting  Stone  in  Ancient  Lish 
Manuscripts,  and  that  it  is  one  of  a  class  of  stones  (of  which  there  may 
have  been  other  varieties,  such  as  the  perforated  stones)  which  were- 
used  on  special  occasions  to  strike  down  notable  enemies. 

We  know  that  great  proficiency  can  be  attained  in  casting  weapons  of 
warfare ;  and  I  am  told  that  even  at  the  present  day  a  Tipperary  man 
can  cast  an  unfashioned  missile  of  stone  from  the  hand  with  a  skill  and 
precision  that  is  by  no  means  to  be  despised. 


(    46    ) 


RECENTLT  DISCOVERED  FINDS  IN  THE  CO.  ANTEIM. 

Br  WILLIAM  JAMES  KNOWLES,  M.R.I.A.,  Pbllow, 
Hon.  Local  Sbc&btabt,  Co.  Antrim. 

TEB  following  report  of  ''finds"  of  antiquities  in  mj  district  was 
originally  intended  to  appear  under  the  head  of  Miscellanea,  at  the 
'end  of  the  JoumaLy  bnt  as  illustrations  have  been  supplied,  it  is  con- 
sidered better  that  it  should  have  a  place  among  the  ordinary  Papers  : — 

1.  The  first  object  I  have  to  describe  is  a  stone  drinking  cup,  with 
handle,  which  was  found  in  September,  1890,  by  a  labourer,  while 
•digging  in  a  field,  about  a  mile  from  Newtowncrommelin,  and  near  the 
Bush  water.  The  bowl  of  the  cup  is  2^  inches  broad  at  the  top  and 
stands  1}  inches  high.  It  is  made  of  soapstone,  and  is  the  smallest  object 
of  the  kind  I  have  seen.  If  it  belongs  to  the  class  of  cups  and  goblets 
which  were  placed  beside  most  of  the  public  wells  in  pagan  times  the 
traveller  would  have  required  to  fill  it  repeatedly  before  he  could  allay 
his  thirst,  as  it  holds  only  a  quarter  of  a  glass.  It  is  in  good  preserva- 
tion, and  is  shown  half  size  on  Plate  I.,  fig.  9.  I  have  another  cup  of 
same  type,  but  larger,  being  4j^  inches  broad  and  2^  high,  which  was 
found  at  Connor.  Such  objects  are  not  of  common  occurrence.  Similar 
cups  have  been  found  in  the  Brochs  of  Scotland,  which  are  structures  of 
the  Iron  Age.  For  further  information  concerning  these  interesting 
objects  see  Wilde's  ** Catalogue"  R.I.A.,  pp.  113,  114,  and  Anderson's 
**  Scotland  in  Pagan  Times  "  (Iron  Age),  p.  218. 

2.  I  recently  procured  another  small  cup  without  handle,  which  was 
found  in  a  field  near  the  head  of  Glenarm  Deer  Park,  while  planting  pota- 
toes. It  is  made  of  moderately  hard  whitish  stone,  and  is  ornamented  with 
parallel  bands  which  are  divided  into  triangular  spaces,  and  each  alternate 
space  is  filled  in  with  crossed  Hues.  It  is  2^  inches  wide  across  the  top 
of  the  bowl  and  nearly  1^  inches  high.  The  depth  inside  is  -f  of  an 
inch.  It  is  nearly  perfect,  the  lip  being  only  slightly  chipped  in  one  or 
two  places.  The  artist,  however,  mistaking  my  instructions,  has  drawn 
it  without  showing  those  slight  defects  in  the  lip.  It  is  shown  half  size 
on  Plate  I.,  fig.  8. 

3.  There  was  found  at  Glenhead,  near  where  the  last  described  object 
was  got,  another  vessel,  if  it  may  be  so  described,  of  whitish  stone.  It  is 
imperfect,  having  lost  a  piece  from  each  side.  It  is  shown  restored  half 
size  on  Plate  I.,  fig.  7  ;  dotted  lines  indicating  the  restored  portions.  The 
cavity  is  very  small  for  the  size  of  the  body,  which  will  be  seen  more 
plainly  by  the  section,  fig.  7a,  on  same  plate ;  the  breadth  across  the 


t 


r  KiM.s  ,s  iHK  Co.  . 


KECENTLT  DISCOVERED  FINDS  IN  CO.  ANTRIM. 


47 


I 
I 


top  is  4  inches,  aad  the  height  2{  inches.  The  spape  in  the  centre  ia  2^ 
incbea  wide  and  one  inch  deep.  It  is  not  easy  to  guesR  the  purpose  thi> 
object  could  hare  served,  as  the  lip  is  so  thick  that  it  could  scarcely  have 
bepn  used  as  a  cup,  and  the  cavity  is  so  small  that  it  is  not  likely  to  have 
served  as  an  um.  It  was  not  found  in  association  with  any  other  object, 
but  was  turned  up  ia  a  field  which  wBs  being  cultivated  for  the  first  time. 
In  size  and  shape  it  appears  to  me  somewhat  like  the  smallest  of  three 
objects  found  by  Canon  Greenwell,  n.c.i,.,  p.e.s.,  in  a  barrow  on  Folkton 
Wold,  Yorkshire,  and  described  and  figured  in  vol.  lii.,  of  Archaologia. 
The  English  ohject-s  are  of  chalk,  and  aolid,  with  lid-Iikc  tops.  They  aro 
highly  ornamented  in  relief,  and  in  one  panel  of  each  is  a  representation 
of  the  human  face,  bearing  "a  strong  resemblance  to  the  bo  called  owl-head, 
on  many  of  tbe  vases  found  by  Schlicmaun  atHissarlik."  It  is  only  the 
outward  solid  appearance  that  strikes  me  in  mentioning  a  resemblance 
between  the  Olenhead  and  English  objects.  They  may  have  nothing  in 
common.  Canon  Orcenwell  coDsiders  the  Bpocimcna  fouud  by  him  to 
belong  to  the  Bronze  Age. 

4.  I  have  also  to  report  the  findinif  of  a  whetstone,  which  was  dis- 
covered on  removbg  a  large  stone  in  a  field  belonging  to  Mr.  Dickey  of 
Killcreen,  near  fiallymena.  It  is  5|  inches  long  by  1}  iochos  broad  in 
the  widest  part,  beins  nearly  square  in  section.  The  part  at  the  top 
where  tho  holo  is  bored  liaa  been  cut  down  on  each  side  bo  as  to  have  a 
smaller  thickness  to  bore  through,  and  the  part  surrounding  the  holo  has 
been  carved  into  three  bands  by  way  of  ornament.  It  has,  in  common 
with  a  great  many  so-called  whetstones,  irregularly  raised  and  sunk  mark- 
ings along  the  sides  and  comers.  The  marks  are  not  sharply  cut,  and  I 
could  imagine  them  being  made  by  cords  passing  tightly  in  a  backward 
and  forward  manner  over  the  stone,  with,  perhaps,  the  aid  of  dust  and 
gritty  matter.  I  have  seen  sirailar  marks  on  polished  stoco  hatchets,  which 
I  believed  bad  been  produced  by  tho  friction  of  withe  handles,  but  this  may 
not  be  the  correct  explanation.  The  marks  on  the  whetstones,  in  some 
cases,  are  seen  very  plainly  at  a  glance,  but  when  the  murks  are  faint  they 
can  be  seen  easily  by  looking  along  the  atone  in  the  direction  of  the  light. 
Two  views  of  tbe  object  I  have  described  are  given,  sec  figs.  1  and  la., 
Plata  I. ;  and  two  other  whetstoni^s  having  similar  markings  aro  shown  as 
£gs.  3  and  4  in  some  Plate. 

Whetstones  aro  of  various  sliapes,  and  I  have  therefore  figured  somo 
others  which  are  of  uncommon  types.  Fig.  2  shows  a  specimen  that  is 
shuttle -shaped ;  and  fig.  5,  one  that  is  a.  regular  cone.  I  Lave  seen  several 
of  this  type.  Some  are  si^uaro  in  section  and  of  tbe  same  thickness 
throughout ;  others,  though  square  in  section,  are  thick  in  the  centre  and 
j^t  gradually  smaller  towards  tho  ends.  Some  of  those  with  neatly 
squared  sides  have  a  hole  at  one  end,  hut  a  great  many,  I  believe  the 
larger  number,  have  no  holes.  The  majority  of  them  are  made  of  the 
hardest  quartzite,  and  the  sides  are  often  polished  and  glistening.     Ono 


48  KOYAL   SOCIETY   OF  ANTIQUAEIES   OF   IRELAND. 

of  those  instrameiita,  so  neatly  squared  and  poUnhod,  looks  flniBhcd  and 
complete,  and  as  if  it  wore  not  intended  for  any  further  use.  Sir  "Wra. 
Wilde  considers  some  of  the  so-called  whetstones  to  be  "touoh-rtonea,"  for 
tenting  the  purity  of  gold.     See  "  Catalogue,"  R.I.  A.,  p.  89. 

1  consider  the  name  "whetstone"  is  not  a  suitable  one:— (1)  Because 
quartzite  does  not  make  a  good  sharpening  stone,  sandstoiie  being  much 
superior  ;  and  (2)  because  these  so-called  whetBtones  are  never  hollowed 
in  the  middle  as  in  the  ease  of  onlinary  hones.  I  believe  they  were  used 
in  poliHliing  instead  of  in  sharpeuing.  lu  examining  a  series  such  as 
I  poBSOsH  myself,  the  process  of  development  is  easily  seen.  First,  we 
have  the  natural  quartzite  pebble  with  the  sides  a  little  ground  down. 
Then  we  will  find  specimens  more  and  more  rubbed,  till  we  come 
to  one  like  fig.  6,  with  the  sides  well  squared,  hut  Bhowiug  the  original 
rough  RurfaCB  at  the  ends ;  and  lastly,  wo  bave  the  slender  specimens 
squared  at  the  ends  as  well  as  at  the  sides.  In  Nilsson's  Primitiv* 
fnhabifanli  of  Scandinavia,  edited  by  Lubbock,  we  see  whetstones 
figured  in  Plate  II.,  some  of  which  have  marks  on  the  corners,  but  thesa 
appear  to  have  been  made  intentionally,  la  Reliquiai  Aquitaniea,  page 
166,  a  Danish  whetstone  ia  figured  with  similar  markings,  which  are 
supposed  to  be  tally  marks.  The  marks  on  the  Irish  specimens  which  I 
have  referred  to  do  not  appear  to  me  to  have  been  made  intentionally  but 
to  have  been  caused  in  some  way  by  the  method  of  using  the  instruments. 

5.  An  old  iron  brazed  bell  was  found  by  me  about  two  years  ago  among 
a  lot  of  old  broken  pots  and  pans  in  the  yard  of  a  bouse,  in  the  village  of 
Cullybackcy,  which  at  the  time  had  just  been  vacated.  I  at  once  came 
to  the  couclusioo  that  it  was  an  erclesiasticul  hell,  and  I  was  strengthened 
in  this  opinion  by  knowing  that  there  once  existed  an  old  church  near 
the  village  called  Kilmackevit.  The  church  has  long  since  been  demo- 
lished, but  the  font  ia  known  to  be  built  in  the  wall  of  a  dwelliug-honae 
which  stands  near  the  site  of  tho  old  church.  Aa  the  former  owner,  and 
father  of  the  late  occupier,  of  tho  house  and  yard  where  the  bell  was 
found,  WHS  the  principal  man  of  the  village  in  his  lifetime,  and  noted  for 
his  intplligcuce,  I  considered  that  he  wnsjust  such  a  person  as  would  secure 
and  keep  an  old  relic,  and  therefore  I  believed  I  had  found  tho  bell  of  the 
church.  However,  in  a.  short  time  afterwards  I  had  the  opportunity  of 
explaining  the  matter  to  the  last  owner  of  the  premises  in  question,  and 
stated  uiy  belief  as  to  its  age  and  character ;  but  she  replied  that  I  was 
mistaken,  and  that  it  was  only  a  cow-bell  which  her  father  had  brought 
from  America.  If  I  were  convinced  of  the  truth  of  this  Btatement  1 
would  not  trouble  you  with  any  report  on  the  subject,  but  I  am  still 
doubtful.  I  have  no  reason  to  doubt  the  tntthtulnesa  of  the  lady.  I  am 
only  doubtful  that  there  may  be  some  mistake  ;  oud  as  I  know  that  many 
of  the  Fellows  and  Members  of  the  Society  must  have  a  special  know- 
ladge  on  this  branch  of  antiquities,  I  introduce  the  subject  in  the  hope  of 
obtaining  further  information.     The  bell  (see  Plato  II.,  fig.  1)  is  6  inches 


RtCKNT    FLVM    IX   THE   Co.    ANTUUI. 


RECENTLY  DISCOVERED  FINDS  IN  CO.  ANTRIM.  49 

high  (7  to  top  of  handle),  and  nearly  5  inches  hroad  at  the  mouth.  It  has 
been  neatly  patched  at  one  end  by  riveting  on  of  a  small  piece  of  sheet  iron, 
and  it  has  been  rebrazed  once  or  twice — some  pieces  of  surface  showing 
nothing  but  brass.  My  own  opinion  is,  that  an  ecclesiastical  bell  being 
looked  on  as  a  sacred  object,  would  be  repaired  and  rebrazed  as  this  one 
has  been,  but  that  in  the  case  of  a  cow-bell  such  trouble  would  scarcely 
be  taken.  I  look  on  the  pieced  side  of  St.  Patrick's  Bell  in  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy  as  being  the  result  of  patching,  and  it  has  been  rebrazed 
until  it  now  appears  as  if  almost  entirely  brass.  The  Cullybackey  speci- 
men, however,  has  a  clapper ;  and  this  circumstance  is,  I  am  told,  rather 
against  its  ecclesiastical  character,  as  clappers  are  seldom  found  with 
old  bells.  I  may  say  the  clapper  in  this  case  appears  to  me  to  be  in  better 
preservation  than  the  bell,  and  might  be  more  recent.  There  was  a 
fixture  of  iron  attached  to  the  handle  at  the  time  I  found  it,  but  as  it 
was  loose  it  became  detached.  It  is  shown  on  Plate  II.  (see  fig.  2).  The 
space  at  a  fitted  into  the  handle  of  the  bell,  and  the  larger  space  b  above 
it  could  have  passed  over  a  pole,  and  the  bell  could  thus  have  been  sus- 
pended. The  other  end  of  this  iron  appliance  has  rivet  holes,  to  which 
a  handle  could  have  been  attached.  Whether  all  this  arrangement  was 
necessary  in  a  cow-bell,  or  whether  it  ever  existed  in  the  case  of  a  church 
bell,  are  questions  which,  perhaps,  some  Fellow  or  Member  can  answer. 

There  was  a  tradition  respecting  the  founding  of  the  old  Church  of 
Kilmakevit,  which  a  man  now  dead  told  me  he  had  frequently  heard  from 
an  old  woman  of  the  village,  which  I  may  give,  though  I  believe  it  is  an 
old  story  retold  with  variations  at  different  times  and  places.  It  was  to 
the  effect,  that  when  this  church  was  being  consecrated,  the  bishop  was 
constantly  interrupted  by  an  old  Druid.  When  the  bishop  prayed  for 
blessings,  the  Druid  called  down  curses ;  and  at  last  the  bishop  became 
so  irritated,  that  he  got  up  and  shook  his  fist  at  the  Druid's  nose,  saying, 
"  A  bishop  should  be  no  smiter,  but  smell  that,  Macaffee."  This  Church 
of  Kilmackevit  is  not  recorded  in  Reeves'  **  Ecclesiastical  Antiquities  of 
Down,  Connor,  and  Dromore,"  but  I  supplied  some  of  the  above  informa- 
tion to  Father  O'Laverty,  m.b.i.a.,  and  he  notices  it  in  the  third  volume 
of  his  '  Down  and  Connor,  Ancient  and  Modem,"  p.  384. 

6. 1  have  also  to  report  the  gratifying  intelligence  that,  as  far  as  this 
district  is  concerned,  the  manufacture  of  forged  flint  implements  seems  to 
be  stopped.  The  trade  may,  however,  revive,  as  the  forger  is  still  alive. 
There  is  also  a  large  quantity  of  the  spurious  implements  in  the  possession 
of  some  tmwary  retailing  collectors,  which  may  get  into  circulation  again 
when  suspicion  is  lulled.  Therefore  it  is  still  necessary  for  those  who 
collect  antiquities  to  be  on  their  guard. 


JOU&.  E.8.A.I.,  VOL.  II.,  PT.  I.,  6tH  BBR.  E 


(     50 


ACCOUNTS   OF   THE  EARL   OF   NORFOLK'S    ESTATES   IN 
IRELAND,   1279-1294. 


By  JAMES  MILLS,  M.E.I.A. 


RooEE  BiooD,  Earl  of  Norfolk,  Earl  Marslial  of  England,  was  one  of  the 
foremost  of  the  English  nobles  under  Edward  I.  Hia  indepecdcat 
opposition  to  the  unconstitutio-nal  demands  of  that  sovereign  are  well- 
known  matters  of  history.  He  was  the  lost  earl  of  his  race  ;  and,  on  his 
death  in  1306,  hia  vast  estates  paased  to  the  Crown.  Either  then,  or  on 
the  occasion  of  a  temporary  seizure  of  his  possessions  during  his  life,  there 
were  transferred  to  the  king's  eicteqner  from  the  earl's  repositoriea  a 
collection  of  several  hundred  little  rolls  of  accounts  of  the  receivers  and 
bailiffs  of  his  numerous  lordships  and  manors,  extending  from  ahout  the 
■eventh  to  the  twenty-second  year  of  King  Edward's  reign.  Happily 
these  rolls  have  escaped  the  ravages  of  time  and  the  utilitarian  clearings 
out  by  old  ofSciols,  and  are  still  preserved  in  the  London  Record  Office 
almost  in  as  good  condition  aa  when,  600  years  ago,  their  viirioufl  items 
were  carefully  examined  and  cautioualy  passed  by  the  earl's  treasurers. 

The  carl  had  inherited  through  his  grandmother,  the  eldest  daughter 
of  "William,  Earl  Marshal,  beside  many  mauors  in  England,  the  lordship 
o(  Cathcrlagh  or  Carlow,  being  a  fifth  part  of  the  great  lordship  of 
Leinster  which  had  been  acquired  by  Btrongbow.  Nearly  100  of  these 
rolls  relate  to  this  Irish  estate.  Of  these,  so  fur  as  I  am  aware,  no  use 
has  yet  been  made  by  Irish  students.  Mr.  Sweetman  overlooked  them 
when  preparing  his  "  Calendar  of  Documents  relating  to  Ireland,"  though 
they  have  been  briefly  referred  to  by  Professor  Thorold  Rogers  iu  hia 
"  Work  and  "Wages." 

Having  come  upon  these  accounts  when  looking  for  other  matter  in 
the  London  Record  Office,  I  was  fortunately  able  to  direct  to  them  the 
attention  of  Mr.  Philip  Horo,  who  was  working  near.  That  indefati- 
gable collector  soon  after  set  to  work  on  them  with  such  energy,  that  he 
has  made  almost  a.  complete  copy,  omitting  repetitions  which  did  not 
supply  new  facts.  Mr.  Hore  thus  added  to  hia  great  collection  of 
material  for  the  history  of  the  county  of  "Wexford ;  the  fruits  of  many 
years  of  his  own  labour  superadded  to  the  life-work  of  his  father,  that 
distinguished  Irish  antiquarian,  the  late  Mr.  Herbert  Here,  forming 
e.  mass  of  material  for  local  history  as  yet  rarely  approached  in  Ireland. 
I  venture  to  express  a  hope  that  Mr.  Hore  may  soon  meet  with  sufficient 
encouragement  to  enable  him  to  make  public  his  work. 

For  the  purpose  of  this  Paper  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Hore  tor  the 
geuerous  loan  of  his  beautiful  MS.  of  the  accounts. 


I 

I 


THE  EABL  OF  NOKPOLE'S  ESTATES  IN  IRELAND. 

The  Earl  of  Norfolk,  with  his  vast  English  estates,  placed,  by  his 
office  of  Hereditaiy  Earl  Uarshol,  at  the  head  oE  the  English  baronage, 
was  necessarily  nn  absentee  from  his  Irish  property.  His  visits  were  few 
and  fibort.  But  in  the  thorough  orgaiiizotioa  oE  their  government  the 
estates  seem  to  have  Buffered  little  from  his  absence.  Indeed,  one  of  the 
few  references  to  hia  visits  deals  only  with  the  lawlessness  of  his  followers. 
In  1281  the  provost  of  the  manor  of  Pothered  had  to  expend  fourpence  in 
the  purchase  of  four  keys  for  the  doors  of  the  hall,  the  chamber,  the 
pontry,  and  the  buttery,  to  replace  those  lost  by  the  earl's  men. 

The  chief  of  the  administration  was  u  seneschal  of  knightly  rank,  who 
received  the  liberal  salary  of  £100  a-year — nearly  one-seventh  of  the 
whole  income  of  the  lordship  under  his  care,  and  exactly  one-fifth  of 
the  sum  then,  and  tor  several  centuries  later,  ^vcn  to  the  king's  chief 
governor  of  Ireland.  Tho  seneschal  waa  at  once  the  head  of  the  oxeca- 
tive  and  the  president  of  the  court  of  the  lordship,  which  was  possessed 
of  the  most  ample  powers. 

The  chief  fiscal  officer  was  the  trcasuror,  who  was  responsible  for  the 
collection  of  the  revenue  of  the  lordship,  the  safe-keeping  of  tho  treasure, 
and  its  due  disbursement.  The  treasurer  held  in  the  Castle  of  Carlow  a 
mimic  court  of  exchequer,  where  tho  receivers,  seijeants,  and  provosts 
rendered  their  accounts.  Here,  too,  in  imitation  of  the  king's  exchequer, 
he  eeems  to  have  used  judicial  powers  in  connexion  with  the  collection  of 
the  revenue,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  receipts  for  "  profits  oE  the  exche- 
quer." The  collection  from  the  more  distant  manors,  situated  in  county 
Wexford,  was  facilitated  by  having  a  receiver  at  Old  Ross,  to  whom  the 
neighbouring  provosts  could  make  payments.  Advantage  was  taken,  too, 
of  a  great  annual  fair  at  New  Ross  to  give  facilities  for  receiving  money 
from  debtors.  During  the  continuance  of  this  fair  a  temporary  exche- 
quer court  was  opened  in  the  town  ;  and  a  iapeUim — a  carpet  or  table- 
cloth— was  bought,  on  which  were  to  be  drawn  the  chess-board- like  lines 
used  in  the  mediaival  system  of  accounting,  and  which  is  supposed  to 
have  given  the  name  o(  exchequer.     This  tapetum  cost  2(.  each  year. 

Next  in  rank  to  the  treasurer  wore  two  lawyers — narralores  tomilit — 
the  earl's  attorney-general  and  prosecutor,  who  may  also  have  assisted 
the  seneschal  in  conducting  the  courts.  Another  of  the  household  held 
the  office  of  sheriff,  and  presided  over  the  county  court.  There  were 
also  hundred  courts  held  in  the  principal  manors. 

The  principal  executive  officers  under  the  seneschal,  representing  the 
military  and  pulice  organizations,  were  the  constables  of  castles,  five  in 
number  (salary,  each  £5  a-year,  or,  if  a  knight,  £10). 

A  clerk  attended  the  seneschal,  and  another  the  treasurer. 

The  execution  of  the  processes  of  the  court  were  carried  out  by  a 

chief  Serjeant,  who  received  no  salary,  being  paid  by  fees  charged  on  the 

execution  of  writs,  &c.    The  chief  serjeont  even  paid  a  considerable  fixed 

rent  (£13    6*.  8rf.)  for  permission  to  execute  hia  office.     These  duties 


53 


ROYAL   SOCIETY   OF  ANTIQUARIES    OF   IBELAND. 


were,  in  the  loter  accounts,  divided  among  fire  district  Bcrjoanta,  wh 
united  to  pay  the  rent. 

The  lowest  office  bearers  were  the  provosts  of  burpilis  and  manors. 
These  wore  probably  elective.  Thoy  may  have  been,  for  military  and 
police  purposes,  under  the  command  of  the  constables  ;  but  all  rendered 
their  accounts  to  the  treasurer. 

Au  auditor  from  England  paid  a  visit  (usually  once  a-year)  on  behalf 
of  the  earl,  to  audit  the  accounts  of  the  treasurer.  His  esamination  was 
(at  least  sometimes)  not  confined  to  the  accounts,  but  included  a  tour  of 
inspection  of  the  mnuors,  with  directions  aa  to  their  management.  The 
eorl's  control  was  also  kept  up  by  frequent  messengers,  whose  presence  is 
recorded  in  the  accounts  by  the  payment  of  their  expenses,  usually  2d. 
a-day  while  in  Ireland,  and  6».  8i.  (or  the  passage-money  back  to 
England. 

Following  the  practice  of  the  time,  the  principal  officials  were  fur- 
nished with  a  livery  out  of  the  funds  of  the  estate.  The  purchases  of 
doth  and  fur  for  this  purpose  are  given  with  much  detail  in  each  year's 
accounts.  These  dresses  were  usually  supplied  twice  o-ycar,  at  Christ- 
mas anil  Wbit  Sunday,  forming  winter  and  summer  changes.  For  this 
purpose  the  principal  officers  were  divided  into  two  classes.  The  first 
included  the  seneschal,  treasurer,  chief  law  officer,  and  any  others  who 
might  be  knights :  the  second  class  consisted  of  the  second  law  officer, 
the  sheriff,  and  the  constables  of  castles,  not  being  kuights.  A  different 
kind  of  cloth  was  used  for  the  robes  of  each  class ;  and  the  cloth  was 
changed  at  each  occasion  of  delivery.  The  distinction  between  the  classeB 
was  made  by  the  fur.  The  robes  of  the  first  class,  for  winter,  were  lined 
or  trimmod  with  fur  of  stranling'  and  squirrel,  usually  with  hoods  of 
mincTcr ;  the  summer  hoods  being  lined  with  fine  linen.  Those  of  the 
second  class  had  cheaper  fur,  usually  lambskin  in  winter,  without  any 
in  summer.  The  materials  most  frequently  bought  are  burell,  bumot, 
bluett,  cloth  de  viride,  russet,  raye,  and  camelet. 

The  clothing  of  the  earl's  wards  also  appears  in  the  accounts.  One 
received  nnnuaUy  6  ells  of  rueset,  costing  8*. ;  another  had  4  ells  of 
bluett,  at  18rf.  an  ell. 

The  centre  of  government  was  the  castle  of  Carlow.  The  repairs  to 
it  form  frequeut  items  of  espenditure.  The  roof  of  the  great  hall  adjoin- 
ing the  castle  in  which  the  courts  were  held  was  a  source  of  frequent 
trouble,  needing  constant  repair.  It  was  roofed  with  wooden  shingles. 
As  many  as  2500  were  used  at  one  time  ;  12,000,  at  another  time,  were 
made  in  the  wood  of  Dunlekny,  at  a  cost  of  8j.  a  1000,  The  shingles 
were  hored,  and  fastened  by  nails  to  the  roof.  Timber,  boards,  and  laths 
were,  from  time  to  time,  brought  from  Dunlekny,  Tullow,  and  Athy,  for 
repair  of  the  hall  and  other  portions  of  the  castle,  the  kitchen  and  prison 


>  The  tux  of  tbe  Bquiirel  betwe 


d  Wiatw.— <7A»i.  iilvr  GmIh- 


I 


THE  EARL  OF  NOBFOLE'S  ESTATES  IN  TOBXASD. 

being  epecially  named.  Not witii  standing  these  constant  repairs,  when, 
twenty  years  later,  the  earl's  posaessions  paused  to  the  Crown,  the  castle 
and  huU  were  in  such  had  repair  that  no  value  could  be  given  to  them 
(Bweetman,  Cal.  1306,  p.  173). 

The  eschequer  house  was  one  of  the  huildinp  of  the  caatle,  130 
boardfi  being  hrougiit  from  Tullow  on  ono  occasion  for  its  repair.  It  was 
probably  one  of  the  towers,  the  lower  part  of  which  formed  the  treasurer's 
ofBee  and  court,  while  the  upper  floor  preserved  the  treasure  of  money 
and  records.  Id.  was  once  expended  on  the  repair  of  the  steps  (ifradut) 
of  the  exchequer.  Here,  no  douht,  was  preserved  the  chest  (bought  for 
4«.  Gid.)  tfl  contain  the  rolls  of  osaizea  and  county  courts. 

The  income  of  the  lordship  aTornged  about  £750  a-ycar.  One  of  the 
largest  sources  of  revenue  was  the  profits  of  the  lordsbip  court,  held 
before  the  seneschal  or  someone  nominated  by  him,  consisting  of  fees  and 
Moercemeats  imposed  on  offenders  and  litigants.  They  were  necessarily 
fiuctuating,  but  produced  frequently  over  £200  in  the  year.  The  other 
sources  of  income,  which  were  generally  more  certain  ia  amount,  can  be 
■een  in  the  example  account  which  I  append. 

Money  rents  for  lanii  were  not  largo,  except  at  Old  Hoe,  where  many 
free  tenants  paid  in  money.  In  general  the  principal  tenants  seem  to 
have  held  by  military  service  alone.  But  there  was  an  observable  tendency 
to  let  for  rent  the  land  which  from  time  to  time  fell  into  the  lord's  hands. 

Except  in  the  manor  of  Fennagh,  in  county  Carlow,  the  Earl  had 
few  betagh  tenants,  or  original  Irish  tenants,  on  his  demesne  lands. 
There,  however,  they  were  in  some  number,  and  their  money  rent 
sraounted  to  from  £5  to  £20  yearly.  There  were  of  course  the  usual 
feudal  sources  of  income,  as  reliefs  and  wardships,  also  composition  for 
military  service,  escheats  for  felony,  deodanda,  &c. 

The  profits  of  the  demesne  farma  were  conaiderablo.  The  mills,  which 
in  most  cases  were  the  property  of  the  lord,  yielded  large  returns.  The 
common  oven  in  some  towns  was  also  his  possession.  The  right  of  ferry- 
ing over  the  Barrow  at  certain  points  was  his  also. 

Aids,  too,  for  special  purposes,  were  sometimes  levied  as  in  the  caae 
of  that  raised  for  the  strengthening  of  tho  Castle  of  Fennagh  which  ia 
itat«d  to  be  granted  by  the  whole  county.  It  produced  £85  2«.  tid., 
of  which  £83  10«.  5rf  were  spent  on  that  castle. 

The  cost  of  management  of  the  estate  averaged  about  £250  a-ycar, 
including  the  seneBchal's  salary  of  £100.  The  bulk  of  the  remainder  was 
transmitted  to  the  earl  in  England  ;  or,  more  frequently,  paid  iuto  the 
Dnblin  esthequer  on  his  account,  to  the  Italian  banker  merchants  from 
whom  he  may  have  had  advances  of  money,  or  to  Dublin,  Waterford,  or 
New  Boss  inerchanta  who  had  furnished  him  with  com,  victual,  or  ale  in 
Wales.  The  amount  of  tho  balances  allowed  to  remain  in  the  treasurer's 
hands  are  noteworthy.  In  the  last  account  which  treasurer  Thomas 
Wade  furnished  he  closed  with  the  enormous  balance  of  £1363  in  band. 


54 


HOYAL   80CIETT  OF  ANTIQUAEIES  OF   lEELASD. 


The  principal  place  of  trade  was,  of  course,  Rospont  or  New  Roag. 
Here  wero  usually  bought  the  cloth,  groceriea,  iron,  and  other  imported 
goods  needed  at  Carlow.  But  the  cloth  was  Hometimea  bought  at  Kilkenny, 
and  many  things  were  brought  from  Dublin,  even  so  heavy  an  article  ae 
lead  being  carried  thus  far.  An  annual  fair  at  New  Sohb  Heems  to  have 
been  of  great  importance,  a  special  exchequer  court  being  opened  during 
its  continuance  to  facilitate  the  carl's  debtors  who  wished  to  take  advan- 
tage of  that  time  to  discharge  their  liabilitieE.  A  special  police  force  of 
watchmen  was  organized  (luring  the  time  of  this  fair  at  a  cost  of  10s. 

Carlow,  too,  must  have  been  a  considerable  town.  It  had  been 
incorporated  by  a  former  lord.  Tie  burgesses  paid  a  rent  of  £8  lis.  Gd,, 
from  which  it  would  seem  that  there  were  no  fewer  than  171  free 
burgesses  in  the  town,  the  charter  having  imposed  a  rent  of  \2d.  from 
each  burgage.  In  addition  some  cottaEors  paid  collectively  a  rent  of  4a.  6d., 
and  six  horse  shoes.  The  town  was  governed  by  an  annually  elected 
provost,  and  justice  was  administered  by  its  own  hundred  court,  for  the 
profits  arising  from  which  the  provost  had  t«  account  to  the  earl'a 
treasurer.     The  prise  of  ale  brought  to  the  lord  40s.  a-year. 

The  other  principal  burgh  towns  were  the  town  of  the  Castle  of 
Fothered,  where  were  80  burgeaaes  paying  a  rent  of  Is.  each,  and  29 
cottagers  paying  tugetber  13s.  ild.,  and  14  geese ;  a  smith's  work  shop 
paid  4  horse-shoes.  In  1281,  the  town  having  fallen  into  disgrace,  all 
tlie  burgesses  united  to  pay  a  fine  of  £6  13s.  id.  to  obtain  the  restora- 
tion of  their  common  liberties,  which  had  been  forfeited  to  the  earl  for 
certain  offences  not  specified. 

On  the  county  Wesford  portion  of  the  estate,  besides  New  Kos,  was 
the  burgh  of  Old  Itos,  with  a  burgh  rent  of  5Ss.  10(2.,  and  5s.  for  priae 
of  ale;  and  the  town  of  Island,  with  a  rent  of  110s.  4d.,  assize  of  ale  of 
53s,  4d.,  and  I3s.  4d..  from  the  common  town  oven.  The  last-named 
town  was  the  only  part  of  the  earl's  posBessions  which  was  not  thriving. 
In  1286  "  almost  no  tenant  remained  in  the  town."  In  1289  "  the  town 
VBH  almost  waste."  The  beginning  of  this  decline  occurred  about  the 
Bome  time  as  the  destruction  of  its  mill  by  an  inroad  of  the  eea. 
Possibly  portion  of  the  town  wae  in  the  same  way  destroyed.  Its  right 
of  ferry  over  the  estuary  of  the  Barrow  was  at  the  same  time  interfered 
with  by  the  proprietors  at  the  other  side. 

The  receipts  from  ferries  over  the  Barrow  indicate  the  existence  of 
many  traders.  The  need  of  bridges  at  Carlow,  over  the  Barrow  and  Bur- 
ren  was  much  felt,  and  pressure  was  put  upon  the  townsmen  to  build  or 
perhaps  rebuild  them.  For  their  neglect  fines  were  imposed  on  the  com- 
munity of  the  burgh  of  Carlow."      The  river  Barrow  was  also  a  meani 

'  Ai  tbo  history  of  Carlow  bridge   hss  been  slready  dealt  with  in  our  Journal 
I    (IBea,  p.  162),  it  mny  le  ii.tereetiag  to  add  tbe  entrieg  referring 
villa  (Oalherlugb)  quia  smerciata  fuit  quia  pontes  Don  e 
Hacburin"  (Account  of  Provost  □(  Carlow,    1286).      «  20j.    di 
p«ntG  COD  leponto"  {Ibid.  1288). 


"  £*  de  eadem 
iltra  Bam  we  k 
vtUe 


I 


THE  EABL  OF  NOBFULK^S  BsIeIteS  HT  IREUIfD.  55 

«f  caniage  of  heavy  goods,  such  as  millstoncB  and  timber  to  Carlow. 
The  general  mode  of  coaveyanco  of  goods  was,  o£  course,  by  pack  horse. 
2fo  better  evidence  of  the  orderly  state  of  the  country  can  be  found  than 
the  facility  with  which  valuable  goods,  Buch  as  cloth,  iron,  and  especially 
money,  could  be  sent  from  place  to  place.  Money  was  frequently  Bent 
in  very  Ifirge  sums,  without  any  indication  that  it  was  considered  a  work 
of  very  great  danger.  Thus  on  one  occasion  £I40,  value  for,  perhaps, 
two  thousand  of  modem  money,  hod  to  go  from  Carlow  to  Rosa.  A  pack 
horse  waa  hired  for  I*.,  and  the  hags  with  their  thousands  of  silver  coins, 
140  lbs.  (troy)  weight,  packed  on  his  back.  The  treasurer's  clerk  and 
two  other  retainers  of  the  castle,  with  5  footmen  were  sufficient  escort  for 
this  very  large  sum. 

£200  were  intrusted  to  a  certain  man  to  carry  into  England,  pre- 
sumably to  the  earl.  His  espouses  were  placed  at  only  2G$.,  and  his 
payment  for  a  work  of  so  much  danger  and  responsibility  20». 

On  yet  another  occasion  a  sum  of  £200  had  to  he  paid  on  account  of 
the  earl  to  the  exchequer  at  Dublin.  Sir  W.  Cadel  and  two  of  the  clerks 
took  charge  of  the  money;  their  expenses  for  the  journey  and  stay  in 
Dublin  am ountiBg  to  18*.  4d.  A  special  addition  to  their  expenses  is 
characteristic.  The  counting  of  £200  in  the  coin  of  those  days  was  a 
work  of  some  labour,  and  accordingly  Sir  William  took  upon  him  to  give 
the  exchequer  clerks  a  breakfast  on  the  occasion  at  a  cost  of  I6id.,  which, 
perhaps,  may  have  helped  to  keep  them  in  good  humour,  and  less  dis- 
posed to  object  to  clipped  or  doubtful  coins. 

The  earl  sometimes  received  the  pnifita  of  his  Irish  eBtates  in  goods. 
"Wheat  and  ale  were  frequently  sent  from  Dublin  to  him  in  Wales,  in 
large  quantities,  paid  for  by  his  Irish  treasurer.  On  one  occasion  even 
armour  made  in  Ireland  was  bo  sent. 

Among  minor  industries  noticed  are  the  production  of  millstones,  and 
ilat«s  for  roofing,  near  Koss.  A  ritrearius  or  le  vemir  was  a  burgher 
of  New  Ross ;  but  whether  a  glass  maker  or  glass  worker  does  not 
appear.  The  following  trade  suruames  also  occur  among  the  provosts  of 
Kew  EoBs  :  Wimplor  (a  maker  of  wimples  or  ladies'  veils).  Goldsmith, 
Bapper  (amakerof  linen  cloth),  and  Gaunter  (glove  maker).  At  Carlow 
■we  find  the  Tanner,  the  Fisherman  {Fiscaiof),  the  Baker,  the  Tailor,  the 
Chapman. 

The  acquiescence  of  the  Irish  chiefs  in  the  earl's  rule  was  secured  by 
a  monetary  recognition  of  their  position.  Art,  the  chief  of  the  M'KIurghs, 
received  a  salary  of  £13  6».  8d.  Moriardagh,  another  of  the  family, 
had  a  amaller  fee  of  33».  id.  Maurice  O'Lorcau's  position  was  recognised 
by  being  named  keeper  of  the  wood  of  Fennagh,  with  a  salary  of  6rf.,  after- 
wards It.,  a-weck.  A  gift  of  66(.  8i.  was  also  on  one  occasion  made  to 
Uaurice  O'Bymc.  As  a  result  tiere  is  only  one  occasion  of  difflcultiea 
with  the  Irish  of  the  district,  when  for  a  tiuio  the  O'Bymes  and  O'Kolans 
took  up  aims,  but  seem  to  have  been  put  down  vrith  very  little  difficulty. 


56 


ROYAL   SOCIETY   OF    ANTIQUARIES   OF   lEELAND. 


Tho  power  of  the  earl's  government  is  further  illustrateil  by  another 
instance.  Tho.  M'Murgh  was  arrested  on  a  writ  from  the  king's  court, 
and  had  to  he  sent  to  Dublin.  This  coalJ  be  done  with  a  guard  of  only 
as  men  hired  for  the  purpose ;  a  fair  evidence  that  there  was  little 
danger  of  organized  effort  to  rescue  liim. 

The  evidence  as  to  relations  of  the  landlord  with  the  botaghB,  the  Irish 
oeeupiers  remaining  on  the  lord'a  lands,  is  very  slight.  The  payment  of 
money  rents  by  them  is  only  accounted  for  on  one  manor,  Fennagh,  in 
oonnty  Carlow.  But  their  existence  is  alluded  to  on  others,  where  they 
are  deseribed  as  performing  services  of  various  kinds,  but  not  implying 
any  severity  of  condition,  and  apparently  unaccompanied  by  any  money 
rent.  At  Old  Ross  they  arc  found  helping  in  the  threshing,  reaping, 
stacking  com,  and  carriage  of  hurdles  from  the  wood  for  use  in  the  castle. 
The  provost  there  charged  himself  with  "  4  crnnnoca  of  oats  received  of 
the  chattels  of  Ad.  O'Brien,  a  deceased  botagh  of  tho  earl,  taken  by  desire 
of  the  seneschal,  because  he  had  not  a  son  nor  anyone  who  could  take 
his  place  after  him."  From  the  taking  of  the  chattel  property,  only,  it 
may  be  assumed  that  the  seneschal  recognised  that  the  bctagh's  interest 
in  his  land  was  not  personal,  but  in  common  with  his  sept. 

Tho  accounts  of  the  provosts  of  the  manors  show  tho  stato  and  value 
of  farm  produce.  Oats  was  the  largest  crop,  followed  by  wheat  and  rye. 
Garden  cultivation  is  found  in  several  places.  The  gardens  were  fenced 
with  thorns  planted  round  them.  The  chief  garden  product  was  apples, 
for  which  there  was  a  ready  sale.     Leeks  and  herbs  were  also  sold. 

The  profits  of  live  stock  on  these  manor  farms  were  also  considerable. 
The  stock  at  Old  Ross  in  1280  included  505  nheep,  316  lambs  ;  221 
eheep  and  42  lambs  were  sold  during  the  year,  the  sheep  from  Brf.  to  1». ; 
tho  lambs  at  id.  Beside  sheep,  the  stock  in  the  following  year  included 
8  farm  horses,  29  cows,  5  pigs,  9  swans,  11  peacocks  and  hens.  Largo 
quantities  of  cheese  were  sold  from  some  of  these  farms.  The  milk  was 
obtained  not  only  from  cows  but  from  sheep.  The  milk  of  12  ewes  was 
considered  equal  te  that  of  one  cow,  which  was  valued  at  2i.  a  year. 

As  is  still  largely  done  in  the  south  of  Ireland  sea  sand  was  exten- 
sively used  for  manure.  It  was  taken  from  the  banks  in  the  tidal  estuary 
of  the  river  Barrow,  Tho  expense  of  carriage  made  it  a  costly  process. 
At  Old  Sob  the  cost  of  manuring  with  aand  was  as  much  as  8«.  an  aero. 

The  practice  of  burning  land  was  also  followed  to  a  considerable 
extent.  Unlike  most  of  the  farming  in  the  Anglo-Norman  colony,  which 
generally  followed  the  farming  systems  in  use  in  England,  this  practice 
of  burning  land  is  mentioned  as  "  more  patrie,"  after  tho  manner  of  the 
country.  The  cost  is  put  down  at  16rf,  an  aero,  while  the  spreading  of 
the  burned  soil  cost  &d.  or  id.  an  acre  more.' 

'  Thii  practice  n  thus  reterred  to  in  a  description  of  Co.  Woxford  in  Qie  aevcateenlli 
centUTf :  "They  have  one  very  deHtrucliTe  waj  of  manuring  their  lands  over  tho 
whole  county,  called  BeUinmore,  which  is  done  b;  bunting  ye  Eodd  in  beapt  afler  Ihs 
fint  plowing,  and  then  epreediiig  ibem  over  the  lood  ;  it  brings  the  tenant  some  unall 


THE  EABL  OP  NORFOLK'S   ESTATES   IN   IRELAND.         67 

The  following  articles  were  in  use  in  the  manor  farm  at  Old  Eos  in 
1287  :  5  brass  pots,  a  vessel  for  washing,  an  old  pan,  a  tripod,  an  iron 
bound  cart,  6  pairs  of  irons  for  ploughs,  a  cord  for  a  wagon,  2  cords  for 
carts,  4  iron  dung  forks,  2  forks  for  sheaves,  an  iron  trace  for  a  cart,  2 
locks ;  in  the  dairy  a  new  tub  and  an  old  one,  5  moulds  for  cheese. 

The  wages  of  the  farm  workmen  were  very  similar  to  those  in 
nmilar  positions  half  a  century  later  on  the  farms  under  the  Priory  of  the 
Holy  Trinity,  Dublin.  Ploughholders  received  5«.  a-year ;  ploughdrivers, 
carters,  shepherds,  4^. ;  provosts  of  manors,  4^.  to  6s.  In  addition,  each 
received  4d.  a-week  as  an  allowance  for  food.  Occasional  farm  labourers, 
harrowers,  extra  ploughmen  and  others  had  generally  Id,  a-day.  Sometimes 
only  id,  a-day  ;  but  in  this  case  probably  with  board.  Ditchers  got  l^d. ; 
thatchers,  li^.  or  Irf.  ;  man  making  a  causeway,  lid,  a-day.  Carpenter* 
were  much  better  paid,  usually  at  4d,,  in  one  case,  6d.  a-day  ;  assistants, 
2d,  or  lid. ;  Irish  carpenters,  Sd, ;  ferrymen,  2d,  or  lid, 

18  acres  of  meadow  cost  7s,  6d,  (or  5d.  an  acre)  for  mowing ;  the  mak- 
ing and  putting  into  cocks,  Qs, ;  carrying  into  farmyard,  4«.  9d,  Hay  on 
foot  sold  for  16^.,  20d,,  and  2s,  an  acre. 

Among  matters  of  interest  incidentally  mentioned  is  the  school  at 
New  Ross.  The  house  in  which  it  had  been  held  was  in  1282  used  to 
store  hay  in. 

Accounts  for  1286  apologise  for  the  small  produce  of  com,  as  caused 
by  the  dryness  of  the  season.  This  fact  does  not  appear  to  be  noticed  by 
the  annalists  of  Ireland.  But  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  Stow's 
Chronicle  ascribes  to  this  year  '*  an  exceeding  hot  summer,  so  that  men 
died  thereof." 

The  occurrence  once,  and  once  only,  of  the  purchase  of  a  cord  to  hang 
a  robber ;  and  the  very  few  references  to  thefts  among  the  carefully  com- 
piled accounts  of  stock  on  some  of  the  manors,  imply  that  such  lawless- 
ness was  rare,  and  that  the  extreme  penalty  of  the  law  was  not  frequent. 

The  name  Shakespear  is  met  as  that  of  the  master  of  the  ship  in  which 
the  earl  took  passage  back  to  England ;  Elias  Sakespere  being  paid 
53«.  4d.  for  the  transfretatio  of  the  lord  earl. 

I  append  a  translation  of  one  of  the  accounts  (made  from  Mr.  Here's 
careful  transcript  of  the  Rolls),  which  will  supply  matter  for  a  fuller  dis- 
cussion of  many  points  which  I  have  but  slightly  touched,  and  enable  the 
student  to  examine  others  which  I  have  not  noticed. 


[AccoxjWT,  eto.'\ 


profitt  for  two  or  three  yeares  after,  but  for  twelve  or  eighteen  yeares  again  (unless 
very  wdl  manured  with  dung  or  sand)  neither  yeildes  toUerable  come  or  graase." 
Jomnal,  1859,  p.  466. 


EOYAL   SOCIETY   OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF   IRELAND. 


AccotJNT  OF  THE  TaEisuEEa  OF  Cablow,  1283. 

Vitte  of  the  Account  of  Thomas  Wade,  7\eMurer  of  Catherlagh,  from  tk» 
morroto  of  S.  Michael,  in  the  lOth  year  of  King  Edward  to  the 
Feaai  of  8.  Michael  in  the  1  Uh  year. 

He  renders  aocount  of  £281  11(.  Sjrf.  balance  from  last  preceding 
iccount. 

Ho  renders  account  of  20t.  of  the  rent  of  John  Sweyn  and  Roger 
Kajrdif,  for  their  holding  beyond  the  water,  opposite  the  castle,  at  the 
terms  of  Easter  and  S.  Michael,  by  equal  portions.  And  of  13*.  4d.  of 
Thomas  Vade,  for  rent  of  the  Eochan,  at  the  same  terms.  And  of  Bd. 
for  the  holding  of  Culgad,  in  place  of  one  epan-owhawk,  at  the  feast  of  8. 
Michael.  Aod  of  4f.  of  the  rent  of  John  Bigod,  for  Taghmolin,  for  b 
year.     Sum,  37».  lOd. 

He  renders  account  of  I2rf.  oi  Ivor  O'Seannyl,  to  have  protection  {pro 
advocatioiie  habenia)  for  the  year.  And  of  %d.  of  Gillecrist  MacEadd; 
for  same,  for  the  yeir.     Sum,  2a.  6d. 

He  renders  account  of  15i.  of  the  farm  of  the  Great  Moor,  which 
Thomas  Wado  holds,  for  the  year.  And  of  16«.  of  the  farm  of  arable  land 
in  same  place,  for  the  year.  And  of  56a.  of  the  farm  of  55a.  of  land  in 
Bilcrath,  by  the  hands  of  Ralph  Wade.  And  of  £13  6«.  Sd.  of  Thomaa 
le  Norrris,  for  the  farm  of  the  mills  and  oven  of  the  town  of  Cathorlagh 
for  th^  year.  And  of  18i.  of  Tioceat  the  fiahermuu  tor  the  farm  of  the 
fishery  of  the  water  of  same  town,  for  the  year.  And  of  £9  6».  8d.  of 
Peter  MtiltoD,  for  the  farm  of  the  mill  of  the  Castle  of  Fothered,  for  tho 
year.  And  of  £33  6«  8d.  of  William  do  Seucrene,  for  tho  farm  of  the 
mills  of  New  Eos,  for  tho  year. 

Aad  of  £13  6».  8d.  of  the  farm  of  the  chief  serjeancy  of  the  county 
of  Catherlagh,  for  the  year,  at  the  aforesaid  terms.     Sum,  £78  12«,  8i. 

h.  And  of  40*.  received  of  John  Hamond,  provost  of  the  burgh  of  Cather- 
lagh, without  tally.  And  of  60s.  of  Adam  Mercator,'  provost  of  same 
town,  for  his  first  half-year  1 1°  Edw.  And  of  24*.  Urf.  received  of 
John  Magor,  keeper  of  the  meadow  of  Eatherlagb,  by  2  tallies,  of  which 
15*.  was  without  tally. 

•  And  of  £16  11*.  received  of  Eobert  son  of  Roger,  provost  of  tho 

burgh  of  Fothered,  by  3  tallies. 


'  AdToratio  otdinarily  metms  advowson.  the  earl  poBBesaed  the  advowsona  of  th« 
ohuicbes  of  Carlow,  Old  Rdsb,  uid  KyUcallan,  wbicb  are  included  snd  valued  sinODg 
hia  poueisioiu  (SwcetniiLD,  Cal.,  1306-T,  pp.  180-1).  Aa  tlia  small  pujtnents  her* 
OMur  renrly,  this  BonEo  seems  not  lo  apply.  Du  Ciinge  g'veB  it  tho  meanioKB  of 
"  Prolectio     ;  "  Pcntitatio  pro  tulomputo    ;  whlcli  appears  a  more  probable  c 


'Thioiif 
JTbisDB 
«  of  the  U 


e  appears 


1  another  ai 


I 


I 


THE   EARL   OF   NORFOLK  S   ESTATES   IN   IRELAND. 

And  of  £40  &t.  received  of  David  de  Bonbam,  proTOBt  of  fialisax,  i 
by  3  tollies.  And  of  £10  of  same  David  to  disuhurgc  part  of  the 
Beneschal's  fee.  And  of  100*.  for  entry  to  certain  land  which  Tbomaa 
de  la  Hull  bolds  to  farm.  And  of  llTf.  Sd.  of  same  David,  in  wool  sold 
and  given  to  Robert  the  Clerk,  to  make  provision  for  the  earl  going  towards 
Wales,  without  tally.  And  of  40*.  received  of  same  David,  without 
tally,  as  be  acknowledged  upon  the  account.  And  of  6i.  9d.  received  of 
Mune  David,  which  was  given  to  Robert  the  Clerk  to  make  return  of 
write  at  Dublin.     Sum,  £103  19«.  6Jrf. 

And  of  £35  15».  li.  received  of  Roger  the  Clerk,  provost  of  Eospont,  K 
for  first  half  of  year  1 1°,  by  5  tallies. 

And  of  lOOj.  received  of  Griflin,  provost  of  the  Island,  of  rent  of  same  ii 
burgh,  by  3  tallies  (of  which  I  tally  was  found).     And  of  33«.  4i.  of  the 
farm  of  the  mill  of  same  town,  by  the  bands  of  Thomas  Slyroe,  farmer  of 
the  same  mill,  by  oae  tally,  which  the  same  Thomas  has  with  him. 

And  of  58«.  lOii,  received  of  Thomas  Imeen,  provost  of  Old  Ros,  by  o 
1  tally.  And  of  40j.  received  of  David  Xrillec,  provost  of  the  manor  of 
Old  Ros,  of  the  lieriot  of  Richard  Juvenis,  by  1  tally ;  and  of  6».  in  the 
10*  year  of  Edwaol.  And  of  £140  17».  7id.  received  of  the  rent  of  tha 
barony  of  Old  Kos,  as  well  of  free  tenants  as  of  farmers  of  the  mill  there ; 
and  of  the  rent  of  the  farmers  of  Island,  as  appears  in  the  account  of 
same  Thomas  Wade,  collector  of  the  aforesaid  rent  this  year.  And  of 
£4  14»,  llirf.  of  the  farmersof  Island  that  they  may  hold  theirfannaa 
before  they  were  accustomed  to  hold  it. 

And  of  79s.  Oid.  of  the  rent  of  the  custodian  of  Tullaghduffan  for  the 
whole  year,  which  is  in  ward  of  the  earl  by  the  death  of  Thomas  le 
Hore.     Sum,  £161   9*.  OJi. 

And  of  £21    12«.  lOrf.  received  of  the  betaghs  of  Finfagh,  for  the  Fi 
year,  as  appears  by  the  roll  of  receipts. 

He  renders  account  of  £7  3».  received  of  John  !c  Especer  and  Philip  w 
Renter,  for  54  atones  of  wool  of  the  manor  of  Old  Ros  sold,  to  wit,  for  a 
Back  10  marks. 

And  of  63j.  6d.  received  of  same  for  20  stones  of  wool  sold  to  them 
from  the  manor  of  the  Castle  of  Pothered,  price  of  the  sack  as  above. 
Bom,  £10  6«.  6d. 

And  of  100s.  received  of  Kfatthew  Borard,  of  certain  services  which  ho  s< 
vithhtdd,  whereof  he  has  certain  terms  per  annum  to  pay  them  untU 
they  are  fully  paid. 

He  renders  account  of  £140  9«.  of  pleas  and  perquiMtes  of  assizes,  Pi 
pleas  of  accused  persons,  and  pleas  of  the  crown,  for  the  year,  held  before 
W.  Cadt-l.     And  of  £20  13*.  received  of  pleas  and  perquisites  of  the 

'  Ballyiai,  CQunty  Eildaie. 

*  New  Roea,  county  Wctford. 

*  Ort'kt  Iiluid,  in  tba  paiuh  of  EilnokM,  county  Wexford,  U  the  MnfluBoce  of 
e  B«iTow  and  Buir.     ll  ie  not  ddw  nn  iilaod,  the  eaetem  cbumel  bitvine  tilled  up. 

igh,  count;  Corlow. 


m 


EOYAL   SOCl 


county  court  lield  this  year  before  Reg.  Lyuet.  And  of  13s.  4rf.  of  the 
amercement  of  Chyne,  eon  of  Montus,  at  the  Exchequer,  before  the 
TrcasuriT.     Sum,  £160  15*.  4d. 

Sum  total  of  Receipts  with  arrears  £879  5e.  lOirf. 

In  espcnscB  of  Thomas  Wade  and  Eichard  hia  clerk  going  to  Koh  for 
collecting  the  rent  and  preparing  victual  for  the  Earl,  on  many  occasions, 
as  appears  hy  partienlara  53*.  8Jrf,  In  espenses  of  Hamo  Thomas  Wade 
going  to  Dnhlin  to  prepare  victuals  of  the  lord  Earl,  and  accounting  there 
with  Philip  Die  Clerk  for  4  days,  6(.  In  expenses  of  Eicbard  the  Clerk 
going  to  Dublin  with  £19  to  pay  to  Philip  the  Clerk,  who  was  there,  for 
5  days,  2».  In  expenses  of  Ardeme,  messenger  of  the  lord  Earl,  who 
came  with  hia  letters,  from  the  Monday  next  after  the  feast  of  S.  Urban  to 
the  octave  of  the  apostles  Peter  and  Paul,  for  6  weeks  and  2  days,  6s.  8d., 
by  1  tally.  In  espenscs  of  William  dc  Weston,  pleader  of  the  earl,  for 
carrying  out  divers  hufineBs  of  the  earl  at  Dublin,  at  difEerent  times, 
6*.  2d.  In  expenses  of  Halph  Wade  and  Robert  the  Clerk,  canying  £200 
of  the  lord  Earl  into  Wales,  and  in  their  expenses  retnraing.  76»,  Sd. 

In  3  ells  of  canvas  bought  for  making  bags  for  placing  the  Earl's 
treasure  in,  and  transmitting  it  to  Wales,  7id.  In  a  certain  horse  hired 
to  carry  the  Earl's  treasure  to  Dowsky  4d.  In  parchment  for  making 
rolls,  and  preparing  inquisitions  of  the  county  and  other  things,  for  the 
year,  6i.  Bd.  In  expenses  of  Robert  the  Clerk  going  to  Dublin  for  a 
plea  of  the  earl6».  8rf. ;  for  returning  writs  5».  6Irf.    Sum  £8  5«.  6Jrf. 

In  boards,  Joists  {gitUa),  bought  for  repairing  the  kitchen  which  is  in 
a  certain  tower,  as  appears  by  particulars,  5a.  bd.  la  a  certain  mason 
hired  repairing  the  wall  of  said  kitchen  in  part,  3».  9rf.  In  a  certain 
man  hired  to  break  stone  in  the  quarry  2».  3a.  In  the  wages  of  the 
same  and  of  a  carpenter  being  about  the  said  work  6».  lid.  In  repairing 
the  old  hall  for  G  days  Ai.  \d.  In  700  nails  bought  for  repairing  the 
castle  of  Catbei'lagh,  with  canvas  for  putting  the  same  nails  in  is.  did. 
In  making  anew  36  perches  of  palisade  about  the  old  hall,  at  task  26t,, 
for  a  perch  ^d.  In  digging  the  same  36  perches  and  levelling  beneath 
where  the  palisade  was  to  be  constructed  \.^d.     Sum  50«.  \\\d. 

In  61  ells  of  bumet  bought  for  the  use  of  the  seneschal  and  other 
knightn,  the  treasurer,  and  Elyas  de  Yhestan  £12  1*.  In  li  pieces  of 
cloth  of  burell  bought  for  the  use  of  William  de  Weston  {John  son  of 
William,  David  de  Pemhrok,  sifuek  out  iccatue  no  teril)  Henry  Talun 
sheriff,  Ralph  Wade  constable  of  Catherhigh,  Thomas  de  Clene  constable 
of  Pothered,  and  Ralph  de  Lunt  constable  of  Old  Ros,  £7  lOi.  In  6 
fuTB  of  stradling'  for  the  use  of  the  knights.  60#,  Also  in  6  furs  of  acurell 
for  UBu  of  the  same  33*.  Also  in  6  furs  for  tho  hoods  of  the  knights 
bought,  of  minever,  27«. ;  price  of  each  4».  Gd.  In  5  furs  bought  for  use 
of  the  valetti  8s.  ed.  Given  to  Robert  the  Clerk  for  his  robe  and  fur 
22..  9rf.     Sum  £27  2*.  3d. 


'  Elgewtiuro 


n  stniiliag  :  see  p.  52. 


THE  KABL  OF  NORFOLK'S  ESTATES  IN  IRELAND.         61 

In  2  pieces  of  cloth  bought  for  the  robes  of  the  aforesaid  knights  and  Robes  for 
others  of  their  class  £9  ld«.  id.  In  fine  linen  {aindon)  bought  for  lining  *^°^ 
of  same  22«.  6i.  In  the  robe  of  Robert  the  Clerk  17«.  6d,  In  one  piece 
of  striped  cloth  bought  for  robes  of  William  de  Weston,  Reg.  Liuet, 
Ralph  Wade,  and  Thomas  de  Clene  73«.  4d.  In  furs  of  Robert  the  Clerk 
and  Ralph  5«.  Given  to  William  Kaddel  junior,  constable  of  Einfagh, 
for  his  robe,  in  money,  20«.  by  writ  of  the  Earl.  Also  given  to  Ralph 
le  Lund  constable  of  Old  Ros,  for  his  robe,  in  money,  20«.  And  be  it 
remembered  that  Gavlard  Amabin  had  1  robe  of  a  remnant  of  the  robes 
which  remained  in  the  wardrobe  of  the  Earl,  by  writ  of  the  Earl. 
Sum  £17  11«.  8^. 

In  the  fee  given  to  sir  W.  Kadel  seneschal,  for  the  whole  year,  £100,  fms 
by  his  letters  patent.  In  the  fee  of  Reg.  de  Liuet  sheriff,  for  a  year,  £10. 
In  the  fee  of  Ralph  Wade  constable  of  Catherlagh  100«.  In  the  fee  of 
Robert  the  Clerk  for  same  time  100«.  In  the  fee  of  sir  Richard  le  Rus 
and  William  Cadel  constable  of  Finfagh  for  a  whole  year  £10.  In  the 
fee  of  Thomas  de  Clene  bailiff  of  Eothered  and  Balisax  100«.  for  a  year. 
In  the  fee  of  Ralph  le  Lund  constable  of  Old  Ros,  by  letter  of  the 
seneschal  100«.  In  the  fee  of  Tatheg  0  Lorkan  for  a  year  52«.  And 
in  the  fee  of  Richard  the  clerk  of  the  treasurer  for  said  .time  20«.  In 
the  fee  of  Elyas  de  Ybestan  pleader  {narrator)  of  the  Earl  for  a  year 
100«.  by  writ  of  the  Earl.     Sum  £148  12«. 

In  expenses  of  sir  W.  Kadel  seneschal  going  to  Dublin  on  two  occa-  Extern 
fiions  to  answer  concerning  a  certain  novel  disseisin  mode  at  Finnur 
72«.  Sd.  In  4  iron  headpieces  mode  and  sent  for  the  use  of  the  lord 
Earl  in  Wales  lOs.  by  command  of  the  seneschal.  In  gift  of  the  Earl  to 
W.  Cadel  junior  for  his  passage  by  writ  of  the  seneschal  40*.  {struck  out). 
In  gift  of  the  lord  Earl  to  Walter  de  Bonecul  17«.  to  discharge  his  wages ; 
by  letter  of  the  Earl.  Also  delivered  of  the  gift  of  the  lord  Earl  to  Hugh 
Tallin,  by  the  same  letter,  10«.  Given  to  Tatheg  0  Lorkan  of  the  gift  of 
the  Earl,  by  his  letter,  40».  Given  to  David  Stakepol  for  discharging  a 
debt  of  Sir  P.  de  Boclond  16«.  4d.  by  letter  of  the  Earl.  Paid  to  Marcha 
the  goldsmith  of  Dublin  60«.  by  the  same  letter,  for  discharging  the 
armour  of  sir  Philip  de  Boclond.  And  in  passage  money  of  a  horse  of 
sir  P.  de  B.  10«.  7d.  Given  to  James  and  Lappus  Lumbard  for  discharg- 
ing a  debt  of  the  Earl  when  he  was  in  Ireland,  which  is  not  contained 
in  the  writing.     Sum  £13   6s,  2d. 

Given  to  Thomas  de  Hampton  for  two  tuns  of  ale  taken  to  the  use  of 
the  lord  Earl  at  Rothlan*   in  Wales  56».  8d.  by  letter  patent  of  the  Earl. 

Given  to  the  wardrobe  of  the  lord  Earl  by  Ralph  Wade  and  Robert 
the  Clerk  sent  to  Abreconeweye '  in  Wales  £200,  whereof  Philip  the 
Clerk  accounts. 


>  Rhyddlan,  near  Rhyl,  in  Flintshire,  the  headquarters  of  the  king  during  his  war 
against  the  Welsh,  in  which  the  earl  was  actively  engaged. 
•*  Conway,  in  Wales. 


62  BOTAL  80CIETT  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 

Paid  to  John  Turel  of  Waterf ord  for  wheat  and  oats  hought  in  Wales 
£20  11«.  7ii  by  letter  patent  of  the  EarL  Given  to  Gyot  Cokerel  for 
com  taken  from  him,  and  other  victnalB,  at  Abreconewey,  bonght  from  him 
£52  7».  (whereof  £20  are  for  1  horse)  by  letter  patent  of  the  Earl,  which 
he  has  with  him,  and  a  letter  close  of  command,  which  the  same  Thomas 
Wade  treasurer  has  with  him. 

Qiyen  to  Henry  le  Mareschal  burgess  of  Dublin,  for  wheat  and  oats 
bought  from  him  to  the  use  of  the  Earl  at  Abreconeweye  £25  5$.  6d.  by 
letter  patent  of  the  Earl.  And  of  all  the  aforesaid,  Philip  the  Clerk  has 
accounted.     Sum  £301  0«.  9^^. 

Given  to  David  de  Trillec  provost  of  Old  Eos  with  approval  of  Ralph 
de  Lund  constable  of  the  same  place  £9  39. 9d.  by  2  tallies  for  Baliconwr.^ 
Given  to  same  David  179.  4d,  Gtiven  to  same  to  the  use  of  Baliconwr 
13«.  4d.  by  letter  of  Seneschal.  (Kven  to  same  41«.  O^d.  by  1  tally,  to 
buy  wheat  for  seed  against  winter.    Sum  £12  159.  5|J. 

Li  constructing  one  new  mill  at  Finfagh  at  task,  by  letters  of  the 
Seneschal  and  by  tally  against  him  £4.  In  iron,  copper  and  other  things 
bought  for  the  same  mill  99.  by  tally,  and  all  by  letters  of  the  Earl.  Sum 
£4  99.  O^;. 

Given  to  William  de  Wyhte  of  Catherlagh,  keeper  of  the  meadow  of 
the  lord  Earl  at  Catherlagh  in  the  time  of  mowing  359.  4d, 

Sum  total  of  the  expenses  with  payments  £536  199.  lid.  and  he 
owes  £342  69.  Sid. 

^  One  of  the  farms  attached  to  the  manor  of  Old  Ross. 


(     63     ) 


ON  POSEY  RINGS. 
Bt  BOBERT  DAT,  F.S.A.,  M.B.I.A.,  Viob-Pbbsidbnt. 

I  HATE  already  upon  two^  occasions  contributed  lists  of  Bings  in  my  col- 
lection liaving  mottoes  or  poseys  engraved  upon  them,  and  as  I  am  told 
that  the  quaint  devices  and  Old  World  sentences  upon  these  have  proved  of 
interest,  I  have  pleasure  in  still  further  adding  a  description  of  those  that 
I  have  since  acquired,  picked  up  here  and  there  from  time  to  time,  in 
Scotland,  the  south  of  England,  and  the  greater  part  in  Ireland:  in 
some  cases  saved  from  the  melting  pot,  in  others  purchased  from  the 
dealers,  who  in  this  age  when  private  collectors  are  becoming  more  and 
more  numerous,  and  when  wealth  is  increasing,  are  asking  prices  four  and 
five  times  in  excess  of  those  that  ruled  when  I  invested  in  my  first  posey. 
These  I  have  placed  in  alphabetical  order,  continuing  the  numbers  from 
where  they  ceased  in  the  January  part  of  1886.^  Another  motive  in 
publishing  these  is  the  hope  that  the  custom  would  be  revived  of  again 
engraving  a  motto  upon  the  wedding  ring,  in  which  there  is  ample  room 
to  record  the  initials,  date  of  marriage,  and  a  fitting  motto  ;  for  without 
the  first  two  the  ring  in  time  is  lost,  its  history  is  forgotten,  and  what 
would  otherwise  become  a  link  of  historical  interest  in  the  annals  of  the 
family  is  gone  for  ever. 

Among  the  privately  printed  opuscula  issued  to  the  members  of  ''  The 
Sette  of  Odd  Volumes,"  is  a  reprint  of  "  Love's  Gkrland  "  by  the  Alchy- 
mist  of  ye  sette,  Mr.  James  Roberts  Brown,  f.b.g.s.  This  most  dainty 
and  charming  little  volume  contains,  in  addition  to  the  poseys  in  the  old 
book,  many  more  of  those  in  private  collections,  that  of  Dr.  John  Evans, 
President  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  heading  the  list,  it  being  the 
largest  and  most  important  in  the  kingdom.  The  title-page  of  '^  Love's 
Gkirland"  is  as  quaint  as  the  contents  of  the  volume  namely,  *^  Poseys  on 
Rings,  handkerchiefs  and  gloves,  and  such  pretty  tokens  as  lovers  send 
their  Loves."  The  book  is  extremely  rare,  and  Mr.  Brown  has  done  our 
literature  upon  this  subject  a  service  in  reproducing  it  in  fac-simile,  at 
his  own  charges,  for  the  literary  club  of  which  he  is  one  of  the  past- 
Presidents. 

No. 

127.  A  loving  wife,  a  happy  life. 

128.  As  you  yous  me,  you  shall  finde  me. 

129.  X  BE  X  TBV  X  nr  X  habte  x 

130.  Content  is  a  treasure. 


1  Vol.  !▼.,  1883. 

»  Vol  vii.,  No.  66,  4th  Series. 


64  EOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 

No. 

131.  Conseal  consent  confirm  content. 

132.  Constant  ile  be  my  dear  to  thee. 

133.  Direct  our  waies  Lord  all  our  dayes,  1521. 

134.  Feare  God  onely. 

135.  Fear  God  loue  me. 

136.  God  alone  had  made  us  one. 

137.  God  above  send  peace  and  love. 

138.  God  hath  sent  my  ^  content. 

139.  God  hath  mee  sent  my  hart's  content. 

140.  God  joynd  for  ever  our  ^J^  and  hands  together. 

141.  God  Knit  this  Knot  unty  it  not. 

142.  Godly  love  will  not  remove. 

143.  God's  decree  fulfild  have  we. 

144.  God's  prouidence  is  our  inheritance. 

145.  *HONOB  .  GOD  .  IN  .  EVEBI .  PLASE. 

146.  Hartes  x  content  x  can  x  not  x  repent.* 

147.  Hearts  content  cannot  repent. 

148.  I  joy  to  find  a  constant  mind. 

149.  If  God  say  so,  who  dares  say  No  ? 

150.  In  thy  sight  is  my  delight. 

151.  Let  vertue  still  direct  thy  will,  h.d. 

152.  Live  in  Love  and  constant  prove. 

153.  Loue  as  I  or  else  I  dye. 

154.  Love  is  the  bond  of  peace. 

155.  Love's  delight  is  to  unite. 

156.  My  loue  to  the  shall  endles  be. 

157.  No  Riches  like  content. 

158.  No  Frinde  to  Faith. 

159.  Not  the  vallew  but  my  love. 

160.  Not  the  val  but  my  loue. 

161.  ijl  Once  myne  and  ever  thine. 

162.  Rather  dye  then  faith  deny. 

163.  Time  will  trye  reallyty. 

164.  This  and  my  hart. 

165.  The  gift  is  small  but  love  is  all. 

166.  True  love  will  constant  prove. 

167.  To  Christ  and  thee  I  joyned  would  be. 

168.  Vertue  and  love  is  from  above. 

169.  ijl  Two  soules  one  hart  tiU  death  depart. 

170.  "Witt,  wealth,  and  Buety,  all  doth  well, 
But  constant  love  doth  far  exell. 

Some  of  these  rings  deserve  more  than  a  mere  recital,  and  do  not 
occur  BO  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  ascertain  in  kindred  collections,  take 


ON  POSEY  RINQS.  65 

for  example  No.  131,  which  for  its  play  upon  words  is  yqtj  original. 
•'  Conseal  Consent  Confirm  Content."  This  was,  doubtless,  a  pre-nuptial 
love  token  where  the  consent  was  assured,  but  concealed  from  unfriendly 
eyes.  Or  No.  149  with  its  decisive  query,  embodying  an  assured  answer 
for,  "  If  God  say  so,  who  dares  say  No  ?  "  Again,  Nos.  158  and  162 
bring  us  back  to  the  time  when  the  martyr's  fires  cast  their  lurid  glare 
and  blighting  shadow  upon  our  land,  and  the  martyr's  motto  is  enshrined 
within  the  circle  of  the  rings,  ''  Eather  dye  than  faith  deny,"  and  '^  Kepe 
faith  tU  death."  The  contraction  in  No.  158  would  be  misleading  but 
that  we  know  the  complete  sentence  would  have  been  **  No  Friend  to  (be 
compared  with)  faith,"  and  not  as  a  cursory  reader  would  imagine  that 
the  wearer  was  an  enemy  to  that  faith  which  leads  to  salvation. 

The  great  majority  of  our  old  Posey-rings  are  remarkable  for  their 
purity  of  thought  and  expression.  I  have  never  met  with  a  single 
example  bearing  a  sentiment  other  than  one  in  which  Constancy,  Love, 
Faith,  Virtue,  Peace,  Content,  were  not  the  points  of  the  compass  to 
which  the  old  ring  wearer  directed  his  course  and  steered  his  way.  What 
can  be  finer  than  the  pious  wish  contained  in  the  dated  motto  on  No. 
133,  "  Direct  our  waies  Lord  aU  our  dayes."  On  No.  128  we  find  an 
Elizabethan  proverb^**  As  you  yous  me  you  shall  finde  me."  This 
quaint  motto  is  illustrated  in  an  interesting  way  by  a  letter  of  Sir  Walter 
Baleigh,  dated  July  26th,  1584,  where  he  writes,^  ''  If  you  shall  at  any 
time  have  occasion  to  use  mee  you  shall  finde  mee,"  proving  that  this 
form  of  expression  was  in  use  at  this  particular  time,  and  that  the  ring 
carries  us  back  to  the  sixteenth  century. 

The  motto  on  No.  170  is  unpublished,  and  adds  another  to  the  com- 
paratively small  number  of  these  double-line  posey  rings  that  are  known. 

I  recently  acquired  a  Royalist  memorial  of  the  Stuarts.  A  silver  gilt 
oval  box,  with  a  tortoise-shell  cover  in  which  is  set  a  silver  medallion  of 
the  martyred  King  surrounded  with  the  star  and  garter.  Within  this  box 
another  of  silver,  heart  shaped,  engraved  on  both  sides  with  a  heart 
pierced  by  two  arrows,  a  naked  sword,  a  winged  heart,  and  the  posey — 

"I  liye  and  die 
In  loyaltie." 

And  inside  this  a  little  portraiture  of  the  King  in  chased  silver,  having 
all  the  character  about  it  of  the  work  of  Roettier,  Briot,  or  Rawlins. 

^  Proceedings,  Society  of  Aotiquaiies,  London,  No.  xu.,  p.  423,  1889. 


JOUB.  B.8.A.I.,  VOL.  XI.,  FT.  I.,  6tH  8BB. 


(    66    ) 


THE  ROUND  TOWER  OF  CA8TLEDERM0T. 
By  lord  WALTER  FITZGERALD,  J.P.,  M.R.I.A.,  Fbllow. 

THE  ancient  name  of  Gastledermot  was  ^'  Disert  Diarmada,"  which  in 
time  became  corrupted  to  "  Tristle  Diarmada,"  both  names  meaning 
St.  Dermot's  Hermitage.  .  Shortly  after  the  coming  of  the  Normans  into 
Ireland  the  name  underwent  a  third  change  and  was  called,  as  it  is  at 
present,  Castle  Dermot,  probably  from  a  castle  built  there  by  Hugh  de 
Lacy  in  1182 ;  though  the  old  names  for  long  afterwards  were  also  in 
use.  The  ancient  name  of  the  district  round  was  Hy  Muireadhaigh,  or 
O'Murethy.  In  or  about  the  year  800  a  monastery  was  founded  here  by 
St.  Dermot,  grandson  of  Aedh  Roin,  King  of  Ulster.  His  death  is  thus 
noticed  in  the  '^Annals  of  the  Four  Masters"  : — 

*'  The  age  of  Christ  823,  Diarmaid,  grandson  of  Aedh  Roin,  who  was 
an  anchorite,  and  a  diati^iguiBhed  doctor,  died." 

While  in  the  Martyrolbgy  of  Donegal  his  festival  is  recorded  under  the 
21st  of  June  : — 

'*Diarmaid,  grandson  of  Aedh  Roin,  Bishop  of  Disert  Diarmada  in 
Leinster.    He  is  of  the  race  of  Eiatach  Finn,  Monarch  of  Erin." 

One  more  entry  from  the  ''Annals  of  the  Four  Masters"  wUl  be 
quoted : — 

"The  age  of  Christ  919.  Cairbre,  son  of  Fearadhach,  head  of  the 
piety  of  Leinster,  successor  of  Diarmaid,  grandson  of  Aedh  Roin,  Airchin- 
neach  of  Tigh-Mochua  (now  Timahoe,  in  the  Queen's  County),  and  an 
anchorite,  died,  after  a  good  life,  at  a  very  advanced  age."  (His  festival 
was  on  the  6th  of  March. — "  Martyrology  of  Donegal.") 

To  this  Abbot  Cairbre,  or  Carpreus,  tradition  assigns  the  erection  of 
the  Round  Tower. 

The  Round  Tower,  from  the  top  of  its  embrasured  parapet  to  the 
ground  level,  is  66^^  feet,  while  the  plinth  is  another  IJ  feet  under 
ground.  The  wall  at  the  base  is  3^^  feet  thick ;  and  the  internal  diameter 
is  8  feet.  It  is  impossible  to  take  the  external  circumference,  as,  in 
addition  to  an  ancient  passage  connecting  it  to  the  church,  there  is  a  very 
thick  stem  of  ivy  on  the  east  side,  which  even  in  a  print  of  1792  is 
shown  as  covering  the  Tower  to  its  summit ;  of  recent  years  it  has  been 
partially  stripped  oflE  to  show  the  ancient  mason  work. 

The  tower  stands  on  the  north  side  of  the  present  church,  which  is 
much  smaller  than  it  used  to  be,  as  is  shown  by  a  beautiful  Irish - 
Romanes(|ue  doorway,  standing  in  situ  some  distance  from  the  west  end 
(vide  Grose's  **  Antiquities  of  Ireland,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  43).  The  passage 
connecting  the  tower  with  the  church  is  a  narrow,  high-pointed,  arched 
one,  8  feet  in  length. 


m 


.    *• 


Tkb  WtsTEnN  DooHWAy  or  the  Old  Cut'iit 
(SUndin^  '1  ••'•'!' 


THE  BOUND  TOWER  OF  GASTLEDERMOT.  67 

The  masonry  consists  of  roundish  granite  boulders,  built  into  the  wall 
in  the  same  condition  as  they  were  picked  off  the  land ;  between  them  are 
stuck  spawlds  of  quarry-stone,  imbedded  in  mortar.  The  base  is  hollow ; 
and  the  doorway  is  all  but  on  the  ground  level.  The  original  conical 
stone  roof  is  gone ;  and  the  tower  is  now  topped  by  an  embrasured  parapet 
built  on  a  couple  of  offsets. 

The  doorway  is  a  couple  of  steps  above  the  level  of  the  ground ;  it  is 
square-headed  (Plate  UI.) ;  the  lintel,  jambs,  and  sill  are  all  of  dressed 
large  blocks  of  granite  ;  it  faces  the  south,  and  has  inclined  sides.  Both 
Lord  Dunraven's  grand  work  on  **  Irish  Architecture,"  and  Miss  Stokes's 
«  Early  Christian  Architecture,"  make  a  great  error  in  stating  that  '*  the 
doorway  of  the  Bound  Tower  does  not  correspond  with  the  masonry  of 
the  rest  of  the  building,  as  it  is  arched  and  moulded."  They  were 
probably  led  astray  by  Seward's  "  Topographia  Hibemica,"  which  says 
it  is  semicircular  and  adorned  with  a  chevron  moulding,  confusing  it 
with  the  ancient  Bomanesque  western  doorway  of  the  old  church,  which, 
as  mentioned  above,  is  still  standing  in  situ  (Plate  U.). 

The  measurements  are  as  follows : — 

In  height, 7  ft.  6  in. 

In  width  (**  *^®  *^P'        ...         1  ft.  10  in. 
(at  the  bottom,  .        .        2  ft.  4  in. 

In  depth, 3  ft.  6  in. 

From  the  top  of  the  sill  stone  to  the  plinth  is  3i  feet ;  there  are  no 
traces  of  door-hangings  or  bolt  sockets.  A  portion  of  the  jambs  on  either 
side  have  been  hacked  away,  tradition  says,  by  order  of  a  former  parson, 
80  as  to  enable  him  to  admit  his  pony,  which  was  stabled  inside ;  but  the 
more  likely  reason  was  to  allow  the  beU  to  be  passed  in  when  it  was  hung 
in  the  top  storey  during  the  last  century.  This  bell  bears  the  following 
inscription : — 

THE   :   UNION    :    OF   :    CASTLEDEBMOT    *.    C   :    L    :   FOUNDEB    :    1735. 

Six  feet  above  the  lintel  of  the  door  springs  a  flat  arched  stone  floor, 
built  of  flattish  granite  boulders,  the  entrance  through  which  was  on  one 
side  nearly  over  the  door  below.  It  too  has  suffered,  as  some  of  the 
granite  boulders  have  been  torn  out  and  are  lying  on  the  floor ;  like  the 
sides  of  the  doorway,  it  was  probably  enlarged  for  the  passage  of  the 
bell.  In  this  floor  there  are  a  couple  of  holes  close  to  one  another,  about 
8  in.  square,  pierced  through  it ;  they  strike  one  as  being  intended  for 
bell-ropes,  but  are  not  of  modem  make.  Both  the  floor  and  the  pointed 
arch  of  the  connecting  passage  still  bear  traces  in  the  mortar  of  the  im- 
pression of  the  wattle  basket-work  used  in  their  construction.^ 

^  The  stone  floor,  in  Mr.  Wakeman's  opinion,  is  not  coeyal  with  the  round  tower, 
bat  was  added  (as  well  as  the  covered  passage)  at  the  time  when  the  church,  to  which 
the  Irish-Romanesque  doorway  belonged,  was  built  (i.  $.  the  11th  or  12th  century). 

F2 


68  BOTAL  BOdElT  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 

Five  modem  wooden  lofts  and  ladders  enable  one  to  reach  the  roof, 
which  is  a  flat  lead  one ;  the  old  stone  floor  is  not  made  use  of,  as  the 
ladder  from  the  floor  below  goes  straight  through  the  aperture  to  the  loft 
above.  There  are  no  traces  of  any  of  the  upper  original  floor  supports  ; 
so  the  floors  were  probably  fixed  by  means^of  joist  holes  now  built  up. 

There  are  four  large  windows  to  the  top  storey,  facing  the  cardinal 
points;  they  are  round-headed,  the  arch  being  formed  by  wedges  of 
green  flag  quarry-stone,  and  so  may  be  of  more  recent  date  than  the  rest 
of  the  tower,  as  besides  not  being  in  keeping  with  the  doorway  or  the 
two  intermediate  windows,  they  are  within  a  very  short  distance  of  the 
lintel  of  the  little  window  below,  as  is  shown  in  Plate  I.  Their  jambs 
are  of  roughly-dressed  granite  boulders  of  small  size.    They  measure  : — 

In  height, 6  ft.  3  in. 

In  width,  .         •         .         .         2  ft. 

In  depth,  •        •         •        •         •        S  ft. 

There  appear  to  be  only  two  intermediate  small  windows,  both 
square-headed  (Plate  III.).  The  upper  one  is  now  built  up  on  the  inside, 
but  as  far  as  can  be  ascertained  it  was  2  ft.  8  in.  in  height,  and  1  ft.  2  in. 
in  width  ;  it  faces  the  S.E. 

The  lower  window  faces  the  S.,  and  measures  internally : — 

In  height,         .         .        .        •  #     .         1  ft.  10  in. 

In  width,  (**  *^P'    •        •        •        •        ^*!^- 
(at  bottom,       .        .        .        11  in. 

In  depth, 8  ft.  2  in. 

The  sides  of  both  windows  incline  ;  and  lintel,  jambs,  and  sill  are  all 
of  dressed  granite. 

The  base  of  the  tower  is  pierced  on  the  "W.  side  by  a  narrow  loop- 
hole, which  has  every  appearance  of  having  been  broken  through  in 
recent  times. 

Views  of  the  round  tower  are  to  be  found  in  Grose's  "  Antiquities  of 
Ireland,"  vol.  ii.,  and  Seward's  "  Topographia  Hibemica,"  which  is  the 
same  plate  as  is  given  in  '^  The  Anthologia  Hibemica  Magazine  "  for 
1793,  vol.  ii.  The  tower  is  represented  with  a  peaked  roof,  bearing  a 
weathercock  within  the  parapet,  and  covered  with  ivy.  Also  in  vol.  iii. 
of  Cromwell's  **  Excursions  through  Ireland. 


The  Holestone  of  Castledebmot. 

This  holestone  stands  at  the  head  of  a  modem  grave  (belonging  to  a 
family  named  Abbott)  on  the  south-east  side  of  the  churchyard ;  it  is 
locally  called  '^  the  swearing  stone,"  though  the  use  it  was  formerly  put 
to  is  now  forgotten. 


The  Holbrdm  ih  tki  CavitcatiajiA'iCuiLXDKgMDT. 


k 


THE  BOUND  TOWER  OF  CASTLEDERMOT/  69 

It  is  of  granite,  a  class  of  stone  wliicli  abounds  in  the  district. 

In  the  beginning  of  1889  as  the  stone  had,  in  course  of  years,  become 
greatly  sunk  in  the  ground  I  had  it  raised  and  found  that  just  about  half 
of  it  alone  had  been  above  ground.  Before  replacing  it,  I  had  a  bed  of 
cement  made  for  it  to  prevent  its  again  sinking,  and  at  present  only  6 
inches  of  it  are  hid  from  view. 

The  full  length  of  the  stone  is  3  ft. ;  its  width  1  ft.  2  in. ;  and  its 
thickness,  5^  in.  The  hole,  as  is  shown  in  Plate  lY.,  is  at  the  junction 
of  the  arms  of  a  ringed  cross,  and  is  5  inches  in  diameter. 

The  back  or  west  side  of  the  stone  is  plain ;  there  is  a  peculiar  vein  in 
the  granite  on  this  side  which  runs  down  the  middle  of  the  stone  (pro* 
jecting  from  it)  from  the  top  to  the  bottonu 

Vol.  vi.,  p.  235,  of  General  YaUancey's  **  Collectanea  de  rebus  Hiber- 
nicis  "  (published  in  Dublin  in  1804),  is  illustrated  with  a  drawing  of  what 
is  meant  to  be  this  very  stone ;  it  is  introduced  in  a  chapter  on  Ogham 
inscriptions.  The  picture  shows  the  stone  with  7  scores,  4  on  one  and  3 
on  the  other  side  of  the  hole.  These  scores  are  in  reality  part  of  the  cross 
as  will  be  seen  in  Plate  lY.,  but  by  Yallancey's  work  they  are  made  out  to 
be  a  portion  of  an  Ogham  inscription.  The  letterpress  in  connexion 
with  the  drawing  is  as  follows : — 

''  This  stone  stands  near  the  church  of  Castledermot  on  the  south-east 
side.  It  is  about  2  ft.  high,  and  perforated  with  a  hole  through  which 
you  might  thrust  your  arm.  It  is  at  present  almost  covered  with  nettles, 
and  serves  as  a  headstone  for  some  person  who  lies  beneath.  27ie  intorip- 
Hon  ii  probably  buried  in  par t'^ 

It  seems  extraordinary  that  the  cross,  which  is  easily  distinguishable  on 
the  stone  now,  should,  nearly  a  century  ago  (when  one  would  think  it 
should  be  clearer  still),  be,  by  gross  carelessness,  mistaken  for  Ogham 
scores. 

Unfortunately,  too,  this  very  untruthful  picture  has  been  copied  into 
well-known  works  of  recent  date.     Among  others,  I  have  seen  it  in — 

The  Qentl&man^i  Magatkine  for  1864. 

Marcus  Eeane's  misleading  work  on  '^  The  Towers  and  Temples  of 

Ancient  Ireland,"  p.  339. 
J.  £.   Waring^s  ^' Stone  Monuments,   Tumuli,   and  Ornaments  of 

Remote  Ages." 
The  Duhlin  Penny  Journal,  vol.  i.,  p.  341  (of  1832). 

And  lastly  in  our  own  Journal^  at  p.  79.,  vol.  viii.,  4th  Series,  where 
Colonel  Wood-Martin  introduces  it  into  his  articles  on  '^  The  Rude  Stone 
Monuments  in  Sligo,"  and  consequently  it  re-appears  in  the  Annual 
Yolume  for  1888  under  that  name. 


(     7-0     ) 


CAKTD-'GS  IN  ST.  MARY'S  CATHEDEAL,  LIirERICK. 


Bt  THOMAS  JOHNSON  WE8TH0PP,  ] 


ST.  Mast's  Cathhdual,  LommiCE,  standing,  as  it  does,  with  all  the 
additions  of  later  ages  to  its  esisting  original  fabric,  while  its  sister 
ohurchcB  at  Cork,  Waterford,  and  Emly  hiive  been  swept  from  the  tarth, 
has  attracted  much  att4.'ntion  from  many  ahlo  writers.  Still,  as  is  so  often 
the  case  in  Irish  antiquities,  its  minutire  have  generally  been  passed  over 
with  mere  casual  mention,  and  without  illustration.  Yet,  such  is  the 
interest  of  its  cnxved  slabs  anJ  seats,  that  its  gleanings  exeel  the  full 
vintage  of  many  churches  on  which  elaborate  articles  have  been  written. 
I  therefore  venture  to  add  another  account  towards  the  completer  descrip- 
tion of  that  venerable  building  which  raises  its  heavy  yut  impressive  mass 
over  the  houses  of  the  old  Danish  town. 

Round  its  side  lay  tliat  ancient  trading  centre  whoso  merchants  were 
known  to  the  saga  men  of  the  far  North.  Here  the  conquering  O'Briens 
coped  their  great  fort  with  the  rompait  stones  of  the  distant  Grianon 
Aileach,  and  laid  the  basis  of  tliut  vendetta  that  only  ended  when 
O'Donnell  ravaged  county  Clare  "  in  revenge  of  Aileach  "  at  the  dawn 
of  the  seventeenth  century.  Here  stood  the  palace  that  succeeded  the 
ill-fated  Kincora,  awl  excelled  the  mighty  Aileach  in  its  best  dayB,  nnd 
which  was  given  to  the  Church  by  Donaldmoro  O'Brien,  the  last  EJng  of 
Munster  (1168-1194),'  about  the  time  of  the  Norman  invasion ;  and  here, 
Boon  after,  roso  the  great  cathedral  of  the  Virgin,  in  which  the  oldest 
extant  memorial  is  the  tombstone,  called  by  some  (despite  its  small  size) 
"  the  coffin-lid  "  of  the  founder — that  warlike  descendant  of  Brian  Boru, 
the  alternate  ally  and  bitter  foe  of  the  ill-statred  Ruadri  O'Conor,  the 
ravagcr  of  Kerry  to  Mount  Brandon,  the  successful  opponent  of  Strongbow, 
the  founder  of  so  many  of  our  abbeys  and  cathedrals.  The  monument  is 
figured  from  a  rubbing  and  careful  sketch  ;  it  displays  an  ordinary  Celtic 
cross,  its  bands  interlacing  within  a  circle.  In  each  of  the  quarters  so 
divided  is  a  fantastic  lion,  the  tails  of  those  nearest  the  foot  developing 
into  elaborate  foliage.  The  alah  is  nearly  5  feet  long,  and  20  to  17  inchoa 
broad,  and  is  broken  across  at  a  point  2'  9"  from  the  head.  It  used  to  lie 
exposed  to  the  tread  of  the  congregation,  directly  beneath  the  belfry ;  but 
was  removed,  and  its  head  placed  against  the  west  wall  of  the  "  Jcbb 

'  Donoldmore  (Domanll,  eon  of  Turlougli,  King  of  Mimstcrt  euaceeded  his  brother, 
1168:  deleuled  EbtI  Strorgbow  at  Thorlcs,  1174;  burned  Lunerick  to  prevent  tli» 
Normani  balding  it,  1175  ;  defeated  tbe  Leinaler  EnBliab  ctesr  Klllnloe,  nod  tben  aX 
Thuries,  1192;  died,  1194;  foundod  nbbeyu  at  Con'omioe,  Killone,  Inohicronan, 
Canon's  Isknd,  Lioieritk,  Claro  [I'orgy],  Cnsbcl,  and  HulycroM. 


CABYINGS  IN   ST.  MABY's  CATHEDRAL,  LIMERICK.  71 

Chapel,''  where,  half  concealed  hy  mattmg  and  Sunday-school  benches^ 
it  rests  in  a  place  unworthy  of  the  mighty  old  hero  it  commemorates.^ 

High  up  in  the  north  wall  of  the  chancel  is  a  small  slab  of  dark 
stone,  on  which  is  dimly  seen  a  shield,  carved  with  a  cheyron  between 
three  lions.  Orerhead  is  the  name  dokoh.'  It  records,  apparently,  an 
extensive  reconstruction  of  the  choir  by  Bonat  O'Brien,  Bishop  of 
Limerick,  who  is  stated  by  Ware  (perhaps  only  from  his  name)  to  have 
been  a  scion  of  the  royal  house  of  Thomond,  and  to  have  succeeded 
Brictius  the  contemporary  of  Donaldmore.  Donat  established  regular 
masses  in  honour  of  the  Virgin,  and  appointed  prebendaries  in  the 
cathedral,  of  which  he  enlarged  the  choir,  and  which  owed  much  to 
his  regulations  and  additions. 

The  '*  Black  Book '"  contains  the  following  documents  relating  to  this 
active  prelate  : — No.  cxix.  Ordinatio  Donllti  Epi  super  divino  officio  in 
ecc  Lym.  p.  103  Carta  Will"*  de  Burgo  Donate  Epo  Lym  de  terra  Les- 
nanermadda.  No.  xxx.  Prohibitio  Dni  Johis  Regis  Angt  de  castris  non 
edific  in  tris  D.  Epi  Lym  "  8ciatis  me  recepisse  venerabilem  in  Christo 
prem  meum  D.  Lymer  Epm  devotum  ac  fidelem  meum  in  ptectionem  .  .  • 
pro  honore  et  amore  meo  et  negotiis  meis  laboravit."  A  later  charter 
confirms  the  lands  formerly  confirmed  by  John  to  Don&tus ;  and  the 
'*  Ordinatio  prebendal"  of  Eustace,  Bishop  of  Limerick,  alludes  to  the 
regulations  of  his  predecessor,  Donat.  Part  of  the  see  of  Iniscatha,  or 
Scattery,  was  united  to  Limerick  in  his  time.  The  date  of  his  death  is 
fixed  by  King  John's  letter  to  Meyler  Pitz  Henry,  then  Lord  Justice,  to 
procure  Geoffrey  to  be  elected  Bishop  of  Limerick,  5th  December,  1207.* 

The  north  and  south  external  buttresses  of  the  chancel  display 
respectively  shields  with  a  chevron  between  three  scallops  and  a  chevron 
between  three  clarions ;'  above  the  latter  the  name  JOHAinas  abtub  runs 
in  a  narrow  band.  The  Arthur  MSS.*  state  that  Thomas  Arthur  (bailiff 
of  the  city,  1407-1409;  and  mayor  1421-1426)  and  his  wife  Johannah, 
daughter  and  heiress  of  David  Muryagh,  senator  (Alderman)  of  Cork, 
re-edified  "  the  elaborate  fa9ade  of  the  choir,"  putting  their  respective 
arms  over  the  north  and  south  doors,  '*  not  through  a  spirit  of  vainglory, 
but  in  order  that  others  hereafter  should  imitate  the  memorials  of  their 
piety."  Tbis  would  agree  very  well  with  the  carvings,  only  for  the 
Christian  names.  Perhaps  the  slabs  were  removed  from  the  doors  to  the 
buttresses,  and  some  name  above  the  genitive  '*  Johannis"  cut  away. 

Set  in  the  wall  of  the  south  transept,  directly  beneath  the  Westropp 
window,  are  three  armorial  slabs  belonging  to  the  beautiful  and  elaborate 

»  Plate  I.,  No.  1. 
« Ibid.,  No.  4. 

>  Now  at  Maynooth,  copy  in  T.  C.  D.,  HSS.  F.  1.  16.    See  a  fac-simile  of  a  page 
in  "  National  MSS.  of  Ireland,"  Part  lU.,  No.  l. 
«  <*Cal.  State  Papers,  Ireland." 

•  Plate  I..  No.  6. 

•  Lenihan'B  *<  History  of  Limerick,"  pp.  367,  368,  671,  672. 


72  EOTAL  I 

Galwey  tomb.  The  central  shield  in  the  tympaniim,  over  the  cinquefoil- 
headed  arch  of  the  tomb,  has  the  lettera  "  8.  R.  B."  (Sepulchrum  RicardI 
Bultingfort),  nnd  the  arms  of  that  charitable  alderman,  a  fess  engrailed, 
and  a  label  of  five  pointB.  To  the  right,  higher  np  the  wall,  is  the  tablet 
of  his  grandson  Edmund  Galwey,  "  8.  E.  G.,"  and  the  arms  of  Galwey,  a 
cross  and  a  bend  over  it,  impaling  for  Arture  a  chevron  between  three 
clarions,  quaintly  described  by  Dyneley  as  "  Irish  brogues."'  To  the  left 
IB  the  tablet  of  Geoffrey  Galwey,  "  S,  G.  G.,"  and  the  arms  of  Galwey, 
impaling  for  Stritch  a  double-headed  eagle.'  Bultingfort;  was  many 
times  Mayor  of  Limerick  (1357  to  1390).  His  will  was  proved  in 
Limerick  the  Sunday  after  the  feast  of  St.  Peter  ad  Tiacula.  14f)6. 
Geoffrey  Galwey  died,  as  appears  from  bis  epitaph,  on  January  4th,  144fl. 
TTifl  will  was  proved  eight  days  later,  both  of  these  documents  having 
been  enrolled  in  the  Patent  Rolls  of  1558. 

Over  the  central  crocket  of  the  same  tomb  ia  a  much  later  slab*  with 
the  cliained  cat  and  arms  of  Galwey  (De  Burgho  of  Galway)  quartering 

2  Stritch,  3  Biiltingford,  a  fcaa  wavy  with  3  plates,  over  it  a  label  of 

3  points — and  i,  for  Galwey,  Baal's  Bridge,  Limerick,  of  3  arches  with  a 
tower  at  each  end,  said  to  have  been  added  to  the  arms  of  John  Galwey 
for  bia  valiant  defence  of  the  bridge  against  the  O'Briens  in  I36I. 
Under  it  ore  those  lines ; — 

"  LtiminiL  quiE,  lectori 
Till  ctrnunt  hiaco  Johsrmi 
Muris  Kulpta  sacria 
Uusdrat  iiuignia  Oolirej." 

In  the  first  pillar  from  tho  eouth  door  projects  a  stone,  apparently 
the  top  of  a  dcBtroyed  monument  of  sixteenth  or  seventeenth  century.* 
To  the  left  is  a  figure,  probably  intended  for  our  Saviour,  as  it  holds  a 
look  in  its  left  hand,  and  with  its  right  thrusta  the  foot  of  a  crons  into 
the  jaws  of  a  stunted  goat-headed  dragon,  beside  which  two  oval  loops 
open  out  into  foliago.  In  the  centre  is  the  crucifixion,  the  Harios  stand- 
ing on  either  side  ;  strange  wing-like  foliage  spreads  above  and  below  the 
cross.  To  the  right  St.  Michael  with  a  pleased  smile  thruats  an  enormous 
Bword  into  the  crowned  head  of  Satan,  grovelling  like  a  huge  crab  under 
the  Archangel's  feet,  the  border  being  of  the  aame  conventional  foliage. 

The  last  of  the  slabs  here  described  is  set  over  the  door  of  the 
Seiten  vault.'  In  the  middle  is  apparently  a  corbel,  probably  for  a 
double  arch,  to  the  right  of  which  is  a  pelican  ;  the  young  lie  dead  in  the 
nest,  and  it  pours  its  blood  over  them  to  revive  them,  as  the  type  of 
Christ.  To  the  left,  as  the  type  of  Antichrist,  ia  carved  the  great  aeven- 
headed  dragon,  each  head  crowned  and  the  middle  one  tar  exceeding  the 
others  in  size  and  ferocity. 

'  Journal  at  E.  H.  A.  A.  I.,  vol.  v.,  New  Series. 

*  Plate  1,,  6.    Tbe  names  ore  di'rived  from  the  grievoutly  defaced  bUrlcleCtor  epitaph. 

'  Plnte  I„  No.  7.  *  I6<d.,  No.  2.  »  Ibid.,  No.  3. 


I 


CAKVINGS  IN  6T.  MAET'S  CATHEDRAL,  LIMERICK. 

The  pelican  ia  here  also  used  as  the  crest  of  the  Stacpoles.  Dyphna, 
^tighter  of  Bartholomew  Stacpole,  the  Recorder  of  Limerick,  1651, 
married  Edmond  Pery,  whose  mother  vbb  8uBamiah  Sexten.  The  Stac- 
poles seem  to  have  taken  their  name  from  the  place  on  the  south  coast  of 
Pemhroke,  called  after  the  bay  behind  the  Stack  Rock.'  Oiialdus  Cam- 
breosis  tells  a  moat  circumstantial  atory"  about  the  demon  steward  of 
Elidore  Stacpole,  one  of  the  Welsh  family.  The  Irish  branch  is  of 
great  antiquity,  and  Walter  Stacpole'a  name  is  on  the  1190  roll  of 
Dublin  citizens. '  Elias  Stacpole  was  Provost  of  Cork,  1249,  and  Richard 
and  Simon  Stacpole  were  on  a  jury  which  in  12S2  found  damages  against 
the  representatives  of  Conor  na  Siudiusc,  King  of  Thomond,  who  had 
wasted  Corcomroe.*  From  1460  to  1653  the  Stacpoles  figure  constantly 
in  the  records  of  Limerick.  In  the  latter  year  Bartholomew,  who 
appears  prominently  in  the  history  of  Ireton's  siege,  was  transplanted  to 
Enagh  or  Stacpole's  Court,  whose  picturesque  ivied  ruins  stand  among 
the  lakes  near  Kilkiahen.  At  the  same  time  his  cousin,  Clement  Stac- 
pole, was  transplanted  to  Ibricane, '  and  became  ancestor  of  the  existing 
faaiilies  of  Eden  vale  and  Liverpool. 

Our  Journal  contains  an  extraordinary  account  of  an  outrage  on 
Dr.  John  Stackboie,  whom  Sir  Thomas  Bathe  dragged  from  sanctuary  in 
Snvan  Church,  Meath,  in  1460,  and  cut  out  his  tongue,  (or  which  crime 
Bathe  woa  tried  before  puriiament  and  his  Louth  estates  confiscated. 

The  most  curious  feature  in  the  cathedral  ia  certainly  the  double  row 
-of  black  oak  misereres  lining  the  arcade  of  the  central  aisle,  and  probably 
dating  from  some  of  the  restorations  in  tbc  fifteenth  century,  possibly  that 
of  circa  1490.  They  measure,  from  arm  to  arm,  26  inches ;  height  of 
seat,  17  inches ;  total  height,  3  feet  5  inches ;  depth  of  seat,  13  inches ; 
width,  22|  inches ;  turning  on  round  pivots,  with  square  projections 
running  up  semicircular  side  grooves.  They  are  all  executed  in  dark  oak, 
the  sides  in  one  piece  ;  the  top  ridge  is  cut  out  of  a  single  solid  piece  of 
timber,  and  projects  as  far  as  the  arms,  which  last  are  decorated  with 
email  bosses. 

Beginning  along  the  third  arch  of  the  north  arcade  of  the  nave  and 
going  eastward,  the  seats  are  thus  decorated:  1,  vacant;  2,  a  bird,  its 
head  and  the  front  of  the  seat  broken  off ;  3,  a  wild  boar ;  4,  a  two- 

'  FBnlon's  "  Hiatorieal  Toura,  PombroteaUre,"  418. 

'  ■■  Topogmphy  of  Wales." — "In  tte  province  of  Pembroke  another  iostanee 
oeeurced  about  the  tame  time  of  a  tpirit  appearing  in  tbe  buuso  of  Elidore  de  Stake- 
pola  .  .  .  tiiuieT  the  form  of  s  red-bured  young  man  who  called  himielf  Simon."  He 
Wd  ofBee  for  fortj  days,  never  alopt  in  the  house,  or  uttered  a  religiona  word,  but 
■ttendftd  carefully  to  his  dotiaa,  and  fed  the  labourers  with  the  beet  of  eTerrthing — a 
euiioui  piece  of  tolk-lore. 

•  Gilbert'e  "  Munidpttl  Rnoorda,"  to!,  i. 

•  "Cal.  Stale  Papers,  Ireland." 

•  "  TnuiBplanlers'  CertiBosti'S,  1653.'' — "  Bartholomew  Stacpole,  aged  34,  of  in- 
diSerenl  tall  eteture.  flaxen  hsir"  ;  hie  children  James,  AHbur  ;  "  Diphna,  dau.  of  said 
Bsith'.,  aged  8,"  andChriatian. — "  Clement  Stacpole,  aged  26,  flaiea  hair,  loestatnie  ; 
EUia  (M'Hahony)  his  wife,  black  hair,  tall  slature." 


74 


ROYAL   SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES   OF   IRELAND. 


legged  one-homed  goat  or  ibei,  with  floriated  tail ;  5,  a  grifSn,  closely 
resembling  those  od  the  miBoreres  of  Gloucester  Cathedral ;  6.  an  animai 
like  an  antelope  sitting  with  plumed  tail  and  a  eollar  ornamented  with 
trofoilB ;  7,  aphynx ;  8,  angel ;  9,  head  rcaembling  portraits  of  King 
Henry  IV. ;  10,  a  dragon  biting  at  its  tail — the  next  seven  seats  are 
modem — 18,  "  antelopes  "  having  their  necks  entwined  like  those  on  the 
font  of  Oughtmama,  county  Clare,  but  less  spirited;  19,  ewan;  20, 
broken — only  one  leaf  remains  ;  21,  seat  modern — the  figures  have  sprays 
of  foliage  on  either  sido.*  The  bosses  thus  occur  on  east  arms  of  the  aeatx 
1  to  3,  plain  ;  4  to  10,  and  19  and  20,  leaves ;  18,  a  talbot's  head. 

Passing  to  the  south  sido  from  the  transept  arch  towards  the  west, 
the  carvings  are  :  1,  modem  scat,  end  and  back  old  (boss,  a  lion's  head)  ; 
2,  griffin,  like  5  north  (leaf);'  3,  eagle  (swan,  head  worn  ofi);  4,  a  spirited 
and  beautiful  carving  representing  the  lion  of  Judah  in  deadly  conflict 
with  the  dragon  (a  human  head) ;  5,  half  of  back  ridge  old,  seat  modem — 
five  modern  stalls  ;  11,  half  of  back  ridge  old  (boss,  a  leaf) ;  12,  dragon 
with  twisted  tail  (lion's  head);  13,  "  antelopo "  looking  back  at  ita 
floriated  tail  (human  head) ;  14,  liko  4  supra,  (leaf)  ;  15,  like  9  north, 
butgreatly  worn  (human  head);  16,  sphyni  (ape's  head);  17,  "antelope" 
sitting  with  plumed  tail  (lion's  head) ;  18,  cockatrice  holding  its  tail 
(leaf) ;  19  and  20,  seats  and  backs  modem,  arms  and  ridge  old  (19  leaf, 
and  20  plain  knob).  These,  as  far  as  I  can  find  out,  are  the  only  carv- 
ings in  tho  building  (as  apart  from  architectural  details),  whether  of 
figures  or  shields,  wbich  ore  older  than  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Queen 
Elizabeth. 


THE  FWHimit  t 


ST.    UAJty's  CATHKDBAL,    LIKGBICK. 


Bomnall,  or  Donaldmore  O'Brien  (younger  son  of  Torlough,  the 
grandson  of  Torlough,  monarch  of  Ireland,  the  grandson  of  Brian  Bora), 
was  called  to  the  throno  of  Munster,  on  the  deatb  of  his  elder  brother 
Mortouph,  who  was  slain  at  Dunnasciath,  in  1168,  by  the  garrison  of 
Conor  O'Brien,  "  and  with  him  lell  seven  sons  of  chiefs." 

Boderick  O'Conor,  the  Ardrigh,  promptly  avenged  the  crime, 
deputing  TJa  Fealan,  prince  of  Dcisi  Uumhan,  to  put  the  slayers  to 
death,  and  exacting  an  eric  of  three  score  cows  from  the  culprits;' 
Donald,  however,  showed  little  love  for  O'Conor,  and  awaited  his  oppor- 
tunity of  recovering  the  hostages  of  the  Dalgais,  and  revolting  from  the 
king  in  the  confusion  that  ensued  when  Earl  Kichard  Pitz  Gilbert  de 
Clare,  "  the  Strongbow,"  started  on  his  career  of  aggression. 

Roderick  accordingly  brought  a  fleet  down  tbo  Shannon,  while  the 


CAinvai  ox  "Hubbbku"  at  St.  Mast's  CiniBDiiAi,  Livib 


CABVIN08  nr  8T.  mart's  cathedrai.,  limerick,        75 

people  of  "West  Connaught  overran  Thomond,  destroying  the  wooden 
bridge  of  Killaloe,'  and  the  O'Kellys  of  Hy-many  invaded  Ormond;  in 
this  war  Lorean  Ahem  was  alain  by  the  M'Namaras,  of  Hy-caisin,  and 
Dermot  O'Quin,  chief  of  Clan  Iffernain,  fell  before  the  O'ShaghneBBya,  of 
Slieve  Eachty. 

Not  long  afterwards  King  Donald  joined  the  Ardrigh  in  his  abortire 
attack  on  Dublin,  and  camped  for  some  time  at  Kilmainham.  Ho  then 
adopted  another  policy,  and  after  his  letreat  sent  a  messenger  to 
StroDgbow,  nrging  him  to  unite  agaiost  their  common  enemy,  Donald  of 
Ossory.  The  OEsorian  came  to  the  English  camp,  his  safety  being 
warranted  by  Stronghow,  Donnldmore,  and  Maurice  de  Prcndorgast, 
despite  of  which  he  found  on  his  arriTul  that  the  Irish  cliief  was  striving 
to  procure  his  execution  as  a  traitor;  Stronghow  was  inclined  to  yiild, 
but  Prendergast,  though  an  enemy  of  the  Prince  of  Oaaory,  swore  by  his 
BWord  that  Donald  should  leave  the  camp  in  safety,  and  having  gained 
Ma  point,  Prendergast  escorted  the  threatened  chief  home,  slaying  nine 
or  ten  of  the  O'Erions  whom  he  found  plundering  Ossory.' 

Meanwhile,  "the  people  of  the  son  of  the  empress"  were  so  spreading 
their  power  that  King  Henry  (half  fearing  that  an  independent  Norman 
kingdom  was  springing  up  in  Ireland)  came  thither  in  1172  to  receive 
the  fealty  both  of  his  nobles  and  the  Irish.  "When  he  reached  the  river 
Suir'  the  first  to  meet  him  was  Donaldmore,  who  asked  for  peace  and 
offered  tribute,  for  O'Brien  was  only  too  ready  to  make  promises  and  oaths, 
but  had  little  intention  of  performing  them.  Henry  placed  a  governor  in 
Limerick,  and  we  hear  nothing  more  noteworthy  of  Donflldmore  till  1 1 74, 
when  Earl  Ricbai'd  was  induced  by  Henry,  in  the  absence  of  Iteyniond 
Fitzgerald  "  Le  Gros,"  to  go  on  a  raid  against  O'Brien  to  Caahel.  For 
this  purpose  the  earl  sent  to  Dublin  for  a  force  of  Oetmen  ((rails}  with 
whom  he  marched  into  Ely  O'Fogarty,  as  far  us  Thurles  (Durlus). 
Roderick  O'Conor  hearing  of  this  raid  sent  an  army  against  the  foreigners, 
which  efiected  a  junction  with  Donaldraore  and  the  forces  of  the  Dalgds 
and  Connacinns,  and  being  further  reinforced  by  the  Siol  Mnredaigh, 
led  by  Conor  Maonmaigh  (the  king  of  Ireland's  son),  attacked  the  English, 
whom  (according  to  Giraldus)  they  surprised  at  early  dawn.  A  desperate 
and  long-contested  battle  ensued  in  which  fell  four  knights  and  700  of 
the  Normana  and  Ostmen,  and  Stronghow  retreated  to  Wnterford  (Port 
l*irge)  in  disgust.'     Donaldinore  signalized  his  victory  in  the  usual  way. 

'  This  bridge  figures  in  "  Tlit  Wiin  of  ihc  Gael  and  ihe  Gull"  ua  the  place  wliere 
Hulinordba.  in  his  angry  flight  from  Kincoiu,  struck  down  the  page  *ent  with  a  mea- 
uge  of  peace  from  King  Ilrian. 

*"Eegan"  and  Giraldiig  "  Hih.  Eipugn/' 

•  "Hib.  Eipugn.p"  B.  I.,  cb,  31.  Dowling,  in  hi«  "  Annuls,"  pves  the  clonic 
>pnt«nce — "  Begea  Southveat  Hib«rnice  venorunt  ad  Ilenricum  II.  DonTaldua,  Esx 
I.imerici.  in  Cuhel." 

•Ann.  4  U.;  Ann.  Lagea.,  T.O.D.,  p.  357;  Ann.  Inisf.,  T.C.D.  The  Ann.  Ulton 
only  »uy:  "  Doaald  O'Brien  and  Conor  Uoinmo;  fought  again  st  FitiGmpreu": 
Ginldiu  ("Hib. £ip.,"  11.  ah.  3).     The  iOO  alun   wcro  evideultj  tlie  Nonemea 


76 


ROYAL   SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES    OF   IRELAND. 


He  slew  Donald,  son  of  the  Priflce  of  Oesory,  and  the  son  of  O'Conor  of 
Corcomroe.  At  Castle connell,  on  the  Shannon,  where  he  had  a  residence, 
he  blinded  Dermot  and  Mahon  O'Brien  (his  own  cousin  and  grand-nephew)' 
as  he  had  blinded  his  own  hrother,  Brian  Blathma,  the  year  after  his 
accession.  He  finally  ravaged  the  lands  of  the  EoghanaehB  in  Cork  and 
Kerry  (though  two  attempts  were  made  to  capture  Limerick  in  hia 
absenco),  till  the  whole  diatriot  to  Mount  Brandon  on  the  farthest  coaat 
of  the  Atlantic  was  laid  waste.'  These  feuds  lasted  for  two  yeazB, 
1174-1176. 

The  English  considered  Donaldmore's  revolt  too  serious  to  he  neglected, 
eo  in  the  October  after  the  battle  of  Tliurles,  Reymond  Fitzgerald, 
with  Norman  and  Ossorian  troops,  appeared  before  Limerick,  on  the  deep 
rapid  "Abbey  river.'"  There  the  English  halted  in  dismay  ;  Itoymond'a 
nephew  David  put  spurs  to  his  horse  and  plunged  into  the  water.  The 
bottom  was  of  loose  rocks  and  the  current  rapid ;  but  by  wading  obliquely 
up  the  stream,  he  got  across,  accompanied  by  a  single  soldier  (who  waa 
drowned  on  his  return).  Then  Meyler  (a  dark,  stern  looking  muscular 
knight),  anxious  to  emulate  his  relative,  spurred  his  horse  across.  The 
garrison  was  on  the  alert  and  met  him  with  showers  of  darts  and  stones. 
He  went  on,  fearlessly  receiving  the  missiles  on  his  helmet  and  shield,  but 
still  the  army  held  back.  Keymond,  hearing  their  shouts,  rode  forward 
and  saw  Meyler  unsupported  on  the  farther  bank.  "  Men,"  cried  he,  "  I 
know  your  bravery  ;  the  daring  of  our  friends  has  found  a  ford ;  let  ua 
follow  this  brave  youth ;  we  must  not  let  him  perish  before  our  eyes." 
Stirred  by  his  words  all  followed  him  ;  only  one  liorseman  and  one  foot 
soldier  were  drowned.  The  enemy  retired  into  the  town,  the  ramparts 
were  stormed,  and  a  vast  prey  taken  by  the  English.* 

Nest  spring  Donoldmore  blockaded  Limerick,  its  stores  being  nearly 
exhausted  after  the  winter.  Reymond  with  580  English  and  an  Irish 
force  under  Q'Kinaellagh  and  the  Prince  of  Ossory  (burning  to  avenge  the 
death  of  his  sou  and  O'Brien's  endeavours  to  procure  his  own  execution) 
hastened  to  relieve  the  city.  As  they  opprooched  Cashel  they  learned 
that  Donaldmore  had  raised  the  siege  and  entrenched  himself  in  a  pass, 
felling  trees  and  cutting  up  the  road.  Donald  of  Ossory,  seeing  that  the 
English  were  disheartened,  cried  out  to  them  to  advance  and  the  Irish  axes 
would  Bccond  their  English  swords.  Meyler  also  encouraged  them,  bo 
they  dashed  like  a  wave  over  the  barricade  and  slew  numbers  of  the  flying 
Dalgais.  This  was  on  the  Tuesday  after  Easter  1175,  and  men  noticed 
that  Cork,  Limerick,  Waterford,  "Wexford,  and  Dublin  had  been  taken  on 
Tuesdays.    Reymond  hurried  on  to  Limerick  without  further  fighting,  and 

'Ann.  Lagen.,  117*. 

'  Ana.  lonialallen,  T.C.D. 

'Qiraldufl,  Hib.  Eip.,  B.  II.  c.  viii.  Clyn,  "  Limeticum  nb  anglieis  occupatur." 
Cowling  eaya,  "  Lymeric  ittt-um  tapla  per  Redmundum  de  la  Grnto,  dlo  Mattis."  8«e 
mIbo  Ann.  Lagen.,  "  IniscBtha  ransacked  by  tho  Engliab  thiit  wore  in  Limerick." 


I 


CARVINGS  IN  ST.  MABY's  CATHEDRAL,  LIMERICK.  77 

soon  oftciwards  O'Conor  and  O'Brien,  in  a  conferenco  on  on  Island  ia 
Loagh  Berg,  gave  hostages  and  swore  fidelity.'  At  thia  time  Reymond 
received,  a  letter  from  his  wiie  Basilia  (Sttongbow'e  sister) ; — "  The  groat 
jaw  tooth  which  troubled  mo  so  much  has  fallen  out."  He  rightly  supposed 
that  this  referred  to  Strongbow's  death  and  prepared  to  leave  for 
Dublin.  Woce  of  his  men  would  take  the  command  of  the  city,  bo,  setting- 
the  wolf  to  guard  the  fold,  he  appointed  Donaldraoro  as  Governor, 
swearing  him  to  hold  it  faithfully  for  the  King.  Donald  cannot  be 
accused  of  much  premeditation  in  his  perjury,  for  he  only  waited  till  the 
last  Norman  soldier  had  crossed  the  wooden  bridge  which  he  then  broke 
down  and  set  fire  to  the  city  in  four  places.  Reymond  and  his  men  looked 
on  in  horror  but  could  do  nothing,  so  they  marched  to  Dublin  to  the 
postponed  funeral  of  the  great  Earl  in  Christ  Church.  Philip  dc  Braosa 
with  an  army,  the  very  scum  of  Wales,  marched  to  the  river  bank  before 
Limerick,  but  when  the  inhabitants  set  the  place  on  fire,  he  flod  away, 
thus  fulfilling  the  alleged  prophecy  of  Columba,'  that  the  foreigners 
shoold  twice  lose  and  thrice  take  Limerick  and  nerer  lose  it  again. 

In  1185  John,  Earl  of  Morton  (afterwards  King),  was  repelled  by 
Donaldmorc,  in  whose  territory  he  was  plundering.  Soon  afterwards 
O'Brien  consistently  joined  the  English,  as  on  excuse  for  plundering 
Connaught,  which  led  Cathal  O'Conor,  son  of  Conor  Maonmaigh,  to 
attack  Killaloc,  burn  its  territories,  and  carry  off  its  valuables,  of  which 
in  1189  he  offered  Donaldmorc  the  choice  of  ten  articles,  but  O'Brien 
only  accepted  a  golden  cup  of  his  grandfather,  Dermot. 

DoDoldfflore's  last  war  took  place  in  1192  ;  the  English  of  Leinster  in* 
vaded  ITiomond,  but  the  Dalgais  defeated  them  on  the  plain  of  Magh  Thoir- 
dhealbhaigh,  near  Killaloe,  and  followed  them  to  their  old  fighting  ground 
of  ThurloB,  infiicting  a  crushing  defeat.  The  spirited  old  warrior  lived 
for  two  years  mare,  and  died  in  1 194  ;'  and  little  question  can  arise  but 
that  the  brown  old  stone  once  under  the  belfry  of  St.  Mary's  actually 
covered  his  remains.  By  his  wife,  Urlacan,  daughter  of  Dermot,  King 
of  Leinster,  he  left  issue  (with  six  other  sons),  his  successors,  Mortough 
and  Donough  Cairbreach,  Kings  of  Thomond,  and  Mor,  wife  of  Cathal 
Crovdearg  O'Conor, 

More  noteworthy  than  his  endless  raids,  or  oven  his  victories  over 
the  dreaded  Normans,  are  his  ohurchos.  Limerick,  Cashel,  Claro, 
8uir,  Inchicronan,  the  exijuisito  Cistercian  houses  of  Corcomroe,  Holy- 
cross,  and,  perhaps,  Kilcooley,  and  tho  lonely  island  monastery,  "  II- 
launaoanna"  (whoso  lofty  tower  is  conspicuous  over  all  the  estuary 
of  the  Fergus),  owe  their  origin  to  him.  Three  of  his  charters  have 
reached   us,    the   only   original  being    that  to   Holycross   Abbey   now 

>Hib.  £xp.  B.  11.,  c.  12aQd  13.     DowUng,  "  Eei  Conatie  et  DaniUdua  Res  Tho- 

'"Hib.  Eip."  B!n.  c.'ie. 

■Ann.  loisf.  T.C.D.  The  "Four  UBstera"  add :  "He  wa*  a  benmini  lamp  in 
peace  uid  n-ar,  and  tbe  brilliant  itor  of  hospitality  and  valour  of  the  men  of  MuasUr.'* 


78  EOYAL  SOCIETY   OF  ANTIQUARIES   OF   IRELAND. 

in  Kilkenny  Castle.  Donaldm ore's  two  beit  known  grants,  though 
aniBlly  spoken  of  aa  foundation-charters,  are  merely  confirmations  of 
lands.  The  first  in  to  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Mary,  Limerick,'  and  Britiua 
the  Bishop,  and  his  Buccessors,  granting  Immungram.  &c.,  and  witnessed 
by  Matthew,  Arclibishop  of  Cashel,  and  Ruartri  Ua  Gradei,  The  second 
is  to  tho  monks  of  Holycross  Abbey'  and  to  the  Virgin  and  St.  Benedict 
(Gregory  being  abbot),  granting  Cealluactair  and  many  other  laads.  and 
witnessed  by  Christian,  Bishop  of  Lismore,  the  legate  j  M.,  Archbishop 
of  Cashel ;  B.,  Bishop  of  Limerick  ;  Donall  mac  Meiceochach,  Ruodri  Ua 
Gradei,  Gillapatric  Ua  Sdealan,  Siarmait  Ua  Neill,  Eaguall  M'lteiccon- 
mara,  and  Soaolan  M'JIeio  Giorman,  this  being  the  only  original  docu* 
ment  of  Donaldmore  that  has  reached  ns.  The  third  charter,  as  less 
accessible  to  scholars,  is  here  transcribed  in  exUnto ;  it  having  been 
preserved  in  an  exemplification,  made  by  Thady,  Bishop  of  Killaloe,  on 
July  18th,  1461  (third  of  his  coniwcration),  executed  by  the  notary, 
Eugene  0  Heoganayn,  and  attested  by  Donat  M'Grath,  Vicar  of  Kil- 
loffin,  and  others. 


FOCmiATIOK   CBAHTEB   OF  FOKQZ   ABBEY,   CO.   OLAKB. 

"Ifotum  dt  omnibus  tam  prcsentibus  quam  futuris  qui  Christiana 
professione  censentur  quod  Ego  Donaldus  Magnus  O'Brien  liivini  muneris 
largitate  lUx  LimericeuBis,  Abatiam  in  honorem  heatoram  Apostellorum 
Petri  &  Pauli  apud  Kimony  pro  salute  anime  race  &  animarum  antecessorum 
&  snccessorum  mcorum  fnndavi ;  et  in  eadem  Ahbatia  regularcs  cnnonicoa, 
secundum  regulam  B.  Augustini  &  ordinem  Deo  devote  &.  laudabilitar 
eervientcs,  cocstitui,  ad  quorum  sustentationem  &  usum  terras  & 
posBcssiones  &  rectorias  futuris  teraporibus  omnino  pro  futuris  in  purain 
&  perpetuam  eleemopinum  donavi,  Quare  volu  &  firmiter  precipiu  qatenus 
Donatus  Abbas  &  predioti  sicut  felicis  rccordationis  Lucius  papn  in 
poanitentiam  &  redcraptionem  pecoatorum  mcorum  salubriter  institnit, 
cujus  pia  exhortatione  &  authoritatc  prudictum  Donatum  iidem  canonici 
Abbatcm  sibi  prefecerunt  prelatam  ectlesiam  B.  Petri  &  Pauli  cum 
terris  &  aliis  posses aionibus  suis  qas  ei  donavi  sive  cum  voluntute  mea 
.  alii  donaverunt,  liberam  &  abaolutam  ab  omni  exactioue  &  servitio 
seculari,  paciflce,  honorifice,  libere  &  quicte  habeant  &  tencant,  eicut 
melius  &  pleniua  regularcs  canonici  largitiono  Rcgum  &  donatione 
principum  ecclcsiam  suam  &  Abbatiam  dcbeut  habere.  Has  autem  terras 
prenominata!  ecclcaiee  &,  Donate  Abbati  &  canonicis  ejusdem.  ccclesiEe 
&  successoribus  corum  canonico  viventibus  cum  pcrtineaciia  omnibus  & 
libertatibus  suis  don»vi  &  appositione  sigilli  mei  confirma«  scilicet  locum 

1  Publiahodin  Mr.  M.  Lonihttn's  ■■  Hiatory  of  Limcricli, "  p.  611 ;  origiual  in  "Ltber 
Higw  of  limerick." 

'Published  in  fac -simile  in  Mr.  J.  T.  Gilbert's  "  Nulional  ManuacriplB  o(  Ireland," 
Fait  JJ.,  Flats  un. ;  and  in  Bev.  D.  Hurphj^s  "Triumplialia"  ofHolfcroaa. 


CABYINGS  IN  ST.  BIAST's  CATHEDRAL,  LIBiERICK.  79 

in  qo  sita  est  ipsa  Abatia,  viz.  Kimony  cum  pertinenciis  snis,  Balliannagain 
cum  pertinenciis  sois,  Ballyvekeary  cam  omnibus  pertinenciis  suis, 
Durynierekin  (1)  cum  omnibus  suis  piscariis  &  piscaturis,  Inisketty  (2) 
cum  &c.,  Kelloniam  (3)  cum  &c.,  Gnoc  Inis  Cormick  cum  &c.,  Eill- 
breakin  (4)  cum  &c.,  Insula  St.  Cronani  (5)  cum  {blank)  Argonicam, 
Bromora  cum  &c.,  ecclesia  St.  Trinitatis  quod  dicitur  Killkerily  (6)  in 
episcopatu  limeric  cum  &c.  Domum  St.  Petri  juxta  Imolacum  cum  &c., 
TCiltheana  (7)  cum  &c.,  in  episcopatu  Fenborensi  unacum  Eectoriis  2  Kan- 
dridarum  (8)  in  feudo  laico  a  termino  Athdacara  (9)  usque  ad  Saltum 
congoluni  (10)  quas  predictas  terras  &  beneficia  prefate  ecclesie  sicut 
predixi  cum  omnibus  pertinenciis  suis  in  campis  &  nemoribus  in  pratis 
&  pascuis  in  stagnis  &  fluminibus  in  piscariis  &  piscaturis  in  yiis  & 
semitis  in  venationibus  in  forestis  et  ceteris  libertatibus  suis  consuetis 
donavi  &  sigiUi  mei  impressione  roboravi.  Datum  apud  Limeric  in  festo 
Apostellorum  P.  et  P.  An.  Domini  1189  His  testibus  presentibus,  viz. 
M.  Gassel,  arcbiepiscopo,  A.  Laon,  A.  Fenbor,  B.  Limeric.  episcopis, 
M.  M*Mabona,  C.  O'Concbur  et  multis  aliis.'** 

^  Places  in  this  Charter — (1)  Doora,  east  of  Ennis,  and  in  sight  of  Clare  Abbey,  a 
venerable  church  remains  there.  (2)  Scattery  (Inis  Catha),  at  the  mouth  of  ike 
Shannon.  (3)  Probably  Eillone,  where  Donaldmore  had  founded  an  Augustinian 
convent  (see  our  Journal^  1891,  2nd  Quarter).  (4)  Kilbreakin,  near  Doora.  (6)  Inchi- 
cronan,  the  site  of  another  Augustinian  Abbey,  founded  by  the  same  king ;  it  embodies 
the  east  window  of  an  older  church.  (6)  Possibly  Eilmurrily,  in  the  Deanery  of 
Bathkeale  (Jasper  White's  Manuscript,  1668).  (7)  Probably  Killeany,  between  Sueve 
£lvs  and  Lisdoonvama.  (8)  Perhaps  **  Eahericlareen  " — Claureen,  west  of  Ennis. 
(9)  Either  Magh  Adhar,  or  perhap  **  Athdacara" — ^the  epithet  of  Clare  Castle  in  the 
Annals.    (10)  Loop  Head,  **  Cuchullin's  Leap.** 

I  have  to  thank  Mr.  James  Mills  for  his  careful  editing  and  expansion  of  the  very 
corrupt  copy  of  this  Charter  in  MSS.  T.C.D.,  F.  1.  15. 


(     80     ) 


ittisfccnanea* 


Eeport  of  Mr.  P.  1.  Lynch,  1II-R.I.A.I.,  Hon.  Provincial  Becretuy, 
Hortli  Mnnater, — Having  heard  of  the  discovery  of  some  human  remains 
at  Ardconuil,  which  ia  ahout  a  mile  north  of  Ardfert,  county  Kerry,  I 
wiote  to  the  Hon,  SeorotBjy  for  North  Kerry,  Bev.  D.  O'Donoghue, 
p.p.,  for  some  particulars.  In  reply  I  recaived  an  iateroBting  description 
of  the  localitsf  its  tollowa  : — 

"Mr.  B.  M'Elligott,  a  fanner  in  that  neighbourhood,  was  employed 
with  fiome  workmen  in  widening  the  old  road  which  pasBes  near  the 
gallaun.  In  the  course  of  his  work,  within  about  3  feet  of  the  rut  of  the 
old  road,  and  about  2  feet  below  the  surface,  bo  found  some  small  and 
thin  flags  of  limestone,  on  removing  which  ho  found  they  covered  a  grave 
or  tomb  lined  at  the  sides  with  flags  of  the  same  kind  as  those  covering  it. 
The  grave  tvos  about  2  feet  wide,  and  as  far  as  he  csaroined  it  about  2 
feot  long,  lying  east  and  west.  He  did  not  then  open  it  to  the  full  length, 
for  he  Boon  found  large  bones,  evidently  human  rem.ainB,  one  of  which  he 
found  to  be  a  tibia.  Ho  returaed  it  to  the  grave  and  closed  up  the  whole 
carefully  again.  When  I  saw  the  plane  a  few  days  later,  and  got  the 
surface  and  the  covering  stones  removed,  I  found  only  a  few  small 
pieces  of  a  human  skull  and  fragments  of  what  may  have  been  a  tibia, 
very  small  and  decayed,  mixed  with  a  brownish  earth  evidently  the 
residuum  of  the  decayed  bones  and  some  of  the  surface  soil  thrown  ia  by 
some  persona  who  hiid  rifled  the  place  the  previous  day. 

The  grave  lay  within  about  80  yards  of  the  conspicuous  gallaun  or 
pillar  stone  which  crowns  the  highest  point  of  the  limestone  ridge  that 
runs  east  and  west  for  some  miles  through  the  plains  of  Clanmaurice. 
The  townland  around  the  gallaun  is  known  as  Ardconnel  (the  height  of 
Conal),  and  I  have  no  doubt  that  this  Ardconnel  is  the  very  ancient  Ard- 
conail  mentioned  in  the  "Book  of  Rights"  as  the  site  of  one  of  the 
Portaibh  or  Itoyul  scats  of  the  Kings  of  Casbel.  This  pillar  stone,  which 
is  a  very  remarkable  one,  visible  from  every  point  of  the  compass  for 
many  miles,  consists  of  a  block  of  Tvhinstone,  8  feet  high  over  the  present 
surface,  about  3  feet  broad,  and  15  inches  thick,  must  have  been  brought 
from  the  cliffs  near  Kerry  Head,  about  9  miles  distant,  where  stones  of 
that  kind  are  found  in  largo  quantities.  This  may  have  been  the  monu- 
mental stone  of  the  illustrious  chief  Conal,  whoso  name  is  thus  preserved 
by  the  townland  designation,  but  of  whose  name  and  fame  history  and 
legend  are  silent.  The  gallaun.  is  surrounded  by  a  shallow  trench  and 
embankment  forming  a  circle  about  40  yards  in  diameter.  Within  about 
13  perches  west  of  the  gaUaun  on  the  same  ridge  are  the  remains  of  what 


i 
I 


MISCELLANEA.  81 

musl  have  been  a  largo  and  strong  Coshel  or  Cahir,  called  Caliirfurt,  and 
furtlier  west  again  on  the  tubieland  forming  the  top  or  back  of  the  ridg»s- 
there  are  remains  of  on  ancient  burial  ground  where  probably  tho  early 
cburcb  of  Kileacle  which  givos  name  to  the  adjoining  towuland  Lad  been, 
but  of  any  buildings  there  are  no  restigea  at  present.  I  believe  tbat  tho 
ground  about  tho  gallaun  for  some  porches  in  all  directions  wna  an  old 
Pagan  oenagh  or  cemetery,  where  oa  usual  public  assemblies,  games,  &c., 
wore  held  periodically.  Hence  in  the  "  Book  of  Eights  "  wo  have,  as 
translated  by  O'Donovan,  "  Ardchonuil — the  meeting  place  of  hosts." 
O'Douovan  does  not  identify  the  place,  but  as  the  name  ia  given  in  the 
stanza  of  the  ancient  poem  in  Leabhar-na-gCeart,  which  enumerates  other 
Buoh  Portaibh  or  Royal  seats  that  were  certainly  in  or  near  this  district, 
1  am  pretty  sure  that  this  was  really  the  ancient  "Mooting  place  of 
hosts,"  honoured  by  on  occaaional  sojourn  of  our  provincial  kinga.  Hero 
is  the  stanza  as  translated  by  O'Donovan  : — 

"  Cathair  tlealhitis,  Tenmhair  Subba 
Air-Bils  the  gnat  wealthy,  red, 
Aenogb-M-Boarrain  the  beautiful  Mogh  Csilla 
Ard-Cbonsill,  tbe  maeting  placa  of  bosta." 

Whether  thia  place  was  a  Royal  residence,  a  local  tradition  tella  that 
it  was  the  place  first  chosen  by  St.  Brendan  and  his  monks  as  tbe  eite  of 
hia  earliest  monaatery  in  this  district,  but  when  th«  brethren  were  laving 
down  the  lines  for  cells,  encloaiires,  &c-,  according  to  the  written  plan  of 
the  saint  which  one  of  them  bad  placed  beside  him  on  the  ground,  a  bird 
suddenly  flew  past  bearing  away  in  its  beak  the  paper  on  which  the  plan 
WAS  traced  towards  Ardfcrt^  about  a  mile  dislant  on  the  south,  where  it 
dropped  tho  paper  on  the  "  high  ground  "  or  "  ard,"  where  Ardfcrt  now 
•lands,  and  that  thia  wna  accepted  as  an  indication  of  the  will  of  heaven 
that  tho  new  monastery  should  be  founded  there  and  not  on  the  ground 
first  chosen. 

Hence,  as  the  story  has  it,  St.  Brendan  was  led  to  make  his  earlioat 
foundation  at  Ardfert.  Tho  spot  where  the  ancient  grave  was  opened 
lies  to  the  east  of  the  gallaun,  about  40  feet  outside  the  circle  that 
sarrounds  it,  and  is  probably  on  the  outer  verge  of  the  ancient  aenagli  or 
Pagan  cemetery. 

I  afterwards  viait«d  the  place.  The  gallaun  and  cahir-ferta  are 
marked  on  Ordnance  Sheet  N'o.  20,  at  tho  junctions  of  the  townlands  of 
Pinneens,  Lerrig  South,  Killcncle,  and  Ard-Connel.  I  opened  further 
into  tho  bank  by  the  roadside  than  had  been  done  before,  and  found  it  to 
be  a  rudely  constructed  tisi,  18  inches  wide  and  18  inches  deep,  covered 
with  rough  aod  rather  small  flag  limestones  at  about  2  feet  under  sur- 
Ucc. 

It  is  about  4  feet  6  inches  long,  a  little  off  the  direction  of  north  and 
wntb.     OS  the  southern  end  there  is  a  cavity  in  towarda  the  gallaun  or 


83 


ROYAL  80CIKTY  OF  AN'J'IQUAKIES  OF  lEELAND. 


east  and  west,  but  at  the  time  I  had  no  means  of  exploring  further  into 
the  hUl. 

In  my  opinion  there  is  a  cist  running  east  anJ  west  from  end  of  prc- 
ient  one,  and  this  is  the  direction  of  the  original  intemjents,  and  that 
recently  discovered  was  constructed,  when  makieg  the  road,  to  receive 
the  remains  found  in  some  original  cists  disturbed  ut  that  time.  The 
grounds  for  this  Hupposition  are — first,  its  direction  nearly  north  and 
south,  and  being  diiferent  from  the  presumed  continuation  which  runs 
east  and  west ;  next,  the  careless  way  in  which  I  found  the  covering 
atones,  and  their  small  size,  and  because  on  examination  I  found  it  to 
contain  the  remains  of  at  least  three  bodies ;  the  hones  were  mised  with 
clay,  and  lying  about  without  any  regard  to  relative  positions.  In 
tibia  and /ewiur  I  noticed  tho  remains  of  at  least  two  adult  males,  I 
handed  a  few  bones  taken  from  the  cist  to  Br.  Fogcrty,  of  Limerick, 
who  kindly  sent  mo  the  following  notes: — "The  human  hones  sent 
by  you  consist  of  the  right  half  of  a  lower  Jaw,  which  I  believe  be- 
longed to  aa  adult  male,  probably  between  thirty  and  forty  years  of  age 
(tho  teeth  are  oil  well  formed) ;  a  portion  of  a  right  superior  maxilla  of  a 
child  of  not  more  than  five  years  of  ago,  and  a  lumbar  vertebra  of  an  adult. 
In  all  the  bones  there  is  no  trace  of  animal  matter,  nothing  remaining  but 
the  earthy  salts  ;  they  are  exceediugly  friable,  and  very  slight  exposure 
to  the  weather  would  soon  disintegrate  them.  They  show  no  signs  of 
calcination.  It  is  impossiblo  to  say  their  age,  hut  I  do  not  think  they  are 
as  old  as  Pagan  times.  The  remains  of  the  child  would,  I  think,  negative 
the  hypothesis  that  they  came  from  a  battle-field,  and  favour  the  idea  of 
the  place  being  an  old  burial  ground."— W.  A.  FooEBtr,  M.A.,  M.D. 

With  the  kind  assistance  of  the  Hon.  Local  Secretary  I  hope  to  have 
a  rough  masonry  protectiou  built  over  the  eisi  to  prevent  future  road 
improvers  deaecratiug  it. — P.  J.  Xtnch. 


Kileltoa  Church,  &0. — In  my  Report  in  1889,  No.  79,  I  promised  a 
further  examination  of  this  interesting  locality,  so  fortunately  brought 
to  light  by  Jliss  Hiokson.  I  have  had  some  of  the  accumulations  about 
the  old  church  removed,  and  sonae  breaches  filled  in  so  as  to  render  an 
examiuation  much  easier  than  before.  "  Cloghnaerusha,"  referred  to  by 
Uiss  Hickson  in  tho  same  Number,  I  found  broken,  hut  it  ia  practicable 
to  set  it  up  again  in  a  cement  base.  The  tumulus,  with  its  oblong  and 
circular  chambers,  we  proceeded  to  explore,  when  the  occupier  of  the 
farm  refused  to  allow  us  to  proceed.  A  few  weeks  after,  through  the 
kindly  interference  of  Rev.  T.  O'Sullivan,  p.i'.,  he  consented  to  permit  us 
to  examine  those  chambers,  &c.,  and  I  am  sure  the  result  will  prove 
interesting. 


MISCELLANEA.  83 

Towards  defraying  expenses  I  have  received  the  following  subscrip- 
tions:— 

B.  S.  A.  Ireland,  ... 

Most  Kev.  Dr.  Coffey,  Bishop  of  Kerry, 
Eobert   Fogerty,   c.e.,   ALrchitect,    Church 

Eepresentative  Body,     ... 
Rev.  T.  O'Sullivan,  P.P.,  - 
Rev.  D.  O'Donoghue,  P.P.,  Hon.  Local  Sec, 
P.    J.    Lynch,    Hon.    Prov.    Sec,    North 

Munster,            .            .            .            . 
W.  Gillespie,  Esq.,  per  Mr.  Cochrane, 
Miss  Hickson, 


£ 

9. 

d. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

10 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

0 

£6  15     0 


I  regret  to  say  that  when  we  again  visited  the  place  to  complete  our 
examination,  the  owner  of  the  field  (a  farmer  named  Knightly)  withdrew 
from  his  promise,  and  would  not  permit  us  to  make  any  clearing.  After 
some  persuasion  he  allowed  the  stone  with  the  incised  cross  to  be  set  up 
and  cramped. 

The  return  of  the  entire  expenses,  furnished  by  Mr.  John  B.  Healy, 
Tralee,  is  £7  6«. ;  but  he  has  agreed  to  accept  the  amount  subscribed  as 
payment  in  full. — P.  J.  Lynch. 

County  Kildare  ArchsBOlogical  Society. — It  does  not  often,  and  indeed 
in  the  nature  of  things  it  cannot  often,  fall  to  our  lot  to  have  to  chronicle 
the  birth  of  a  Local  ALrchseological  Society.  It  is  therefore  with  the 
more  pleasure  that  we  announce  the  formation  of  such  a  Society  in  and 
for  the  County  of  Kildare.  Societies  having  a  more  or  less  limited  area 
have  their  special  functions,  being  able  to  investigate  with  a  degree  of 
minuteness,  and  to  watch  with  an  amount  of  care,  objects  which  can  be 
but  very  perfunctorily  dealt  with  by  a  Society  whose  operations  extend 
over  the  whole  of  Ireland.  The  justice  of  this  observation  is  well  exem- 
plified by  the  Papers  read  at  the  Meeting  of  the  Kildare  Society  in  Naas 
on  the  20th  January  to  an  appreciative  audience.     They  were — 

**  The  Pord  of  Ae."    "  Some  Historical  Notes  on  the  Town  of  Athy," 

by  the  Most  Rev.  H.  Comerford,  Coadjutor  Bishop  of  Kildare 

and  Leighlin. 
"Description  of  the  Round  Towers  of  the  County  Kildare,  their 

Origin  and  Use,'*  by  Lord  Walter  Pitz  Gerald. 
"  Notes,  Antiquarian  and  Historical,  on  the  Parish  of  Clane,'*  by  the 

Rev.  Canon  Sherlock. 
"  The  Eustaces  of  Kildare,"  by  the  Rev.  Denis  Murphy,  s.j. 

Without  exception  these  Papers  were  full  of  interesting  matter,  and 

0  2 


84  EOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 

some  of  them  liaye  placed  upon  record  facts  and  circnmstances  which 
might  easily  have  been  lost  in  the  course  of  another  generation.  The 
objects  of  the  Society  include  the  publication  of  a  journal,  and  a  summer 
excursion,  which  will  at  once  add  zest  to  its  proceedings,  and  by  bring- 
ing the  various  antiquarian  objects  in  the  county  under  the  eye  of  its 
inhabitants,  make  them  personally  acquainted  with  these,  and  more 
anxious  for  their  preservation  and  elucidation.  The  first  *'  meet  of  the 
Kildares,"  if  we  may  be  allowed  to  borrow  a  phrase,  was  at  Killashee, 
where,  under  Major  Moore's  guidance,  the  members  inspected  the  curious 
caves  dug,  like  rabbit  burrows,  out  of  the  cohesive  sand,  by  forgotten  hands 
for  an  unknown  purpose ;  also  the  church,  which  is  of  the  very  earliest 
date.  From  thence  they  returned  to  Naas,  where  St.  David's  Church  and 
Castle  were  visited,  also  the  lofty  rath  and  the  sites  of  various  conventual 
establishments.  After  luncheon  they  drove  to  the  ruins  of  the  magni- 
ficent residence  built  for  himself  by  the  unfortunate  Earl  of  Strafford  at 
Jigginstown  (might  not  the  Society  profitably  use  its  influence  to  restore 
the  ancient  spelling  of  Sigginstown  ?),  Papers  being  read  by  various 
members  at  the  various  places  visited.  Athy  is  to  be  the  scene  of  their 
next  excursion. 

The  Society  is  largely  indebted  for  its  successful  formation  and  start 
on  its  useful  career  to  the  zeal  and  energy  of  the  Earl  of  Mayo,  who,  in 
conjunction  with  that  well-known  archaeologist,  Mr.  Arthur  Vicars,  f.s.a., 
acts  as  secretary,  the  more  dignified  but  less  laborious  post  of  president 
being  occupied  by  the  Duke  of  Leinster,  who  has  spared  no  pains  to  make 
this  venture  a  success. 

"We  wish  all  prosperity  to  the  County  Kildare  Archaeological  Society, 
and  shall  hail  as  an  important  outcome  of  our  own  labours  the  formation 
of  other  kindred  associations. 


(     85     ) 


Moticts  of  ^aoti$. 


[NoTB. — Theie  markrd  ■  are  by  Membert  of  the  SoeUl^.] 

'"An  AecoHnt  of  the  Anglo-Norman  Family  of  Deveretix  of  Salmagir,  Co. 
TFex/ord.  By  Gabriel  O'C.  Redmond,  m.d.,  Cappoquin,  Co.  "Woter- 
ford.     (Dublin :  Office  of  The  Irish  Builder,  Mabbot-atreet.     1891.) 

*.M  Miilorical  Memoir  of  th»  Family  of  Poher,  Poer,  or  Poieer,  mith  an 
account  of  the  Barony  of  Le  Power  and  Coroghmore,  Co.  Waierford. 
By  Gabriel  O'C.  Redmond,  m.d.,  m.e.s.a.i.,  Cappoquin,  Co.  Water- 
ford.     (Dublin  :  Office  of  The  Irish  BuilJer,  Mabbot- street.     1891.) 

Dk.  Redmond  has  compiled  two  very  interesting  genealogical  records, 
tracing  the  history  of  two  of  the  first  Anglo-Norman  families  Bettled  in 
Ireland.  The  early  portion  of  most  of  the  Anglo-Norman  pedigrees  is 
very  obecure,  and  often  irapoBsiblc  to  letoncile  with  chronology.  From  the 
Tarious  Calendars  of  Documents  relating  to  Ireland,  the  Patent  and  Close 
Rolls,  &c.,  a  certuin  amount  of  authentic  information  can  he  gleaned 
concerning  these  families ;  and  Dr.  Redmond  appears  to  haye  made  an 
intelligent  use  of  these  materials.  The  founder  of  the  "Wexford  family 
was  Philip  Devereux,  one  of  the  companions  of  Strongbow,  in  1 1 70,  who 
is  said  to  have  hecomo  possessed  of  the  Munor  of  Bulmagir,  which  con- 
tinued in  the  possession  of  his  descendants  until  their  lands  were  forfeited 
in  the  Cromwellian  confiscations.  The  senior  line  is  traced  to  the  period 
of  the  Revolution,  when  the  estates  "being  lost,  like  many  others,  the 
family  disappeared.  A  junior  hranch,  seated  at  Carrigmenan  in  the  same 
connty,  is  also  traced  to  its  extinction  in  the  middle  of  the  present  century. 
The  book  is  illustrated  with  engravings  of  the  arms  of  Bcvereux,  Yiscount 
Hereforil,  and  of  those  of  Sir  Nicholas  Devereux,  Knight,  of  Balmagir 
and  Adamstown,  as  represented  on  the  slab  which  surmounted  the  entrance 
gat«  to  the  courtyard  of  Adamstown  Castle  1556,  tlio  inscription  on 
which  has  been  the  subject  of  some  controversy  in  the  pages  of  the 
Journal  (vol.  viU.,  4th  Ser.,  1888,  p.  -108,  &c.).  The  arms  on  the  slab, 
however,  do  not  correspond  with  the  description  of  tho  annorial  bearings 
o(  Devereux  of  Bulmagir  given  on  the  eame  page. 

The  family  of  Peer,  or  Power,  gave,  as  is  well  known,  their  name  to 
the  county  Wuterford,  which  was  known  fur  several  centuries  as  "  Peers' 
Country."  Robert  dePoher  received  a  grant  of  the  country  from  Henry 
11.,  whom  Lo  accompanied  to  Ireland  in  1172.  The  senior  line  of  his 
doBcendants,  known  as  the  Barons  of  Donoyle,  or  Dunhill,  can  he  clearly 


86  ROYAL   SOCIETY   OF  AKTIQUARIES   OF   IRELAND. 

traced  down  to  the  year  1661.  It  is  probable  that  the  male  line  was 
continued  by  the  family  of  Power  o£  ClaBhmore  to  the  present  century, 
when  it  became  extinct.  The  early  deacenta  of  the  junior  branches  are 
in  a  Btat<?  of  hopeless  confusion,  which  the  ingenuity  of  Dr.  Eedmond  haa 
failed  to  disentangle.  The  house  of  Coroghmore  cannot  be  traced  with 
certainty  beyond  the  commencement  of  the  fifteenth  century.  This  branch 
eventually  became  the  most  important.  The  claim  of  the  heiress  of  this 
branch  of  the  family  to  the  Barony  of  Le  Poer  and  Curraghmore,  which, 
fitrange  to  say,  was  allowed  by  the  Irish  House  of  Lords  in  1769,  is  fully 
discussed,  and  its  untenable  nature  clearly  demonstrated.  The  present 
male  representative  of  the  family  appears  to  bo  Edmond  dePoher  de  la 
Poer,  of  Gurteen,  a  Life  Member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
and  who  would  seem  entitled  to  tho  peerage  created  in  1536,  A  full 
account  is  given  of  the  proceedings  against  Alice  Kyteler  for  witchcraft, 
by  Richard  de  Ledrede,  Bishop  of  Oaaory,  in  which  he  encountered  the 
determined  opposition  of  Arnold  de  Poer,  then  Seneschal  of  the  Liberty 
of  lOlkenny.  The  well-known  ghost  stoiy  of  the  Bercaford  family  is  also 
told  at  length.  There  are  brief  notices  of  several  minor  branches  of  the 
family.  A  somewhat  fuller  account  might  have  been  given  of  the  line  of 
Eilbolane,  now  represented  by  the  Earl  of  Clancarty. 


*Holiday  Haunts  on  the  West  Comt  of  CUrt,  Ireland.  By  H.  B.  H. 
(Limerick :  G.  McKcm  &  Sons,  Printers  &  Publishers,  113,  George- 
street.     1891.) 

Visitors  to  the  county  Clare  will  find  this  little  hook  a  usefiil  guide, 
although  the  plan  might  have  been  bettor  arranged.  Starting  from 
Kilkee,  the  traveller  ia  brought  south  to  Loop  Head,  thence  by  Kilrush 
to  Limerick.  Tho  various  places  of  interest  along  the  route  are  described- 
Eilkce  is  again  taken  as  the  starting  point,  and  a  tour  mapped  out  north- 
wards, ending  at  Corcomroe  Abbey,  It  contains  iUastrations  from 
photographs  of  the  cliila  o(  Mohor  and  Lisdoonvama. 


Ilistory  of  Sligo,  Cotmty  and  Toten,  from  the  Clost  of  Ihf  BfvoluUon  of 
16B8  fo  the  Presmt  Time.  With  Illustrations  from  original  Draw- 
ings and  Plana.  By  W.  G.  Wood-Martin,  Colonel,  Sligo  Artillery. 
(Dublin;  Hodges,  Figgis,  &  Co.  1892.)  Being  the  third  volume 
of  The  HUtory  of  SUgo. 

This,  the  third  and  concluding  volume,  completes  Colonel  Wood- 
Martin'a  "History  of  the  City  and  County  of  Sligo,"  which  he  has 
succeeded  in  bringing  to  a  successful  issue  in  a  satisfactory  manner. 
Besides  the  three  volumes  of  the  work  itself,  he  has  written  a  separate 


NOTICES  OF   BOOKS.  87 

publication,  the  "  Rude  Stone  Monuments  of  Bligo  "  (published  by  thQ 
Boyal  Historical  and  ArcJiteologiciU  Association  of  Ireland  aa  one  of  their 
extra  Tolumes),  that  is  indiBpeneable  for  the  completion  of  local  Sligo 
history,  as  it  preserves  descriptions  of  the  numerous  and  important  mega- 
litbio  remains,  such  as  cairns  and  cromlechs,  &c.,  still  to  be  Found  scattered 
in  such  profusion  in  the  district  of  Carrowmore  and  elsewhere  throughout 
the  county,  with  illustrations  that  preasrvo  their  present  appearance;  a 
useful  addition  to  verbal  descriptions,  considering  the  barbaric  destruction 
80  many  similar  monuments,  here  as  well  as  elsewhere  throughout  Ireland, 
have  suffered  from  within  even  recent  times. 

The  first  volume  of  the  present  scries,  that  of  the  "  History  of  Sligo," 
commenced  with  giving  accounts  of  its  legendary  history,  commencing 
with  the  earliest  ages;  followed  by  a  detail  of  its  historic  records  up  to 
the  termination  of  the  reign  of  Qneen  Elizabeth.  In  the  second  volume 
Colonel  Wood-Martin  continued  his  description  from  the  accession  of 
James  the  First  until  the  termination  of  the  Stuart  dynasty,  and  the 
defeat  of  James  the  Second  ;  whilst  the  present  tbirtl  volume  completea 
his  history,  commencing  with  the  Revolution  of  1688,  and  carrying  on  its 
details  down  to  the  present  day.  By  tliis  systematic  mode  of  treating 
the  history  of  a  couuly  be  has  produced  ono  of  the  most  complete  and 
satisfactory  works  of  its  kind  that  has  yet  appeared  ;  and  all  who  feel 
interested  in  Sligo  and  its  fluctuating  fortune  will  feel  that  he  is  desening 
fFf  their  thanks  for  his  prolonged  and  successful  investigations.  A.  series 
of  similar  publications,  treating  in  an  equally  eshaustivo  manner  upon 
the  different  counties  of  Ireland,  would  constitute  works  for  future 
reference  of  the  utmost  value  to  the  historian  desirous  of  understanding 
the  difficult  problems  of  Irish  history  and  social  life  ;  but  we  fear  that 
auch  good  fortune  is  one  of  those  things  rather  to  bo  hoped  for  tlian 
expected. 

There  ia  no  doubt  that  a  few  epecially-favonred  localities  have 
obtained  historians  of  ability,  who  wrote  histories  of  more  than  average 
merit'  For  instance,  Galway  possessed  iu  Hordiman  a  person  of  excep- 
tional descriptive  power.  Londonderry  has,  in  the  Ordnance  Survey  of 
that  county,  a  work  that  deserves  to  be  more  appreciated  than  its  com- 
mercial value  would  indicate ;  and  Cork,  Kerry,  and  Waterford  bad  in 
Dr.  Smith  a  sound  and  discriminating  writer,  whose  works  still  retain 
their  place  in  the  estimation  of  the  public.  But  these  latter  volumes  are 
becoming  to  some  extent  obsolete,  and  require  to  be  rc-cditod,  and  their 
infarmatiou  brought  down  to  the  present  day.  It  was,  therefore,  a 
matter  of  congratulation  to  observe  that,  through  the  liberality  of  one 
esteemed  Fellow  of  the  Society,  Eobcrt  Day,  j.p.,  k.b.i.a.,  there  is  in  pro- 
cess of  being  published,  in  a  serial  form,  within  the  pages  of  the  new 
"Journal "  of  the  Cork  Archosologioal  and  Historical  Society,  a  reprint 
of  Dr.  Smith's  history  of  that  county,  annotated  and  enriched  with 
explanatory  and  illustrative  notes  taken  from  the  Croker  and  Caulfield 


EOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 


mantiscripts,  ■which,  we  underBtamJ,  are  preserved  in  tho  library  of 
M>.  Day.  la  due  course  let  hb  hope  that  both  notca  and  text  will 
appear  aa  a  separate  and  complete  county  history  of  Cork. 

The  account  which  Colonel  Wood-Martia  giTCa  of  SUgo  in  this  volume 
in,  for  convenience,  considered  under  separate  chapters  or  sub-diviBiouB. 
The  first  of  these  is  occupied  with  the  details  of  its  military  history 
and  organization,  which,  embracing  the  sensational  period  of  tho  Irish 
Tohmtecr  movement,  and  the  descent  of  the  French  troops  at  Killala, 
has  received  such  adequate  treatment  as  might  be  expected  from  the 
aathor.  A  section  doroted  to  local  political  history,  and  its  flae- 
tuating  fortunes,  follows  ;  this  will  prove  less  attractive  to  many  than 
other  portiftns  of  the  history.  Then  comes  sad  records  of  pestilences, 
famine,  and  wide-spread  emigration ;  the  histories  of  epidemics  of  cholera 
and  of  fever,  distinguished  by  their  Tirulenco  and  terrible  mortality  ;  and 
of  the  potato  blight,  with  all  its  disastrous  results ;  each,  in  their  time, 
constituting  pages  of  local  history  of  the  saddest  kind.  An  account  of 
the  buildings,  public  institutions,  houses,  and  roads,  suffice  to  form  a 
separate  chapter,  followed  by  another  containing  much  topical  informa- 
tion about  the  history  of  the  borough  of  Sligo,  ita  provosts  and  burgesaeB, 
and  their  curioas  methoits  of  aiaiBtainingthe  gcemment  of  the  town,  and 
of  consolidating  all  esecutivo  power  within  their  own  limited  circle  of 
friends  and  relations.  The  banking  and  currency  of  former  days  receive 
consideration,  and  the  details  are  worth  studying.  Those  local  copper 
tokens,  issued  in  the  Beventeenth  century  in  Sligo  as  well  as  elsewhere 
over  Ireland  and  England,  by  traders,  to  meet  the  deficiencies  of  coinage 
and  the  demands  of  trade  by  providing  a  mode  of  exchango  for  small 
sums,  such  as  a  penny  or  less,  are  figured  and  described ;  they  aie  now  of 
mucli  value,  from  the  names  and  trades  of  thopc  who  issued  them  being 
presorvod  through  their  inscriptions.  In  this  way  tveiy  sepai'at*-'  feature 
of  tho  county  history  receives  from  Colonel  Wood-Martin  due  considera- 
tion in  its  turn. 

The  geology  of  Sligo,  from  its  recent  raised  beaches  to  the  Curlew 
Mountains,  composed  of  Old  Hed  Sandstone,  and  Benbulben,  with  its  out- 
lying bills  of  Carboniferous  limestone,  nth  in  fossils,  obtains  full  notice  ; 
and  the  moving  bog,  which,  in  1831,  gave  way  between  Geovagh  and 
Bloomfietd,  overwhelming  many  meadows  and  much  arable  land;  also 
those  destructive  sands,  in  motion  with  every  storm,  that  have  already 
accomplished  widespread  damage  in  certain  districts.  The  climate  and 
rainfall,  flora  and  fauna,  follow ;  and,  after  these,  a  section  of  more 
interest  to  the  members  of  our  Society,  treating  of  local  customs  and 
manners,  legendary  stories,  and  a  store  of  topical  folklore — records  of 
sacred  welU  and  fish,  eursiog-stones,  eures  tor  diseases  in  man  and  cattle, 
aU  of  which  ai'e  recorded  not  a  day  too  soon,  for  their  memory  is  fast 
Tftnishing  from  the  land. 

The  Appendix  (at  page  4&2)  eontains  the  names  of  each  parish,  with 


NOTICES  OP  BOOKS.  89 

its  townlands,  in  tabulated  form  ;  giving,  in  the  first  instance,  the 
-distinctive  appellation  employed  in  the  maps  of  the  Ordnance  Survey, 
accompanied  by  its  present  name  in  Irish ;  and  this  is  followed  by  an 
explanation  of  the  meaning  implied  by  this  important  and  often  charac- 
teristic term  ;  a  feature  in  itself  sufficient  to  render  the  present  work  one 
of  considerable  worth.  Another  noticeable  addition  is  a  catalogue  of  the 
numerous  birds  that  visit  or  abide  in  the  county  Sligo :  of  this,  it  is  suffi- 
■cient  to  state  that  it  is  contributed  by  one  of  the  best  ornithologists  in 
Ireland,  R.  Warren,  Esq.  From  this  brief  summary  of  Colonel  Wood- 
Martin's  work,  it  is  evident  he  has  spared  no  trouble  to  produce  a  county 
history  of  exceptional  importance  in  all  respects. 

It  proceeds  from  the  Press  of  Dublin  University  ;  and  Mr.  Weldrick 
has,  in  the  details  of  publication  and  style  of  execution,  printed  a  volume 
that  reflects  credit  on  Dublin  and  its  workmen. 


\_N.B, — NqUcbs  of  other  Works  are  unavoidably  held  over.^ 


(    so   ) 


$roceetiins)3» 


The  AinnriL  Oenesax  Meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  on  Tuesday, 
12th  January,  1892,  in  the  Lecture  Theatre,  Eoyal  Dublia  Society's 
House,  Kildare-street,  Dublin,  at  4  o'clock,  p.m. : 

Thomas  Drew,  b.h.a.,  f.b.i.b.a.,  Tice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  Fellows  and  Members  signed  the  Attendance -book : — 
W.  F.  Wakeman ;  Denu  Murphy,  a.).,  u.b.i.a.  ;  R«v,  R.  B.  Sloaey,  d.d.  ;  J. 
G.  Eobarlson  ;  E.  Perceval  Wright,  m.d.  ;  P.  King  Jojce,  b.a.  ;  Hot.  G.  Otwny 
Woodward,  m.a,  ;  Lord  W niter  Fiw Gerald,  j.p.,  m.r.i.a.*  Geo.  DameB  Biirtchaell, 
m.jL.,  H.K.i.A,,  Seoretarj;  Eichnrd  BraTin;  Eby.  T.  A.  MaeMuirocli-Murphy,  m.a.; 
Col.  6.  Vox  Grant,  j.p.  ;  Eev.  William  F.  Almpnt;  Austin  Damar  Cooper,  j. p. ;  Her. 
James  Adams ;  James  Mills,  m.r.i.a.  :  H.  F.  Berry,  h.a.  ;  J.  J.  Lav  Breen  ;  William 
C.  Slubbi,  M.A.,  B.L. ;  Bev.  Wm.  O'N.  Lindesay,  h.a.  ;  James  Brenan,  u.u.A.  ;  Rev, 
Rowland  Scriveti,  m.a.,  m.k.t.a.  ;  Anthony  R.  Carrol],  Solr. ;  T.  W.  Lewis,  m.d.  ;  J. 
B.  Casain  Bcsy;  JoqiobT.  Andrews,  ti.i.,  b.l.  ;  Joseph  H.  Moore,  h.a.,ii.  INBT.  C.B.I- ; 
P.  Kenny ;  Eer.  John  William  Stubbs,  n.ii. ;  Eev.  Geo.  T.  Blokes,  d.d.,  K.a.t.A. ; 
Jo«Bph  Bewlej:  BeJeU  Stanford,  b.a.  ;  Mrs.  C.  M.  B.  Stoker,  Geoigo  Coffey,  B.l., 
B.L.,  H.B.i.A. ;  Sadleir  Stoney,  h.a.,  b.l.  ;  Eer.  D.  Mullao,  M.A. ;  Very  Kdt.  J. 
Canon  Uonahan,  n.a.,  v.o.:  Pierce  L.  Nulan,  b.a.  ;  P.  F.  Sutherland;  Thomas 
Meehan  ;  and  Eobert  Codtmno,  Sen.  Seeritai'y. 

The  Chairman  said  Mr.  Cochrane  had  received  a  letter  from  tho 
President,  Lord  Jnmea  Butler,  d.l.,  in  which  he  stated  that  owing  to  tho 
state  ot  his  health  ho  could  not  trust  himaclf  to  venture  out  in  auch 
severe  weather,  and  he  apologized  for  his  non-attendance.  The  Chairman 
tdso  alluded  to  the  loss  which  archasology  had  sustained  by  the  death  of 
the  Bishop  of  Down,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Heevoa,  one  of  the  Vice- Presidents  of 
the  Society.  Ho  was  a  most  versatile  Bcbolar,  and  many  of  them  had,  in 
consequence  of  his  demise,  lost  a  ■warm  and  attached  friend. 

The  Minutes  of  the  lost  Meeting  were  then  read  and  confirmed. 

The  following  Candidates,  recommended  by  tho  Council,  were  duly 
elected : — 

Fbllowb. 

John  E.  Wighttm,  u.b.i.a.,  j.p.,  Albany  Houao,  Monknown  :  proposed  by  Eobert 
Cochrano,  FtlieU),  Son,  Grniral  Secretary. 

James  F.  Johnston,  Curator  of  the  Art  Gallery  and  Uueonni,  Belfast :  proposed  by 
Seaton  F.  Milligan,  Felloic,  Sen.  FrevitKiai  SiertUryfor  UUhr. 


E.  Fiennes  Hibbert,  j     ,        .  .,._  ..,  . . 

Mrs.   ShBckleton.  Anna  Liffey  House, 
Monkstown  ;   Bollingham  A.  Somerville,  n.i.,  _. 
Wicklow ;  proposed  by  Eobert  Cochrane,  Ftlleic, 


>,  Templffogue,  Co.  Dublin ; 


Alfred  Joseph  Felhersloahaugh,  M.i.,  Idrone  I 
prapoaed  by  J.  J,  Digges  La  Touolio,  Li.r..  Ftllcw. 

Joieph  P.  Swan,  Crovn  and  Haiuiper  Office,  and  S8,  Lover  Dominlck-street, 
Dublin :  prcpoeed  by  G.  D.  BurtcbMU.  Ftllout. 

John  W.  Johnataa,  Deputy  Clerk  of  the  Peace,  MooBghnii :  pro[>oaed  liy  D.  Carolin 
Kuihe,  F/lletc,  Son.  Local  SitTitary  for  Ct.  Uonaghnn. 

Luke  L.  MBcaieey.  h.i.c.b.,  T,  Chicbester-street,  Belfast;  David  L.  Lovry,  25, 
DonegBll -place,  Belfast:  proposed  by  E.  M.  Young,  Fclloir,  Eon.  Local  Secnlaru  for 
Btlfatl. 

ReT.  Levis  Arthur  Pooler,  m.a.,  Uioor  Canon,  Lake  Cottage,  BoUydugon,  Down- 
Patrick ;  proposed  by  Rev.  H.  W.  Lett,  m.a.,  Hen.  t^vintial  Serve larj/  for  UUler. 

Key.  Paul  Dunny,  c.o.,  Clonegal,  Co.  Carlow :  proposed  by  Saniuol  Guilbride. 

Captain  Biebsrd  Arthur  Hartley,  B^eaafuriahii,  8aeem,  Co.  Kerry :  propostd  by 
Rev.  George  M'Cutchim,  h.a. 

Matthew  Tobias,  Solicitor,  Cosy  Lodge,  Sandymount ;  propoied  by  John  Cooke, 

Emrii  Holmes,  f.h.h.k.,  Eden-terrace,  Limerick :  proposed  by  Rev.  Fraueia 
Heredyth,  m.a. 

Henry  Hitchina,  Belmont,  Dondrum,  Co.  Dublin  :  proposed  by  H.  F.  Berry. 

Patrick  A.  Meeban,  Maryborough  ;  Bobert  P.  Atkumon,  Pniiarliiigloa :  propoeed 
by  B.  J.  P.  Mtthony,  m.k.c.v.b.,  Hon.  Local  Secretari,  for  Qiuta'e  Ca. 

Bev. John  Wallace  TBylor,LL.D.,  Ertigal  Glebe,  Emyyale,  Co.  Monoghan  ;  Charles- 
J.  H'Mullen,  Campsie,  Omngh  ;  William  Irwiii,  Manager,  Tramway  Co.,  Cnatlederg; 
William  J.  FitiGeruld,  SoUcitor.  Mallow,  Co.  Cork :  propowd  by  ClmrlBS  MuUin. 

Hon.  William  U.  Upton,  Judge  of  the  Superior  Courts,  Walln  WuUa,  Washington, 
tl.B.  ;  propoacd  by  Rev.  Thomas  Warren. 

MisB  Honor  Brooke,  U,  Herbert -street,  DubUn  ;  proposfd  by  E.  R.  M'C.  Dil. 
Sbk.  Loeal  Sttretary  for  North  Co.  IHiblin. 

Bev.  Albert  H.  Maturin,  h.a.,  Rectory,  Maghera :  proposed  by  Bev.  Bohert 
Cunningham.  ■ 

WiHuud  Ridgeiray,  h.a.  (Dubl.  £  Cantab.},  Professor  of  Greek,  Queen's  College, 
Cork,  Fen  Dttton,  Cambridge ;  Rev.  John  Patcraon  Smylb,  b.ei.,  ll.b.  (Dubl.), 
Christ  Church  VicarHge,  Eingatown :  proposed  by  Rev.  H.  J.  Lairlor. 

Archibald  V.  Montgomery,  Solicitor,  3B,  Fleet-alreet,  Dublin  :  proposed  by  Hiis 
TiadalL  _ 

Bey.  William  F.  Fits  Gerald,  m.a.,  PaTsonetown,    " 
Ptymoster- General's  Offiue  and  Chutcb-road,  Malabid 
FMfeasor  Stokes,  u.d. 

F.    J.    Beckley,   Secretary's  Office,  o.p.o.,  London  ;    propoBod  by   M.  Edward 

iUv.  Daniel  Harrington,  Presidenl,  St.  Michael's  College,  Listowel :  proposed  by 
I    Bar.  D.  O'Donoghue,  p.p.,  Hon.  Local  Setrelary  for  North  Sen y. 

T.  P.  Le  Fanu,  h.a.  (Cantab.),  El,  Brookfi^d -terrace,  Donitybrook :  proposed  by 
'  Junes  Mills. 

Rev.  William  Fearon,  b.a.,  The  Manse,  Sells  ;  BeBJamin  Macabe,  Church- street, 
Kails:  proposed  by  Bey.  John  Healy,  ll.d.,  Son.  Local  Secretary  for  North  Utath. 

Bicbard  M.  HiU,  u.i.,  r.i.o.,  Killaraeyi  H.  Edwards,  Manager,  National  Bonk, 


Ding]  I 

n-Genera!  King,  Fello\ 
Thomas  Greene,  ll.b.,  j. 
ITaltcr  Fit(  Genild,  FcUo«>. 


:  prop<»ed  by  Deputy- 
,,  Millbrook,  Magenej,  Co.  Eildare :  proposed  by  Lord 


The  Koport  of  the  Council  for  the  year  1891  was  read  hy  the 
[  Secretary,  and  on  the  motion  of  the  Chairman,  eecondcd  by  Rev.  Dcnia 
I-  Mnrphy,  b.j.,  was  unanimously  adopted  -. — 


Refobt  c 


E   CoTIHCn,  FOB    1891. 


The  Council  are  glad  to  be  able  to  report  the  continued  progress  of  the  Society 


[   during  the  year   1S9I.     The  Roll  now 
I  Henben,  making  together  1068,  s 


Fello.i-1 
in  the  list  of  the  preceding 


"92  ROYAL   SOCIETY    OF   ANTIQUARIES   OF   IRELAND. 

Having  regard  1o  the  increased  number  of  Fellows  and  Members,  tbe  death-rate  of 
tbe  yenr  b&s  been  unususll;  small,  but  the  Society  bus  sustained  a  severe  loss  iii  the 
removiil  of  some  of  its  oldest  nod  most  esteemed  Members.  Two  FdIIowg  and  fourteen 
Members  bnve  passed  awoj.  By  the  dentb  of  Canon  Grainger  (he  Society  has  lost  one 
of  ita  most  active  fiuppor1er»,  who  wan  most  regular  in  his  ntlendance  nl  the  meetiuga. 
Elected  a  Hcmber  in  1870,  and  a  Fellov  in  1S86,  Canon  Grainger  wag  suecessively 
Bod.  Prorinciat  Secretary  and  Vice-President  for  Ulster.  His  vnluable  and  extensive 
-collectioQ  of  antdquitieB  was  well  Icnown.  Shortly  before  his  death  he  presented  it  to 
the  city  of  Belfait,  hs  vsa  recorded  at  the  time  in  the  pages  of  the  Journal, 

The  Rev.  Charles  Alpiander  Vigcolea,  son  of  Our  first  President,  was,  withthe 
WiMption  of  our  present  Piesidect,  the  senior  Member  of  tbe  Sccictj,  which  he  joined 
in  the  flrstyoar  of  its  existence,  and  became  a  Fellow  on  the  institution  of  that  rank 
in  1B70.  While  Rector  of  Clomnacnois  be  look  an  active  part  in  promoting  the  actioD  of 
ihe  Society  in  preserving  the  venerable  ruins  of  that  place,  and  in  protecting  them  from 
iroDton  destruction.  From  1880  to  1890  ho  was  a  Member  of  the  General  Committee. 
Mr.  John  Browne,  h.h.i.a.,  elected  a  Member  in  1878,  was  Hon.  I-ocal  Secretary 
for  South  Co.  Londonderry,  and  contributed  a  Paper,  piibiiahed  in  the  Journal,  on 
"  British  War  Modahi." 

During  the  year,  on  the  lecommendalion  of  the  Council,  Honorary  FellOTsbips 
were  con^rred  on  the  following,  in  consideration  of  their  diBtirgiiishcd  services  in  tAe 
advancement  of  ArchKological  Science: — Professor  John  RhyE<.  m.a.,  Jcsua  College, 
Oxford,  President  of  the  Cambrian  ArcbiealogiFal  Association ;  Bobert  Mudto,  h.a., 
U.D.,  Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Antiq^uaries  of  Scotland;  Professor  Sven  Siiderberg, 
PH.D.,  Director  of  tlie  Museum  of  Antiquities,  nnivcrsity  of  Lund,  Sweden;  Professor 
Luigi  Pigorini,  Director  of  the  Museo  Eiiclieriauo,  Rome ;  Ri^jht  Hon.  Sir  John 
Lubbock.  Bart.,  n.c.L.,  ll.d.,  y.ii.s.,  M.r.;  Dr.  W.  J.  Hoffman  (Member,  1890). 
Professor  of  ethnology,  Smithaunian  Inslttulc,  Washington,  U.  S.  A.;  H.  d'Arbois 
lie  Juboinvilie,  Editor  of  Stria  Celtiqve ;  John  T.  Gilbert,  r.s.*..  H.U.t.l.,  and 
Margaret  Stokes,  hon.  u.u.i.a.  Fifteen  new  Fellows  werw  elected,  and  three  Mem- 
hers  were  advanced  to  Fellowships.  The  number  of  new  Members  elected  was  261. 
Of  these,  one  was  subsequently  advanced  to  a  Fellowship,  one  declined  electinn, 
two,  the  Council  regret  [o  report,  have  dltd.  and  fifteen  have  been  struck  off  the  list 
for  non-payment  or  their  entrance  fees  and  subscription  within  the  time  prescribed 
by  the  Rules. 

The  resignationii  of  2  Fellows  and  33  Members  bave  been  acce])ted.  The  number  of 
those  whose  names  were  struck  off  for  non-payment  of  the  arrears  due  by  them 
amounts  to  60.  Those  so  struck  olf  may  become  eligible  for  ro-u!ectIon  on  dischar^tig 
the  debt  due  by  tbem  to  the  Society  at  the  time  of  striking  otf  their  names.  The 
amount  duo  by  each  will  bu  found  in  the  list  nntteied. 

Five  General  Meetings,  instead  of  bLi.  were  held  during  the  year.  On  tie  occasion 
of  the  March  meeting  in  Dublin,  the  Society  were  hospitably  entertained  by  the  Ri^bt 
Hon.  the  Lord  Mayor  (Alderman  J.  M.  Meade)  at  the  Mansion  House.  The  Meeting 
■t  !&11amey  in  August  was  held  in  conjunction  with  Ihe  Cambrian  ArcbKological 
Association,  in  nccoidance  with  the  resolutiun  passed  at  the  September  meeting,  18S0, 
and  proved  in  every  respect  successful.  Full  details  of  the  excursions  in  connexion 
with  these  Meetings  beta  been  pnbliahed  in  ihe  Journal.  In  addition  to  the  excursions 
upon  the  programme  for  the  year  one  was  organized  in  July  through  North  County 
Dublin,  and  was  satisfactorily  carried  out  under  the  superintendence  of  the  Hon.  Local 
Secretaries. 

The  Account  Roll  of  the  Priory  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  Dublin,  1337-1346,  with  the 
Middle  English  Moral  Play,  "  The  Pride  of  Life,"  from  the  original  in  the  Chrial 
Church  Collcciion  in  the  Public  Becord  Office,  Duhlin,  edited,  with  translation,  notes, 
and  introduction,  by  Mr.  James  Mills,  h.b.i.a.,  has  been  issued  to  tbe  Fellows  as  an 
WVn  volume.  It  was  resolved  to  publish  the  Paper  read  by  Mr.  Mills  at  the  last 
Annual  General  Meeting,  on  "House  Keeping  in  Medueval  Dublin,"  as  an  intruduction 
to  the  volume :  that  Paper  has.  consequently,  not  been  printed  in  the  Journal.  The 
work  of  compilbg  an  Index  to  the  first  twenty  volumes  of  the  Journal  (1819-89)  ia 
still  proceeding. 

In  consequence  of  the  inconveniences  which  it  was  found  arose  from  tbe  number  of 
Oeneral  Meetings  bning  fixed  at  sii,  it  has  been  deemed  expedient  to  have  the  number 
of  Stated  Meetings  reduced  (o  four,  giving  power  to  the  Council  to  moke  arrangements 
for  holding  o'lditional  Meetings,  when  such  con  conveniently  be  done.  In  acoordacu 
with  notice  given  st  the  last  General  Meeting, '" '' 


II  the  Rules  into  effect  will  bo  mode  at  this 


leeting. 


o  carry  I 


I  changes  neeenuy 


I 


PHOCEKDHrOS. 


The  CaoDcil  re^t  to  report  tliat  tliev  have  lost  the  serricee  of  one  oE  ttieir  m 
mfiya  coUeagues.     In  consequontB  ot  rumoviug  to  London  tlin  Rev.  Mr.  Haue  vaa 
obliged  to  resign  his  >e»t.     In  ftceoninnco  with  the  proviaion*  of  Law  17,  Mr.  W.  B. 
Ifallof,  K.B.I.*.,  Ftlloic,  hBB  been  co-opted  to  flll  the  vacancy. 

The  CooncQ  held  eleven  Meetinga  dunng  the  year,  it  heing  dei^ided  not  to  hold  n 
Ife«ting  in  August  in  conapqucnce  of  the  atwence  of  moat  of  the  Meoibers  from  Dublin. 
The  atteiidaDces  of  the  Membcra  of  Council  at  the  MeiiCiags  were  us  follow : — Lord 
Jamei  Wandesfarde  Butler,  President.  3  ;  Mr.  Burtohaell,  U  ;  Mr.  Cuubrane,  10  ;  Her. 
D.  Murphy,  10;  Dr.  UTouDhe,9;  Mr.  Milia,  9;  Dr.  Fraier,  8;  Dr  'Wright,  7;  Mr. 
FnaikUo,  6  ;  Eev.  Dr.  Stoltea,  .■> :  Dr.  King,  6  ;  Eev,  Mr.  Hasae  (resigned  AuBUSt25}, 
4  ;  Colonel  Vigors,  4  ;  Mr.  MoUoy  (cn-opted,  September  23),  3  ;  Mr.  Mttlcolnison,  0. 

The  three  Seuior  Mflmburs  who  retire  by  rotation  are— Rev.  Dr.  Stokea,  Dr.  Wright, 
and  Mr.  FrsnUin.  Mr.  MaicoltuBOD  has  forfeited  hia  iwat  bv  Qua-atcendance.  For  the 
four  vacancies  thus  created,  the  Council  racommond  the  three  retiring  Merabera  for 
r»-eleclion,  with  the  addition  of  Lord  Walter  Fiti  Qemld,  h.d.i.a.,  Felhm.  Aa  no 
other  candidates  have  been  proposed,  it  will  not  be  neoesaary  to  proceed  to  a  ballot. 

Two  Vice- Preai den ta  go  out  of  oiBcc  in  accordance  with  Law  16 — The  O'Donovan, 
Vice-Preaident  for  Muuater,  and  Host  Kev.  Dr.  Healy,  Coadjutor- Biahop  of  Clonfert, 
Vice- President  tor  Conaaught ;  both  are  eligible,  and  ore  recommended,  for  re-eIei:tioo. 
To  BU  the  office  ot  Vice-President  for  Ulaler,  vacant  by  the  lamenlcd  death  otConan 
Qrainger.  the  Council  recommend  Be?.  GeorgQ  Eaphael  Buick,  m.a.,  h.u.i.a.,  JVffciB, 
1SS8,  Mtfnifr,  1882.  for  election.^ 

Id  BCCorduicD  with  the  resolution  passed  at  the  lost  Annual  General  Meeting,  the 
Council  prepared  an  Addreea  to  piesenl  to  Mr.  Cochrane,  the  Hon.  General  Secretary 
■nd  Treasurer.  The  Address  waa  presented  at  the  General  Meeting  in  November.  A 
copf  has  been  forwarded  to  each  Fellow  and  Member  for  the  purpose  of  proouring 
autographs,  that  the  same  mnj  be  added  to  the  Address,  which  is  to  be  illuminated  in 
AlbniD  form. 

The  Council  bave  heard  with  much  aatiafaction  of  the  intended  introduction  during 
tlie  next  aeasiua  of  Purliament  of  a  Bill  to  extend  the  provislang  of  the  "Ancient 
Monuments  Proteution  Act"  of  1892. 


Names  removed  from  the  Koll  ol  Fellows  and  Memtera  : — 

J)M{U):— 

FsLLowa  (2) — Bev.  Canon  Graiogar,  d.d.,  ii.it.i.A.,  r.H.o.s.t.,  Fim-Prefidtnl  fat 
nuttr;  Ftllow,  1886;  Iftmber,  1870;  Bev.  Charles  Alexander  Tignolea,  M.&.,  FsIIbib, 
lS70i  JfoxW,  18S0. 

HiVBBRfl(H) — John  Browne,  M.B.I.A.,  Bob.  Loeal  Surctary  for  South  Londonderry, 
1878  \  Patrick  Butler,  1880 ;  Bev.  Canon  Connor,  m.a.,  1889  ;  Rev.  T.  J.  Fbinaery, 
p.p.,  1891 ;  Bev.  J.  W.  Harilmnn,  ll.d.,  1890 :  Ambroae  Hayea,  1889  ;  Sir  John  Pope 
Henoeisy.  k.c.ii.o.,  h.p.,  L8S3;  Rev.  Prancia  Hopkina,  1891 ;  £.  J.  Hudson,  1890  ; 
Biehard  Nugvnt,  m.b.i.a.,  1857:  M.  R.  O'Connor,  m.d.,  1888;  William  O'Eelly, 
1876 ;  James  H.  Owen,  B.a.A.,  1889  \  Rer.  Canon  Tombe,  b,d.,  1889. 


Euigiud{ib):  — 


8  :  Mimber,  1856 ; 


a(33)— Bev.  John  Casey,  P.P.,  1890:  Eev.  W.  M.  Foley,  ».D.,  1889; 
Chas.  Galwey,  c.».,  1880;  M.  Glover,  1889;  J.  P.  Graves,  1885;  Bev.  H.  Hanna, 
D.D.,  1890 ;  Kev,  L.  Weld-Hartstonge.  k.a..  1889 ;  H.  J.  Hobart,  K.D.,  1878  ;  Geo. 
A.  Honieck,  1889  ;  BoT.  Clarke  H.  Irwin,  1 891 ;  D.  Xerwiok,  1889 ;  G.  A.  Leech, 
■.A.,  1889  ;  S.  M.  Lemon  (Miohigon,  U.S.),  1889  ;  C.  A.  L'Estrange,  i.r.,  1887 ; 
C.  E.  Mac  Gillivray.  1890;  Rev.  F.  M'Carthv,  P.P.,  1890;  H.  M'Elroy,  1889; 
A,  W.  K,  Miller.  1875 ;  Surgeon  Captain  nickmnn  Morgan.  1888  ;  The  CountoM 
of  Mount  Cashell,  1889  ;  W.  M.  Nobo,  1889  ;  Hon.  T.  J.  O'Brien  (Michigan, 
U  8.A.)  1689  ;  Rev.  John  O'Brien,  p.p.,  1888  ;  Bev.  M.  M'C.  O'Connor,  c.c.  1888  ; 
Be*  P  O'Connor,  p.p,  1890;  Bight  Hon.  Lord  O'Neill,  1883;  Mrs.  Parsons.  1890; 
i.  H.  Pentland,  b.a.,  b.ii.,  1888 :  W-  J.  Robinson,  a.m.i.c.h.,  1888 ;  Bev.  W.  B.  StiU- 
mw)  iiA.,1890;  Hev.  J.  Tanner,  LUB.,  1890;  Rev.  Joseph  H.  Willey,  1885;  Joseph 
Wright,  r-s.o.1.,  1887. 


EOTAL  SOCIBTT  OF  ANTIQUASIES  OF  IBEIAND. 


The  following,  being  upwards  of  two  yean  in  arrear,   have  been 
rtruck  oft  the  liat  (80)  :— 


BatterBty,  T.  8.  F., 

Been,  W.  H., 

Cleew,  W.  K., 

Colliiu,  B., 

Co««Uo8,  H.,  M.D., 

Counilum,  J.,  J.F-i 

Cullinane,  Very  BeT.  Csnon, 

Deacon,  Kev.  (Jeo., 

Donoven,  Rev.  E.  S., 

Donin.  James , 

Dorati,  Pot*r,  Michigan,  (U.S.. 

Douglas,  Mta.  B., 

Doyle,  km.  JamSB,  C.C.,     .. 

EmorsoD,  Rev.  Canon, 

EUis,  Wm.  E., 

Pair.  Rey.  C,  Michigan  (0.8., 

Fitz  (jBrald,  Patrick,  T.C., 

Fogarty,  J.,  ..  .. 

QolWber,  Jaseph,  H.D.,     .. 

GarLuJid,  jiunea,  L>R*0.S.1.| 

Gilfurd,  J., 

Hnwp,  Martin, 

Hogan,  U.  A., 

Kenny,  N., 

Hso  Donnell,  J.  d«  C, 

M'Creery,  J., 

H'Donough,  P.  J.,  .. 

M'NeiUy,  B.  B.,    . . 

Myen,  L., 

Nelaon,  R.  M 

O'Coanell,  0.,  T.C., 
O'DonnBll,  W.J., 
O'Keeffp,  F.  A.,  M.P., 
O^Keili,  W., 
Pearson,  D.  C, 
Quinn,  M., 

Roche,  Miss  H. 

Kow„n,  AlilprmunP., 

BaunderB,  H.  J.,  .. 
Scott,  Rev.  J.  R.,  .. 
Shanaiian,  Rev.  D., 

Shields,  W.  A 

Spaigbt,  Colonel  O.C, 
Sweeny,  J., 

Taylor,  G 

Teevan,  F.J.jM.D., 
Wade,  J.,  T.C.,  ,. 
Ward,  J.  S.,  M.D., 
■Whayman,  H.  W., 


ThoK  marked  tliui  (*)  have  ni 
recviTing  the  JmrnaL     The  flgaraa 

eleotioa. 


any  Subscription  to  the  Society  white 
befive  each  name  denote  the  year  of 


PBOCEEDINOS. 


95 


The  following  (1),  elected  in  1891,  declined  election : — 
Rey.  Canon  Cannichael,  ll.d. 

The  following  (15),  elected  in  1891,  were  struck  o£E  the  List  in 
conseqnence  of  non-payment  of  Entrance  Fee  and  Subscription : — 

Eey.  W.  Jordan,  m.a.,  Berridale,  New  South  Wales  ;  Rey.  J.  E.  O'Malley,  Adm., 
Westland-row ;  Miss  Jessie  M.  M'Cleverty,  Toowoomba,  Queensland;  Sir  Robert 
Herron,  j.p.,  Larkfield,  Kimmage;  Wiiliam  Casey,  Mitdielstown ;  R.  J.  O'Reilly, 
Ballina;  John  Hodges,  16,  Westmoreland-street,  Dublin;  James  Boyle,  Solicitor, 
Ballybofey ;  James  Johnston,  Solicitor,  Belfast ;  Andrew  Deyereux,  Solicitor,  Dublin ; 
Rey.  James  Gallagher,  Adm.,  Inyer,  Donegal;  Rey.  James  Cassidy,  c.o.,  Donegal ; 
Key.  P.  J.  Carroll,  St.  Munchin's  College,  Limerick ;  G«orge  Raymond,  Tndee  ; 
John  Ellard,  Solicitor,  Limerick. 

The  Fellows  and  Members  are  distributed  as  follows  : — 


County. 

Fellows.    Membeis. 

Total. 

County. 

Fellows. 

Members. 

TotaL 

Dublin, 

32        216 

247 

Brought  forward^  110 

756 

865 

Cork, 

10           64 

74 

Sliffo, 
Canow, 

2 

9 

11 

Kilkenny, 

7           66 

73 

2 

7 

9 

Antrim, 

12          66 

68 

Westmeath, 

2 

7 

9 

liimerick, 

4           61 

66 

Queen's  Co., 

3 

6 

8 

Kerry, 

—          40 

40 

Mayo, 

2 

5 

7 

Tipperary, 

1           34 

36 

King's  Co., 

— 

7 

7 

Down, 

7          21 

28 

Wicklow, 

,        — 

7 

7 

Derry, 

3          24 

27 

Cayan, 

1 

5 

6 

Waterford, 

2          25 

27 

Leitrim, 

— 

3 

3 

Tyrone, 
Wexford,  . 
Roscommon, 

3  20 
6           14 

4  16 

23 
20 
20 

Longford, 

— 

2 

2 

122 

812 

934 

Meatb, 

—           18 

18 

Clare, 
Oalway,     . 
Armagh,     . 
Donegal,    . 
Kildare, 
Louth, 
Monaghan, 
Fermanagh, 

3           13 
2           14 

2  13 
—           14 

3  10 

4  8 
4             8 
1           11 

110        756 

16 
16 
16 
14 
13 
12 
12 
12 

865 

Country. 

England,    . 
Scotland,    . 
Europe  (rest  of), 
Asia, 

America,    . 
Australasia, 

Fellows. 
24 
4 
5 
1 
2 
3 

161 

Members. 

63 

7 

4 

4 
13 

4 

907 

Total. 

87 

11 

9 

6 

15 

7 

1068 

The  Hon.  Secretary  read  the  following  Report  from  Mr.  Julian  G. 
Wandesford  Butler,  Hon.  Curator  of  the  Photographic  Collection  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries,  Ireland : — 

*'  To  THB  P&BSIDENT  AMD  MbMBBUS  RoTjLL  SoOIBTT  OF  AXTIQUA&IBS   OF  IrBLAND. 


<i 


Obntlbmbn — 


t 

'*  I  haye  much  pleasure  in  submitting  my  first  report  of  the  Society's  Photo- 
graphic collection  recently  formed. 

*'  The  scheme  of  forming  a  Photographic  collection  in  connexion  with  our  Society 
was  suggested  to  me  during  the  past  year  by  the  frequent  applications  I  roceiyed  from 
members  anxious  to  procure  copies  of  photographs  of  many  of  the  antiquities  of  Ireland 
which  I  have  taken  on  the  Society's  recent  excur8ion,  as  well  as  on  private  excursions 
of  my  own,  to  various  places  and  objects  of  antiquarian  interest  throughout  the  country. 

"  It  occurred  to  me  therefore,  that  the  establishment  of  an  antiquarian  photo- 
graphic collection  in  connexion  with  the  Society  (somewhat  similar  to  our  Museum  at 
iLilkenny)  would  be  a  useful  acquisition  to  enable  the  Society  to  possess  photographs 
of  the  principal  antiquities  throughout  Ireland,  as  well  as  to  permit  of  any  members 
detiioui  of  ddng  so,  of  procuring  photographs  or  lantern  slides  of  any  particular  object 


96  KOVAL   SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES    OF   IRELAND. 

they  might  desire  and  might  otherwise  b-e  uoiible  to  procure.  With  this  obJL'ct  I  luid 
tlie  proposal  before  our  Ui>u.  Secretniy,  Mr.  Cochrane,  who  henrtilv  concurred  in  mjr 
■ug^stion,  and  the  mitler,  having  been  duly  aubtnitted  to  tho  Council  for  consideratioa, 
anl  having  merited  their  approTol,  1  set  about  making  the  noceaBory  ftrrangemeata  for 
carrying  the  matter  into  operation  without  delay. 

"  To  form  Che  nucleus  of  a  genertil  photogmphio  rollection,  I  have  had  mach 
pleasure  in  presenting  the  Society  with  my  owd  collection  of  nearly  200  n^ndves  of 
many  of  the  moat  interesting  ttntinuaria.n  remains  throughout  Ireland  which  I  have 
been  gathering  together  foe  sOTeral  years  paat.  I  trust  ibis  will  induce  others  of  our 
Society,  who  may  happen  to  be  amateur  photographers  like  myaalf,  to  aaaiat  the  estab- 
lishment of  our  collectioa  by  preaentiag  the  Society  with  oegatiTes  of  any  object  of 
antiquity  which  they  may  poasass,  so  that  our  oollectiau  may  be  a  thoroughly  repre- 
iBatatiTG  one  in  all  respects. 

"  I  hare  itssuioed  the  position  of  curator  of  the  photographic  department,  and  will 
take  charge  of  the  Society's  general  photugraphio  collection  in  all  ita  branches,  and  ita 
welfare  and  promotion  shall  Iibto  my  most  careful  attentioo  in  every  way.  I  hive 
Hrronged  that  the  Society's  negatives  shall  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  David  Whyte, 
of  Invemeas,  for  printing  and  general  photographic  purposes.  Mr.  Whyte  is  a  pro- 
fessional of  many  years'  standing,  and  bolda  probably  the  highest  position  in  ScotUnd 
for  his  work,  both  as  regarda  portraituro  and  general  photography  ;  and  in  making  the 
selection  1  feel  satisSed  that  work  of  Che  specif  nature  of  our  antiquarian  objects  could 
not  have  beea  placed  in  handa  which  woiJd  do  it  better  jualico;  and  I  think  it  will  be 
generally  agreed  that  thia  ia  n  most  important  matter,  in  iiew  of  the  position  we  occupy 
aa  the  Eoyal  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  IiBland.  Mr.  Wbyte  has  kindly  undertaken  to 
print  all  copies  of  photographs  for  members  of  the  Society  in  the  best  possible  manner, 
at  very  reasonable  charges,  as  well  as  to  do  photographic  work  of  all  kinds  in  connexion 
with  same  by  the  newest  procpsses. 

"  A  general  catalogue  of  the  Fhotograpbia  collection  will  be  published  in  the 
quarterly  issue  of  the  JaurHal,  and  members  will  thus  be  enabled  to  obtain  copies  of 
any  photograph  they  may  desire,  aa  well  aa  lantern  slides,  made  to  order  from  any  of 
the  Society's  negatives.  The  catalogue  wiil  be  added  to  from  time  to  time,  according 
as  any  new  views  arc  obtained,  and  it  ia  hoped  that  iu  t)io  course  of  a  few  yeara  the 
Society's  cotlectioo  will  include  a  photograph  of  every  object  of  anCiquanon  interest 
throughout  the  country.  This  end  can  only  be  attained,  however,  by  the  co-operation 
of  the  members  in  presenting  negatives  to  the  collection  ;  as  my  time  and  resources  pre- 
clude my  taking  mote  than  a  limited  number  of  fresh  viowe  each  aummer. 

"  It  is  also  arranged  that  a  aeries  of  albums  shall  be  conipQed  with  a  print  of  each 
negative  in  the  Society's  collectioo  tor  members'  reference,  auch  albums  to  be  placed 
under  care  of  the  Hon.  Secretary  in  Dublin,  and  on  view  at  the  various  meetings  both 
in  Dublin  and  the  provinces.  A  set  of  lautern  slides  is  also  being  put  together  from 
the  principal  negatives  among  the  collection  for  use  at  the  various  evening  meetings,  as 
well  as  for  loan  to  any  member  requiring  same  on  appKcation. 

"  These  enumerate  the  vartDUi  objects  of  the  photogmphio  collection  which  I  have 
arranged  tor  the  Society's  use,  and  I  trust  that  our  members  will  approve  of  the  under- 
taking and  endeavour  to  forward  its  interests  in  such  ways  as  they  can. 

"  I  have  much  pleasure  to  lay  upun  the  table  at  this  meeting  Che  drst  of  the  series 
of  photographic  albiima,  containing  prints  from  Mr.  'WhyCe's  studio  of  all  the  negative* 
taken  on  the  Society's  extensive  excursion  to  Eilhimey  and  West  Kerry  last  aummer. 
I  was  so  fortunate  as  to  obtain  a  number  of  excellent  vie  wa  of  the  wonderful  remains  on 
the  Skelliga,  whiuh  eicited  so  much  inlereat  among  mom  bars  of  the  Cambrian  Associa- 
tion who  accompanied  us,  as  well  as  of  Holycrosa  Abbey,  the  Bock  of  Cosbel,  &c.,  &o., 
and  numerous  other  places  visited;  and  these  1  trust  will  be  appreciated  by  the  meeting, 
and  deemed  worthy  of  Che  Soya]  SocieCy  of  Antiquaries'  photographic  collection. 

"  Regretting  my  inability  to  be  present  on  the  occasion,  and  trusting  my  report  will 
give  satisfaction  in  my  absence, 

"  I  remain.  Gentlemen, 


"  9(/(  January,  1392." 


PB0CBBDIK08. 


The  Report  was  unaniraoualy  adopted,  and  a  cordial  rote  of  thanks 
accorded  to  Mr,  Butler  for  his  successful  exertions  in  eatabliahing  v. 
Photographic  Collection  for  the  Society. 


d  Yembera  of  Council  ;~ 


The  following  wi 

Ret.  Froressor  Stokes,  d.d.,  h.h.i.a. 

Ed.  Fereeval  Wrigbt,  u.a.,  u.d.,  sec.  b.i.a.,  Ftlhue. 

Frederick  Franklin,  f,b.i.a.i. 

Lord  Walter  FitiGerald,  ii.a.i.1,.,  FiBoa. 

The  following  were  elected  Vice-Presidents  of  the  Society  :— 

The  O'Donoran,  m.a.  (Oxon.),  i 
Moat  Rev.  John  Heolj,  d.d.,  l 

ConTiaiig:ht. 
Sev.  Ueorge  Raph^l  Bultk,  m.a.>  w.s.t.a.,  for  Filler. 

-0  electeil  Auditors  of  the  Treaiurer'i 


The  following  Amendment  to  the  General  Rules,  of  which  notice  had 
been  given,  was  adopted : — 


"That  Laws  23,  24,  and  2S  be  tu 


ti  rend  aa  follows  :- 


23.  'The  Society  shall  meat  four  times  at  least  ia  each  yuat  on  such  days  u  tha 
Council  Bhall  osccrtain  to  be  tho  mast  onvenieiit,  wht^u  Papers  on  Historical 
and  ArchiCQlogical  gub^B<:tB  sbuU  be  read  and  diaoussod,  nnd  UbjeotB  of  Anti- 
quarian Interest  exhibited,' 

34.  '  The  Annua!  General  Meeting  shall  bo  held  in  Dublin  in  the  menlh  of  January  ; 
ons  Meeting  in  the  year  shall  bo  hold  in  Kilkenny ;  the  ether  Meclinga  lo  be 
held  in  aLioli  places  us  the  Counidl  may  recommend.  A  List  of  aueh  Meetings 
shall  be  forwarded  to  each  Fellow  and  Member.' 

SB.  '  These  Kulea  shall  ncit  be  altered  or  amended  except  at  an  Annual  Genernl  Msetinr 
of  the  Society,  and  after  notice  given  at  lie  pretious  General  Meeting.  Afl 
By-Laws  and  Kegolutioits  dualiug  with  the  General  Rules  formerly  made  Mfl 
hereby  repealed.' " 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Stokes,  u. b.i.a.,  read  n  Paper  on  "  St.  Fechan  of  Fore 
and  his  Monastery,"  which  was  referred  to  the  Conncil  for  publication. 

The  following  Resolution  was  proposed  by  the  Rev.  Professor  Stokes, 
seconded  by  the  Rev.  Father  Murphy,  s.J.,  and  carried  unanimously,  with 
every  manifestation  of  regret ; — 

iciety  of  Antiquaries  of  Ireland  hu 

-  .  „  „  tigbt  Rev.  Wm.  ItBOyea.  u.D.,  Bishop 

of  Down  and  Connor  and  Dromore,  Fellovr  and  Vice-President,  emineot  as  lie  va« 
■boiVB  most  livinit  IrisliuiBn  in  the  Bpe<:ial  department  of  studies  to  the  development 
■nd  promotion  of  which  this  Society  ia  devoted.  Thot  this  Society  recognises  the 
obligHtioiis  under  wbieh  his  labours  bavo  placed  antiquarian  and  hislorical  aludeiita  in 
the  production  uf  the  numerous  worka  wbich  proceeded  from  his  pen,  enriching  duf 
litermture  with  the  ripe  fruits  of  bis  vaKed  scholarship.  That  this  Society  feels  bound 
to  express  its  sense  of  the  deceased  Prelate's  kindly  courtesy  and  readiness  to  asaiot 
Ihoae  who  sought  the  help  of  hia  vast  learning,  and  is  glad  lo  bavo  experienced  in  its 
own  meetings  the  benefits  which  that  learning  could  impart.  That  the  Hon.  Secretary 
be  directed  to  eonvi-y  to  his  family  this  Society's  estimation  of  ihe  late  Bishop,  and  to 
AlpfM*  the  uncere  sympalhy  of  all  the  memhen  thereof  in  the  loss  his  family  h 


98  BOTAL  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 


EysNma  Meetikg. 

An  Evening  Meeting  was  held  at  8  o'clock  in  the  Lecture  Theatre, 
Royal  Dublin  Society's  HousOi  Thomas  Dbew,  b.h.a.,  f.ii.i.c.a.,  in  the 
Chair. 

The  following  Papers  were  read  and  referred  to  the  Council  for 
Publication : — 

*'The  Use  of  Signs  in  tho  Ancient  Monasteries,  with  special  reference  to  a  Code 
used  by  the  Victorine  Canons  at  St.  Thomas's  Abbey,  Dublin,*'  by  Henry 
F.  Berry,  ic.a. 

"Norman  Churches  in  the  County  Dublin,"  by  W.  F.  Wakeman,  Mon.  Fellow. 

"Accounts  of  an  Estate  in  Ireland  in  the  13th  Century,"  by  James  Mills,  m.k.i.a. 

"The  Shiine  of  St.  Caillin,"  by  Rev.  Denis  Murphy,  b.j.,  if.R.i.A.,  Fellow. 

The  remaining  Papers,  as  under,  were  taken  as  read,  and  referred  to 
the  Council  for  publication,  and  the  Chairman  declared  the  business  of 
the  Meeting  concluded : — 

"  On  Sickles  of  Bronze  and  Iron  and  allied  Implements,"  by  W.  Frazer,  f.b.c.s.i., 

M.R.I.A. 

"Account  of  the  discoyery  of  two  Stone  Oravea  in  the  Co.  Donegal,"  by  Key. 
Canon  Baillie,  u.a. 

'*  Notes  on  the  Round  Tower  and  Holestone  of  Castledermot,"  by  Ix>rd  Walter 
Fitz  Gerald,  m.r.i.a.,  Fellow. 

"  The  Baptism  of  our  Lord,  as  represented  on  stone  crosses  at  Kells  and  Monaster- 
boice,"  by  Rey.  John  Healy,  ll.d.,  Hon.  Local  See.f  Meath. 


PROCEEDINGS.  99 


ExcuESioN,  Wednesday,  13<A  January. 


THE   king's  inks. 


The  Society  visited  the  King's  Inns,  Henrietta- street,  at  12  o'clock, 
noon,  where  they  were  afforded  an  opportunity  of  inspecting  this  inte- 
resting structure.  The  Dining  Hall  is  adorned  with  portraits  of  former 
eminent  members  of  the  Inns,  the  oldest  being  those  of  Primate  Boyle, 
Lord  Chancellor,  1665-1685,  and  Sir  William  Domvile,  Attorney- 
General,  1660-1686. 

An  Irish  Inn  of  Court  was  first  established  in  Dublin  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  I. ;  it  was  called  Collett's  Inn,  and  was  situated  outside  the  city 
walls,  where  Exchequer-street  and  South  Great  George' s-street  are  now 
built.  The  Superior  Courts  of  Justice  were  held  there,  and  the  first- 
named  street  derives  its  name  from  the  Court  of  Exchequer.  The  Irish 
of  Wicklow  having  plundered  the  Exchequer  and  burned  the  Records, 
the  Courts  were  removed  within  the  walls.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 
Chief  Baron  Preston  assigned  his  residence,  which  occupied  the  site  of 
the  present  City  Hall  and  part  of  Parliament- street,  for  an  Inn  of  Court, 
and  for  two  centuries  Preston's  Inn  continued  the  home  of  the  legal  pro- 
fession. In  1542  Henry  \III.  granted  to  the  **  professors  of  the  law" 
the  dissolved  monastery  of  the  Dominicans,  or  Black  Friars,  on  the  north 
side  of  the  Liffey,  where  the  Four  Courts  now  stand,  and  from  that  time 
the  legal  college  was  known  as  the  King's  Inns.  Sir  Arthur  Chichester, 
Lord  Deputy,  became  a  member  of  the  Inns  in  1607,  and  a  more  regular 
order  for  the  government  of  the  Society  was  established.  The  Par- 
liament summoned  by  James  II.  met  there  in  1689.  After  the  Revolu- 
tion the  Inns  gradually  ceased  to  be  frequented  by  lawyers ;  and  in  the 
middle  of  George  II. 's  reign  commons  were  no  longer  held  in  the  HalL 
The  site  of  the  Inns  was  acquired  by  the  Government  for  building  the 
Four  Courts,  and  for  some  years  the  Society  had  no  fixed  local  habitation. 
A  Charter  granted  to  the  Society  by  the  Crown  was  confirmed  by  Act  of 
Parliament  in  1782,  but  the  Charter  was  afterwards  relinquished  by  the 
Society  and  the  Act  of  Parliament  repealed.  In  1 793  the  practice  of  holding 
commons  was  resumed  in  the  Tennis  Court  in  Townsend-street.  A  lease 
of  the  present  site  was  obtained  in  1793  by  the  Benchers  (the  name  by 
which  the  governing  body  lias  been  known  since  the  restoration  of  the 
Society  by  Sir  Arthur  Chichester  in  1607),  but  the  first  stone  was  not 
laid  till  1st  August,  1800.  A  Library  was  founded  in  1787  by  the 
purchase  of  the  books  of  Mr.  Justice  Robinson,  who  died  in  that  year. 
The  present  Library  building  was  erected  in  1829,  and  an  addition  was 
commenced  in  1891. 


100         EOYAL   SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 


PUBLIC  BBCOBD  OFFICE. 

After  leaving  the  King's  Inns  the  Society  visited  the  Public  ^cord 
Office,  where  they  were  received  by  Mr.  J.  0.  Overend,  Assistant  Deputy- 
Keeper  in  the  absence  of  Dr.  La  Touche,  Fellow  of  the  Society,  Deputy- 
Keeper  of  the  Records,  who  exhibited  some  of  the  documents  under 
his  care  relating  to  the  time  of  Cromwell  and  the  forfeitures  following 
1641  and  1688. 

The  following  are  a  few  of  the  more  interesting  of  the  documents 
kindly  placed  before  the  Members  for  their  inspection : — 

1.  Proclamations  relating  to  the  Rebellion  of  1641. 

2.  Treaties  of  Peace  and  Surrender  of  Garrisons  during  the  Cromwellian  War. 
8.  Certificates  or  Debentures  of  amount  due  to  Cromwellian  Soldiers. 

4.  Examination  of  Delinquent  Proprietors. 

5.  Lists  of  Forfeiting  Proprietors. 

6.  Decrees,  &o.,  of  Commonwealth  Court  of  Claims. 

7.  Transplanters'  Certificates,  with  some  Personal  Particulars  of  Persons  who 

were  to  remove  to  Connaught. 

8.  Proceedings  before  Transplantation  Court  at  Mallow. 

9.  Down  Survey  of  Lands  forfeited  after  the  Cromwellian  Wars.    Prepared  under 

the  direction  of  Doctor  (afterwards  Sir  William)  Petty. 

10.  Book  of  Suryev  and  Distribution. 

11.  Transmisses  of  Acts  of  Settlement  and  Explanation  (with  autograph  of  Charles 

XL). 

12.  Decree  of  Court  of  Claims  under  Act  of  Settlement. 

13.  Enrolments  of  Grants  of  Land  under  Act  of  Settlement. 

14.  Proclamation  of  King  James  II.  against  the  invading  Prince  of  Orange. 
16.  Proclamation  by  William  and  Mary  after  victory  at  the  Boyne. 

16.  Maps  of  Williamite  Forfeitures. 

17.  Trustees  of  Forfeited  Estates  (1689).    Entries  of  Claims. 

18.  Trustees  of  Forfeited  Estates  (1689).     Hearings  before  Court  of  Trustees. 

19.  Trustees  of  Forfeited  Estates  (1689).     Decrees  on  Claims. 

20.  Trustees  of  Forfeited  Estates.     Forfeited  Lands  sold  by  Auction,  with  entries 

of  the  Purchasers  (1701). 

21.  Enrolments  of  Conveyances  from  Trustees  of  Forfeited  Estates  to  the  Pur- 

chasers (1702). 


THE   JOURNAL 


OF 


THE  KOYAL  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES 

OP  IRELAND, 
FOR  THE  YEAR  1892. 

PAPERS  AND  PROCEEDINGS-PART  II.    SECOND  QUARTER,  1892. 


^apetjs. 


ANTE-NORMAN  CHURCHES  IN  THE  COUNTY  OF  DUBLIN. 

By  W.  F.  WAKEMAN,  Hon.  Fbllow. 

Tir  a  Paper  which  I  had  the  honour,  somewhat  recently,  of  reading  hef ore 
■*■  a  meeting  of  this  Society,  reference  was  made  to  certain  clearly- 
marked  changes  in  the  style  of  not  a  few  of  our  churches,  which  had  heen 
effected  to  suit  the  taste  and  feeling  of  new  possessors  of  the  several 
structures  pointed  to.  The  observations  then  made  it  is  not  now  necessary 
to  recall;  but  I  may  be  permitted,  on  the  present  occasion,  to  adduce  some 
further  illustrations,  all  referring  to  churches  or  cella  which  still  remain 
in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Dublin,  each  and  all  of  which  form  admirable 
subjects  for  students  who  would  read  in  existing  monuments  the  story  of 
ecclesiastical  architecture  as  it  prevailed  in  Ireland  from  primitive  times 
down  to  the  period  of  the  establishment  of  an  Anglo-Norman  power  in 
certain  districts  of  that  country. 

Of  these  venerable  remains,  the  Church  of  Killiney  must  be  con- 
sidered in  many  respects  the  most  valuable.  The  site,  though  closely 
environed  by  remains  of  pagan  days,  is  possessed  of  extremely  early 
Christian  associations.  The  name  of  Killiney,  as  explained  by  Dr.  Joyce, 
refers  to  certain  daughters  of  Lenin,  a  notable  person  of  royal  descent 
who  flourished  towards  the  close  of  the  sixth  or  in  the  earlier  part  of  the 
seventh  century.  These  were  five  in  number ;  and  although  we  are  not 
permitted  to  know  anything  further  concerning  them,  they  rank  amongst 

JOmU  &.B.A.I.,  VOL.  II.,  FT.  U.,  5th  8BB.  I 


102        EOYAL  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIES   OP  IRELAND. 

the  saintly  women  of  Ireland.  The  name  of  the  place  was  anciently 
written  CiVUngen,  or  Cill-lngen-Leinin  ;  f.  e.  "  The  Church  of 
Lenin's  Daughters."  Whether  the  oldest  portion  of  tlie  remaining 
church  can  he  supposed  to  helong  to  their  time,  viz.  the  seventh 
century,  or  to  he  of  their  foundation,  I  shall  not  attempt  to  discuss  ; 
hut,  at  any  rate,  at  Killiney,  we  possess  a  teampull  which  exhibits 
all  the  architectural  characteristics  of  an  age  which  closely  followed 
on  the  period  of  the  advent  of  Christianity  to  Erin.  Petrie — and  not 
without  reason — although  unaware  of  some  important  points  in  evidence 
of  extreme  antiquity  which  the  main  structure  presents,  pronounced 
his  opinion  that  it  belonged  to  the  sixth  or  seventh  century.  The 
original  work  consists  of  a  simple  nave  and  choir,  connected  by  a  semi- 
circularly  headed  arch.  It  should  be  observed  that  the  choir  or  chancel 
is  a  feature  extremely  rare  in  connexion  with  very  old  Irish  churches ;  but 
t^at  it  occasionally  occurs  is  evident  to  all  who  have  paid  attention  to 
the  style  of  our  pre-Norman  temples.  At  Killiney,  the  nave  and  choir 
are  certainly  coeval ;  and  in  each  will  be  found  opes  similar  to  those 
which  occur  in  the  round  towers,  and  in  churol^  of  a  primitive  type. 
The  original  doorway  occupies  a  position  in  the  centre  of  the  west 
gable  (see  fig.  2,  Plate  I.).  It  is  flat-headed,  a  splendid  example  of  its 
class,  measuring  6  feet  1  inch  in  height,  by  2  feet  in  breadth  at  the 
top,  and  2  feet  4  inches  at  the  bottom.  In  one  respect  this  doorway  is 
highly  remarkable,  presenting,  as  it  does,  what  Bishop  Graves  would 
style  a  "  Greek  cross  "  carved  in  relief  upon  the  under  side  of  its  lintel 
(see  flg.  4,  Plate  I.).  Only  one  other  instance  of  the  kind,  as  far  as  I 
know,  can  be  pointed  to,  although,  as  at  Fore,  in  the  county  Westmeath, 
Inismurray,  county  Sligo,  and  elsewhere,  the  sacred  emblem  may  be  seen 
carved  over  the  opening  on  the  exterior  face  of  the  wall. 

A  cross  of  the  St.  Andrew  type  occurs  on  the  nether  side  of  the  lintel 
of  Our  Lady's  Church,  Glendalough,  a  structure  which  there  is  reason  to 
believe  was  erected  by  St.  Kevin  himseK,  and  in  which,  accordiDg  to 
tradition,  he  was  buried.  In  Comte  Melchior  de  Yogiie's  beautifully 
illustrated  work  on  the  "Architecture  of  Central  Syria"  (a  copy  of 
which  may  be  seen  in  our  National  Library)  will  be  found  engravings 
of  a  considerable  number  of  crosses,  which  occur  carved  on  the  lintel- 
stones  over  the  doorways,  or  on  the  friezes  of  churches  and  monastic 
buildings  of  that  country.  These  crosses  are  wonderfully  like  those 
which  we  find  similarly  placed  upon  portions  of  several  of  our  earlier,  if 
not  earliest,  Iiish  churches. 

Dr.  Graves  has  remarked  that,  as  the  Syrian  buildings  in  which  these 
crosses  appear  were  erected  in  the  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth  centuries,  it  is 
probable  that  their  form  may  have  been  introduced  from  the  East  by  some 
of  the  pilgrim  monks  who  visited  Ireland  in  the  very  early  period  of  the 
history  of  Christianity.  The  question  of  the  origin  of  these  peculiar 
symbols  has  not  yet  been  definitely  decided;  but,  as  Dr.  Graves  has 


ANTE-NORMAN  CHURCHES  IN  THE  COUNTY  OP  DUBLIN.       103 

expressed  his  intention  of  following  np  a  subject  wliich  he  has  made 
almost  his  own,  we  may  hope  ere  long  to  have  the  mystery  unveiled. 

The  choir  arch  (see  fig.  1,  Plate  I.)  is  the  next  important  feature  to 
be  noticed.  It  is  perfectly  Roman  in  design,  except  that,  as  with  all  our 
early  buildings,  the  jambs  incline  from  the  ground  upwards.  The  width, 
at  the  springing  of  the  curve,  is  4  feet  7  inches ;  that  at  the  base,  4  feet 
lOi^  inches.  The  space  from  floor  to  top  of  the  £U*ch  is  but  6^^  feet.  Of  the 
church  windows,  but  one  (that  in  the  eastern  gable)  remains  in  a  state  of 
perfect  preservation.  This  characteristic  ope  is  square-headed  both  within 
and  without;  is  widely  splayed;  and,  like  the  side  lights,  presents  inclined 
sides. 

Bo  far  for  the  original  church,  which,  I  should  add,  measures  upon 
the  interior  35  feet  in  extreme  length  ;  in  breadth,  the  nave  is  12^  feet ; 
the  chancel,  9  feet  6  inches. 

At  a  period  long  subsequent  to  the  original  foundation,  an  addition, 
the  style  of  which  it  will  be  well  to  compare  with  that  of  the  building  just 
described,  was  made  on  the  northern  side  (see  flg.  3,  Plate  I.).  This — a 
kind  of  aisle — is  connected  with  the  primitive  structure  by  openings 
broken  through  the  north  side  wall.  Its  doorway  (which  appears  in  the 
accompanying  etching)  offers  a  striking  contrast  to  that  in  the  original 
west  gable ;  and  its  eastern  window  is  equally  different  from  that  in  the 
ancient  chancel,  being  larger,  semi-circularly  headed,  and  chamfered  upon 
the  exterior. 

Some  forty  years,  or  so,  ago,  Eilliney  Church  stood  amongst  fields, 
on  a  most  delightfully  picturesque  slope,  with  scarcely  a  house  to  be  seen 
by  a  person  looking  round  from  the  ancient  cemetery.  It  was  approached 
from  the  main  road  by  a  rude  "  Jor^en,"  on  the  left-hand  side  of  which  was 
a  cam,  station,  or  altar  (like  those  one  sometimes  meets  with  in  the  south 
or  west)  by  the  side  of  which  stood  a  hoary  thorn-tree,  which  must  have 
been  several  centuries  old.  Both  tree  and  cam  were  considered  by  ancient 
people  in  the  neighbourhood  to  be  very  sacred.  They  have  long  dis- 
appeared before  the  march  of  ''improvements,"  as  has  also  the  original 
**  Mwr^'^  or  well-marked  earthen  Rath,  by  which  the  venerable  cemetery 
was  environed.  Instead  of  this  we  find  a  hideous  stone  wall,  built  in  the 
style  usually  adopted  by  the  taste  and  feeling  of  Poor  Law  Guardians, 
who  all  over  the  country  are  destroying  every  trace  of  the  picturesque 
which  remained  with  our  ancient  parish  churches. 

I  next  present  a  sketch  (see  fig.  1,  Plate  II.)  of  the  interior  of  the 
ancient  parish  church  of  Dalkey  town,  or  village.  This  structure  is  of  very 
early  foundation,  though  but  a  fragmentary  portion  of  the  original  fabric 
can  at  present  be  identified.  I  allude  to  part  of  the  north  wall  of  the  church, 
at  its  eastern  angle,  where  may  be  observed  some  primitive  masonry,  and 
a  round-headed  window,  in  a  truly  Irish  style.  It  has  been  already 
remarked  that  when,  after  the  arrival  and  settlement  of  the  Anglo- 
Normans  in  Ireland,  it  was  considered  necessary  to  enlarge  an  old  Irish 

12 


104 


KOYAL   SOCIETY    OF   ANTIQUARIES   OF   IRELAND. 


church,  tho  usual  practice  was  to  attach  a  ehaneol  to  it.  Here,  however, 
it  would  seem  that  a  nave  had  been  built  at  the  western  end  of  a  primi- 
tive teavipuU  and  the  latter  made  to  suit  the  purpose  of  a  chancel. 
Dalkey  Church,  as  it  now  atands,  may  be  considered  a  fine  typical 
example  of  the  kind  of  building  usuaUy  con8truct«d  by  the  early  English 
wherever  they  held  sway  in  Ireland.  No  doubt  it  has  from  time  to  time 
been  considerably  remodelled.  Some  of  its  wiudowB  are  lato  perpendicular, 
dating,  probably,  from  the  fourteenth  or  fifteenth  century.  The  original 
of  tho  accompanying  etching  was  made  hy  me  many  years  ago.  At  present 
the  choir  arch  and  other  features  of  the  building  are  scarcely  traceable, 
owing  to  tho  growth  of  ivy.  It  is  a  very  mistaken  notion  that  ivy  add* 
in  any  way  to  the  picturesquenesg  of  an  ancient  edifice,  or  that  the 
structure  is  lean  liiely  to  suffer  from  the  effects  of  weather  when  thus 
enveloped.  It  is  a  fact  that  the  greater  number  of  onr  ivy-clad  abbey 
churches  and  other  architectural  relics  of  bygone  duys  are  rendered  use- 
less to  the  student  in  proportion  to  tho  luKiiriance  of  the  green  in  which 
they  are  concealed.  So  fur  from  being  a  protection  to  the  venerable 
walla  ivy  is  known  to  be  their  chief  destroyer.  Its  tendency  is  to  grow 
through  aa  well  as  over  tho  masonry ;  once  entered  it  acts  like  a  wedge, 
displacing  the  stones  and  admitting  water,  and  ultimately  bursting  a 
wall  which,  but  for  its  insiJiouB  advances,  might  yet,  tor  centuries  to 
come,  withstand  the  accidents  of  time. 

The  little  church  on  Ireland's  Eye,  Howth,  is  one  of  very  great  inte- 
rest, architecturally  and  historically  speaking.  The  late  Dr.  Petrie,  in  his 
essay  on  the  "  Bound  Towers  of  Ireland,"  expresses  his  opinion  that  its 
erection  may,  with  every  appearance  of  certainty,  be  referred  to  tho 
middle  of  the  seventh  century,  when  the  three  eons  of  Nessan,  Dichuill, 
Uunissa,  and  Neslug,  flourished  and  gave  name  to  the  island  which  was  for 
ages  known  as  Inis  Uac-Nessan.  In  plan  this  cell  was  originally  a  flimple 
oblong  quadrangle.  At  some  time  unknown  a  chancel,  so  constructed  aa 
to  contain  a  cloichteaeh,  or  round  tower  boSfry,  was  added.  Similar  towers 
are  absent  at  Killaahee,  in  the  Co.  Kildflrc,  at  Glondalough,  Co,  Wicklow, 
and  at  Foma,  Co.  Wexford.  They  are  all  undoubtedly  later  than  the 
round  towers  proper,  but  the  idea  is  the  samo  in  each  and  all. 

Islands  on  the  county  Dublin  coast  appear  invariably  to  have  pos- 
sessed churches.  On  Holm  Patrick,  formerly  called  Inis  Patrick,  off 
Skerries,  arc  the  remains  of  a  moat  ancient  eiU,  which  are  perhaps 
nearly  as  old  as  the  time  of  St.  Patrick.  We  read  that  the  Saint  in  his 
journey  northward,  when  short  of  proviaiona,  touched  on  this  island,  and 
even  sojourned  there  for  a  while.  No  doubt  the  visit  was  commemorated 
by  the  erection  of  the  building  referred  to,  which  is  as  old  in  character  as 
any  structure  of  its  class  to  he  found  elsewhere  in  Ireland.  Its  square- 
headed  doorway,  constructed  without  mortar,  is  exactly  like  some  found 
in  the  oratories  of  Kerry.  Thus  it  would  seem  the  student  need  not 
travel  for   esamplea  of   our  earliest  Christian  structures.     We  poasaas 


ANTE-KOHMAN  CHUBCHE8  IN  THE  COUNTT  OF  DUBLIN.       105 

them  at  home,  very  nearly  at  hand ;  but,  as  the  poet  has  observed  with 
too  mnch  truth,  "  That  which  wo  have  we  prize  not  at  its  worth." 

As  retnurked  by  the  Very  Rev,  Canon  O'Hanlon  in  his  invaluable  work, 
entitled  "  Lives  of  the  Irish  Saints, "  this  little  island  was  at  un  early 
period  the  seat  of  u  Bishopric.  St.  Itochonna,  Doconna,  or  Connan,  held 
its  rule  some  time  previous  to  the  eighth  century,  and  would  seem  to  have 
been  there  interred.  He  ia  said  to  have  been  venerated  on  the  13th  of 
Jimuary.  "His  remains,  "  writes  Canon  O'Hanlon,  "appear  to  have 
been  preserved  in  a  rich  shrine,  one  of  the  earliest  to  attract  the  cupidity 
of  the  Danes  when  they  landed  on  the  Irish  shores  towards  tho  close  of 
the  eighth  century."  The  date  of  this  outrage  is  variously  assigned  to 
*.D.  793,  794,  797,  and  738.  Then  they  burned  Inis-Patrick,  and  with 
other  plunder,  carried  away  the  shrine  of  St.  Dachonna. 

It  will,  doubtless,  be  a  matter  of  surprise  to  not  a  few  readers  of 
this  Journal  to  leum  that  within  a  distance  of  about  four  miles  from 
Dublin  Castle  stands  an  ancient  church  which  has  hitherto  almost 
entirely  escaped  antiquarian  notice.  Dulton,  in  his  history  of  the  county, 
hareiy  refers  to  it,  and  thon  only  in  a  manner  which  appears  to  avoid  all 
description  of  architectural  detail.  This  Btrueturc  is  situated  within  a 
thickly  sown  graveyard  lying  at  a  little  distance  from  the  village  of 
Palmerstowa,  almost  opposite  Knoekmaroon,  on  the  verge  of  tho  Phcenix 
Park,  but  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Liffey.  The  church  is,  in  plan,  like 
many  hundreds  to  be  found  elsewhere  in  Ireland,  consisting  of  a  nave 
and  chancel,  the  former  measuring  29  feet  in  length,  by  16  feet  6  inches 
in  breadth.  The  chancel  is  14  feet  9  inches  long,  by  10  feot  6  inches. 
AIL  these  measurements  are  internal.  The  walls  average  2  feet  11  inches 
in  thickness,  and  are  well  constructed,  tho  stones  being  large  and  well  set, 
and  presenting  the  appearance  of  early  work. 

The  choir  arch  is  sustaiued  by  imposts,  plain  and  square,  in  every 
respect  simitar  to  those  of  the  doorway  of  O'Buarc's  tower  at  Clonmac- 
nois.  Of  its  general  appearance  the  accompanying  etching  (Hg.  1, 
Plate  III.)  will  afford  a  very  correct  idea.  At  the  springing  of  the  arch 
tbe  breadth  is  5  feet  10  inches;  at  the  base  6  feet  4  inches.  It  thus 
appears  that  the  jambs,  which  are  in  height  6  feet  2  inches,  inclino  very 
considerably.  The  original  doorway  still  exists  in  the  centre  of  the 
western  gable,  but  is  at  present  almost  hidden  by  ivy,  which  has  spread 
over  the  outer  face  of  the  wall  since  the  original  of  the  etcliing  here 
presented  (see  fig.  2,  Plate  III.)  was  made  by  me,  some  thirty  years  ago. 
Upon  the  interior  the  ope  is  still  visible  ;  it  is  2  feet  9  inches  in  breadth 
at  the  top,  and  3  feet  8  inches  in  height  above  the  present  level  of  the 
ground.  As  usual,  we  find  that  this  early  doorway  has  been  stopped  up 
with  solid  masonry.  A  large  gap  in  the  south  side  wall  no  doubt  indi- 
cates the  position  of  its  successor.  From  this  fractured  portion  of  the 
wall,  as  I  was  lately  informed  on  the  spot,  much  building  material  was 
removed,  some  sixteen  years  ago,  to  bt!  utilized  in  the  uhominable  wall 


106 


HOTAL    S(H 


by  which  the  graveyard  is  Buirounded.  The  Poor  Lnw  Guardians  who,  to 
preserve  the  privacy  of  the  cemetery,  thus  robbed  the  venerable  pile  of  a 
large  portion  of  its  maaonry,  did  not  Icnvo  any  access  to  the  niin  or  to  the 
tombs.  There  is  not  even  a  stile,  and  the  key  of  the  gate  is  kept  in  tlio 
poBsesaion  of  a  P.  L.  G.  named  Walker,  who  reaides  in  ChapeliKod,  nearly 
two  roilca  off.  The  sketch  showing  the  choir  arch  also  gives  a  view 
of  the  original  eastern  window  of  the  chancel.  This  ope,  it  will  be  seen, 
was  originally  round-headed.  It  has  been  half  built  up,  and  is  now 
topped  by  a  flat  nondescript  arch  of,  probably,  sixteenth  centary  date. 
A  similar  light,  of  which  a  sketch  (soe  fig.  3,  Plate  III.)  is  here  given, 
occurs  in  the  south  side  wall  of  the  nave.  There  can  be  no  question  that 
from  time  to  time  a  considerable  portion  of  the  church  had  been  added  to 
and  modernized,  but  it  docs  not  require  a  very  practised  eye  to  detect  the 
changes,  amongst  which  a  large  window  in  the  western  gable,  and  a  bell 
turret,  with  a  single  flat-headod  aperture,  are  conspicuous. 

"Within  the  cemetery,  to  tbe  north  side  of  the  church,  until  about 
eight  years  ago,  stood,  in  hoary  decay,  one  of  the  oldest  yew  trees  tlien 
remaining  in  Ireland.  Its  roots  were  unfortunately  undermined  by  grave- 
diggers,  and  during  a  violent  storm  of  wind  and  rain  it  was  prostrated, 
furnishing  to  tho  neighbouring  villagers,  for  some  time,  an  ample  supply 
of  firewood.  This  interesting  relic  of  a  long  past  was  quite  hollow,  and 
of  considerable  girth.  It  resembled  very  much  the  celebrated  yew  of 
Bt.  Kevin,  which,  ia  the  memory  of  many  still  comparatively  young,  cast 
its  shadow  over  many  of  the  princely  and  saintly  graves  of  the  cathedral 
cemetery  of  Olendalough,  county  Wicklow.  Tlie  latter,  there  is  every 
reason  to  believe,  had  been  planted  by  St.  Kevin  himself  some  thirtcf-n 
hundred  years  ago.  The  yew  would  appear  to  have  plentifully  flourished 
in  Ireland  in  tho  olden  time.  In  names  of  places  it  is  continually  referred 
to,  as  in  Eillynure,  "  tho  wood  of  the  yew,"  near  Enniskillen ;  Ter»iturf, 
the  country  or  district  of  the  yew,  near  Dublin  ;  Oughnanure,  or  the  field 
of  the  yew,  county  Galway ;  .^fjAnrfoe  (QchaDh-Oa-eC),  near  Killamey, 
the  field  of  the  two  yews,  &c. 

It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  the  original  name  of  Palmerstown 
appears  to  be  hopelessly  lost.  Possibly  from  this  tree  the  place  derives 
its  present  title.  We  uU  know  that  the  yew  furnishes  the  emblematic 
palm  which  on  Pulm  Sunday  is  used  to  decorate  the  altars  of  the  Catholic 
churches  in  Ireland.  It  is  also  worn  in  the  hats  or  bonnets  of  the  peasantry 
in  honour  of  the  event  which  that  festival  commemorates.  It  seems  more 
than  likely  that  for  many  generations  this  tree  supplied  the  people  of  the 
district  in  which  it  stood  with  the  leafy  symbol  referred  to  ;  and  that  it 
has  given  name  to  tbe  place  from  which  the  noble  family  of  Temple 
derive  their  title. 


(     107     ) 


ON  THE  USE  OF  SIGNS  IN  THE  ANCIENT  MONASTERIES, 
WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  A  CODE  USED  BY  THE 
VICTORINE  CANONS  AT  ST.  THOMAS'S  ABBEY,  DUBLIN. 

By  henry  F.  BERRY,  M.A. 

HPhe  fact  that  a  regular  system  of  manual  signs  had  heen  constructed  for 
use  in  the  ancient  Religious  Houses,  and  that  any  necessary  commu- 
nications hetween  the  inmates  must  have  heen  carried  on  hy  means  of  this 
system,  appears  to  have  heen  more  or  less  lost  sight  of.  The  discoyery  of 
such  a  code  in  a  MS.  which  had  heen  £imong  the  possessions  of  the  Ahhey 
of  St.  Thomas,  near  this  city,  was  the  cause  of  some  surprise,  hut  sup- 
posing that  the  suhject  must  he  a  familiar  one  to  ecclesiastics,  I  applied 
to  some  among  their  ranks  for  enlightenment,  only  to  find  that  nearly 
all  whom  it  was  my  privilege  to  consult — some  of  them  memhers  of 
religious  communities  here  and  on  the  Continent — were  quite  unaware 
that  such  signs  had  ever  heen  in  use  in  the  cloister. 

The  Yery  Rev.  Reginald  Walsh,  o.p.,  of  St.  Mary's,  Tallaght,  was 
the  first  who  communicated  any  information  on  the  suhject ;  and  I  am 
much  indebted  to  him,  to  Rev.  Dr.  Esser,  formerly  of  Maynooth  College, 
now  Professor  in  Freiburg  University,  and  to  several  learned  foreign 
ecclesiastics  who  became  interested  in  the  subject,  and  kindly  supplied 
valuable  information  and  references. 

The  interest  taken  in  the  matter  by  those  to  whom  it  has  been  men- 
tioned, and  the  fact  that  by  the  discovery  of  this  code  of  signs  in  a 
volume  which  had  been  in  daily  use  in  a  Dublin  Monastic  House  in  the 
Middle  Ages,  some  additional  light  is  shed  on  the  cloister  life  of  the 
Canons  of  St.  Victor,  who  more  than  seven  hundred  years  ago  first 
formed  a  congregation  near  the  walls  of  Dublin,  must  plead  my  excuse 
for  bringing  a  subject  so  unusual  before  the  Society. 

The  volume  in  question,  which  dates  back  to  about  the  middle  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  had  at  one  time  been  in  the  collection  of  Archbishop 
Ussher,  and  is  now  in  the  Library  of  Trinity  College,  where  it  is  classed 
B.  3.  5.  among  the  MSS.,  and  it  is  endorsed  "Regulae  S.  Augustini," 
while  in  the  Catalogue  of  the  MSS.  the  book  is  called  "  Ceremoniale 
Romanum  continens  sequentia,"  &c.  Ware  speaks  of  it  as  the  Registry 
of  the  Monastery  of  St.  Thomas,  near  Dublin,  while  Dr.  Todd,  who  made 
considerable  use  of  the  volume  in  his  Introduction  to  the  Obits  and  Mar- 
tyrology  of  Christ  Church,  published  by  the  Irish  Archaeological  Society 
in  1844,  styles  it  the  Martyrology  of  St.  Thomas's  Abbey.  Each  of  these 
titles  describes  a  distinct  portion  of  the  MS.,  which  was  held  in  much 
veneration,  and  which,  in  addition,   contains  some  of  the  writings  of 


108         KOYAL   SOCIETY    OF    ANTIQUARIES   OF   IRELAND. 

Hugh  of  St.  Victor's  and  a  Bttle  of  tbe  AncliDretical  Life,  with  on 
Epiatlo  of  one  Robert  a  Presbyter  to  Hugh  the  Anchoret,  which  Ware 
eonjectureB  to  have  been  written  about  tbe  time  of  Henry  III.  The 
KartjTology  in  a  Keligioua  House  was  also  known  as  the  Liber  Yitie, 
and  it,  the  Necrology  or  Obitnary,  and  the  £«giila  were  generally 
found  included  in  the  §ame  volume,  inasmuch  as  they  were  connected 
■with  each  other  in  services  in  Chapter.  Hence  this  code  of  signs  seems 
to  poBsoss  a  very  special  sanction  and  importance,  incorporated,  as  it  is,  in 
a  volume  so  venerable  and  venerated,  whieh,  from  its  nature  and  con- 
tents, must  have  exercised  a  powerful  and  hallowed  influence  on  the 
daily  life  of  tbe  Community-  1  have  examined  the  ancient  but  well- 
preserved  book  with  some  care,  and  hope,  at  a  futuro  time,  to  be  per- 
mitted to  describe  its  contents  in  detail^ — a  task  which  has  not  heretofore 
been  discharged. 

The  Abbey  of  St.  Thomas  the  Martyr,  Dublin,  was  founded  in  1177 
for  Canons  of  the  Congregation  of  St.  Victor,  and  it  was  tbe  first  House 
founded  and  endowed  in  Ireland  for  members  of  that  distinguished  Con- 
gregation ;  but  six  anch  Houses  existed  in  this  country  in  the  Middle 
Ages,  and  the  annexed  list,  compiled  from  Ware's  "  Anti<iuitie8,"  fur- 
nishee  particulars  of  them : — 


Co.  Dublin  :  Soloion  Leap, 
P.  of  St.  Citlifrine. 

Co.Eil'ki'e:  ScalaCmli,  or 
S.  WoliUu'a  P. 

Co.Meatli:  Kowtowo,  new 
Trim,  P.  of  63. 1'eter  and 
Paul. 

Co.  Woifoul :  Iniscoiiliy, 
P.  of  St.  Joha  Evan., 
Call  to  St.  Tbomna, 
DuWb, 

Co.  Waterford,  near  Water- 
ford,  r.  of  St.  Catherine. 

Co.  Coik:  Fennoy  Uridge. 
aliiu  l)a;iiudrogh»l :  1'. 
of  B.V.M. 


King  HemylL,  1177,      . 
Wanuiua  du  Fcche,  1219, 


Gimld  da  Frandcrgnat  and 
JdIid  St.  Jnhn,  Biahop  of 
Fema  about  1240. 

Oetmen,  endowed  by  Elias 
FiwKorman,  1210. 

Aki.  Fiu  Uugh  Roth, 
I  it  lb  ceatury. 


Part  to  W,  Brnbiizon;  part 

to  E.  St.  Leger. 
UaitL-d  to   St.  Thomaa  in 

Vi-iS. 
John  Allen,  CuBt.  Bot. 


The  mistake  is  frequently  made  of  speaking  of  the  Order  of  S.  Victor, 
but  there  was  no  such  Order,  and  the  original  House  of  S.  Victor  in  Paris 
was  one  of  Canons  Ilegular  of  the  Order  of  S.  Augustine,  which  was 
founded  by  Louis  le  Gros,  about  1U3,  in  honour  of  S.  Victor,  who  had 
suifured  martyrdom  at  Marseilles  under  Maximin.  It  stood  near  the 
walls  of  the  city,  at  a  place  anciently  called  "  Cella  Vetus,"  where  had 
lived  a  recluse  named  Easilia. 


OH  THE  USE  OP  SIGNS  IN  THE  ANCIENT  MONASTERIES. 

The  introduction  to  Geuden's  "  Life  of  St.  Norbert"  clearly  explaina 
the  term  "  Canon  Regular";  and  a^  tlie  understanding  it  is  of  eome 
importance  in  connexion  with  the  Bubjcct,  a  condensation  of  his  remarks 
will  be  useful.  Canons  were  those  of  the  clergy — clerici — who  ronouBoed 
property,  and  professed  the  thrco  erangclicol  counsels :  like  the  Apostlos, 
they  gave  themselves  continually  to  prayer  and  the  ministry  of  the  Word. 
Tba  monks,  on  the  contrary,  were  those  of  the  laity  wlio  renounced  all 
they  possessed,  and  excelled  in  piety  among  the  faithful ;  it  was  only 
afterwards  that,  by  a  special  concession  of  the  Pope,  tho  monks  were 
allowed  to  become  priests  and  to  perfonu  clerical  functions. 

The  Clerici  Canonici  led  in  the  beginning  a  community  life,  and 
observed  the  three  religious  vows ;  and  those  who  did  so  were  named 
Canonici  Ecgulures — Canons  Begular — to  distinguish  them  from  others, 
who,  later  on,  performing  the  clerical  duties  of  canons,  possessed  property 
and  did  not  live  in  community,  who  were  called  Secular  Canons.  A 
Canon  Kegular  must  be  a  cleric,  a  religious  by  profession  of  his  three 
vows,  and  attached  to  a  particular  church ;  and  these  three  elements 
distinguish  him  from  a  monk,  who  is  not  necessarily,  but  by  privilege,  a 
cleric,  and  who  is  not  attached  to  a  particular  church,  but  only  to  his 

Tlie  religious  orders  are  divided  into  contemplative,  active,  and  mixed. 
Tho  manner  of  life  o£  the  Apostles,  a  compendium  of  which  is  given  in 
Acts  vi.  4,  given  to  prayer  (contemplative)  and  the  ministjy  of  the  Word 
(active),  is  that  of  the  Canons  Ecgular,  who  thus  belong  to  the  mixed 
order ;  and  the  Dii-iue  office,  sung  publicly  in  the  name  of  tho  Church, 
and  the  pastoral  care  of  souls  constitute  the  duties  of  Canons  llcgular. 

Such,  then,  were  the  Religious  of  the  Congregation  of  8.  Victor  in 
Paris,  and  their  community  was  early  celebrated  for  S[:ience  and  profound 
learning.  Among  tho  earliest  inmates  of  the  House  were  Adam,  Hugh, 
and  Richard ;  and  you  will  remember  that  some  of  tlio  sacred  Latin 
poems  composed  by  the  first-named — "tho  most  fertile  and  greatest  of 
the  Latin  hyranologists  of  the  Middle  Ages " — occupy  many  pages  of 
Archbishop  Trench's  "  Sacred  Latin  Poetry,"  and  that  distinguished 
critic  says  of  him  "that  he  shared  to  the  full  in  the  theological  cul- 
ture of  the  school  to  which  he  belonged ;  the  aim  of  tliat  illustrious  school 
ot  theology,  above  all  in  its  two  foremost  represcntu lives,  Hugh  and  his 
scholar,  Richard  of  St.  Yictor'a — tho  first  called  in  his  own  day  Lingua 
At^uttini,  alter  Auguslintis,  and  both  of  them  contemporaries  of  Adam  of 
8t.  Victor's — was  to  unite  and  harmoniously  to  reconcile  the  scholastic  and 
mystic  tendencies,  the  light  and  the  warmth,  which  had  appeared  more 
in  opposition  in  Abelard  and  Remard.  Nor  would  it  be  ensy  to  exagge- 
rate the  impulses  for  good  which  went  Eorth  from  this  institution  during 
the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries  upon  the  whole  Church."  The 
quEUUt  epitaph  on  an  Abbot  of  St.  Victor,  buried  in  1 383,  which  is  quoted 
by  the  Count  de  Montalembert  in  the   "Monks  of  the  West "~"  Hie 


110 


EOYAL  SOCIETY   OP  ANTIQUARIES   OF   lEELAND. 


jacet  in  tumba  simplex  fidolisque  eolumba" — ^strikes,  no  doubt,  tte  key- 
note of  the  character  of  many  of  its  members. 

The  statutes  and  constitutions  observod  in  this  Congregation  are  pre- 
lerved  in  manuscript  in  tho  Bibliothequc  Bationale,  Paris,  in  the  Liber 
Ordinis  Sancti  Victoris  ParisiensiH,  and  a  catalogue  of  its  confronts  and 
of  the  MSS,  of  the  Abbey  is  to  be  found  in  the  Library  of  the  British 
Ifuseum.  In  his  "Histoire  des  Ordres  Monastiques  lleligieux  ot  UtU- 
taires,"  in  tho  chapter  on  tho  Canons  Ecgular  of  St.  Victor,  Pierre 
Helyot,  during  the  course  of  some  remarks  on  the  strictness  of  their 
(Uacipline,  informs  us;  "lis  gardoient  un  silence  si  estroit,  qu'ils  ne 
parloient  que  par  eigncs,  que  leur  coustume  estoit  de  ne  point  aocorder  a 
leur  Abbes  ni  la  crosee,  ni  la  mitre,  et  qu'il  ne  teur  estojt  pas  permia 
de  frequenter  Ics  cours  des  princea."  Helj'ot  adds,  that  during  the 
English  wars  the  troubles  of  tho  kingdom  hindered  the  holding  of  Pro- 
vincial Chapters,  as  ordered  by  Benedict  XII.,  and  a  great  rclsxation  of 
discipline  was  introduced  into  all  the  religious  hoiiacB,  with  tlie  excep- 
tion of  that  of  S.  Victor,  which  ever  maintained  tlio  exact  observance  of 
its  rules  and  constitutions.  lit  passing,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  in 
Helyot's  work  will  he  found  some  curious  old  plates  of  Victoiine  Canons, 
"En  habit  deVille";  "  en  habit  lie  Chceur  I'ete";  "  en  habit  de  Chceur 
I'Hyver";  "en  ancien  habillement  aveo  le  surplis  sur  le  rochet";  "  avec 
Paumuca  sur  la  t^sti)";  and  of  a  frerc  convers,  or  lay  brother,  in  his 
peculiar  dress. 

As  some  of  the  signs  later  on  have  reference  to  the  garbol  the  canons, 
Helyot's  account  of  their  original  dress,'  that  in  use  at  the  end  of  the 
eleventh  or  beginning  of  the  twelfth  century,  at  which  period  Canons 
took  the  name  of  Regular,  and  placed  themselves  under  the  protection  of 
St.  Augustine,  may  he  of  interest.  It  consisted  of  a  rochet,  which 
reached  the  toes,  and  an  amess  (Italian  mozetta),  which  was  worn  on 
the  shoulders  in  tho  form  of  a  mantle ;  over  both  was  a  black  cloak,' 
to  which  was  attached  a  hood  for  covering  tho  head. 

This  short  notice  of  the  parent  House  of  St.  Victor  in  Paris,  and  of 
the  Canons  Begulur  who  occupied  it,  will  have  given  soma  idea  of  the 
nature  and  character  of  the  foundation,  which  within  about  sixty  years 
after  the  date  of  the  oi'iginul,  was  planted  in  the  western  suburbs  of  our 
city,  and  which,  known  as  the  Abbey  of  St.  Thomas  the  Martyr,  exercised 
here  in  its  day,  so  far  as  we  can  judge,  all  those  influences  fur  good  that 


en  tout  lems  et  tous  lieux  en  line  Auliequi  descendoit 
qu'ili  portoient  Bur  lei  espaiiles  en  formD  d«  manteau, 
nuce  t-t  I'aube  ime  chape  noir  Ik  luquellc  L-atait  attache 


'  "  Oet  habUlenient  c 
jusqu'iux  tttlona,  et  une 
ill  aToient  encore  jmidcs 
un  capUCO  donl  iU  se  couvniieai  is  teie, 

*  The  long  "chape"  was  only  in  its  origin  a  capuce,  or  ciputbon,  covering  the 
head— propel ly  B  "ti>qucliicton,''cui;u]1io,  ur  cuiulliu,  from  the  Urepk  iii«Aik;  fur  the 
capuce,  covering  the  lirad,  foinied  in  etfect  a  circle  round  the  faes  [Heljoi). 

The  Aagustinian  Csnuna  were  coniinonl;  called  Black  CanoD',  bvcnuge  their  bsbit 
WM  a  lung  bliii'k  cassock,  and  a  hlock  cloak  aud  hood  aver  a  while  rmihet  (Hook'a 
"  Ohurch  Iliutionnry  "}. 


ON  THE  USE  OF  BIGNa  IN  THE  ANCIENT  MONASTERIES.      1 1 1 


sncb  an  Institutioa  waa  capable  of,  continuing  in  unimpaired  dignity  and 
usefulnesa  until  the  diasolution. 

"We  have  seen  that  its  inmaten,  as  Victorine  Canons,  were  subject  to 
the  strictest  discipline,  and  the  silence  impostd  in  the  cloister  was  so  rigid 
that  they  were  only  permitted  to  commumcate  by  fiigas.  Kenelm  Digby 
in  his  "  Mores  Catholici,  or  Agea  of  Faith  "  points  out  that  Pythagoras 
required,  as  one  of  the  first  tests  from  his  disciple*,  the  "  tx^itvQdv,"  i.f. 
to  preserve  in  silence  what  he  taught  them,  for  he  laid  more  stress  on 
being  able  to  keep  silence  than  on  being  able  to  talk.  The  antiquity  <if 
the  diacipliae  of  silence  among  Christiana,  be  adds,  has  been  often  Hhown. 
"  Extra  PsftlmoB  sUentium  est,"  says  8t.  Jerome  in  his  Epistle  to  Morcella, 
when  speaking  of  a  Christian  community.  At  Nitriu,  in  early  times,  it 
was  a  rule  that  no  one  should  apeak  till  after  Sext ;  and  from  Compline  till 
the  "  Pretiosa  in  conspectn  Domini  "  nt  Prime,  silence  wos  obligatory  in 
every  religious  house.  To  all  orders  wilhout  exception  the  rule  of  silence 
in  certain  places  and  at  certain  times  of  day  was  and  is  quite  common, 
and  though  used  and  interpreted  in  its  most  literol  sense  by  the  Benedic- 
tines, CluniacB,  and  Cistercians,  still  the  use  of  signs  tor  wonls  cannot 
be  said  to  have  been  universal,  and  tor  centuries  auch  a  custom  has  fallen 
into  desuetude,  save  in  the  cose  of  the  Trappist  monasteries.  I  have  been 
favoured,  by  permission  of  the  Abbot,  with  a  communication  from  Mount 
Helleray,  which  says  that  a  code  of  signs  not  only  still  exists  and  lingers, 
but  is  in  full  force  and  constant  use  in  every  Trappist  house  all  over  the 
world  ;  these  signs  have  been  handed  down  and  improved  on,  from  (it  is 
believed  among  them)  the  time  of  De  Eance,  ond  we  know  that  his 
austere  reform  of  the  Cistercian  order  was  established  in  the  monasteries 
of  La  Trappe  about  1662.  I  have  learned  from  a  Pfemonstratensian 
Canon  that  "  Lea  Ecglemcns  des  Religieux  do  Chteur  dc  la  Congregation 
de  la  Trappe,"  a  work  of  about  the  year  1834  (Paris,  Bethune  et  Ploa), 
contains  a  system  of  signs,  hut  I  have  been  unable  to  obt-oiu  the  volume. 

Kany  thought  the  use  of  such  signs  might  prove  a  far  greater 
distraction  than  a  short  word  or  two  uttered  in  a  low  tone,  and  one  of  our 
earliest  authorities,  Haeftenus,  in  the  chapter  "  De  Silentio  "  of  his  great 
work  ''  Monastiete  Disquisitiones,"  treats  of  the  question  "  num  signorum 
usue  probacdus  no  voce  sUentium  violetur?"  The  advocacy — nay  the 
imposition — of  the  use  of  signs  can  be  clearly  traced  to  St.  Benedirt ; 
witness  his  rule:  "  Summum  fiat  silentium  ad  menaam,  ut  nullius  mus- 
sitatio  vel  vox,  nisi  solius  legontis,  audiatur.  Qure  vero  neceaaaria  sunt 
comedentibns  ct  bibentibus  sic  sibi  invicem  ministrent  Eratrcs,  ut  nullus 
indjgeat  petere  aljquid.  Si  quid  tamen  opua  tuerit,  sonitu  cujuscunquo 
signi  potius  petatur  quam  voce."  Edmund  Martene,  the  Benedictine,  in 
his  "  De  AntiquisMonachorum  Ritibus,"  under  the  heading  "  De  loeutione 
per  signs,"  remarks  that  nothing  expressed  more  clearly  how  much  the 
religious  life  of  the  ancient  monks,  and  especially  of  tlio  Benedictines, 
consisted  in  silence,  than  the  rule  of  conversing  by  signa  introduced  and 


112  EOYAL   MOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES   OF   lEEI^ND. 

everywhere  receiTed  among  them  ;  and  having  noticed  the  approval  of  this 
"  pia  conauetudo  per  eigna  loquendi  "  hy  PachoniiuB,  to  whom,  indeed, 
be  itBsigDS  its  origin,  by  Cassiaauft,  aud  by  Kicephorua,  he  suma  up  by 
stating  that  their  lawgiver,  Benedict,  laid  down  that  anything  wanted 
at  table  muet  beaakedfur  "sonitu  cujuscunque  Gigni  "rather  tbun  by  the 
Eoaud  of  the  voice,  as  quoted  above. 

Additional  light  is  thrown  on  this  custom  of  using  itigns,  as  it  obtained 
among  the  Cluniacs,  in  the  Life  of  St.  Odo,  in  which  the  author,  Johannes 
(Uonaehua),  tells  us  that  whenever  there  was  pressing  necesaity  for 
asking  anything,  bo  oft*n  divcra  signs  for  obtaining  what  was  required 
were  made  in  turn,  which  (he  thought)  grammarians  were  wont  to  call 
signs  of  the  fingers  and  eyes  ;  and  to  such  an  extent  did  the  exereifle  of 
that  rule  prevail  among  them,  that  were  they  deprived  of  the  use  of  the 
tongue,  these  signs  would  amply  suffice  to  signify  everything  necessHry. 
The  signs,  he  adds,  were  the  rule  not  only  under  Odo,  but  also  under  the 
abbots,  his  succeseors,  and  not  only  were  they  in  use  among  the  Cluniacs, 
but  also  among  the  Cistercians  and  other  monks. 

Udalricus,  in  the  "Antiquiorcs  Consuetudines  Cluniacensis  Uonas^ 
terii,"  when  speaking  of  the  training  of  a  novice,  lays  down,  that  it  is 
absolutely  necessary  he  should  diligently  Icam  theso  signs,  by  means 
whereof  he,  though  silent,  may  bo  said  to  speak,  after  a  fashion,  because 
when  he  shall  have  joined  the  Convent,  he  will  be  very  seldom  permitted 
to  speak  ;  aod  the  places  in  which  it  was  handed  down  from  the  Fathers 
that  perpetual  silence  should  be  observed,  were  the  Church,  tho  Dormitory, 
the  Refectory,  and  the  Kitchen,  In  each  of  these,  as  well  by  day  as 
night,  if  even  one  word  is  spoken  in  anyone's  heiuing,  the  offender  shall 
not  easily  obtain  pardon  without  judgment,  and  should  even  one  antiphon 
or  responaory  be  said  without  a  book,  and  should  anyone  not  look  on  the 
book  at  the  moment  he  utters  th-e  words  contained  in  it,  in  this  he  shall 
be  deemed  to  have  clearly  infringed  tho  rule  of  silence.  In  this  con- 
nexion, Martene  adds  from  the  ancient  rule,  "  cum  autem  fralres  didice- 
rint,  etium  in  locis  predictis,  volumus  ut  omnino  ubstiiicant  ab  omni 
loquela." 

Leo  Morsicanus,  Cardinal  Cishop  of  Ostia,  who  flourished  about  1106, 
wrote  a  Treatise  on  the  Signs  made  by  the  hand  in  place  of  speech,  which 
were  in  use  among  the  regular  mouka  ;  and  a  "  Catcchisuius  Novitiorum 
et  eorundem  Magistri  "  (Muesiponti,  1623)  contains  a  treatise  on  silence, 
in  which  are  noted  the  rules  fur  preserving  ailenco  taught  to  a  novice: 
under  Rule  14  the  author  gives  in  verses  an  Ars  indicondi,  "  Ex  Scheffla- 
riensi  in  Bavaria  Ccenobio,"  wliich  begins  ; — 

"  Si  quia  adhuc  artam  signondi  tiou  bene  dovit. 
Me  Itgut,  et  ItclD  lignet  eibi  connine  multa. 
Index  ftppiMitui  ociilo,  visuque  IcvaM, 
Dal  tibi  tJhiulum." 

The  Venerable  Bede,  too,  wrote  a  treatise  "  De  loquela  per  gestum 


ON  THE  USE  OF  SIGNS  IK  THE  ANCIENT  MONASTERIES.      113 


\ 


digitorum,"  or,  "Dcindigitationc,"  in  which  he  teaches  how  to  make  signs 
with  the  fingers  for  all  the  numbers  and  for  all  the  letters  of  the  alphabet. 

Other  ancient  -writera  treated  of  this  subject  ot  signs,  and  sufficient 
has  been  quoted  to  show  that  their  uae  was  the  fixed  rule  in  many  of 
the  early  religious  houses;  one  remarkable  exception  may  be  noted,  for 
it  is  strange  that  in  the  "Nova  Collectio  statutorum  ordinis  Cartusien- 
aia"  (St.  Bruno's  order),  published  in  Paris  in  17S2,  while  the  ancient 
Rule  contained  in  its  pages  descends  to  the  minutest  particulars  of  monastic 
life,  and  though  one  of  the  chapters  is  headed  "  Do  Silontio,"  there  is  no 
mention  of  signs  ;  the  monks  are  merely  enjoined  to  speak  in  an  under- 
tone during  silence  time,  it  communication  he  necessary. 

We  have  seen  that  so  important  was  a  competent  knowledge  of  the 
codes  or  systems  considered,  that  infinite  paina  seem  to  have  been  bestowed 
in  each  monastery  on  the  instruction  of  the  Novices,  so  that  on  the  expi- 
ration of  their  novitiate,  they  might  have  mastered  these  involved  and 
intricate  substitutes  for  language.  How  it  has  eome  to  pass  that  there  no 
longer  lingers  in  the  monasteries  even  a  tradition  of  the  uae  of  such  signs 
imposed  by  their  ancient  constitutions,  and  that,  save  in  the  Trappist 
houses,  they  are  unheard  of,  it  is  difficult  to  say ;  but  they  probably 
became  too  burdensome  and  weariaomc,  and  in  practice  may  have  been 
found  to  be  a  grater  distraction  than  a  short  word  uttered  io  a  low  tone 
("  breviter  et  submiase  "). 

At  this  distance  of  time,  it  is  interesting  to  be  able  to  record  how  tho 
ose  of  signs  during  dinner  in  the  Refectory,  attracted  the  unfavourable 
notice  of  a  distingnished  historian  of  the  twelfth  century.  In  the 
"  Anglia  Sacra"  we  find  that  Giraldus  Cambrensis,  in  giving  an  account 
of  tis  dining  on  one  occasion  with  the  Prior  ot  Canterbury,  criticised 
the  number  of  dishes,  and  the  too  frequent  sending  of  dishes  from  the 
Prior  to  the  attending  monks  and  from  them  to  the  lower  tables,  while 
nt  tho  same  time  he  took  occasion  to  censure  the  luperfiuoiu  use  of  signs 
which  he  observed. 

In  an  ancient  MS.  belonging  to  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  written  about 
the  middle  ot  the  fifteenth  century,  is  to  be  found  a  table  of  signs 
med  during  the  hours  ot  silence  by  the  inmates  of  the  monastery  of 
Syon,  near  Islcworth.  The  signs,  which  number  over  a  hundred,  are 
printed  in  Aungier's  History  and  Antiquities  of  that  house  ;  they  are 
couched  in  the  quaint  English  of  Chaucer's  time,  and  though  most  of 
them  (strange  to  say)  signify  objecta  quite  distinct  from  those  enu- 
merated in  the  Victorine  code  at  foot,  whenever  any  seem  identical  I  have 
added  them  for  purposes  of  illustration. 

In  the  Appendix  to  Mr.  Aungier's  hook,  among  additions  made  to 
the  Rule  of  St- Saviour  and  the  Rule  of  St.  Augustine,  which  ho  has  taken 
from  the  Arundel  MS.,  No.  H6  (British  Museura),  occur  some  statutes 
enacted  with  reference  to  the  signs,  which  are  not  without  interest : — 

"  The  places  wherein  silence  is  streytly  to  be  kepte ;  In  tho  chirche. 


114 


ROYAL   SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQDAKIES   OF   IKELAND. 


quyer,  frey  tour,  cloyster,  dortour,  and  in  the  howse  of  aecrot  node,  silence 
is  ever  to  be  kept. 

"  When  anylbynge  is  to  be  asked  or  spoken,  notyfyed  or  charged  in 
time  or  plaeea  of  etrayte  silence,  this  schal  be  done  by  Bygnea,  and  not  by 
■wordeB,  yt  it  may  not  be  expressed  with  any  usual  Bygne. 

"It  it  may  not  be  bo  expressed,  nor  the  place  chaungod  where  it 
fiillothe,  than  it  may  be  espresaed  in  a  atylle  voyce  and  fewe  words  bb 
is  ecyd  before- 

"  Of  sygnes  used  in  stede  of  spoche.  Also  they  shall  have  wamcs 
in  alwaysc  that  they  spoke  not  withe  therfyngers  whan  they  schewe  any- 
thyng,  that  is,  that  they  exercise  not  inordinate  sygnc  of  unatablencBS, 
for  how  be  it  that  sygnes  be  necessaryly  ordeyned  for  to  exclude  occaaion 
of  ydel  Tayne  supcrflue  and  uaprofitable  speche,  yet  it  is  never  leful  to 
use  them  witheouto  sotne  reson  and  profitable  nede,  (or  oft  tyme  more 
hurtethe  an  evel  sygae  than  an  evel  worde,  and  more  offence  it  may  be 
to  God." 

Two  English  authors  (one  o(  them  avowedly  hostile  to  the  monastic 
system)  whose  works  have  been  published  within  the  last  fiity  years, 
have  noticed  the  use  of  signs  in  the  ancient  monasteries.  The  Rev.  S.  H. 
Maitiand,  in  "  The  Dark  Ages  " — a  series  of  Essays  to  illustrate  the  state 
of  Religion  and  Literature  from  the  ninth  to  the  twelfth  centuries — when 
writing  of  Nicholas,  St.  Bernard's  Secretary,  who  had  quoted  Horace  in 
a  letter  to  the  Count  of  Champagne  about  1170,  remarks  it  as  singular 
to  find  Horace  quoted  as  a  "wise  man"  by  one  who,  according  to 
the  customs  of  Clugny,  under  which  he  wae  brought  up,  could  never 
have  askL'd  for  the  poet's  works  without  a  most  significant,  though  some- 
what comic  expression  of  contempt  for  the  author.  To  preserve  silence, 
Maitiand  says,  the  monks  communicated  by  sigas,  by  which  they  were 
taught  to  express  almost  anything  they  could  wish  to  say:  of  course, 
there  was  a  sign  for  a  book,  and  tiie  general  sign  being  made,  another 
was  added  to  distinguish  the  sort  of  book  wanted,  and  for  a  work  written 
by  a  heathen  the  monk  was  to  scratch  his  ear  like  a  dog,  "  Pro  signo  libri 
eecularis,  quern  aliquis  paganus  fecit  adde  ut  aurem  tangas  digito,  sicut 
cania  cum  pode  pruric-ns  solet,  quia  nee  immerito  infideles  tali  animanti 
comparantur." 

The  other  author,  Eev.  S.  J>.  Fosbrokc,  in  his  British  Monachiem, 
notices  the  fact  that  these  dgas  were  not  optional,  but  transmitted  from 
antiquity,  they  were  taught  like  the  alphabet ;  he  adds  that  their  use  wan 
prohibited  when  silence  was  commanded,  and  this  on  the  authority  of  the 
satiriBt  Nigell  de  Wiroker,  who,  in  his  Monita  Uoralia,  says  : — 

"  Si  jitbot  ut  taceso,  Etatua  tacitiimior  pbM, 
Nva  rediniBB  lignti  verba  neguta  tibi," 

Fosbroke  saye  that  notwithstanding  this,  the  monks  perpetually  made  un- 
necessary signs  in  the  choir,  ri-fettory,  &c.,  but  fails  to  give  his  authority, 


ON  THE  USE  OF  SIQKff 


1SA8TEBIES.      115 


imless  it  be  the  obacrvution  of  Cambreasis,  already  quoted,  which  ie 
noticed  in  his  work ;  ho  docs  the  Monastic  Orders  the  justice  to  add,  how- 
eyer,  that  the  use  of  the  signs  admirably  contributed  to  thu  preservation 
of  order. 

The  latcet  writer  who  hatt  meutioncd  the  sign  system  is  Bom.  Adam 
Hamilton,  who,  in  the  October  number  of  the  "Dublin  Review,"  writing 
on  Benedictine  Oovemment  from  the  sixth  to  the  eleventh  centuries,  says 
that  twenty  chapters  of  the  Constituttons  were  allotted  to  the  manual 
signs  at  Cluny  and  Hirschau,  and  that  the  minute  dcsci'iption  of  these 
signs  affords  ample  information  of  a  monk's  life  in  those  days.  The 
variety  of  fish  at  table  is  considerable,  and  special  mention  is  made  of  signs 
for  sturgeon,  salmon,  trout,  carp,  herring,  mullet — roots  and  vegetables 
still  more  vaiied  ;  but  he  adds  that  nothing  approaches  the  minute  and 
reverent  detail  with  which,  in  both  these  great  abbeys,  oven  the  Bmallcst 
things  are  registered  that  concern  divine  worship  and  the  service  of  the 
altar. 

I  append  a  copy  of  the  Code  of  Signs,  the  contracted  Latin  of  the 
original  being  expanded,  and  a  trauslation  added.  From  Du  Gauge's 
work  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  transcript  in  the  MS.  of  St.  Thomas's 
Abbey  was  made  from  that  contained  in  the  Liber  Ordinis  of  the  House  of 
8t.  Victor  at  Paris.  The  EeQcdictine  system  as  found  in  the  pages  of 
Hergot  and  that  of  the  Cluniace  in  Marteno's  work,  embrace  a  vastly 
greater  number  of  signs,  and  deal  with  subjects  and  mattiTs  far  beyond 
the  scope  of  the  comparatively  limited  one  compiled  for  use  in  the  Vic- 
torine  houses,  the  directions  in  which  last  appear  to  me,  in  many  in- 
stances, more  concise  and  apposite,  and  the  signs  framed  or  selected, 
many  of  them,  with  a  view  to  greater  simplicity  and  directness:  pos- 
sibly, from  the  rigid  discipline  that  formed  so  marked  a  charaeteriatie  of 
the  Canons  of  St.  Victor  in  the  earlier  history  of  their  Congregation,  this 
might  have  been  expected  ;  and  I  take  it  that  their  code  dealt  only  with 
the  simplest  and  most  necessary  articles  of  table  use,  everyday  wearing 
apparel,  the  monastic  office-bearers,  tha  services  of  the  Church,  the  vest- 
ments in  constant  use,  with  the  addition  of  some  signs  of  a  miscellaneous 
eliaractcr.  As  far  as  the  signs  which  deal  with  the  services  in  the  church 
are  concerned,  those  for  the  missal,  gospel,  responsory,  anttphon,  psalter, 
are  sufficiently  plain,  but  a  short  explanation  may  be  necessary  in  a 
couple  of  instances.  The  Sequence  was  a  hymn  of  peculiar  structure  sung 
on  certain  festlvala  at  High  Mass  after  the  Gradual,  Versus,  Tractos,  and 
AUelujah.  It  owes  its  name  to  its  position  in  the  Mass,  in  which  it 
appears  as  the  continuation  or  sequence  of  the  long  scries  of  verses  and 
antiphona  interposed  between  the  epistle  and  gospel ;  and  this  Sequence 
was  introduced  into  the  liturgy  about  the  ninth  centory. 

The  word  "neuma"  used  in  the  direction  for  the  si;;n  of  tho  anti- 
pbonary,  was  a  form  of  Ligature  (as  musicians  say)  sung  at  the  end  of 
certain  plain  chant  melodies  to  an  inarticulate  vowel-like  sound,  quite 


116         EOYAL   SOCIETY   OF    ANTIQUARIES    Of   IRELAND. 

unconnected  with  the  verbal  text.  The  use  of  the  neuma  can  be  traced 
back  to  a  very  remote  antiquity — certainly  quite  as  far  aa  the  age  ol  St. 
Augustine  (350-430).  Since  then  it  baa  been  constantly  employed  in  the 
ofBcea  of  tho  Church,  more  especially  at  High  Mass  on  fcetivalB,  in  con- 
nexiou  with  the  Allelujah  of  the  Gradual  from  which  it  takes  its  tone. 

The  Hymnary  is  indicated  by  the  sign  expressive  of  what  is^rit,  and 
this  becanso  "  primo  "  is  the  first  word  in  the  book,  the  opening  hymn 
being  "  Primo  dierum  omnium  ijno  mundus  extat  conditus." 

Coming  to  the  signs  concerning  food,  &c.,  there  are  found  si^ified 
only  a  couple  of  kinds  of  bread,  beans,  millet,  pottage,  eels,  lamprey, 
salmon,  trout,  cheese,  cheesecakea,  fruit,  milk,  honey,  wine,  water, 
vinegar,  garlic,  mustard.  Here  is  no  mention  of  beef,  mutton,  fat  capons, 
geese,  ducks,  the  ales  and  the  many  delicacies  which  are  bo  frequently  to 
be  met  with  in  the  Account  Roll  of  the  neighbouring  Aroasian  Canons  of 
tho  Monnstery  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  a  very  interesting  risumi  at  which 
was  communicated  to  our  Society  by  Mr.  Mills,  and  which  has  just 
appeared  oa  one  of  our  Annuarics,  under  his  able  editorship. 

The  Tictorinea,  as  teatifled  by  their  sign  aystem,  subsiated  on  very 
simple  fare  ;  and  a  bowl,  dish,  glass,  and  knife  arc  tho  only  table  requi- 
aites  enumerated.  Under  the  he-ad  of  garments  are  named  the  cappa  or 
oloai,  tunic,  upper  tunic,  mantle,  shirt,  stockings,  drawers,  girdle  ;  while 
for  the  dormitory  a  coverlet  and  pillow  alone  are  mentioned  ;  and  it  may  not 
be  without  significance  that  there  ia  no  sign  for  a  bed  in  the  list.  Several 
Constitutions  enact  that  the  monka  ahould  not  sleep  without  clothing, 
and  the  sliirt  and  drawers,  for  which  slgna  arc  supplied,  were  in  constant 
use  in  tho  dormitory.  That  any  of  the  garments  of  the  Community  that 
needed  mending  wore  regularly  repaired  ia  certain,  from  the  very  exprcs- 
aive  sign  given  for  needle  and  thread.  A  pen  and  tablets  alone  are  named 
for  work  of  a  literary  character,  so  that  it  might  be  concluded  that  auch 
was  not  contemplated  by  the  framcrs  of  this  particular  code  ;  but  if  the 
very  beautiful  volume  from  which  I  have  transcribed  this  sign  system  had 
been  engrossed  in  the  Scriptorium  of  St,  Thomas's  Abbey,  the  labour 
bestowed  on  it,  and  the  beauty  of  the  caligraphy,  reflect  infinite  credit 
on  the  conscientioufineas  and  skill  of  the  copyists. 

As  a  matter  of  course,  there  is  a  sign  for  blood-letting — this  important 
operation  of  "  Minutio  "  being  performed  at  regular  intervals  on  all  the 
inmates  of  mediB?val  monasteries.  In  the  Congregation  of  St.  Victor  the 
Brethren  were  bled  five  times  a  year— in  September,  before  Advent, 
before  Lent,  after  Easter,  and  at  Pentecost — which  bleeding  laated  thieo 
days,  and  this  period  was  passed  in  the  Infirmary. 

The  aign  of  washing  the  feet  brings  before  us  one  of  the  clauses  of  the 
Benedictine  Rule.  The  monks  served  weekly  and  by  turns  at  the  kitchen 
and  table,  and  they  were  named  Hebdomadaries  of  the  kitchen.  Upon 
resigning  the  duties  of  a  week,  the  Rule  provided  that  both  the  Brother 
leaving  and  the  one  who  commenced  a  new  week  were  to  wash  tho  feet 


I 


M0ITASTEBIE8.      117 

of  the  others.  Ou  Jlauady  Thursday  {J)if»  Mnndati)  the  Abbot  and 
Brethren  falfilled  liternlly  the  command  of  the  Gospel  by  washing  one 
another's  feet,  and  then  the  feet  of  the  poor. 

Some  attention  to  the  Bigns  will  amply  repay  one,  as  in  aiJilition 
to  learning  what  things  were  in  most  frequent  use,  and  the  aubjects  that 
had  the  greatest  amount  of  attention  paid  them  in  the  old  religions  houacB, 
it  is  most  interesting  to  note  the  point  in  any  particular  object  wliicli  ivas 
seized  on  for  expressing  it  more  clearly  by  sign,  and  the  reasonn  added, 
here  and  there,  as  explanations,  arc  generally  forcible  and  always  quaint. 
Thus,  the  "  AUelujah  "  is  denoted  by  lifting  the  hand  and  the  tops  of  the 
fingers  bent,  and  moving  them  as  if  to  fly,  on  aceeanl  of  the  angtU,  because 
it  is  the  angel's  song. 

The  book  from  which  readings  were  made  at  Noctums,  in  addition  to 
the  signals  fur  a  book  and  a  lection,  was  to  he  expressed  by  placing  the 
hand  on  the  cheek  :  this  volume  then  would  have  required  three  signa  made 
in  rapid  succession,  and  the  connexion  between  the  position  of  the  hand 
resting  on  the  cheek  during  sleep  and  the  book  read  near  the  approach  of 
bed-time  ia  aufflciently  obvious.  The  same  idea  underlies  the  sign  for  a 
pillow,  which  was  made  by  lifting  the  hand  bent  and  moving  as  if  to  fly 
(poeaihly  bccauee  the  mind  flew  away  to  dreamland),  and  th<:n  placing  tt 
on  the  cheek,  "  sicut  dorniiens  solet."  If  a  Psalter  were  wanted,  he  who 
required  it,  having  mado  the  sign  of  a  book,  placed  the  hollow  of  the 
band  on  the  head,  on  account  of  the  similitude  of  a  kingly  crown,  because 
King  David  wrote  the  Psalms. 

If  the  Prior  were  to  bo  mentioned,  one  feigned  with  thumb  and 
forefinger  to  sound  the  small  bell.  The  reason  of  this  was  that  near  the 
Prior'a  scat  in  the  refectory  was  placed  a  small  bell  called  the  "  scilla," 
which  he  struck  with  a  single  blow  when  dinner  was  finished  :  hence,  any 
who  sat  at  the  Prior's  table  was  said  "  ad  scillnm  sedero."  The  sign 
for  an  Abbot  was  totally  different,  and  was  expressed  by  grasping  the 
hair  hanging  over  the  ear  with  two  fingers.  The  Chamberlain  was  denoted 
by  imitating  the  counting  of  money,  and  the  Cellarer  by  holding  a  key, 
and  as  if  turning  it  fixed  in  the  lock.  The  Almoner's  ofBce  was  marked 
by  drawing  the  hand  from  the  right  shoulder  to  the  left  side,  as  the  straj) 
of  a  wallet  is  usually  carried  by  beggars — quite  sufficiently  expressive  ! 

A  fellow-countryman  or  blood  relation  was  to  be  expressed  by  holding 
the  hand  against  the  face  and  placing  the  middle  finger  on  the  nose,  "  on 
■ccount  of  the  blood  which  sometimes  flows  therefrom,"  quaintly  adds  the 
direction.  But  the  oddest  sign  one  meets  is  that  for  anything  good  or 
agreeable ;  the  self- satisfaction  expressed  by  placing  the  thumb  on  one 
check  and  the  other  fingers  on  the  other  and  making  them  gently  sink  on 
the  chin,  "in  mento  blande  collabi,"  is  quite  dramatic!  Time  would 
fail  me  to  go  through  these  most  interesting  signs,  but  a  few  of  those 
connected  with  the  table  are  worthy  of  notice.  For  bread,  make 
a  circle  with  both  thumbs  and  the  two  next  fingers ;  and  the  Codo 
in  use  in  Syon  Monastery  puts  it,  "  Make  with  thy  two  thombes  and  two 


118 


HOYAL  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUAEIES   OF  IRELAND. 


forefyugers  a  rounde  oompaa,  and  it  thou  wole  have  white,  make  the  sign 
thereof  :  and  if  brown,  toche  thy  cowlle  aleve." 

If  millet  were  required,  a  circuit  was  to  he  made  with  the  finger, 
hecauae  it  is  stirred  with  a  spoon  in  a  pot ;  but  one  of  the  most  expressive 
Bigns  was  that  for  a  fish,  which,  in  the  Syon  sj-stem,  reads  thus,  "  Wagge 
thy  hand  displaicd  sidelynges,  in  manner  of  a  fish's  tuillc." 

The  slippery  nature  of  the  eel  is  the  point  relied  on  in  the  sign  for  that 
fish,  which  was  made  by  shutting  up  each  hand  as  one  who  tries  to  hold  * 
an  eel  slipping  away.  The  sign  for  ealmon  in  the  Victorine  list  ia  suffi- 
ciently reaaonable,  but  as  an  instance  of  how  far-fetched  and  (in  a  sense) 
lumieaning  the  signs  occasionully  were,  that  given  in  the  system  in  uss 
among  the  Cluniacs  may  be  quoted  :  the  general  sign  of  a  fish  having  been 
made,  place  the  fist  with  thumbs  erect  beneath  the  chin,  by  which  pride  is 
signified,  because  the  proud  and  rich  CHpecially  use  this  fish.  To  express 
vinegar,  the  throat  was  to  be  rabbeJ  with  the  [finger,  because  vinegar  is 
felt  in  the  throat.  Among  the  fruitB,  having  made  the  general  sign, 
cherries  were  indicated  by  placing  the  hand  on  the  cheek  under  the  eye, 
because  this  expressed  the  colour  of  red.  In  interpreting  the  Bubjoiued 
signs,  it  may  be  necessary  to  explain  that  the  getternl  sign  for  each  parti- 
cular Bub-hcod  must  first  bo  made,  inasmuch  as  the  direction  for  it  is 
seldom  expressed,  though  always  to  be  understood. 

If  what  ore  here  set  down  may  be  taken  as  embracing  most  of  what 
the  founders  considered  necessary  in  their  Honses,  it  must  be  conceded 
that  the  Canons  of  the  Congregation  of  St.  Victor,  when  cstabUshed  in 
our  midst,  led  the  simplest  of  lives ;  and  it  is  evident  from  the  small 
number  ot  subjects  dealt  with  in  the  Code  of  Signs  that  their  mntual 
communications  must  have  been  of  a  limited  character,  and  that  absolute 
silence,  disturbed  but  by  the  infrequent  "  sonitus  signi "  (as  it  is  so 
strangely  expressed  in  the  Rule  of  St.  Benedict)  was  preserved  in  the 
cloisters  trodden  by  their  feet. 


Text  and  Tkanblation  of  tbe  Code  c 

De    SlBNlS    UHABDIfDAlI    BbRUK.  Of    SiONH    01 

Jk  hiit  qut  ad  Divinum  maxiint  prrlioent       Of  lliau    that 


SioNs, 

OF  CiuTAitr  TBiHoa. 
ipteiaily  apptrlain  If   tht 


For  the  genenil  sign  of  a  book,  extend 
the  hand,  iind  move  it  as  ths  leaf  [at  a 
boolt]  is  uauullv  tiimcd. 

Boko  =  Wngge  and  mete  thy  right 

hsnde  in  mnnere  aa  thou  ahouldo  tamo 

tbo  Uvea  of  a  bolce. — (Syon  Signs.} 

For  the  sign  of  a  MisssI,  having  &it 

mniie  the  gcaeral  sign,  add    the   sign  of 

thu  CroBi. 

for  1  he  sign  of  the  toit  of  the  OoipL'l, 
in  additinn.  moke  tho  sign  ot  the  Crou  on 
the  forc'heiid. 


■and*  These  two  aigns  are  ptacticuUy  identical ;  but  in  the  Benedictiiie  Code,  that  for 
the  Missal  is,  "Adde  ut  Duumm  deitram  eiUctaoi  inter  medium  poUiois  et  indicts 
alterius  mtnus  quui  ferrum  liniando  trnhae." 


USE  OF  SIGNS  IIT  TnE  ANCIENT  MONASTEEIES.      119 


Pro  nsno  Lectioais,'  manni  vel  pectori 
digitum  inpinge,  st  paululimi  attractum 
ita  fac  real  lira  quasi'  qui  ceram  n  candela 
legeatig  euper  folium  lubefactum  lab«ia 
na^iuni  eipimgeret. 


•  Pro  >igno  Anliphone,  vel  Teraiu  Ro- 
•ponEDiii,  articiJa  minimi  digiti  pollicom 
(ubpone,  eC  itit  fac  rcfilire. 

Pro  signo  AHelujah,  leva  manam  et 
■ummltateB  digitorum  iuUeias,  quasi  ad 
Totaoduni  more  proptec  angelos  quia 
earum  cantua  dicitui. 

Pro  rigiio  Soquencie,'  lera  manum  in- 
olinatam  ct  a  pectore  earn  aaoTendo  in- 
,   Tsite  ita  ut  quod  priua  erat  eursum  Bit 
L  deotaum. 

I      Pro  uguo  Tractufl,*  trahe  manum  per 
Bmitrem  de  deonum  quod  longum  sigoi- 
r  flctt,  et  contra  03  appliua  manum  quod 
MQtum  aignificat. 

Pro  signo  libri  in  quo  legitur  ad  noc- 
turnos.  ptemiwo  gonerali  eigno  libri  et 
Itctionis,  adda  ut  manum  ponas  ad 
mudllam. 

Fro  EJgno  AnttpLonarii,  premisso  aigno 
libri,  adde  ut  poUitcm  infloi'taa  propter 
incnrfationei  notuliuum  neumas,'  qua 
intlexe. 


WPtifl     . . 

Pro  gigno  Hymuarii,  adda  ut  poUicem 
It  digitum  ei  proximiim  profeiaa,  Buiiuni- 
~'''  m  junelie,  giiod  preaini  teinpui 


Fortbasign  of  a  Lactiou,  press  the  finger 
(a  the  hand  or  breast,  and  when  drawn 
along  a  little,  make  it  fillip  aa  one  who, 
by  means  of  his  nails,  might  try  to  la- 
move  vai  fallen  from  the  candle  of  a 
reader  upon  tho  leaf  [of  a  book]. 

Far  the  sign  of  the  Reaponaory,  place 
tho  thumb  beneath  the  joint  of  the  loro- 
flnger,  and  ao  make  it  fillip. 

Far  the  sign  of  the  Antiphon,  or  of  a 
Responaorj  Vtrsicle,  place  the  thumb  be- 
neath tho  joint  of  the  littta  finger,  and  ao 
make  it  fillip. 

For  the  sign  of  AUelujah,  raiae  tho  hand 
and  tha  fops  of  the  Gngera  bent ;  move  aa 
if  lo  fly,  on  account  of  the  engela,  because 
it  is  cidled  their  song. 

For  the  sign  of  Sequence,  raise  tho 
hand,  bent,  and  in  moving  it  from  tha 
brcaat,  invert  it  ao  that  what  was  first 
upward  niay  be  downward. 

For  the  xign  of  Tract,  draw  tha  hand 
over  tho  Btomaob  from  below,  which  ng- 
oifies  long,  and  place  tho  hand  agunst 
tha  naouth,  which  aignifies  ainging. 

For  tho  aign  of  llie  Boob  which  is  read 
at  NoctumB,  having  first  niade  the  general 
sign  of  a  book  and  of  a  lectloD,  in  addition 
place  the  hand  on  the  cheek. 

For  the  sign  of  the  Andphonary,  hav- 
ing first  made  tho  sign  of  a  book,  in  addi- 
tion bend  the  thumb,  on  account  of  the 
curves  of  tho  notes  — the  "  neumte," 
which  aro  so  beat. 

For  the  sign  of  the  Rule,  add  that  you 
gmep  the  hair  hangiug  over  tha  ear  with 

For  the  sign  of  the  Eymsary,  In  addi- 
I,   bring  forward  the  thnojb   and  Iho 


Pro  signs  Psalterii,   adda    nt 

IX  SS.  Pitribus,  quia  non  cantontur  ttA  leguntur  tanlum. 

^A  foliiiiQ  codicia  everlit,"  in  the  Benedietine  Code. 

"  Pro  sigDO  prosat  quamquidam  SeqMentJom  Vocant." — Ben.  Code. 
The  Eituids  cat!  the  prayer  which  ia  sung  in  tho  Maw  before  the  Gospol  on  tha 
eater  Festivals  "  Prosa  seu  Sequentla." 

*  Veiecs  of  Scriptuia  sung  after  the  Giadual,  "tractim"  H.t.)  without  break  or 
L  Interruption  of  other  voiuea,  as  in  the  Eesponsor^  and  AniiptiDiu. 

*  Propter  neumas  qute  aunt  ita  inflexe."^fCluiiiac  Code.) 

Neuma  ^productio  tantusin  lioali  littera  Antiphonie.  Pneitma,  quod  alias  jubilum 
dieitur,  eat  cuius  species,  quo  non  voces  sod  vocum  toni  longius  caotaiido  diducuntur 
•t  pMtrahuDtur:  quod  quia  cum  rospirationls  difiicullato  fit,  idoo  pneuDia  appellatun 
._      « _..._.__    ■_   ■__    j:_.._. ._     ...^  muflicalea    "  ' 


\  dicunlur 


diclmus. 


-(Du 

«  Text  here  aeema  corrupt,  and  no  doubt  should  read  aa  foltowa ; — 
lO  presans  tempus  vel  quod  primimi  est  algnificatur.     Hoc  sigatim  ad  Bymna- 
ntum  eat,  pro  occaslone  hujus  sollus  vetsua,  quo  Hymnarius  ita  ineepit  Frimo 
— (Mart«no.)  "Frimo  dierum  ouiniumquomuoduseitat  condilm"  isthefirft 
iio  Hyronary. 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUiRIES  OF   IRELAND. 


I  propter  eimili-      place  the  hollowed    hnnd  oa  tha  hen 
ix  portare  Bolet.'        oa  account  of  the  similitude  of  a  cruv 
whiiJi  a  King  UBUollj'  weacB. 


Di  hiii  qui  ad  ri'clHm  pertineHl, 

Pro  dgno  panis,'    fao  circiUum  ( 

itroque  pallico  et  hiia  duobiu  digitU 


0/ lAoie  which  appertain  ttfooi. 

For  tho  Bign  of  bicad,  maka  a  circle 

with  both  thumbs    and    the    two    next 

Breda=Ma]te  with  thy  two  thombea 

and  two  foiefingen  a  rounde  compas, 

and  if  thou  wole  have  while,  make 

the  sign  thereof ;  &nd  if  brown,  tocho 

thy  cowUe  bIeto. — (Syon  Signs.) 

For  the  sign  of  bread  which  in  made 

with  water,  in  addition,  placo  the  inside 

of  one  hand  upon  tbe  outaide  of  the  olhei', 

and  more  the  upper  hand  round  as  in 

mixing  or  mnietcning. 

For  the  lign  of  bread,  which  w  com- 
monly called  "turla,"  in  addition  m&ke  & 
cross  through  the  middle  of  tbe  palm, 
because  this  bread  is  wont  to  be  so  di- 
vided. 

For  the  sign  of  half  a  loaf,  bead  the 
thumb  of  one  hand  with  the  Hnger  next 
it.  as  though  you   would  muko  a  half 

For  the  sign  of  beans,  place  beneath 
the  first  joint  of  the  thumb  the  top  i>f  the 
next  Sngor,  and  so  cause  tlie  thumb  to 
standout. 

For  the  sign  of  millet,  make  a  circuii 
with  the  Gngor,  bccauie  it  is  so  (lined 

For  the  sign  of  pottage  cooked  witli 
herbs,  draw  one  finger  orer  anotber,  as 
one  does  who  cuts  up  herbs  for  cooking. 

For  the  general  sign  of  EiUi,  imitate 
with  the  hand  the  motion  of  a  fish's  tail 
in  the  water. 

Fysahe  =  wnggo  thy  band  difplsicd 

aidelyugfls  in  manere  of  a  Qih  Inille, 

— (Syon  Signs.) 

For  the  sign  of  ciittJe  flsh,  divido  aU 

the  fingers  one  from  rutother,  and  so  more 

them  together. 

For  the  sign  of  nn  col,  shut  up  euh 
band  as  one  who  holds  and  presses  an  Ml 
slipping  awaj-. 

For  the  sign  of  a  lamprey,  dmulale 
'  The  IJcnedictiDe  Codo  adds,  "quia  David  auctor  paalmorum  Gci  crat." 

*  Udalrieui,  iu  the  Antiq.  ConsueC.  Cluniac.  Monast.,  gives  the  foUowiag  ceoson  tor 
this  sign :. — ''  Fro  eo  quod  Holet  esse  rotundus.'^ 

'  "  Fanis  Siligineus,"  ns  the  Benedictine  and  Clnniao  Codes  have  it,  was  bread 
made  of  the  finest  white  fiour,  and  it  was  usually  divided  "  per  quadrum  "  :  kanoe  the 
leason  of  the  cross. 

*  This  sign  does  not  occur  in  either  the  Benedictine  or  Cluiiiao  Codes. 

>  UdulHcus  gives  a  reason  for  this  sign,  "quia  et  aepiie  ita  multiplioe*  ene 
ridentur." 

'  In  the  Benedictine  Code,  this  ia  the  sign  for  "  Munena  alias  kmpreda";  and 
in  one  of  the  Dictionaries  consulted,  it  ia  called  "  a  lamprey,"  a  itvra  ci/r,  which  will 
mocouaC  for  the  punctures  under  the  eyes  being  utilized  in  tha  construction  of  an 
appropriate  sign. 


Pro  ligno  psnia  qui  aqua  coqiiitur,  adda 
ut  intorlora  unius  manus  super  oiteriora 
alterius  ponas  ot  its  supcriorem  maaum 
quasi  unguendo  vol  imbuendo,   circum- 

Pro  signo  panis  qui  vulgiriler  turts' 
appellatur,  adde  ut  crucem  per  medium 
palme  facias,  quia  hie  panis  sic  dividi 
Milct. 

Pro  signo  dimidii  paoia,*  unius  niuius 
poUicem  cumecquenti  digito  iofleelo  quasi 
dimidium  facias  circulum. 


Pro  signo  pulmenti  oleribua  confocti, 
trahe  digitura.  super  ullerumdigitum  quasi 
qui  coquendos  incidat  herhas. 

Pro  signo  generali  piscium,  Simula  cum 
n  Cauda  piscis  in  aqua. 


Pro  signo  aaguille,  conclude  utianiiue 
manum.  quasi  qui  tenet  et  premit  anguil- 
1am  labeutem. 

Pro  signo  laroprede,'  simula  cum  digito 


Pro  signo  anlmooia,'  sdde  ut  do  pollice 
r  M  tndtcc  circulum  facieci  oculo  deitro 
r  elrcumponu. 

Fro  signo  lucii,*  adde  ut  cu 
■uperficieinnadicoDipl&neg,  quia 
longum  habft  roslrum. 

Pro  aipno  Iruete,'  odde  ut  de  supercilio 
ad  RUpprciliiiiD  [digitum]  tniLas,  quod  eat 
ugDuni femiue,  quistiuctaCvmiiiExigeiiiire 
pnmuQtiatur. 

Pro  signo  cri^iioUarum,*  cum  pugno 
kccipe    crinri   quuei  Tolena    eoi    fatere 

Pro  Bi((iio  cBSei,  ulramque  man 
I  .  jmige  per  oUiquum,  qunii  qui 

^      Pro  signo    fladi 

I    Mnii  et  cosei,  uniuB  manUB  omnes  digilOB 

mlleclfi  et  iw  nmnum  tavain  in  Bupertcie 

alterius  mimua  pure. 


with  the  Bnger  on  tlit  clieplt  llie  hollows 
that  a  lamprey  has  under  the  eyes. 

For  tlie  aiga  of  salmon,  in  addition, 
nuLking  a  drcls  vilh  the  thumb  nnd  foro- 
"mger,  place  them  round  the  right  eye. 

For  the  Bign  of  a  pike,  in  addition 
■tnlke  the  surface  of  ihe  nose  n^ith  the 
hand,  because  this  Hsh  has  a  long  snout. 

For  the  sign  of  a  trout,  iaailiUiion  draw 
the  finger  from  Uidh'  to  brow,  whiiih  ia 
the  sign  ofa  woman,  because  the  trout  is 
pronounced  to  he  feminine. 

For  the  >ign  of  orispele,  take  hold  of 
ilie  locks  of  hnit  with  the  hand,  as  if 
Ins  to  make  them  outled. 
r  the  sign  of  cheese,  join  both  handi 
obliquely,  an  ooe  who  pretsea  cbcew. 

Far  the  sign  of  cheese  cakes,  haTlng 
first  made  the  sign  of  bread  and  of  cheese, 
bend  all  tlie  Ungers  of  one  hand,  uitd  so 
place  the  hollowed  hand  on  the  surface  o( 
the  olher. 

For  the  lign  of  rusbe,  haring  firstmade 
sign  of  bread,  imitate  willi  two  fingers 


theti 


mgs 


For  the   sign  of  milk,  press  the  littla 
finger  with  the  lip>,  lnwauae  an  infant 


;,  digitum  inilecle  et  il 


For  the  sign  o[  honey,  make  the  tongue 
}r  a  little,  nnd  apply  the  fln^ieia 
IB  though  you  wanted  to  lick  them. 


appear  for  a 


Pro  iigno  aque,  omncs 
et  per  obliquum  move- 
Pro  ligno  Bccti,  fricn  ci 
quia  in  guttuie  acetum  be 


igitOB  conjunge 
m  digito  guttur. 


-  Ihe  sign  of  wine,  bend  the  finger, 
ana  so  apply  it  to  the  lips. 

For  the  sign  of  drink,  bowe  thy 
right  forefyngere,  and  put  it  on  thy 
nedere  Ifppe. — (Syon  Signs.) 
For  Ibe  BJgn  of  valor,  join  together  all 
the  fingers,  and  mOTO  them  obliquely. 

For  the  sign  of  vinegar,  rub  tiiu  uumt 
with  the  finger,  because  vinegar  is  felt  in 
the  throat. 

For  the  sign  of  fniit,  especially  ihs 
pear  or  apple,  inclose  the  thumb  within 

tthe  other  fingers. 
I  >  tidalticus  bestows  >n  alias  on  the  salmon,  and  calls  it  "  Btruthio  " ;  and  the  sigo 
Ibr  the  Batmon  or  struthio  in  the  Cluniac  Code  is  >a  different  from  that  oi  the  Victorines, 
and  H)  Blringi^  sepins  the  reason  assigned  tor  it,  ttat  I  quote  it  at  leuglb  :  "  IVemisso 
signo  general!,  hof  adde  ut  pugnum  ereoto  poUicD  supponna  mento,  quo  Buperbiasignifi- 
eatur.  quia  juiperbi  maiime  et  divites  tales  piacea  solent  habere.*' 

*  In  the  Benedictine  Code  the  sign  is  the  wune,  but  among  the  Guniacs  the  speed 
of  this  fiah  was  the  point  utilized  in  constructirig  a  siutable  one :  "  Hoc  adds  ut  cum 
numu  rienum  facias  celeritalis;  quia  lucius  ceLcriua  quam  alius  piscis  oatat." — 
<ITdalrieuB.j 

'  Thv  Benedictine  Code,  after  giving  the  sign,  adds  "  Licitur  ctiam  signum  feminc, 
propter  iigaluras  que  in  tjili  loco  labentur  a  feuiinia." 

'  "  Vel  ut  alii  dicunt  frigdolarum." — (Ben.  Code.)  Counlry  people  in  Normandy 
called  Uiem  "  crespes,"  and  they  were  made  with  a  few  eggs  mixed  with  meal  and  fried 


'  ''Vel  ut  Tcutonid loquuntur,  cratonum."— 
_  h»TO  been  identical  with  fliido. 

jn  in  UBO  in  Syou  Menasler^'  for  milk 
t  of  mylking." 


(Com 


et.  Cluii 


C.J     Cralo  s< 


islo 


'■  Draw  ihy  left  littlo  finger  in 


122        ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAEIES  OF  IRELAND. 


Pro  ugno  cerBBOnim,'  adde  ut  digitum 
■ubtuB  oculum  ponv'. 

Pro  signo  porri  srudi,  polliceni  ot  digi- 
tum oi  praiimuiu  aimiil  oonjunctoa  ex- 
Pro  signs  alMi  BGU  rafe,  eitendo  digi- 
tum  contra  buccBm   pnululum   apertam, 
proptei'  odocem  qui  Hclitur  ex  illia. 

Pro  s 


Pro  tigaa  cipha,'  trea  digitoa  uliqitsntu- 
Iqm  inflects  et  eiirsjim  teoe- 

I'ro  sigDO  Buutel]e,  manuni  latius  ex- 

Pto  signo  Juste,  indinit  numum  cavam 
deanum. 

Pro  signo  pbj'Ble  vitree,  premisso  rigno 
«iphi,  Bdde  ut  duo«  digitoa  circa  oculum 

Pro  signo  cappe,'  tene  horHin  ejus  cum 
tribuB  digide  (i.  e.J  minima  eC  duobus  se- 
queotibus. 

Pro  Btgno  superppUicii,  cum  eisdem  di- 


Far  tha  sign  of  cherries,  io  additiOD 
placQ  a  Rnger  under  tbe  eye. 

For  tbe  sign  ot  B  raw  leet,  extend 
tbe  thumb  imd  Gcger  next  to  it  joined 
together. 

For  the  sign  of  gtirlic  or  redUh,  eitEnd 
the  finger  across  the  mouth  a  little  opened, 
□D  account  of  the  savour  which  is  per- 
ceived from  them. 

For  tha  sign  of  mualnrd,  place  the 
thumb  bcDCath  tbe  first  joint  of  tbe  little 
finger.         _ 

For  lie  sign  of  n  bow],  bend  three  fin- 
gers a  little  and  hold  Ihem  up. 

For  the  sign  of  a  <l"h,  extend  ths  hand 

For  thaaign  of  "  jusfa"  (or  duo  allow- 
ance of  wine],  iscluio  the  hollowed  hand 
downwards. 

For  the  sign  of  a  glass  beaker,  having 

first  mode  the  sign  of  a  bowl,  in  addition, 

>  fingara  round  the  eye. 


gitis  manieam  ejus  tena. 

Pro  aigno  mantelli  sou  pelliuTn,  honun 

Fro  aigno  [pellicii]*  oranesunios  msnus 
digitos  expsnde,  et  ita  in  peclore  pusttos 
oontraho,  quasi  linam  constringit. 

Fro  aigno  camiaie,  manicom  cjuh  tone. 

Pro  aigno  femoralium,  adde  ut  manum 
in  femora  de  deorsum  [tiabas]  quasi  se 
feroorslibua  vcBtil, 

Fro  signo  caligarrtm,  leoe  et  signmu 
femoralium  odde. 

Pro  sigDO  coopertorii,  fac  idem  aigQum 
quod   eat   pellicii  ct  adde  ut    manum  in 


finger  and  the  two  m 

For  tbe  sign  of  an  upper  tunic,  hold  its 
sleeve  with  tbe  same  fingcre. 

For  the  sign  of  the  mantle  or  furs,  hold 
the  edge  of  thom. 

For  the  sign  of  the  tunic,  eipand  all 
the  fingers  of  one  band,  and  contract  tb em 
placed  on  the  breast,  as  one  does  who 
gathers  up  wool. 

For  the  sign  of  a  shirt,  hold  tha  aleevo 
ot  it. 

For  the  sign  of  drawers,  in  addition 
draw  the  hand  on  Ibe  (high  from  below, 
as  one  who  puis  on  drawera. 

For  tbe  sign  ot  stockings,  hold  one  and 
add  the  sign  of  drawers. 

For  the  sign  of  a  coverlet,  make  the 
algn  of  a  tunic,  and   in  nddition  draw 


'  The  Banedicline  Code  brings  out  more  clearly  the  idea  underlying  ilii«  ago — 
"  digitum  in  gcoa  pone,  quod  rubeum  semper  colorem  eipriniit." 

'  In  the  SeQedioline  Code,  "pugnum  deitruni  in  nlterius  aummilalo  circumfer, 
quasi  molantcm  simulas,"  in  which  tbe  imitating  one  grinding  mustard  seed  makes  it 
Blearer.  The  sign  in  tha  Table  used  in  the  Syou  Monastery  is  quite  difiereut — "  Holde 
thy  nose  in  the  uppere  porta  of  thy  right  fisto  and  rubbe  it." 

*  "  Ciphi,  quemyuieitiuM  Yacamua."^Benod.  Code.)  See  tho  sign  tor  "  justa," 
lower  down.  Juatitin  is  explained  as  "  poeulum  vinarium,  quantum  cuique  sufficil 
OOiitinena  potum."  Udalricus,  after  "  ciphi,"  adds,  "  qui  capit  quolidiannm  vini  icen- 
luram";  and  in  making  the  sign,  according  to  the  Bened.  and  CtuniiiR  Codes,  'he 
entire  band  is  used,  which  seems  mora  appropriate  in  imitating  the  holding  up  a 
bowl ;  tbe  sign  of  tho  scyphus  in  our  list,  tor  which  three  fingers  only  are  required, 
it  that  used  in  the  others  for  tbe  patera  or  goblet,  which  would  be  tilled  from  the 
icyphus. 

In  a  letter  ot  Peler  the  Venerable  exhorting  his  monastic  friends  to  study  and  write, 
ba  tella  them  that  when  weary  of  these  occupalions,  they  are  to  vary  them  by  other 
employments,  among  others,  by  hollowing  out  vuisels  for  nine,  such  as  are  called 

'  "  Quod  a  Oallis  monacliis  cucula  dicitur,  nos  capam  vooamus." — (Du  Cange.) 
'  PeUiciom  is  transialcd  "  pilch  "  in  Foabroko'a  "  British  Monochiam,"  wto  »y« 
it  was  a  kind  ot  petticoat — a  garment  made  of  skins  or  fun. 


ON  THE  USE  OF  SIGNS  IN  THE  ANCIENT  M01TA8TEHIE8. 


I 

I 
I 


bracHa   de  deorsum   tiahu  quasi  qui  ee       Che  hand 
coopertorio  tegit.  who  cove 

I'ro  sigfno  capltoliB'  s«ii  pulvinnris.  leva 

quoai  nd  Tolandum  mOTe,  poelea  pone  ad 
maiilluD  licut  donuiena  eolet. 

Fro  dgno  comgiie,  digitum  digito  eir- 
cumfer,  et  do  utroqi     '  "  '     ''  ''  " 

uUiuBqua    dieuius   i 


ES  corrigia       togetht 


Pro  eigno  metalli  cum  pugno  pugnum 
dnritor  pBTOUto. 

Pro  eigna  cultelli,  trahe  manum  per 
mediiicD  pal  me. 

Pro  (dgno  Tagine  cultelli,  Bummitatom 
unius  matiuB  in  altern  rannu  depona  quaai 
oulwUiun  mitiona  in  vagina. 

Pro  aigno  ncus,  signo  motfllli  premiBBo, 
■imula  quasi  in  una  manu  acum  ceneat  et 
G!um  in  altera  el  mitture  lelis  fllum  per 


Pro  aigoo  grafii,  promisao  signo  metalli, 
eztenso  pollice  cum   indice  aimula  acri- 

Pro  signo  tabulanim,  manusamboa  com- 
ptica  et  its  disjungti  quaaj   apuneas  ta- 

Pro  signo  ppptima,  Ires  digilos  per 
Mpilloa  trahe  quasi  qui  to  peotit. 

Pro  agno  Angeli,  fac  idem  signum  quod 
pro  allelujah. 

Pro  aigno  Apostoli,  trahe  daiteram  de- 
Onum  de  dertro  latere  in  ainiaCnim  ct 
itemm  de  siniatro  in  deitruta  pro  paUio  quo 
archiepiacDpi  utuntut  quod  aignum  epia- 


Fro  Bigno  ConfeaBoria,  ai  opiecopua  est, 
lie  idem  aignura  quod  pro  aposlolo;  Bi 
abbaa  ait,  tat  aigDum  regule  scilicet  capil- 
lum  comprebfiadendo. 

Pro  Bigno  Sucre  Virginia,  fac  aignuin 


10  signur 


Pro  aigno  Abbatii,  capillum  luper  aurem 
pcndfntem  ciim  duobui  digitia  apprehende. 

Pro  ligDO  Monucbi,  oum  manu  tene 
Milium. 

Pro  aigno  Clerici,    digitum  circumfet 


arm  from  below,  as  ono 
who  covera  himself  with  a  coverlet. 

For  Ihc  sign  of  a  boUtcr  or  pillov,  lift 
the  iiand  and  the  tops  of  the  fingers  bent, 
move  as  if  to  ilf ,  afterwards  place  on  tbe 
thci'k  as  one  is  accuattihed  10  do  when 
aleapinp:. 

For  the  Bigu  of  tbe  girdle,  bring  round 

inger  to  finger,  and  from  each  Bide  bring 

''        'be  fingera  of  each  hand  as  Ona 

girdle  round  him. 

For  the  sign  of  metal,  strike  tbe  fiit 

roughly  with  (he  fist. 

For  the  Bign  of  a  knife,  diaw  the  hand 
ncrosB  the  middle  of  the  palm. 

For  tbe  aign  of  tbe  sheath  of  a  knife, 

tiace  tbe  top  of  one  band  in  tbe  other 
and,  as  if  putting  a  knife  into  a  abeath. 
For  the  aign  of  a  needle,  having  flrat 


thread  in  tbe  other,  and  that  you  wanted 
to  put  the  thread  through  the  eye  of  tb« 
needle. 

For  the  sign  of  the  slylua,  having  first 
made  tbe  sign  of  metal,  with  tbe  extended 
thumb   and   forefinger  imitate  one  who 

For  the  sign  of  tabletB,  fold  both  hands 
together,  and  separate  them  as  if  opening 
tablets. 

For  the  aign  of  a  comb,  draw  tbtM 
fingers  through   the  bair,    as  one  who 

For  the  aign  of  nn  Angel,  make  the  sam« 
sign  OS  for  iillelujnb. 

For  the  sign  of  an  Apostle,  draw  the 
right  hand  downu-ar'ls  from  the  right  aide 
to  the  loft,  and  again  from  the  left  to  the 
right,  for  tbe  "pallium"  which  arch- 
bishops uae ;  which  is  also  the  sign  of  « 

For  tbe  aign  of  n  Martyr,  place  tbo  right 
band  on  the  neck,  as  though  you  wonted 
to  cut  something. 

For  tbe  sign  of  a  Confessor  if  be  be  a 


Rule,  namely,  by  taking  hold  of  tbe  hair. 

For  the  sign  of  a  Holy  Virgin,  make 
the  aign  for  a  woman. 

Fur  the  aign  of  s  Festival,  first  make 
the  aign  of  a  lection,  and  bring  forward 
all  the  fingers  of  each  hand. 

For  the  aign  of  an  Abbot,  graap  the  hair 
hanging  over  tbe  ear  witli  two  fingers. 

For  [he  sign  of  b  Monk,  hold  the  hair 
wiib  the  hand. 

For  the  sign  of  a  Cleric,  bring  the  finger 


'  "Quod  Tulgarilercuasinumappellatur."— (Bened.  Code.)  In  Ibe  Table  of  Signs 
uaed  Ib  the  Syon  Monastery,  that  for  a  bed  is  very  Bimihir  to  this — "  make  the  uga  of 
Ml  bowM,  and  put  thy  right  hando  under  thy  eheke,  and  alose  thyne  een." 


SOTAL  SOCIEIT  OF  ANTIQUABIES  OF  IBBLAND. 


Pro  Bigno  Canonici  Regulnris,' 
lice  et  indice  simuls  volunti^m  ci 
GBmiaie,  pectus  Buum  firm  ore. 


Pro  signo  minoria  [Prions],  eitendB 
minimum  digilum,  guod  ecmper  porrum 
•ignificat. 

Pro  aigDO  CuBtodit  Eccleaie,  cum  maiiu 
limuln  manum  pulsars  campaaum. 

Pro  eigao  Armani'  et  Precentorie,  ia- 
teriorem  aupcrficiem  nianui  leca  et  move 
^uaai  innuetiB  ut  equoliter  cautelur. 


Pro  aigiio  Mttgistri  Novieiorum,  traho 
macum  obliquam  per  capilloa  contra  Iroa- 
tem  quod  eat  sigQum  Novitii  ct  digitum 
palUci  prnnimiim  pnne  sutiliu  ocnlum 
quod  eat  aignuiu  videndi. 


lula   dennrioB 


For  the  sigD  of  a  Canon  Hegular,  with 
the  thumb  and  forefinger  imitate  one 
viahing  to  bind  hia  breast  with  the  lop 
of  (he  shirt. 

For  lie  »ign  of  the  Ijiity,  hold  the  ohio 
wilh  Ihe  right  hand. 

Fnr  the  sigii  of  a  Prior,  feign  with  tho 
thumb  and  forefinger  to  aouud  tho  amalt 
bell. 

For  the  sign  of  tho  greater  [PriorJ  in 
addition  eil/^nd  the  himd  which  alwaya 
■igniflM  anything  great. 

For  tho  sign  of  the  Suli-rPrior],  extend 
the  little  finger,  which  always  ragnifiea 
what  ia  little. 

For  the  BigD  of  the  Sarrist,  with  the 
hand  imitate  a  hoed  ringing  a  bell. 

For  the  sign  of  the  Librarian  and 
Chantor.  lift  the  inner  surfaeo  of  the 
hand,  and  move  ut  if  giving  the  aign 
[o  aiiig  tijcetber. 

''  ChaunCer  =  Ualco  the  aign  of  k 
prieat,  with  the  aign  after  of  dug- 
log."— {Syon  TBblo  of  Si^ns.) 

For  the  aign  of  Muter  of  Noncea,  draw 
the  hand  obliquely  through  the  haiiover 
l)ie  forcheail,  which  ia  the  sign  of  a 
Novice,  and  place  tho  finger  next  the 
thumb  nndi^r  the  eye,  which  ia  tbe  aiga 
of  aeeiDE. 

lie    sign    of    the    Chamberltuii, 
imimte  the  counting  of  money. 

For  tho  sign  of  the  Cellarer  [imitatel 
one  holding  a  key  in  bis  hand,  and  oa  if 
turning  it  when  fixed  in  tho  tooli. 

Fot  the  aign  of  the  Gardener,  bend  the 
finger  [and  draw  it  lo  you]  a»  one  who 
draws  a  rake  along  the  ground. 

For  the  sign  of  the  Almoner,  draw  the 
hand  from  the  right  shoulder  tii  the  left 
aido,  aa  the  strap  of  a,  wallet  ia  uaually 
carried  by  bi'ggara. 

For  the  sign  of  the  Infiro^arer,  placs 
the  hand  against  the  hruaat,  and  odd  tho 
aign  of  seeing. 

For  the  Bign  of  (be  Rofectiouor,  maka 
the  aign  of  refection. 

For  the  aign  of  tho  Keeper  of  (ho 
Gainers,  with  both  hands  joined,  feign 
aa  though  you  nantcd  to  pour  com  into 

'  Duo  digitum  tuum  circnm  aurem  et  post  inclina  maniim  dextram  Bpertnm  venua 
terrain,  ac  ai  dimitteres  cadere  toannm  auper  pellicium  vemus  (errom.^'^ — -(MartEne.) 

'  tfear  the  seat  of  the  Prior  was  placed  a  small  bell ;  hence  he  who  sat  at  the 
I'rior'B  Table  wna  anid  '■  ad  atillam  aedtre." 

"  Bora  cmnandi  ciplels,  a  Prioro  secundum  morem  uno  iulu  soilla  percuaea  eat." — 
(Da  Gouge.) 

*  "  Qui  in  Ecclesiia  et  Monaateriia  Cantor  vel  Precentor  dicitur,  oui  librorum  pro- 
■eitim  Et'clealaaticurum  aura  incnmbit." 

'  "  Qui  recepit  paupCFnis,"  addi  the  fiened.  Code. 

*  nis  office  wni  to  receive  all  the  wheat  and  barley  that  came,  and  give  aeconnt 
Vlut  malt  was  uaed  weekly,  &c. — (Daviea.) 

*  "  Ad  metiendiun,"  aailed  in  the  Benedictine  Code. 


Pro   algoo   Cad 
DUmerare. 

Pro  signo  Cellcrurii,  [siniula]  ii 
cUvem  tenere  ot  quasi  aero  infiioi 


Pro  signo  Hemosinnrii. 
B  dextro  humero  in  aini 
lim  pera  solet  a  pauperil 


trum  latua, 
lS  portari. 


OH  THE  D8B  OF  BIQN8  IN  THE  ANCIENT  MONASTERIES!      125 


r  tb« 


Pro  signo  pueri,  odmoie  mimmuin.  digi- 
tnm  Ubiia. 

Pro  ugao  compatriote  vel  oonsanguinei 
tpne  muium  contra  fBciem  et  mi^dium 
diffttum  nmo  impODH  proplcr  sanguinem 
qui  inda  fluere  aolet. 

Pm  sigQo  laguendi,  contra  os  tcna 
Dinnum  et  ita  elun  move. 

Fro  signo  tacendi,  Buper  oa  claueum 
digituca  pone. 

Pro  aigno  audiendi,  pone  digitum  contra 


Pro  signo  m 
labia. 
Fro   aigno    • 


im  digits  leige 
indioeiD   Ubiis 


Pro  signo  veatiandi,  cum  pollico  et 
digito  scqucnte  veatem  in  pectore  appre- 
hendCDB  et  trabedeorBimi. 

Pro  aigno  eieundi,  trahe  nurauoi. 


Pro  signo  comedflcdi,  coi 
indica  aimiiU  comedeiitem. 

Pro  signo  bibendi,  digitu 
labiia  admoTe. 

Pre  signo  annuendi,  levn  m 

luporfioioa  cifBUreum. 


Fro   aigDo   miouendi,   t 
medio  digito  peroute  in 


1  infleium 


Proaignovidendi,  digitum  pollici  ptoxi- 
niim  pone  aubtus  oculum. 
Pro  signo  larandi  ppdea,  ambarnia  ma- 


Pro  signo  boni,  pone  poUicem  in  mniilla 
tt  alios  digitoB  in  alia  et  fao  eos  in  mento 
blande  collabi. 

Pro  aigno  mali,  digitia  in  facie  aparsiiu 
poiili*  aimula  iingucm  avis  aliquid  lace- 
rsndo  aiCnibeDtia. 


For  tbe  sign  of  a  fouth,  more  the  little 
finger  to  tlio  lipa. 

i'lit  the  aign  of  a  fellow -Gountrjnnan 
or  blood  relation,  hold  tb«  hand  aguinat 
the  [see,  and  place  the  middle  finger  on 
the  noae,  on  accounl  of  the  blood  which 
aometimes  Sows  Irnnt  it. 

For  the  sign  of  speaking,  bold  the 
hand  against  the  mouth,  and  so  moTe  it. 

For  the  sign  of  ailence,  place  a  finger 
upiin  the  dosed  mouth. 

For  the  sign  ot  hearing,  phtte  a  finger 
over  the  ear. 

For  the  aign  of  not  knoring,  wipe  ths 
lips  with  the  finger. 

For  the  aigti  of  kiaaing,  place  the  first 
finger  on  tbe  lips. 

For  the  aign  of  robbg,  catching  tlie 
robe  with  the  thumb  and  next  finger  on 
the  bieaat,  draw  it  downwards. 

For  the  lign  of  disrobing,  draw  it  up- 
warda. 

For  the  aign  ot  eating,  with  the  thumb 
and  forefinger  ioiitate  one  eating, 

For  tbe  aign  of  drinking,  move  fht 
finger  bent  tu  tbe  tips. 

For  the  sign  of  assent,  lift  the  hand 
moderately,  and  movo  it  not  inverted, 
hut  so  that  the  outer  aurfaeo  may  be  Up- 
wards, 

For  the  aign  et  negation,  place  tbe  tip 
of  tbe  middle  finger  under  tbe  thiunb, 
and  BO  make  it  fillip. 

"  Meve  oaely  Ihy  fyngora  of  thy 
right  bande  flultljngoa  and  fro  tbe, 
and  it  servoth  for  nay." — (Syon 
Table  of  Signa.) 

For  tbe  sign  of  blood-letting,  strike  on 
the  arm  with  the  thumb  and  middle  finger, 
aa  one  who  lets  blnod. 

For  the  sign  of  seeing,  place  the  finger 
neit  the  thumb  under  the  ^ye. 

For  ihe  aign  ot  washing  the  feet,  turn 
tbe  inner  pails  of  both  banda  to  ona 
another,  and  so  more  tlio  tipa  [of  the 
fingera]  ot  the  upper  hand  a  little. 

For  the  aign  ot  good,  place  the  tbnmb 
on  one  cheek  and  the  olber  fingers  on  the 
other,  and  make  ibent  gontlv  sink  on  the 
chin. 

For  tbe  ugn  ot  evil,  baring  placed  tha 
fingers  spread  out  on  the  face,  imitat* 
the  elaw  of  a  bird  drawing  aemolbing  tA 
it  in  tearing  it  in  pieces. 


Bi^Dst  the  breast,  so  that  the  ir 


1 


C     126     ) 


A  JOURNEY  TO  LOUGH  DEEG. 

By  ISAAC  BUTLEB. 

{Copied  from  tht  Oi-iginal  MS.  by  Iht  late  Acffrm  Coopse,  Ew.,  f.s.a.) 

ICoMlintied /ma  page  24,] 

AMitB  North  Enst  from  htnce  are  y'  ttuina  of  y*  Antient  Church  of 
Kilkeiraa  it  was  a  large  Btately  Gothic  Edifies  y*  East  Winilow  was 
lofty  adorned  with  curious  fret  Work,  in  y'  West  end  is  a  noble  large 
Font  of  Gray  Marble  with  our  Sa-rior  &  hie  12  ApostlcB  in  haut  relief  on 
the  Pedestal  well  wrought.  There  have  been  Beveral  Tomba  &  Grave 
SloneB  but  most  of  them  demolished,  one  near  the  Altar  has  y"  Inscrip- 
tion under  a.  Coat  of  Arms  : — 

Here  lyeth  the  Body  of  Humphry  Bany  of 

Killcarne  Gent;  who  departed  thia  Life 

the  17**  day  of  March  83  also  Susan  Forester 

his  Wife  who  departed  thia  Life  the  18th 

day  of  March  91  this  monument  was 

erected  by  their  Son  Richard  Barry  in  Memory  of 

hia  beloved  Father  &  Mother— 1692 


This  Church  was  a  Vicarage  in  y"  Deanery  of  Duleek  &  Diocese  of 
Meath.  At  a  distance  from  hence  not  exceeding  a  Mile  northward  on  a 
rising  Bank  are  y'  EuiiiB  of  j<  antient  CaHtlo  of  Dunna;  also  that  of 
Ardniulean  Church  &  Steeple  a  Rectory  in  Dnlcek  Deanery.  On  y* 
Horth  Side  of  y  Church  is  a  Inrgc  Danish  Rath  a  great  Ornament  to  y* 
Place.  A  Mile  North  West  from  Navan  on  y'  Bank  of  y"  Blackwatcr  are 
y"  Ruins  of  y*  antient  Church  of  Donomore  it  is  an  Original  being  a  low 
rude  Building  y'  Steeple  at  y'  West  end  of  a  circular  Form  93  foot  high, 
the  Covering  pyramidal  with  four  Windows  under  it  opposite  to  y*  four 
points  of  Heaven,  y'  Door  for  Entrance  6  feet  above  y*  Surface  of  y* 
Earth,  y"  is  a  Vicarage  under  y  Deanery  of  Slane.'  The  Vilage  is  mean, 
near  it  in  y  Center  of  y*  Road  is  an  Autitnt  Heathen  Monumt-nt  of  Seven 
great  Stoues  in  a  circular  form  &  about  2  foot  J  above  y'  Earth.     Near 

'  [There  is  a  long  deBciipIioti  of  iMa  pRriah  of  Ounamoro  in  Dopping's  "  Visilation 
Book,"  with  a  list  of  the  rectors  rrom  166D  to  1641.  Be  bIbo  dcacnbea  the  Church  of 
Dunmowe  dedicated  to  St.  Kntbcrine.  ThiB  is  evidently  a  rhui^  belonging  to  the 
well-known  ancient  CMtIc  on  the  banks  of  the  BoTna,  which  our  fcuriat  caia  Duanto. 
Thomas  Benson,  the  incumbent  of  Navan,  hpld  jDonamore  in  1694.  Like  ao  nutnj 
other  cburcbet  in  this  neighbourhood,  Donamure  CLurcb  is  dedicated  to  St.  Faliidi. — 
G.  T.  B.] 


A  JODBNET  TO  LOUOH   DERG. 


127 


2  miles  North  West  on  y*  Bank  of  y«  Blackwater,  lies  pleasantly  situated, 
y*  antient  town  of  Donagh  Patrick,  from  whence  is  a  good  prospect  of  a 
delightfnll  Country  in  a  wholesome  air,  y"  place  is  greatly  reduced,  y* 
Church  was  a  curious  large  Gothic  Pile  dedicated  to  S*.  Patrick  ;*  at  y* 
East  End  is  a  large  Grave  Stone  with  y'  following  Coat,  y*  Crest  a 
Pelican : — 


=» 


« 


'^  actiont 


Coll :  Mathiaa  Everardrd  departed 
this  Life,  12th  day  of  March 
I7lf  And  by  his  Will  directed 
his  Brother  Christopher 
Everard  of  Eandelstown  Esq' 
to  lay  this  tomb  stone  in  the 
Eoome  of  an  Old  one  that  was 
defaced  in  this  Church  of 
Donagh  Patrick  by  time,  where 
•  Many  of  their  Ancestors  are 
interred,  for  the  said  Christopher 
And  his  Posterity. 

Requiescant  in  Pace. 

In  y*  Chancell  close  to  y«  Wall  is  a  large  brown  Marble  Grave  Stone, 


^  [The  present  rector  of  Donaghpatrick  suggests  that  it  is  not  the  church  of  Donagh- 
patrick  which  is  here  described,  but  a  chapel  now  in  ruins  in  Mr.  Everard's  demesne. 
Donaghpatrick,  like  many  other  parishes  in  the  neighbourhood,  was  appropriated  to 
the  Priory  of  Eilmainham.  The  parish  is  described  by  Bishop  Steame,  who  knew 
it  well,  because  he  had  been  for  many  years  Vicar  of  Trim  about  1690.  He  tells  us  it 
had  a  chapel  attached  called  St.  Katharine's  of  Orystown.  This  chapel  had  no  chancel, 
and  only  a  small  graveyard.  He  also  describes  a  church  of  Teltown  dedicated  to  St. 
Barnabas,  just  beyond  Donaghpatrick.  All  the  Eilmainham  impropriations  in  this 
neighbourhood  were  in  Steame' s  time  possessed  by  Sir  John  Alexander.  The  incumbent 
in  1694  was  a  Mr.  Edward  Robarts.  He  held  no  less  than  live  churchop,  including 
the  distant  Nobber.  All  the  churches  were  out  of  repair.  Steame,  when  vicar  of 
Trim,  published  his  well-known  treatise,  *'De  Visitatione  Infirmorum,"  which  he 
printed  in  Dublin  in  that  troublous  time.  Steame's  father  was  at  the  same  time  bene- 
ficed in  Meath.  ^teame  not  only  published  in  Latin  for  the  use  of  the  clergy  :  when 
he  was  bishop  he  conducted  all  his  ordination  examinations  in  the  Latin  tongue,  as 
P.  Skelton  tells  us  in  his  life,  written  by  Brady.— G.  T.  S.] 


EOYAL   SOCIETY   OF   AHTJQUARIE8  OP   IRELAND. 


Whereon  is  in  raised  Work  y*  History  of  y*  Crucifixion  &  on  y"  Edges 
of  y"  stone  with  some  difficulty  may  be  read  y"  Inacription  : — 


Orate  pro  Animnbus 
Patricii  Plunket  do 
Gibiston  qui  obtt  l** 
Novembr:  A:D:  1575  ct 
Elizabeth.  Bamt'vall  quam 

Sibi  prim  V bi 

Uxor  oc  71m  qui  obit 
14  Augustii  1550  et  Mttrgar" 
^len-0  quam  de  777  do 

liiau. quBe  de  Vita  de 

Augravit  —  1568 
^IpTaND'  y  Plunket' 
Heredes  ••■••• 

y  Church  is  a  Vicarage  under  Deanery  of  Kells,  y'  part  of  Mcath  is  well 
cultivated  mostly  under  Com,  from  y  Vilagc  is  a  fine  prospect  of  the 
neighboring  Piains  covered  with  Hagards  &  Bama.  Hulf  a  Mile  West  of 
Navan  ia  a  great  Dean's  Eath  encompassed  with  2  Fosses,  it  is  a  large 
high  Mount  with  Parapets,  Ardbrcacan  antieutly  Tibrudulton,  2  Miles 
West  of  Navan  has  been  eoneiderable  in  former  Ages,  it  appears  by  nn 
Irish  Mss,  y'  A:  D:  1134  Sitricus  Piinco  of  the  Deanc  at  Dublin  spoiled 
Ardbracan,  in  1136  Dermot  King  of  Leinst^r  burnt  it,  King  John  kept 
his  Court  i:D:  1208.  This  town  from  a  rich  flourishing  place,  is  at 
present  a  poor  mean  Vilage,  by  it's  Situation  it  is  capable  of  vast  Improvc- 
ments.  The  Land  is  blest  with  a  fertile  Soil  for  grain  &  pasturage,  in  y* 
neighborhood  is  one  of  y  best  Lime  Stone  ftuanics  in  y*  Kingdom,  it  is 
cut  into  Tomb  Stones,  Chimney-pieces  &c  bearing  a  polish  equal  to  y* 
best  Marble,  it  is  a  curious  grey  Color.  The  Cliurch  dedicated  to 
8'  Oultan  ia  a  modem  Erection  on  y  Foundation  of  y*  antieut  one,  which 
was  large  &  hcautifull  as  appears  from  some  of  it's  antieut  veaerablo 
remains  in  y'  Chancell.'  From  y*  Number  of  y"  Fragments  of  Tombs  & 
Grave  Stone  it  was  a  great  burial  place  for  persons  o!  Distinction  &  Merit 
but  Time  &  bad  Usage  have  rendered  y"  unintelligible.  Here  was  a  large 
noble  Abbey,  In  y"  Diocese  is  neither  Dean  nor  Chapter,  nor  Cathedral, 
nor  (Economy  it  was  divided  into  11  nirul  Deaneries  w''  were  so  many 
Sees  before  y*  Arrival  of  y'  English.  The  Antient  Mansion  house  falling 
into  Decay,  was  taken  down  by  Up  Price,  who  laid  the  Foundation  of  a 
magnificent  Structure  y  2  Wings  are  finished  in  y  Augustine  Taste  &  it 
is  expected  that  y  present  Ep  Manic  will  finish  the  Body.'     The  Inhabi- 

'  [Fntrick  riuoket's  aecoiid  wife  was  Mu-gnrct  Fleming,  aud  Ms  eldest  ran 
Ale»SQder.— Lodge's  •■Peerage,"  ed.  Arthdnll,  vol.  vi,,  p.  ISy.J 

'  [Biihop  Dopping  gives  a  long  uccount  of  Ardhracosn  on  p.  41  of  hja  "VUitalion 
Book."  Ub  reslored  the  church,  erected  aedilin  and  VBopenod  it  with  un  office  juBl 
than  lately  published  bj  the  lri«h  Convocalioo.— G.  T.  8.J 

*  [PritewBBbishop  from  1734^1.  He  wib  aflorwsrda  Archbishop  of  Cnshcl,  where 
he  unhnpjiilf  disliuguiihed  himself  bf  pulling  doiFu  tbc  CHthedm]  roof.     Muult]  wus 


A  JOUBNEY  TO  LOUQH  DERG.  129 

tants  are  badly  rapplyed  with  Water,  there  being  but  one  Spring  (dedi- 
cated to  S*  Oultan)  in  y*  town  a  small  distance  South  West  from  y* 
Church.  Bending  our  Course  Northerly  at  2  miles  distance  we  came  to 
the  Castle  of  Liscarton  a  noble  large  Fabrick  of  fine  hewn  Stone  at 
present  in  decay.  A  small  distance  from  y*  Castle  are  y*  Ruins  of  a  neat 
small  Church  of  hewn  Stone  but  lined  with  Brick,  there  was  a  beautifull 
"Window  both  in  y"  East  &  West,  y*  was  a  Vicarage  belonging  to  the 
Deanery  of  Trim. 

On  y  right  of  y*  Eoad  are  y«  Kuins  of  Castle  Martin  y*  Habitation  of 
Adam  de  Ruport  A:D:  1182  one  of  y*  Adventurers  with  Strongbow. 
Kells  or  Kenlis  29  miles  from  BubHn  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  rising 
Ground  not  far  from  y«  banks  of  y  Blackwater,  it  forms  an  agrcable 
prospect  for  2  miles  in  a  gradual  Ascent  to  y*  town,  it  was  formerly 
larger  &  waUed  with  Gates  &  Towers  by  y*  English  soon  after  their 
Arrival  &  was  esteemed  amongst  the  Cities  of  y*  first  Rank  in  Ireland  & 
was  y*  Key  of  those  parts  of  Meath  against  y*  Incursions  of  y*  Ulster 
men.  The  Castle  built  by  y*  English  in  1178  is  in  y*  market  place,  on  y*  ^ 
right  entring  y*  Main  Street,^  w^^  had  some  fashionable  houses  in  it. 
Opposite  to  the  Castle  is  a  large  Cross  of  one  entire  Stone  erect,  adorned 
with,  several  Figures  in  Bass  relief  with  Irish  Inscriptions*  altogether 
unintelligible,  of  great  Antiquity.  The  Church '  dedicated  to  S'  Cenan, 
is  in  y*  West  part  of  y«  Town,  it  was  large  with  a  square  Steeple  in  y* 
Center,  at  present  y*  Chancell  is  in  Use,  y*  West  Isle  being  uncovered. 
Over  y«  North  on  a  Marble  Plate  : — 

This  Windowe 
was  builded  bi  Ri 
chard  fioudi  of 
Kenlis  Merchean 
ntthel2of  Juli 
1578  whose  Soule 
God  take  to  his 
Mcrci. 

bishop  from  1744-68.  Ardbraccan  was  tioished  by  Bishop  Maxwell.  Bishop  Evans 
left  with  other  bequests  to  the  diocese  the  sum  of  £1000  to  build  a  new  house  at 
Ardbraccan.     This  was  in  1723.— G.  T.  S.] 

^  [0*  Donovan  in  his  letter  about  Kells  in  the  Ordnance  Survey  Letters  says  there  was 
not  a  trace  of  this  castle  left  in  1836,  some  eighty  years  after  this  tour  was  made. — 
G.  T.  S.] 

•  This  cross 

was  erected 

— t  the  char 

ge  of  Robert 

— Ife  of  GaU 

— irstowne  es- 

— ing  soverai- 

— e  of  the  corp 

oration  of  Kel 

Is  anno  dom^ 
1688 
'  The  Church  has  been  rebuilt  &  is  one  the  handsomest  for  the  aze  in  Ireland — 
the  old  steeple  still  remains  &  is  handsomely  ornamented  to  match  the  Ghu.  in  the 
Gothic  taste  &  terminated  by  a  neat  &  lofty  spire. 


'Ije4  2ewv»;ro^."35^;>' 


130        BOTAL  SOCIBTT  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 

On  y*  South  "West  Comer  on  a  Plate  of  Black  Marble  over  3  large 
Crosses: — 

IHSA  Ml  1519 
RANDAL  BAIILO 
ARCHDEACON  OF 
'  MEATH  CpOFf^^x 

On  y«  right  entring  y*  Church  Door  is  in  very  bad  cut  Characters,  are  y* 
following  Lines  scarce  legible : — 

The  Bodie  of  this  Tomb  being  in  utter  ruyn  &  Decaie  was  reedi- 
-fied  in  Ano  Doni  1 578  1 1  Elizabeth  XX  throgho  the  dilige 
ce  &  Care  of  the  revnde  father  in  God  hugh  Brady  Byshop  of  Meat 
He  &  S'  Thoe  Gar —  Archdiaco  of  the  same  &  Dean  of  Christ  Church 
in  Dublin  both  of  her  Majestic  is  prive  Counsaile  &  S'  Henry  Sidney 
Knight  of  the  Noble  Ordire  being  then  Lord  Deputie  &c  the  said. 

In  y*  burying  Ground  on  y«  Cover  of  a  large  raised  Tomb  y* : — 

Hie  infra  sitae  sunt  exuviae 

Viri  vere  Reverendi 
lacobi  Morecraft  S  T  P 
Archidiaconi  Midensis 
Doci  Probi  Pii 
Qui  per  Viginti  quinque  Ajmorum  Spaticum 
Gregi  Constatur  incumbens 
Fideliter  invigilavit 
^des  hasce  Deo  sacras 

Impensis  partim  propriis 
Ab  aliis  partim  erogatis 
Autores  redidit  et  excornavit 
Obiit 
die  Aprilis  nona 
Anno  Dom.  1723 
^tatis  Suae  54 

On  y«  South  Side  of  y«  Churchyard  is  a  Roirnd  Tower  99  feet  in  Height 
it  has  under  y«  roofed  Cap'  w''**  ends  in  a  point  4  Windows  each  opposite 
to  y*  Cardinal  &c.  Here  was  a  famous  Abbey.  Anno  1152  a  Synod  was 
held  here.  Kells  was  esteemed  for  y«  Birth  place  of  several  holy  persons 
as  S*.  Kennan  &c.  it  gives  title  of  Viscount  to  y  Earl  of  Cholmondeley,  is 
a  Borough  &  returns  2  members  to  Parliament  S'.  Tho'.  Taylor  has  a 
noble  dwelling  on  y«  left  entring  y«  Town  but  makes  no  Figure  being 

^  fRandall  Barlow  was  Archdeacon  of  Meath  1613-1633.  With  other  preferments 
he  held  the  Precentorship  of  Ossory  from  1615,  and  the  Deanery  of  Christ  Churchy 
Duhlhi,  from  1618.    He  was  afterwards  Archhishop  of  Tuam.] 

«  Now  fallen  off— 1784— 


A  JODENEr  TO  LOUOH  DERO. 


131 


I 
I 


blinded  by  Tails  &  trees.  Eoro  are  4  yearly  Fairs.  Thia  boiag  y*  last 
Town  on  y"  Side  of  y"  County  of  Meath  I  shall  conclude  witt  thia 
remark.  That  y*  Inhabitants  ■were  always  catoemod  a  warlike  hardy 
People  witnesB  their  many  Conflicts  with  y  Deans,  their  routing  & 
destroying  y*  Armies  of  Keginal  &  Broader  2  Danish  Kings  &  often 
having  y*  Balance  of  Power  in  y°  Kingdom,  East  Meath  is  a  curious  flatt 
Conntry,  well  cultivated  with  a  fertile  Soil  abounding  in  all  y  necessaries 
of  Life  £  esteemed  one  of  y"  richest  in  Grain  of  all  Kinds  in  y  Kingdom 
not  to  mention  their  Sheep  &  black  Cattle  well  known  to  Smithfitld 
Dublin,  y  Country  was  divided  into  2  Counties  y  34  Henry  8. 

A  Mile  from  Kells  we  passed  over  a  Stone  bri<lge  of  3  Arches  thro 
which  flows  y  Blkw'  from  Lough  Ramuur,  y  Country  appears  open  & 
waste  with  few  houses.  3  miles  more  westerloy  brought  us  to  y' 
Boundaries  of  y  Province  of  Leinsterft  Ulster  &  intoy  County  of  Cavan, 
not  far  from  hence  near  Lough  Yanch  was  a  fine  Convent.  The  Couutrv 
is  here  very  rude  &  desolate,  a  large  Bog  on  our  right  &  on  y  left  Lough 
Samor,  W"  is  s'  to  be  4  miles  in  length  &  one  in  bredth,  plentifully 
stored  with  "Wild  Foul  &  Fish.  A  small  Island  a  Pistol  Shot  from  shore 
had  a  good  dwelling  house  on  it,  with  large  Gardens  well  laid  out  belong- 
ing to  Col.  Woodward  of  Kella  who  on  y'28'"  of  May  1726  y  Birth  day 
of  his  late  Majesty  invited  several  Gentlemen  in  y'  Neighborhood  to  a 
friendly  Collation,  where  having  several  pieces  of  Cannon  firing,  one  of 
y"  burst  &  tore  the  Col',  in  pieces,  since  which  time  y  House  has  lain 
waste  &  is  falling  into  Ruin.* 

Virginia,  entring  y  County  on  y'  Side  (in  y  Barony  of  Castle  Eaghen) 
is  on  y  Sorth  Bank  of  Lough  Kamor,  upon  y'  Elbow  thereof  which 
trends  southerly,  a  poor  despicable  place  not  aflordiag  a  Tolerablo  Inn. 
here  is  a  good  Stone  Bridge  of  3  Arches  over  a  itiver  w'""  enters  Lough 
Bamor.  From  hence  thro  a  rude  barren  Country  of  craggy  Rocks  with 
Mountains  covered  with  hogs  &  heath,  y'  Road  up  £  down  hill,  with  a 
few  scattered  miserable  Cabbins,  to  Bally  James  Doough,  or  Black 
Jamea'stown,  here  is  a  Barrack  for  a  Company  of  Foot,  2  Inns  about 
12  houses,  a  rivulet  with  a  Stone  bridge  divides  y  town,  there  is  annually 
a  Fair  here  18  Oct',  for  black  Cattle  s'  to  be  y'  greatoat  in  j"  Kingdom. 
Forwards  y'  Country  puts  on  a  better  Countenance,  y"  Husbandman's 
Labour  is  here  apparent  from  y  great  Increase  of  Tillage,  having  plenty 
of  small  Barley,  Bear  &  Oatea,  there  nppeur  no  Copses  Woods  &c.,  y* 
lands  here  are  generally  divided  &  inclosed  either  by  a  dry  ditch  or  dead 
Stone  Wall.' 

1  [JoBcpk  Woodward,  of  Cnimbormgh  in  Co.  Mcatb,  was  oaa  of  Ihe  atUunUd 
in  the  celfbrated  Act  of  Jstdob  II.  :  tee  King's  "State  of  Irish  PralestontB,"  App.  p.  1. 
OtumbKimgh  wu  changed  during  the  loat  century  into  Fort  Frederick.  iU  present 
deMgnalion  :  »ee  Cregorj'  Croendrate'a  "  Anf[ling  Excunioiu  in  Ireland,"  p.  376, 
for  gome  other  atorie*  about  thia  ialand. — C  T.  S,] 

1  [In  1760  a  good  partoflrelandmuatbavebtfen  unenclosed,  u  Dean  Swift  describes 
Tippeiary  in  »  letter  contaiDed  in  Burelt's  Euay  en  the  early  life  oi  Swift,  and  ax 
Molyueuz  describes  Connaught  in  1709,  in  hia  time. — G.  T.  S.] 


132 


ROYAL   SOCIETY   OF    iNTIQUAKIES   OF  IRELAND. 


Crosskeys  a  convenient  good  Inn  44  miles  from  Dublin  is  eommo- 
diously  dtnated,  by  a  Biver,  MiE  &  Bog. 

Cavan  compnted  49  Miles  from  Dublin  is  between  Hills  &  cannot  be 
perceived  untill  one  enters  therein,  y  great  Street  arangen  Nortb  ft 
South,  above  one  4"'  of  a  Mile :  wherein  are  several  good  Inns  also  y* 
Connty  Goal  &  Sossion  House  a  large  Stone  Builiiing,  y  Churth  is  small 
&  near  y-  bridge,  the  River,  a  branch  of  Lough  Eame,  is  called  from  y" 
Irish  derivation  y  Milkriver,  there  goes  a  merry  tale  of  a  man  who 
travelling  from  hence  into  Fermanagh  where  being  charged  for  his  milk 
told  his  HostesH  y'  if  she  was  were  ho  came  from,  she  should  have  as 
mnch  as  uoud  drink  &  fill  her  Chums  without  payment. 

Here  was  formerly  a  strong  Castle  but  was  demolished  by  y*  Earl  of 
Kildare  A:D;  I5I4.  Here  was  also  a  large  &  beautifuU  Franciscan 
Slonastcry.  Cavan  gives  Title  to  Earl  of  y  Lambert  Family,  is  a 
Borough,  has  4  annual  Fairs  &  a  market  on  Tuesday. 

From  hence  to  Belturbet  are  counted  7  miles  of  troublesome  road 
from  y'  Number  of  Hills  or  Brays,  y*  Lands  are  well  laid  out  &  cultivated 
with  Grain,  about  midway  we  passed  over  Butler's  bridge  of  5  strong 
Stone  Arches  over  a  branch  of  Lough  Earne,  hero  a  Corn,  a  tucking  &  u 
Paper  Mill  all  set  a  going  under  one  Eoof  &  by  one  Wheel.  From  hence 
y  road  becomes  agreable,  on  our  left  y'  gentle  Streams  ot  Loughearne  & 
on  y  right  y  rising  Hills  and  Loughs  at  y  Intervals  covered  with  wild 
Fowl  of  all  Kinds  produce  a  most  entertaining  Prospect.  Belturbet  is 
pleasantly  situated  upon  y  bank  of  Loughearne.  Entring  y'  mean 
Street,  y  town  arranges  in  a  strait  Lino  w'"*  with  y'  Market  House 
Church  &  Steeple  form  a  pleasant  prospect.  The  Barracks  are  neatly 
built  at  y'  North  Entrance  of  y  town  &  have  y'  Lough  in  front.  The 
Church  is  at  y  South  end  on  a  rising  Ground  from  whence  appears  a 
Iwautifull  prospect  of  y'  Country  &  Lough.  At  y  North  End  of  y* 
bridge  Lord  Lanesborough  has  a  House,  a  large  quadrangular  Building 
y  Uardens  behind  y'  house  are  well  laid  out  on  y*  banks  of  y'  Lough. 
The  Bridge  of  5  Arches  is  in  y'  West  Street,  here  are  several  Boats  & 
Lighters,  which  take  ia  Goods  &  Passengers  for  Eniskillen  &  several 
parts  of  y  Country,  y'  town  is  a  Borough  &  a  Rectory  &  Vicarage  in 
Kilraore  tliocess.  No  Boman  Catholic  is  allowed  to  live  on  y'  East  Side 
of  y  bridge.     Here  arc  4  Yearly  Fairs. 

Two  miles  brought  us  to  Aghalan  bridge  &  Vilage,  the  bridge  divides 
y°  Counties  of  Cavon  &  Fermanagh,  a  Mile  from  hence  we  had  a  large 
Lough  2  miles  in  Length  plentifully  stored  with  Fowl.  This  Countrj 
from  y  great  Variety  o£  Plantations  in  such  good  Order  makes  y*  whole 
appear  like  a  continued  or  delightfuU  Garden. 

At  Callyhill  John  En n cry  esq",  has  a  Seat  it  lies  at  a  small  distance  on 
y  left  of  y  great  road,  in  a  fine  sporting  Country,  brush  Woods  abound 
in  y  part.  There  are  neither  Inns  nor  Alehouses  on  y"  road,  yet  almost 
every  house  have  for  public  Sale,  Aquavitaj  or  Whiskey,  which  is  greatly 


A  JOURNEY  TO  LOUGH  DEBG.  133 

esteemed  by  y*  Inhabitants,  as  a  wholesome  balsamic  Diuretic  they  take 
it  here  in  common  at  &  before  their  Meals,  To  make  it  the  more  agre- 
able  they  fill  an  Iron  pot,  with  y*  Spirit,  putting  Sugar,  mint  &  butter  & 
when  it  hath  seethd  for  some  time,  they  fill  their  square  Cans  which  they 
call  Meathers  &  thus  drink  out  y"*  to  each  other.  What  is  surprizing 
they  will  drink  it  to  Intoxication  &  are  never  sick  after  it,  neith  doth 
impair  their  healths,  An  Irish  Doctor  took  upon  him  300  Years  since  to 
give  y«  following  ludicrous  Virtues  of  Aquavitae.  1  It  dryeth  y*  break- 
ings out  on  y*  Hands.  2  Killeth  Fleshworms.  3  cureth  y«  scald  of  y' 
Head.  4  keeps  back  Old  Age.  5  stengthcns  Youth.  6  helpeth  diges- 
tion. 7  cutteth  plegm.  8  casts  off  melancholy.  9  enlightneth  y«  heart. 
10  quickneth  y*  mind  &  Spirits.  11  cureth  y«  Dropsie.  12  healeth  y* 
stranguary.  13  expelleth  y  gravel.  14  wastes  y*  stone.  15  breaketh 
wind  marvelously.     16  keepeth  y*  head  from  gidiness,  &c. 

A  house  or  2  forms  y*  Yilage  of  Stragownagh  which  is  remarkable 
for  2  Yearly  Horse  Fairs. 

Einawly  formerly  a  town  of  good.  Account  at  present  consists  of  one 
house,  y*  Eemains  of  a  Foot  barrac  &  y«  ruins  of  a  large  Church,  y*  was 
a  Yicarage  in  y  Diocess  of  Ealmore.  The  Country  here  appears  rude  & 
thin  of  Inhabitants,  however  it  is  in  many  places  cultivated.  The  famous 
nitro-sulphurious  Spa  of  Swadlingbar  is  in  y«  Neighborhood,  much 
frequented  by  persons  of  Quality,  here  is  a  good  Inn  &  several  houses 
for  y*  Beception  of  y*  Water  drinkers.^  it  is  delightfully  situated  in  a  fine 
Sporting  Country,  y*  great  Mountain  Benaghlin  of  a  prodigious  height  & 
flat  Top,  2  miles  Korth  West  &  y^  of  Gallaheen  South  East  a  mile  or 
better  from  Swadlingbar  form  an  agreable  rural  prospect. 

Florence  court  3  miles  northerly  from  y*  former  is  y*  Seat  of  y«  Bev**. 
M'.  Loyd ;  y*  house  Gardens  &  Groves  are  well  designed  &  laid  out  in 
beauteous  Forms ;  here  is  a  Spa  but  not  much  frequented. 

The  road  from  hence  for  4  miles  in  full  of  hills  to  Eniskillen  75  miles 


'  [Very  few  people  now  know  that  Swanlinbar  was  in  the  last  century  the  Harrogate 
of  Ireland.  In  the  ''Postchaise  Companion''  for  1786  the  following  desoiiption  is 
given  of  it : — **  About  a  mile  from  Swanlinbar  on  the  right,  is  the  celebrated  spa,  the 
waters  of  which  are  excellent  for  scurvy,  nerves,  low  spirits  and  bad  appetite.  They 
are  to  be  drank  as  the  stomach  can  bear  them,  preparing  first  with  gentle  physic. 
You  go  to  bed  at  ten  without  supper.  In  the  morning  you  appear  at  Uie  well  at  six, 
drink  till  nine,  taking  constant  exercise,  and  breakfast  a  little  after  ten.  At  one  you 
return  to  the  well,  and  drink  two  or  three  glasses,  returning  home  at  three,  to  be 
dressed  for  dinner  at  iOui.  There  is  no  particular  regimen  necessary,  but  to  be 
temperate  in  wine,  and  to  drink  as  little  Chinese  tea  as  possible.  Tour  chambers  are 
8«.  Id.,  or  11«.  id.  a  week.  At  Mr.  Castle's  ordinary  you  have  a  most  excellent  table. 
Breakfast  at  8<^.,  dinner  U.  Id.,  lady's  wine  6<^.,  the  gentlemen  pay  the  remainder 
of  the  wine  bill.  Your  horse's  hay  \^d.  per  night,  grass  ^d.  per  do.,  oats  lOd.  per 
peck.  Servant's  lodging  2«.  Sd.  per  week,  board  7«.  Td.  per  do.,  evening  tea  6</. 
Washing  very  cheap  and  good.  The  post  from  Dublin  comes  on  Monday,  Thursday, 
Saturday  at  one  in  forenrion.  Goes  out  Sunday,  Thursday  and  Friday  at  ten  at  night." 
There  is  an  interesting  notice  of  Swanlinbar,  its  Spa,  and  fashionable  attendance 
in  the  correspondence  of  Knox  and  Jebb.  Jebb's  first  curacy  was  at  Swanlinbar ;  and 
he  tells  us  that  there  was  a  great  concourse  of  good  families  to  the  "wells  in  1799-1800. 
When  did  the  fashion  die  out  ?    Could  the  wells  be  revived  P — 6.  T.  S.] 

JOUS.  B.8.A.I.,  VOL.  II.,  PT.  11.,  5tH  8BS.  L 


134        ROYAL  SOCIETT  OF  "iNTIQUAKIES   OP  IRELAND, 

North  west  from  Dublin,  y"  town  ia  an  Island  in  y  narrow  part  of  Lough  ■ 
eame  which  connects  y'  upper  £  Lower  Loughs  into  one.  The  town  is 
joined  to  y  main  Land  hy  2  strong  StoDo  bridgea  on  y*  North  &  South 
Sides,  y  hitter  was  fortified  with  »  sqiiare  Tower,  Gates  4  a  Drawbridge. 
likewi.se  a  small  regular  Fort  of  four  bastions  w"'  command  y'  Entrance, 
at  present  demolished  from  y'  to  y"  North  bridge  better  than  y'  4"'  of  a 
mile  is  laid  out  in  a  Street  of  good  houses  mostly  of  Stone.  The  Chureb 
is  near  y'  Center,  large  with  cross  Isles,  a  Steeple  &  Spire,  y»  BnrTaeks 
are  opposite  y*  Church  on  y'  Bank  of  y°  Lough,  y  Sessions  house  &  &oal 
a  modem  large  stone  Building  are  near  y'  North  bridge.  Here  is  a  great 
Thursday  market  &  2  yearly  Fairs.     This  town  is  a  Borough. 

A  Mile  east  of  y*  town  near  y*  hanks  of  y"  Lough  was  S'.  Mary's 
Ahhey  at  Lisgavil.  At  Dum-inis  otherwise  Dovenish  Island  in  y  Lough 
was  a  famous  Abbey  of  curious  Gothic  Workmanship,  at  y  East  End  of 
y  Abbey  withinside,  about  8  foot  high  is  an  Ancient  Inscription  in 
Church  test  hand,  y  Letters  &  Stops  are  all  raised  as  follows. — which  in 
modern  Characters  is  thus  : — 

Mathcus  ODubagan  hoc  opus  fecit 
Bartholemeo  OFlannogan  priori  de  Daminis 
A:D:  1449. 

East  of  y'  Abbey  is  n  beautifuU  round  Steeple  69  feet  high,  of  hewn 
Stono  within  &  without,  &  y*  roof  of  y  same  in  form  of  a  Cone  finish  in 
one  large  Stone  in  form  of  a  Bell,  4  "Windows  at  y  top  opposite  y* 
Cardinal  points  with  a  man's  Face  over  each,  next  to  y*  Steeple  is  S'. 
Molaiae's  house  of  hewn  Stone  &  vaulted  w'''  ends  in  a  point,  near  this 
house  is  his  Bed  in  y  Shape  of  a  Stone  Coffin,  where  he  used  to  pray, 
y  Natives  say  y'  paina  or  Aches  in  y  back  are  relieved  by  lying  in  y' 
bed,  via  credo.  The  Church  y"  most  Easterly  building  was  large  & 
beautifuU  with  a  noble  carved  "Window  over  y  Altar,  y  Inscriptions 
were  many  but  all  erased  and  destroyed. 

At  Bell  Con  in  y*  Neighborhood  on  y  road  to  Sligo  is  a  famous  Well 
called  Davagh  Patrick,  or  y°  holy  Well  it  is  found  hy  repeated  Experience 
to  he  y'  best  Cold  Bath  in  y'  Kingdom,  having  releived  Numbers  in 
nervous  &  parolitic  Disorders,  &  is  coming  into  great  rei^uest,  it  is 
eiceeding  tranaparent  &  so  intensly  cold  y'  it  throws  one  into  a  shaking 
Fit  hy  putting  one's  hand  into  it,  it  exhibits  a  Stream  y*  turns  2  mills  at 
150  Yards  from  y'  Spring.'  In  April  &  May  succeeding  y'  great  Frost  in 
1740  happened  an  Accident  y'  gave  Birth  to  a  Miracle  at  y  Spring  but 
they  could  not  ascribe  y'  Suint  without  it  was  S'.  Patrick ;  y"  water  woa 
changed  into  y  Color  of  Milk  &  as  it  was  of  a  fine  solf  nature  it  quickly 
gaind  y  repute  of  being  milk  by  y  Vulgar  who  flockt  from  all  parts  to 


A  JOURNEY  TO  LOUGH  DERG.  136 

see  it  they  could  not  be  convinced  to  y*  Contrary  untill  it  ceased,  it 
continued  7  Weeks. 

Father  OMulloy  thus  accounted  for  it,  y*  y  ajacent  lands  were  full 
of  marly  bottoms,  y*  y*  Spring  having  it's  Channel  thro  those  beds  of 
Marl,  upon  y*  breaking  of  y*  Frost,  y*  marl  was  loosened  &  fell  into  y* 
Spring  and  gave  it  y  tincture  w*"**  subsiding  it  returned  to  it's  usual 
Transparency  &  then  y«  Wonder  ceased. 

From  Eniskillen  to  Bally-Cassidy  are  reckoned  4  miles  of  bad  road 
mostly  brays,  y*  is  a  mean  Vilage,  here  is  a  Stone  bridge  of  3  Arches  over 
a  deep  River  w«^*»  falls  into  Lough  Eame.  A  Mile  to  y*  right  of  y"  place 
are  y*  Daughters,  a  number  of  subterraneous  Caves,  y*  curious  Works  of 
Nature,  y*  first  Entrance  is  by  a  Cave  25  feet  high,  y«  roof  is  a  Rock 
composed  of  various  pieces  of  irregular  Order,  y*  leads  into  another  of  y* 
same  form  but  not  so  lofty,  &  from  thence  continued  into  a  Multitude  of 
Chambers  &  Meanders,  where  they  terminate  has  not  yet  been  discovered 
a  small  rivulet  passing  thro  these  unknown  recesses  discharges  itself  at  y* 
Entrance  of  y'  wonderful  Grotto. 

The  Lands  in  y'  Neighbourhood,  are  well  cultivated  &  fenced,  y* 
Roads  are  good  but  troublesome  from  y*  Number  of  Hills,  2  miles  from 
y«  former  are  y"  ruins  of  Yellow  church  (on  y*  road  side)  from  whence  so 
called  unknown  ;  it  is  of  rude  Sculpture  &  built  like  a  Bam,  several 
fabulous  Stories  are  related  of  y"  Church,  one  Instance  is  sufiScient.  The 
Founder  (unknown  to  y'  day)  being  advertised  in  a  Vision  to  erect  a 
Church  in  a  place  named,  he  not  regarding  what  y"  Vision  informed  him 
of  builds  it  a  considerable  distance  from  y*  place  where  he  should,  when 
finished  &  consecrated,  it  was  by  Angels  in  one  night  taken  up  &  laid 
where  it  now  stands. 

From  hence  to  Lisnaridh,  y«  Country  is  well  cultivated  fenced  & 
covered  with  Copses,  small  Woods  &c.  thro  whose  Intervals  we  had 
delightf  ull  prospects  of  Lougheame  &  y*  Islands  w'"^  are  covered  with 
Copses,  Cattle,  Sheep,  Goats  &  y"  ruins  of  Old  Churches  &  Steeples,  here 
we  may  behold  a  broken  &  interrupted  Scene,  made  up  of  an  infinite 
Variety  of  inequalities  &  Shadowings  y*  naturally  arise  from  an  agreable 
mixture  of  Hills,  Groves,  Vallies  &  Islands. 

This  Town  is  the  Capital  of  y«  Barony  (w***  bears  y*  Name)  &  here  y* 
Seneschal  has  his  Court :  y'  Country  seems  to  be  well  inhabited  but  few 
Houses  to  be  seen,  being  covered  with  Copses,  Trees  &  high  Hedges :  y* 
Inhabitants  are  well  made  strong  &  robust  &  all  have  y«  Scotch  Accent : 
their  Food  mean  in  y*  general  being  Oat  Bread  &  Meal,  potatoes  &  great 
Eaters  of  Bread  &  Butter,  which  they  wash  down  with  their  Aquavit®. 
A  small  Vilage  called  Cash  seated  in  a  miry  Bottom,  with  a  River  & 
Bridge  scarce  12  houses  in  it,  3  of  w*'^  carry  on  a  great  Trade  in  y*  dis- 
tilling of  Whiskey,  y'  Spirit  is  carried  about  y«  Country  where  they  have 
a  great  call  for  it.  Custom  has  so  far  prevailed  here  y*  they  prefer  y* 
Spirit  before  any  Malt  Liquor;  You  may  walk  miles  before  you  can 

L2 


136 


EOYAL  SOCIETT  OP  ANTIQUAEIES  OP  lEELAKD. 


get  any  of  y'  latter  except  it  be  in  a  Gentleman's  or  great  Fanner's 
Hon  Be. 

"We  tad  here  again  a  noble  prospect  ot  Lougheame  w'"  ia  upwards  of 
3  Leagues  wide  &  bounded  on  y  opposite  Sboar  by  a  vast  high  Mountain 
pretty  much  reBcmbling  y*  Hill  of  Howth  ;  we  also  could  perceive  several 
TfllandB  at  a  great  Distance,  In  one  of  these  Islands  S'.  Henry  Spotes- 
wood  had  a  fine  Seat,  with  Gardens  Orchard,  a  Vilage  with  a  Church  & 
Steeple ;  w'**  was  an  earthly  Paradieo,  for  privacy  &  Quietness,  fnraishd 
with  all  Kinds  oE  provisions,  with  great  Variety  of  delighttull  pastime  of 
Pleasure,  such  as  fishing,  fowling  hunting  y*  Otter  &  Game  of  all  Eindf. 
There  is  an  Island  near  y  North  Shore  of  y  Lough  which  ia  called  y* 
Bow  Island,  3  miles  long  &  near  one  &  a  i  wide ;  on  which  arc  several 
Vilages,  whoso  Inhabitants  as  is  &'  seldom  como  on  Shoar  but  live  in  y' 
silent  Retreat  marry  amongst  each  other  &  are  blest  with  all  j'  common 
Necessaries  of  Life. 

This  Lough,  which  is  called  y  broad  Lough  to  distinguish  it  from  y' 
part  which  is  between  Eniskillen  &  Belturbet  abounds  in  Fish  &  Fowl  of 
all  Kinds,  which  might  turn  to  great  Advantage  to  y  Natives  did  Industry 
prevail.  In  a  stormy  Gale  y"  Lough  resembles  a  Sea,  by  y'  working  of 
y*  Waves,  which  come  on  Shoar  equal  to  those  of  y  wide  Ocean, 

Petigo  a  parish  Town  in  y  County  of  Donegal,  y*  Kiver  &  Bridge 
divide  y  County  &  Fermanagh,  y  Church  is  in  good  Repoir  as  is  y  Olebe 
House  adjoining  it ;  the  Vilage  is  small  yet  there  is  a  largo  Congregation 
on  Sundays  at  y  Church,  an  apparent  Demonstration  y'  y  Country  ia 
well  inhabited. 

A  Hilo  South  East  from  y',  near  y  Fast  Bank  of  b  small  River  is  a 
noble  Nitro  Sulphurious  Spa,  reputed  a  grand  Antiscorbutic  a  good 
purger  of  watry  Humours  &  a  speedy  remedy  for  y'  Cholio,  Numbers 
resort  hither  who  meet  with  Success  in  those  Disorders.  The  Water  is 
limpid  of  a  whitish  Cast,  hut  intoUerahly  fetid,  in  Smell  &  Taste  not 
much  unlike  rotten  Eggs  mixed  with  y'  washing  of  a  foul  Gun  barrel,  y* 
Sidos  of  y  Welt  are  covered  with  a  white  Crustation,  some  blades  of 
Grass  found  in  y  Well  were  tinged  with  a  Copper  Colour.  By  an 
Infusion  of  Galls  it  was  changed  into  a  thick  muddy  blackish  Whey 
Colour,  it  left  a  great  Sediment  on  y  Sides  &  Bottom  of  y  Glass  & 
seemd  to  dissolve  y'  scraping  of  y  Galls:  y  Infusion  of  Logwood  turned 
it  into  a  deep  purple,  a  Silver  Siipence  in  15  minutes  was  changed  into 
a  deep  Yellow  inclining  to  black  &  continued  so  for  several  Days,  several 
psons  send  for  y'  Water. 

Throe  miles  North  from  Petigoe,  encompassed  with  high  barren 
Mountains  of  difficult  Ascent,  Lough-Derg  is  seated  in  y*  Valley,  in 
y  parish  of  Temple  Came,  Barony  of  Tirhu  &  County  of  Donegall  in 
Latitude  54  Degrees  10  min.  North,  it  is  almost  3  Miles  long  &  2  broad, 
there  arc  several  Islands  in  it,  y  most  remarkable  is  on  y  South  East 
Ride  of  y  Lough  within  a  short  Mile  of  y  main  Land  &  is  called 
S'.  Patrick's  Purgatory. 


I     137     ) 


OLD  PLACE  NAMES  AND  SURNAMES. 

Bt  miss  HICKSON,  Hon.  Local  Sbobbtabt,  South  Ebrbt. 
{Continued from  pape  685,  Vol.  /.,  Fifth  Series,  1891.) 

'*  The  chief  value  of  the  science  of  geographical  etymology  consists  in  the 
aid  which  it  is  able  to  give  us  in  the  determination  of  obscure  ethnological 
questions*'  {Words  and  Places^  by  Rev.  Isaac  Taylor,  p.  6). 

'T^HE  above  passage  from  the  pen  of  a  learned  archaeologist  and  philologist 
applies  to  place  names,  but  investigatioDS  into  the  history  of  surnames 
are,  of  course,  still  more  valuable  in  determining  ethnological  questions. 
To  make  them  so,  however,  we  must  wholly  discard  all  racial  prejudices  and 
partialities,  and  an  implicit  faith  in  the  statements,  traditional  or  written, 
of  English  or  Irish  genealogists.     To  do  this  is  often  a  very  diflScult  task, 
and  almost  always  an  unpopular  one ;  but  the  study  of  historical  genea- 
logy and  ethnology  is  one  thing,  the  popular  art  of  pedigree  making  is 
another.     The  Irish  bards  and  chroniclers  of  early  times  no  doubt  afford 
us  a  great  deal  of  trustworthy  information  about  the  genealogy  of  the 
old  Irish  tribes  and  the  early  English  colonists,  just  as  Cambrensis  and 
Camden,  and  Archdall  and  Collins,  and  their  successors  did,  and  do,  but 
not  unmixed  with  misstatements  and  exaggerations  to  please  the  vanity 
of  their  patrons  and  friends.     In  a  note  to  his  translation  of  the  Annals 
of  Loch-Ce,  the  late  W.  M.  Hennessy,  Assistant-Deputy  Keeper  of  the 
Becords,  and  h.  e.  i.  a.,  quotes  the  words  of  an   old  Irish   chronicler 
freely  admitting  this  tendency  on  the  part  of  his  predecessors  and  con- 
temporaries.    But  indeed  no  such  admission  is  necessary  in  either  an 
English  or  an  Irish  writer ;  our  common  sense  and  a  knowledge  of  human 
nature  are  quite  sufficient  to  assure  us  that  in  all  ages  and  countries  such 
a  tendency  is  inevitable  in  genealogical  writers.     The  object  of  these 
papers  being  mainly,  if  not  altogether,  ethnological,  with  the  view  of 
proving  the  admixture  of  different  or  kindred  races  in  Ireland,  I  shall 
have  only  to  refer  to  genealogy  incidentally  in  a  few  cases,  and  I  cannot 
undertake  to  give  anything  in  the  nature  of  a  detailed  family  history  or 
connected  pedigree  at  all. 

Mr.  Ferguson,  whose  valuable  little  book  on  the  Northmen  in  Cum- 
berland and  Westmoreland,  I  have  already  quoted,  is  certainly  rather 
enthusiastic  in  the  following  passage  : — 

**  Might  we  even  go  on  to  ask — but  here  we  tread  on 
tender  ground — whether  O'Connell  was  more  than  half  an 
Irishman?      Konall  seems  to  have  been  a  usual  name 


138         ROYAL  SOdETT  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 

amongst  the  Norsemen ;  there  are  six  of  the  name  men- 
tioned in  the  Landndmahok  or  list  of  the  original  settlers 
in  Iceland.  One  of  these  certainly  was  from  Ireland,  but 
he  appears  to  have  been  most  probably  one  of  the  Norse- 
men who  had  settled  there,  as  both  his  wife  and  son  have 
Scandinavian  names.  All  the  other  Konalls  in  the  list 
seem,  from  the  names  of  their  parents,  to  have  been  pure 
Norsemen.  Moreover,  the  name  itself  appears  in  form  to 
be  Scandinavian,  and  to  have  a  clear  etymon  in  the  Old 
Norse  JTtmr,  a  noble  illustrious  person,  a  king  and  allr  all — 
all-king,  an  appropriate  title  for  the  "King  of  all  Ireland. 
The  name  Connell  is  by  no  means  an  uncommon  one  in  the 
north  of  England,  where  it  might  be  most  naturally  sup- 
posed to  be  derived  from  the  Danes  or  Norsemen."  {North- 
men in  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland^  pp.  4-5). 

Those  ingenious  speculations  of  Mr.  Ferguson's  on  the  origin  of  the 
0* Connell  name  are,  I  suppose,  proved  idle  by  the  following  grant  cal- 
endared by  Mr.  Sweetman — 

'*  The  King  to  his  Justiciary  of  Ireland.  Grant  to  Donell 
Conell  of  enjoyment  of  English  law  and  liberty.  Dover, 
Sept.  16th,  1215.     {Cloee,  17  John,  p.  1,  m.  22). 

An  English  Record  Agent  has  sent  me  the  Latin  original  of  this  grant, 
and  the  following  translation  of  it : — 

**  The  King  to  his  Justiciary  of  Ireland.  Know  ye 
that  we  have  granted  and  will  that  the  bearer  of  these 
presents,  Donell  Conell,  shall  have  henceforth  the  English 
law  and  liberty.  In  witness  whereof  we  send  you,  etc. 
Witness  ourself  at  Dover,  15th  day  of  September,  the 
seventeenth  year  of  our  reign. 

If  this  Dovenellus  or  Donnel  Conell  had  been  an  Ostman  or  Dane 
settled  in  Ireland,  the  grant  would  certainly  have  mentioned  the  fact. 
From  its  words,  ^^  later  Dovenellus  ConneV^  we  must  suppose  that  he, 
the  bearer  of  it,  was  with  King  John  at  Dover  in  the  second  last  year  of 
his  reign,  and  that  it  was  the  reward  of  services  done  to  the  Crown  in 
Ireland,  perhaps  in  both  islands.  The  Annals  of  Innisfallen  give  us  a 
terrible  picture  of  South  Munster,  or  Deasmumhan  (Desmond)  as  it  was 
called  in  1211-19,  when  the  fierce  strifes  among  the  old  Irish  resulted  in 
a  large  increase  of  power  and  territory  to  the  English  : 

**  A.D.  1211,  John,  King  of  England,  came  with  a  large 
fleet  and  a  numerous  army  into  Ireland,  and  landed  at 
Waterford,  whither  Donogh  Cairbreach,  son  of  Donell  Mor 
O'Brien,  came  to  wait  on  him,  and  there  bought  the  lord- 
ship and  demesne  of  Carrigogunnell  from  him. 


OLD  PLACE  NAMES  AND  BUBNAHES. 


"  A.D.  1215,  the  English  were  assisting  them  (the  Uac 
Cartbys)  on  both  tiides,  whcrcupan  in  the  course  of  this 
war  tltcy,  the  English,  extended  their  possessions  all  over 
Ika»mvmhan,  even  to  the  sea-shore,  and  seized  many  terri- 
tories omtl  gained  great  strength  therein,  which  they  fortified 
with  castles  and  forts  against  the  Irish.  A  castle  was 
built  at  Bua-na-mbar  by  Corew  and  another  at  Ardtuillighe 
(Ardtully).  He  also  built  a  castle  on  the  borders  o£  the 
river  Kenmiire  and  another  at  Ceapa-na-ooise  (Cappana- 
cushy)." 

Dr.  Joyce  tells  ua  that  Carrigogunnell  is  not,  as  is  popularly  supposecl, 
a  corruption  of  the  Irisli  for  the  Itock  of  the  Candle,  but  that  it  is  a 
GomiptioQ  of  Carraig-0-gCoinnell,  which,  he  adds,  "  means  simply  the 
Rock  of  the  O'Connells,  who  were,  no  doubt,  the  original  owners."  It  ia 
most  probable  that  Doncll  Conell  wlio  obtained  the  English  liberty  in 
121  Shod  accompanied  King  John  to  England  on  his  return  there  after  the 
■ale  of  Carraig-O-gCoinnell  to  Donnel  Cairbreach  O'Brien. 

e  long  lists  of  nobles,  knights,  and  gentlemen  who  accompanied 
[  King  John  to  Ireland  in  1210,  or  who  waited  upon  him  while  there,  and 
I  nho  most  of  tbem,  from  later  records  of  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth 
I  eentiiries,  appear  to  have  settled  in  Ireland,  it  is  curious  to  find  many 
I  old  Eoglish  nitmeH  still  Hurviviag  amongst  ub,  and  popularly  supposed  to 
'  have  been  unknown  in  the  island  until  1579-1700.  Thus  we  find  Hugh 
De  Stannton,  Richard  Dc  Fumell,  Robert  Se  Sutton,  Godfrey  Do  Rupe 
Forte  (Eochfort),  Godfrey  St.  Lcger,  John  De  Camera  (Chambers), 
Wygan  DeMara,  and  Thomas  De  Marecy  (Morrisscy).  In  December, 
1204,  Roger  Waspail  and  Margaret,  his  wife,  gave  four  marks  that  they 
may  have  a  writ  of  mart  tCanccBlor  against  Robert  De  Staunton,  touching 
half  a  knight's  fee  in  Sacfitbnet  (»"),  and  in  1229  a  royal  mandate  was 
issued  to  Richard  Do  Surgh  to  deliver  to  Adam  De  Staunton  the  fee  of 

(Su'megan.  Xbe  family  have  ever  ainco  existed  in  Connnught,  and  in 
later  times  in  Limerick  and  Clare.  Tbeii*  name  constantly  appears  in 
Btate  Papers  between  1200  and  1600.  A  branch  of  the  old  stoi;k  is  said 
to  have  assumed  the  Irish  patronymic  of  MocEviUy.  The  Turnell  name 
SppcBTB  constantly  in  old  Limerick  records.  The  Buttons,  or  De  Suttons, 
were  in  Tipperary  and  Kildare  in  1278-1300.  In  the  latter  year  Gilbert 
De  Sutton  was  sheriff  of  Kildare.  Sir  Gilbert  Sutton,  knight,  was  juror 
on  a  Weiford  Inquisition  of  1 296,  De  Rupeforte  in  fifty  years,  of  course, 
became  Rochefort  and  Rucheford.  David  and  Thomas  Deltocbford  had 
lands  in  Kilkenny  in  1279,  and  William  and  Milo  De  Kocheford  had 
lands  from  "William  Do  Mohun  in  Ltix  in  1282.  Henry  De  Roehfort 
sheriff,  is  mentioned  in  a  Kildare  record  of  1 292.  Thomas  De  St.  Lcgcr, 
Arcbdoacon  of  Heath,  was  Bishop-elect  of  that  See  in  1285,  and  William 
LDc  St,  Leger  Lad  lands  in  Kilkinny  in  1279.     Another  William  De  St. 


1 

I 


140        EOYAL   SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAEIES  OF  IRELAND. 


Loger,  OT  perhaps  the  same,  was  one  of  the  magnates  or  notables  of 
Ireland  in  1301-2,  to  whom  the  King  addressed  letters  respecting  assist- 
ance for  his  wars  in  Scotland.  Kobert  De  Mnra  was  taken  prisoner  in 
Curricktrrgus  Caatlo,  with  several  other  knights  and  gentlemen,  in 
1210-12  ;  and  in  1284  "  Thomas  Be  La  Comcre  pnta  in  his  place  James 
Be  Mari,  Thomas  Mounael,  or  John  Be  Wcstok,  against  Roger  Wospajl, 
-of  a  plea  of  land"  (Coram  Rege,  Ed.  1,  Rot.  20).  The  name  of 
Waapayl,  according  to  Mr.  Swectman,  surviTes  in  Westpalstown,  in 
Bublin  county.  Roger  Waspail  was  Seneschal  of  Ulster  in  1224,  lu 
1251  he,  or  a  namesake  of  his,  had  a  grant  of  free  warren  in  his  demesne 
lands  of  Radguel  (Rathkcalc  ?),  in  the  county  of  Limerick.  It  is  an 
apparently  German  name,  and  Roger's  lands  lay  in  a  district  which  in 
later  times  received  a  number  of  German  settlers,  whose  dcBcendanta  are 
long  since  for  the  moat  part  blended  with  the  general  population  of  the 
county.  Lower  and  other  good  etymologists  agree  that  thcDe  Camera  name 
became  Chambers  or  Chamberlain,  as  Le  Usher  became  Usher  or  Ussher. 
Thomas  Fitz  Adam,  knight,  and  Bartholomew  Be  Camera,  the  King's  clerk, 
were  appointed  justices  itinerant  in  Ireland  in  1221.  A  Walter  Do 
Dovedale,  whose  name  appears  in  Louth  in  1280,  was  probably  the 
ancestor  of  the  Dowdalls,  so  numerous  in  that  county  and  in  Westmeath  in 
after  timos,  from  whence  they  spread  southward  into  Limerick,  Cork,  and 
Kerry,  in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries.  The  Be  Marccy 
name,  which  appears  amongst  those  of  knights  summoned  to  meet  John 
ut  Buleik,  may  be  the  original  of  the  present  name  of  Morrissy  and  a 
corruption  of  the  old  English  one,  written  between  1172  and  1300, 
indifferently  Bo  Monte  Marisco,  Be  Marlsco,  Be  Mariscis,  De  Moreia, 
Morres,  and  Moris.  The  old  Irish  annalists  call  Qeotfrey  De  Uarisco, 
twice  justiciary  or  Chief  Govemor  of  Ireland  in  the  thirteenth  century, 
Geoffrey  Morres,  but  in  the  State  Papers  relating  to  Ireland,  calendared 
by  Mr.  Sweetmon,  he  is  always  called  by  the  former  name,  or  Geoffrey 
De  Mariscis.  Ho  was  the  uncle  of  SLronghow,'  and  the  brother  at 
Hervcy  Be  Monte  Marisco,  of  whom  Ginddus  Cambrensia  gives  a  very 
unfavourable  account,  but  perhaps  not  a  quite  trustworthy  one.  John 
Comyn,  Archbishop  of  Dublin,  buried,  acconling  to  Archdull,  in  Christ 
Church  in  1212,  was  the  maternal  uncle  of  Hervcy  and  Geoffrey.  In 
the  same  year  the  latter  was  appointed  justiciary.  A  few  months  later 
he  was  onlcred  to  confirm  John  Do  Clahul  in  the  possession  of  the  lands 
of  Habonferlon,  and  Kory  Lachor  (Offeriba  and  Kerry  Luachro),  granted 
to  him  by  MejlerFitz  Henry,  the  former  justiciai-y.  Id  1221  Geoffrey  was 
deprived  of  office  through  the  complaints  of  some  of  the  Anglo-Irish  mag- 
nates, lay  and  clerical,  but  he  was  reappointed  in  1 226,  and  had  a  grant  ot 
tt  yearly  fair  from  the  Feast  of  St.  James,  25th  of  July,  for  six  days  follow- 
ing in  his  Manor  of  Adare,  and  a  similar  grant  in  his  Manor  of  Awny. 


OLD  PLACE  NAUES  AND  8UBHAHE8. 


141 


Ho  is  BBid  by  Fitz  Gerald  and  M'Grrgor  tu  have  founded  the  Commandcry 
of  Knights  Hospitallers  scar  the  latter  place,  and  they  notice  the  walls  of 
its  ancient  church  in  1626,  aud  a  statue  of  a  koight.  supposed  to  be  his, 
in  a  niche  on  the  north  eido  of  the  high  altar.  He  also  founded  the 
abbey  of  De  Bello  Loco  or  Killngh,  near  Killorglin,  in  Korry.  He  was 
80  great  an  abbey  and  castle  builder  that  it  seems  certain  he  was  the 
first  Anglo-liieh  founder  of  tbe  monaslic  building,  and  castle  at  Adare, 
although  Archdall  ascribes  the  erection  of  the  oldest  of  the  former  to  the 
£arl  of  Kildare,  who  succeeded  him  in  possession  of  that  manor.  In  fact 
Geoffrey  De  Marisco's  connexion  with  Adore  seems  to  have  been  quite  oTcr- 
looked  by  antiquHriesandhistoriana,  although  he,  as  welloshisdeBi^ndantB 
and  kinsmen,  probably  resided  there  near  hia  great  foundution  of  Knights 
Hospitallers  at  Awncy.  For  this  reason  I  give  soino  details  of  it  here. 
From  an  Inquisition  taken  in  1278,  it  appears  that  he  bad  also  lands 
in  Tipperary,  which  he  exchanged  with  William  De  Prendergaat  for 
lands  in  Connello,  including  a  tualk  called  Macaieni,  which  the  late  "W. 
M.  Hennessy,  u.e.i.a.,  btlieved  to  he  the  present  Uayne,  or  Mahoonagh, 
or  Castle  Uabon,  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  near  Newcastle.  Ruined 
castles  or  abbeys  in  or  near  Adarc,  or  Newcastle,  the  architecture  of 
which  appears  to  be  of  the  early  part  of  the  thirteenlh  century,  may  be 
safely  said  to  have  been  erected  by  this  great  Anglo-Irish  magnate,  his 
kinsmen,  anil  followers.  He  is  said  to  have  built  the  Castle  of  the  Island 
in  Kerry  (Castleisland),  which  afterwards  passed  to  the  Desmond  Geral- 
dines,  some  writers  say  through  his  heiress,  by  her  marriage  with 
Thomas,  father  of  John  of  Collan.  But  this  is  very  unlikely,  for  he  had 
at  least  three  sons,  as  appears  by  the  State  Papers,  William,  Widter, 
and  Thomas.  After  being  highly  favoured  by  John  and  Henry  III. 
and  twice  justiciary,  he  was  excommunicated  by  the  Bishop  of  Limerick 
and  the  Sishop  of  Lixmore,  and  outlawed,  and  his  son  William  ia 
said  to  hove  ended  bis  days  as  a  pirate  on  the  west  coast  of  England. 
His  nephews,  Eiehard  De  Marisco,  Walter  Fitz  Joi'dan,  and  John 
Tnivers,  were  charged  with  aiding  bi.t  treasons,  but  seem  to  have 
been  ultimately  cleared,  and  his  brother,  Kobert  Da  Marisco,  died 
possessed  of  immense  estates  in  Ireland,  which,  on  tlio  death  of  his  son, 
unmarried,  passed  to  his  heiress,  Christiana,  who  ultimately  exchanged 
them  with  King  Henr}'  III.  for  a  grant  of  lunda  in  England,  and  an 
annuity.  By  an  Inquisition  taken  in  1280,  it  was  found  that  Robert  De 
Marisco  or  De  Maristis'  heiress,  had  "  lands  in  Keny  colled  yurrys,"  which 
Sir  Maurice  FituMaurice  (FitzGerald)  and  Emclinn,  his  wife,  had 
purchased  from  her  tor  a  thousand  marks,  in  exchange  for  lands  near 
Dublin,  which,  at  her  death,  were  "to  revert  to  the  said  Sir  Maurice 
and  his  heirs."  Suirys  scorns  to  he  a  corruption  of  an  earlier  corrup- 
tion, Ossuems,  ricte  O'Sheaa'  territory  in  Iveragh  or  Corcaguiny, 
in  Kerry,  The  names  of  a  John  do  Marisco,  Itoger  De  Marisco, 
Jordan  De  Marisco,  father  probably  of  the  above-meutioncil  Fitz  Jordan, 


142  EOYAL   SOCIETY   OF  ANTIQU ABIES   OF   IBELAND. 

and  anccBtors  of  the  Jordans  (who,  however,  are  said  by  some  writers  to 
derive  from  the  Burkes),  and  Gilbert  De  Marisco,  are  found  ia  the  State 
PEipere^of  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries.  Mr.  J.  G.  Hewson,  of 
Hollywood,  Adare,  who  has  such  u.  thorough  knowledge  of  the  antiqui- 
ties of  that  interesting  place,  informs  me  that  he  is  of  opinion  that  the 
oldest  part  of  Adure  Castle  was  built  by  Geoffrey  De  Marisco.  He  adds : 
"  I  think  that  the  chancul  of  the  old  parish  church  and  the  religions 
hoiiae  of  St.  James,  of  Adaro,  some  remains  of  the  masonry  of  which  (but 
no  architectural  features)  are  ct-rtaiuly  included  in  the  prcsint  Franciscan 
Friary,  founded  by  the  Earl  of  Kildare,  also  dat«  from  Do  Marisco's  time, 
but  I  do  not  think  there  is  any  evidence  to  show  when  or  how  Adare  passed 
fi'om  the  De  Mariscoa  to  tlie  Fit z  Geralds."  The  records  calendared  by 
Messrs.  Sweetman  and  Handcock,  however,  afford  some  evidence  on  both 
paints,  though  not  as  full  or  accurate  as  one  would  wish.  In  122G 
Geoffrey  De  Marisco  was  in  possession  of  the  manors  of  Adare  and  Awney 
{Cal.,  vol.  i.,  p.  214).  Sine  years  later  he  was  excommuuicated  by  the 
Dishopa  of  Limerick  and  Lismore.  The  cause  of  this  seems  to  have  been 
chiefly  the  offence  of  his  sou  'William,  who  was  charged,  with  other 
gentlemen  from  Ireland,  with  having  killed,  "at  the  Bong's  Gates  at 
Westminster,"  Henry  Clement,  or  Clements,  a  clerk  or  chaplain  of 
Maurice  Fitz  Gerald,  Justiciary  of  Ireland,  in  1235,  sent  over  with  me»- 
sagoB  to  the  King.  Probably  the  messages  contained  complaints  of  the 
justiciary  against  De  Marisco  and  his  friends.  William  De  Marisco  waa 
imprisoned  for  this  offence  in  England,  and  his  Irish  lands  declared 
forfeited,  but  his  father  retained  his,  and  the  King's  favour,  for  a  time. 
Finally,  however,  in  or  about  1244,  he  was  outlawed,  and  his  lands  were 
taken  up  by  the  King,  who,  in  1246,  ordered  Maurice  FitzGerald,  the 
justiciary,  to  restore  to  the  Church  of  Emly  the  lauds  De  Mai'isco 
hud  hold  of  the  Bishop  of  that  See  {Ibid.,  p.  421). 

In  June,  1278,  Alienor,  "\¥ho  was  the  wifeof  JohnDe  Verdon,  claimed 
dower  out  of  Orenc  (Bally  Grcnau  ia  Coshma,  or  Grensne,  tn  Small  barony 
Limerick?),  Adaie,  Alekath  (Atblacca),  and  Gremoth  (Croom),  in  Ire- 
land." Under  the  date  November,  1299,  Mr.  Sweetman  calendars  an 
luspeximus  of  a  charter  of  confirmation  which  the  King  before  he  came 
to  the  throne  made  to  Maurice  FitzGerald  and  Agnes  De  Valence,  his  wife, 
of  a  charter  of  Sir  John  De  Verdon,  whereby  he  grants  to  the  said 
Maurice  and  Agnes  in  free  marriage  of  her,  all  the  lands  and  tenemcnta 
of  Crommath,  Adare,  Castle  Kobert,  Atletageth,  Grtne,  and  Wrigedi 
(Dregare),  "  which  the  said  John  had  of  the  gift  of  the  said  Maurice  in 
Munstor  to  hold  to  Maurice  and  Agues  and  the  heirs  of  their  bodies  " 
{Pat.  £d.  1,,  metnb.  1.).  The  Crommath  here  is  certainly  the  Gremoth  of 
Alienor  De  Vcrdon's  claim  in  1278,  and  both  are  corruptions  of  the  Iriah 
Crvim  or  Croom.  These  and  other  records  in  the  Calendar  make  it  cer- 
tain that  Adare  passed  to  the  Geraldincs  some  time  between  1236  and  1266. 
They  certainly  did  not  possess  the  place  in  1226,  aud  any  i 


OU)  PLACE  NAMES  AND  8ITRNAHE8.  143 

ecclesisutical  or  bccuIut  buildings  tbai  exist  tliere  which  are  of  that  date, 
or  prior  to  it,  must  have  been  erected  by  De  Morisco  or  his  followers. 

To  return  to  my  proper  theme.  The  county  of  Kerry  is  eupposed  to 
be  peopled  by  a  true  Celtic  race,  yet  an  immense  number  of  old  English 
names  are  found  in  its  t^iwnB,  villages,  and  remote  rural  districts.'  Some 
of  these  names  are  very  rare  in  England  at  the  present  day.  The  towa- 
lond  of  Keflgnrry lander,  near  Killorglin,  preserves  the  name  of  the  old 
English  family  of  Landre,  or  Dc  Laundre,  one  of  whom  erected  a  priory 
in  South  Wales  in  the  twelfth  or  fourteenth  century.  'William,  Margaret, 
Adam,  and  Andrew  De  Ijiundre  ore  mentioaed  in  the  Exchequer  Records 
relating  to  Kerry  in  I28S.  The  name  as  Lander,  or  Landere,  still  exists 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Killorglin,  and  in  other  parts  of  Kerry.  It  is 
also  found  in  Limerick  and  Cork,  The  Prendevilles,  also,  are  rather 
numerous  in  Kerry.  Between  1200  and  1600  the  name  is  found  in  old 
records  relating  to  the  county  as  Frendevyle,  Pronyville,  Pronible,  and 
later  on,  Prcndoville.  By  an  inquisition  taken  at  Killamey  in  1638, 
Richard  Prendcvillo  was  found  "  seised  in  fee  of  Klllinganane  and  of  the 
Short  Castle,  a  stone  house  in  the  town  of  Tralce,  and  of  another  stone 
house  with  two  ganlens  in  the  same  town,  adjacent  to  the  Short  Castle, 
and  of  the  lauds  of  Gortunvoher,  Gortafadda,  Gortnaliynygroux,  and  Gor- 
toola,  all  of  which  he  demised  to  William  Trant  FitzEdmund,  of  Diugle- 
in-Cuisho,  whose  son  and  heir  is  Garret  Tront."  The  Trants  are  even 
more  numerous  than  the  Prendevilles  in  Kerry  at  tbc  present  day.  Be- 
sides these  we  have  in  our  glens,  villages,  towns,  aad  mountain  districts, 
Lucys,  Huhbards,  Cliffords,  Courcys,  Stacks,  Naglcs  (Dc  Angulos),  Flem- 
ings, Howards,  Goldings,  Mannings,  Downeys  (Daunays),  Whetstones. 
Rylt's,  Cantillons,  with  numbers,  of  course,  of  Burkes,  FitzGeralds,  and 
FitzMaurices.  Making  all  due  allowance  for  tbe  fact  that  many  of  the  old 
Irish  did  in  Ihe  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries  under  pressure  of  law. 
assume  English  Dames  (this  was  not  often  done  in  Desmond's  Palatinate 
of  Kerry,  where  such  laws  had  little  or  no  force),  we  have  no  reaaon 
whatever  te  suppose  that  any  of  the  above-mentioned  Kerry  families 
do  not  descend  from  English  colonists  who  came  hero  between  1172  and 
1700.      Needless   to   say,  however,  the  present  families  bearing  those 

'  "  The  Preslifa  Roll  conlaipis  bd  army  list,  as  it  were,  of  Ihe  King's  knighta  who 
were  with  him  in  Ireland,  but  thu  names  ate  s^i  numerous  that  it  hit  been  thought 
cxpi'divDt  merely  to  give  Miectiana  from  them,  ihougb  >U  tbe  names  hud  hven  copied 
by  the  Editur.  It  a  curiam  that  among  those  names  ire  to  be  found  soveral  exUling 
in  Ireland  at  the  present  day,  such  oa  Mars,  Staunton,  Darcy,  Butler,  Rocb- 
fort  (Eupeforte).  Savage  (8al»ngiuB),  Bamwall,  Barry,  Clery,  FiuSimon.  and 
otbsre,  but  this  U  a  point  thiil  muit  be  left  to  gi!nealogiats  "  (Prefico  by  H.  S.  Sweet- 
irnn,  b.l..  m.k.i.a.,  to  CaUndar  ef  LecimaiU  rtlalinf  to  Inland,  priiirrtd  in  *«■ 
M^JrUya  Public  Ilaord  OJfia,  UndsH,  1 171-1261 ,  p.  ivii).  It  U  greatly  to  be  desired 
that  the  fuU  litts  o(  those  namea  ihould  ha  publiahod.  and  that  tbe  uith  volume  of  this 
Calendiir,  cunlaining  tbe  Dvcumcnis  after  1307,  should  soon  appear,  and  be  printed  on 
die  same  plan  as  tliat  adojAcd  for  the  first  five.  It  is  unpoB^ihlu  1o  exaggerate  ibe  value 
of  iboee  Calendars  between  II 72  and  1307,  to  students  of  hiatory  and  bialorical  genea- 
logy and  etliaology.  Tbe  MSS.  bEtweea  1307  and  laOU  must  be  quite  aa  valuable, 
eipeciallj  the  Inquiaitiuia  aad  grtuita  of  lands,  Bichequer  Becotdi,  fte. 


144         BOYAL  SOCIETT  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 

names  have  plenty  of  the  old  Irish  blood  in  their  veins,  and  most  probably 
Danish,  Welsh,  Scotch,  Spanish,  Flemish,  and  French  and  German  blood. 
A  dose  and  long  study  of  Kerry  local  and  family  history,  for  nearly  fifty 
years,  in  traditions,  manuscripts  in  private  collections,  and  in  public  offices 
and  public  libraries,  convinces  me  that  in  very  few  parts  of  Ireland  is  our 
Irish  race  of  modem  times  so  thoroughly  mixed  as  in  this  my  native 
county.  The  Cantillons,  still  tolerably  numerous  both  in  Cork  and  Kerry, 
are  proved  by  the  Irish  State  Papers  to  be  of  the  old  De  Cantelupe  stock, 
of  which  was  the  last  Saint  of  English  name  canonized  before  the  changes 
of  religion  in  England  in  Henry  the  Eighth's  reign.  This  St.  Thomas' 
(De  Cantilupe's)  shrine  still  stands  in  Hereford  Cathedral.  The  history 
of  the  family  between  1200  and  1691  in  Kerry  is  curious,  and  I  shall 
have  more  to  say  about  it  hereafter,  and  about  their  ancient  estate  of 
Ballyheigue  or  Heystone  {Hda- Steinn^  old  Norse  for  high  rock  or  boulder) 
as  it  is  called,  in  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  century  records. 


{To  he  continued  J) 


AN  URN-BURIAL  ON  THE  SITE  OF  MONASTERBOICE, 
CO.  LOUTH. 

Bv  liEV.  LEONARD  HASSE,  M.B.I.A.,  Fellow. 

^BE  fallowing  narrative  of  the  discovery  of  an  um-burial  on  the  site  of 

Monaaterboicc  was  given  to  me  by  Mr.  Patrick  Traynor,  the  weU-  . 
known  antiquarian  hookBellur  and  publiithcr,  of  EsBex-quay,  Dublin.    The  | 
mibject  ia  one  of  considerable  interest,  and  the  particulars  are  fortunately 
precise.     Mr.  Traynor  writes  aa  follows : — 

"  Jnnuary,  26th,  1891."  The  tiatH  peea  itaae  oelt  and  frssiient  of  an  nncient 
Iriib  eopulchral  um,  which  you  purchased  Erom  me,  ware  found  in  ray  proaonoe  in  it 
cist  which  wan  discovared  inside  Ihe  smaller  chapel  at  Monaaterboice,  in  the  County 
of  Louth,  on  Whit  Monday,  1879,  whilnt  two  men  were  miHins  a  grave  for  the  body 
of  It  child  of  •iime  particular  friend  or  neighboiit  of  old  'Chomaa  Brady,  the  very 
obliiliiig  and  intelligent  caratakar  of  the  ruLna  and  hurial-grohndaTBarel  Uurinff  tlie 
eiiaTadon  ot  tbe  grave,  the  men  oamO  upon  ilrafaTlI  llia5at~flat  atonoa,  whiuti  on 
examination  pr<ived  to  be  the  on^nal  alates  which  were  used  1<}  cover  the  roof  of  the 
araoU  churuh.    They  were  formed  out  of  the  local  stone,  and  were  of  a  kind  of  peotagoa 


Fig    1. 

m,  lomewlut  thick,  or  humpy  in  the  oantre,  und  not  at  all  anliks  the  convex 
_  .ok  of  an  oyatir  ahalt.  When  the  men  pnued  tbroni;h  the  atrati  of  alatei,  etc. 
(*hioh  wa»  about  two  feet  from  the  aiirEaoo).  they  diii;  about  two  feet  and  a-half 
more,  when  they  came  upon  a  rather  lorje  flag-stone,  from  olf  which  they  oleired  all 
the  clay,  eto.  Tbii  itnne  was  about  2  or  3  fe«t  long,  and  about  IS  inches  wide,  but 
of  an  irregular  obloog  outline.  To  induce  tbeia  to  remove  this  atone,  I  suggested  to 
the  men  that  th^ra  might  be  aoms  gold  or  silrer  veuels,  or  porhapi  coins  aacrated 
under  it,  and  I  advised  them  to  be  very  careful  ia  removing  it,  aa  if  thevtelit  fall  in  on 
whatever  was  bancath,  it  might  get  eruahed  or  dostroyol.  They  did  their  best  to 
rumove  it  cttrefiiUv,  hut  in  clearing  the  earth  on  the  south  aide,  they  made  too  much 
■pace:  their  wei^t  and  motion  caused  the  stone  to  alide  towards  Che  apace,  and  the 
cut  coUaps«d.  n  lien  the  covering  stone  was  remoTcd,  we  found  that  it  nontained  a 
olay  um  which  was  crushed  into  fragments,  and  these  fragmeati  wore  ((uite  unctuous 
aodaoapy  to  the  f(>el  of  the  fingera  and  thumb.  I  liFted  two  of  the  largest  portions, 
one  of  wttioh  you  now  posseie  (fig.  1) ;   the  olhor  dried  and  went  into  dust  in  my 


u, 


EOYAL   SOCIETY   OP   ANTIQUABIES   OF   lEELAND. 

ira  I  returned  to  Dublm.     We  niao  found  Ihc  gmall  green  gtone  cell 
e  cist.     I  am  ccrlaiD  it  was  originally  ouUido  of  the  um ;  its  amal 


got  pincht'd  off  by  the  side  etonB  and  the  coTenng  Btone  cloaiog  in  on  eodll  other,  wben 
the  upright  or  side  and  pnd  stones  eollapMil.  T£e  brokon  porljoa  hu  been  loit  mac« 
the  period  I  firtl  obtained  it." 

Such  are  the  facts  of  this  interesting  find.  The  eroall  atone  celt  ia 
4i  inches  long,  and  1  inch  wide  across  the  edge  ;  the  sides  are  rounded, 
and  the  whole  ia  carefully  polished,  and  in  very  good  condition.  The 
portion  of  the  nm  ia  a  piece  of  the  rim,  with  a  slightly  eoncave  hcTcUijig 
from  the  outside  edge  inwards.  It  shows  the  well-known  rope  pattern 
in  a  very  plcur  impression.  To  judge  from  the  one  mark  on  the  stirface, 
the  um  would  not  appear  to  have  had  a  very  profuse,  or  close  ornamenta- 
tion. The  same  rope  pattern  muy  still  be  seen  on  one  of  the  croases  of 
Monasterboice.  (Wakcraan,  Handbook  of  Irish  Antiquities,  first  edition, 
p.  91.) 

Two  possibilities  in  regard  to  the  connexion  of  this  urn-burial  with  a 
place  of  Christian  interment  seem  to  present  themselves.  It  may  appear 
as  if  the  identity  of  place  waa  purely  aeotdentnl.  In  this  case  the  urn- 
barial  wonld  belong  to  a  period  so  far  remote  from  the  conversion  ot  this 
locality  to  the  purposes  of  Christian  worship,  that  the  knowledge  of  its 
existence  had  been  entirely  lost.  Under  these  circumstances,  no  further 
instruction  could  be  derived  from  the  fact  oE  this  burial  by  cremation 
occurring  on  the  site  of  a  Christian  cemetery. 

This  view  might  at  first  sight  appear  the  moat  natural  explanation. 
But  there  are  certain  considerations  which  epeak  against  it.  In  the  first 
place,  the  case  is  apparently  not  an  isolated  one.  Stone  cists,  similarly 
constructed  to  that  described,  with  skeleton  remains,  occur  on  the  sites 
of  many  early  Christian  ostablishnaents  in  Ireland,  but  um-burials  have 
alBO  been  found,  as  I  am  informed,  in  some  of  these  localities.  It  is 
further  improbable  that  in  a  well  settled  part  of  the  country  on  object 
like  a  burial  mound  wonld  be  unnoticed,  or  be  raisinterpn'tod.  The 
fact  that  subsequent  settlers  in  various  parts  of  Great  Britain  have 
interred  their  dead  on  the  burial  dtes  of  an  earlier  population,  shows 


AN  URN-BUBIAL  ON  THE  STTK  OF  HONAOTEBBOICE. 


147 


that    these    places    were    recognizod    or    continued   to    be    known   as 

If,  then,  the  coincidence  of  locality  is  not  fortuitous,  the  other 
possibility  ia,  that  the  urn-burial  waa  ot  so  recent  a  date  before  the 
existence  of  a  Christian  settlement  at  Moaasterboice,  that  the  fact  of  its 
being  there  became  the  reason  for  consecrating  the  place  to  the  use  of 
the  Christian  Church. 

Something  may  be  said  in  favour  of  this  view.  It  is  well  known 
that  the  sites  of  our  early  ecclesiastical  foundations  were  frequently  the 
dnns  or  raths  of  Pagan  Irish  chieftains,  who  on  their  acceptance  of  the 
Christian  faith  placed  the  little  consecrated  building  that  was  now 
erected  under  their  immediate  protection,  and  themselves  often  became  the 
servants  of  the  church.  If,  as  seems  to  have  been  generally  the  case,  the 
place  of  interment  in  Pagan  times  was  in  proximity  to  the  dwelling- 
place  of  the  living,  and  not  at  a  rcinoto  distance  from  it,  the  continued 
use  of  the  chieftain's  cemetery  as  a  Christian  burial  place  would  follow 
as  naturally  as  the  conversion  of  the  dun  or  rath  into  the  seat  of  the 
governing  abbot.'  When  once  the  burial  place  of  tho  chieftain's  family 
hud  been  consecrated  to  Christian  use,  it  would  not  in  the  sequel  bo 
likely  to  be  disturbed,  and  hence  the  difSculty  of  verifying  the  fact  of  an 
early  Pagsn  cemetery  bein};  underneath,  or  contiguous  to  the  Christian 
graveyard,  will  as  a  rule  continue  to  confront  ua.  It  will  probobly  only 
be  owing  to  accidental  circumstances,  such  ns  Mr,  Troynor's  communica- 
tion recounts,  if  evidence  of  the  tact  every  now  and  again  turns  up. 

On  the  other  hand  an  objection  may  be  felt  to  this  view  on  the  ground 
ot  the  occurrence  of  the  stone  celt  at  a  period  so  close  to  the  introduction 
of  Christianity.  The  objection  must  bo  noted,  but  tho  weight  which 
attaehes  to  it  is  still  uncertain.  We  clo  not  really  know  when  urn-burial 
ceased  cither  in  Great  Britain  or  Ireland.  Nor  do  we  know  liow  long 
the  old  cnstom  may  have  survived  of  placing  bronze,  and  finally  stonu 

'  Some  diffloiiltj-  uiiglit  be  felt  in  teferonte  to  tbe  depth  at  wliich  the  urn-biirinl 
via  found.  It  is  of  jtnpartanoe  to  notice  an  tliii  point  that  Uio  report  of  the  Com- 
mUitoiien  of  Publio  Workd  (Ireland],  I8T7,  Appendix  E,  p.  69.  eipreBsly  etalea: — 
"The  graveyard hsA  been  piLrtisllf  IcvoUhI,  npetially  the  epnces  within  the  thurches." 
Further,  if  the  ciit  was  erected  in  the  first  inatuaco  on  tho  nntnrol  aurfnce  [as  u 
oIUb  the  caw),  or  nt  a  slight  elevstion  from  it,  and  thn  um  wua  entombni  within, 
I  can  very  well  imagine  ihnt  a  pnrt  of  Ihe  mound  may  hnvB  been  levelled,  when  tho 
tfOM  wasenriosed  within  the  viills  of  the  oHginnl  wrleeinBlico]  building.  The  au^poii- 
lion,  thnt  the  um-buriul  might  he  a  cue  of  tbe  wilful  deaecration  of  a  Cbtiatian 
■anctiiary  on  thu  part  of  marauding  Danes  of  tbe  eighth  or  ninlb  century  is  hardly 
tenable  ;  neither  the  atone  celt,  nor  the  omamectDtion  of  tho  um  is  suggestive  of  the 
Viking  age. 

'  A  onse  in  point  soemB  actually  to  be  on  record.  When  St.  Patricli  sought  from 
Daire  st  Arinngh,  n  site  on  which  to  construct  a  building  for  religioua  purpuges,  Ihc 
chieftain  m.ide  him  an  offer  of  a  rath,  "  where  the  Da  Frrla  (or  two  gravw)  are."  Dr. 
Todd  remarks  to  this  pBMage:^"ThD  place  had  probably  tbe  name /irrfa,  'graves,' 
before  iU  connecr.tion  to  Christianity  "  ("  St.  Patrick,  Dui,lin,"  1861.  p.  ■176).  This 
would  be  quite  in  keeping  with  what  we  know  of  the  uses  for  public  gatherings  lo 
which  places  of  interment  in  primitive  times  were  put.  It  is.  however,  right  to  «tal« 
that  in  Dr.  Whitler  Stokes'  edition  of  tho  Tripartite  Life  tho  text  of  Ihe  piuuige  in 
queation  ahows  a  different  reading. 


148 


JRIES  OF  IBEUHD. 


weapons  along  vith  the  ashes  of  the  dead.  These  adjuncts  of  hurial 
passed,  no  douht,  from  the  firEt  etage  of  a  religious  observanco  to  that 
of  a  superstitious  rite  before  becoming  extinct. 

Long  before  the  actual  introduction  of  the  Christian  faith  the  know- 
ledge of  its  approach  and  the  influence  which  it  must  have  had  in  advance 
in  preparing  men's  minds  for  its  coming  must  have  made  themaelves  felt. 
The  old  Pagan  deities  and  the  old  Pagan  beliefs  must  have  been  tottering 
in  men's  thoughts  long  before  they  fell.  So  I  can  imagine  that  in  regard 
tfl  the  burial  of  their  dead,  there  may  have  been  a  eupcrsfcitioiis  feeling 
which  led  people,  while  continuing  to  believe  that  the  departed  spirits 
needed  the  same  provision  for  daily  life  as  on  earth,  to  furnish  them  with 
the  old  weapons  of  atone  or  bronze,  and  distinctly  to  eschew  the  newer 
materials  of  iron  which  the  Christian  people  of  distant  lands  employed. 
The  departed  forefathers  had  certainly  used  the  former,  and  so  it  was 
safer,  and  perliaps  more  agreeable  to  the  spirits  themselves,  to  supply 
them  with  the  ancestral  weapons.  Such  hallowed  considerations  weigh 
with  men's  feelings  when  reason  or  direct  positive  teaching  fails  them, 
and  this  was  the  position  in  which  to  some  degree  in  Qreat  Britain,  and 
still  more  in  Ireland,  the  original  population  must  have  found  itself 
immediately  before  tlie  introduction  of  Christianity. 

It  ia  frequently  stated,  and  evidently  correctly,'  that  no  recollection 
of  cremation  having  subsisted  in  Ireland  in  pre-historio  times  is  found 
in  the  early  legends  which  have  been  preserved  to  us.  The  question 
of  how  far  back  the  memory  of  those  legends  really  reaches  is  a  very 
difficult  one,  and  has  not  yet  been  determined.  Ecclesiastical  know- 
ledge was  apparently  much  more  distinct.  Rev.  F.  E.  Warren  in 
The  Aeadtmij,  vol.  xxxi.,  page  311;  and  Dr.  Whitley  Stokes  in  Th» 
TripartiU  Life,  page  cxxi,  have  drawn  attention  to  what  is  an  unmis- 
takable reference  to  cremation  in  Wasserschleben's  Die  Triiche  Kanontn- 
tammlung  (2tG  Auflage,  Leipzig,  1885).  The  passage,  lib.  xliv.,  cap. 
20,  p.  179,  runs  thus:  "a.  Siaodm  Hiherntniii :  fiasilion  graeco,  rex 
latine,  bine  et  basilica,  regalis,  quia  in  primis  temporibus  reges  tantum 
sepcliebantur  in  ea,  nomen  sortita  eat ;  nam  cetcri  homines  sive  igni,  rive 
acervo  lapidum  conditi  sunt."  To  render  the  words  of  the  first  clause 
intelligible,  it  will  he  well  to  transcribe  the  editor's  quotation  from  an 
ccclesiasticxd  source:  haailion  Graeeorvm  rex  erat.  Now,  tliough  the  expla- 
nation of  the  word  haiiliaa  is  of  course  erroneous,  yet  the  place,  which 
this  passage  has  found  in  a  collection  of  Irish  Canons,  can  surely  only  ho 
owing  to  its  containing  a  recognition  of  the  right  of  interment  within  the 
church  building  on  the  part  of  the  local  chieftain.  One  ia  again  tempted 
to  go  back  further,  and  to  infer  that,  in  the  first  instance,  the  chieftain 


'  Dr.  Joyie  wu  kind  «nuugh  to  point  out  lo 
to  O'Cunr'a  Manuev  and  C™<onn.,  vol.  i,.  p.  o 
Cainitth  waa  ignilbd"  la  mJEleading.  The  pbrni 
brated,"  but  the  words  "\tas  celcbrtl^d"  coi 
bavB  ippUed  U>  the  rite  of  bghting  eometbing. 


that  in  Dr.  Sullivaii'a  intiiiduotion 
1,  the  eipreisiiin  "and  his  C/nielie 
leona  "  the  funeral  gstne  wu  cole- 
u  an  element  that  may  originatl;f 


AN  UBN-BURIAL  ON  THE  SITE  OF  MONASTEBBOICE. 


149 


who  adopted  the  faith  desired  interment  there,  heeause  his  ancestors  had 
been  deposited  there  before  him.  Christian  churches  over  the  graves 
of  the  departed  dead  had  for  a  long  time  been  no  new  thing.  However 
this  may  be,  the  second  part  of  the  passage  seems  clearly  to  show  that 
cremation  continued  as  one  of  the  forms  of  burial  up  to  the  very  time 
of  the  introduction  of  Christianity  into  Ireland,  and  this  is  the  point 
which  is  relevant  to  the  present  inquiry. 


hJAiN   f^:j<Ko 


Fig.  3. 

It  only  remains  to  say  that  the  smaller  chapel  on  the  plan  of 
Monasterboice/  fig.  3,  though  apparently  the  later  of  the  two  buildings 

'  I  am  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Cochrane  for  the  plan  of  Monasterboice, 
which  accompanies  this  Paper.  Strange  to  say,  a  ground  plan  of  this  historic  site,  as 
fSar  as  I  am  aware,  has  not  yet  been  published. 

JOVB..   R.8.A.I.,  VOL.   U.,  FT.  II.,  6tH  BBB.  M 


150  BOYAL  SOCIETT  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 

now  standing  (Wakeman,  he.  eit,^  page  107),  evidently  represents  the 
fiite  of  the  earlier  ecclesiastical  structure.  Apart  from  other  reasons, 
its  position  near  to  the  round  tower  is  of  itself  almost  sufficient  evidence 
•on  this  point. 


NoTB. — The  issue  of  this  Paper  has  heen  unaToidahly  dela]^  owing  to  a  change  of 
residence  to  England  during  the  past  year.  The  same  cause  has  prevented  me  from 
investigating  some  similar  casee  to  that  which  I  have  here  to  report  Rather,  however, 
than  delay  the  publication  any  longer,  I  submit  the  material  in  its  present  form,  and 
leave  the  further  inquiry  into  the  subject  to  the  research  of  others. 


(     151      ) 


THE   SHRINE   OF    ST.  CAILLIN   OF   FENAGH. 
Bv  REV.  DENIS  MDRPHY,  S.J.,  M.R.I.A.,  Fblldw, 


I 


T  BEQ  leave  to  call  the  attention  of  our  members  this  evening  to  the  shrine 
wliich  is  now  exhibited.  For  some  monthB  past,  through  the  kindness 
of  the  owner,  the  Moat  Rev.  Dr.  Croke,  it  has  been  deposited  in  the  Museum, 
Uniurtunately  it  is  not  to  remnin  there  always  ;  and  as  it  may  he  asked 
for  by  the  owner  at  any  moment,  I  thought  it  well  to  give  the  members 
a  closer  view  of  it  this  evening.  A  drawing  is  about  to  be  made  of  it 
through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Brenaan,  r.h.a,,  for  the  Museum  and  for  the 
Journal  of  our  Society.  I  hope  it  will  be  a  souvenir  of  what  you  will 
see  of  it  to-night. 

Our  shrines  are  so  few  in  number  that  their  very  rarity  almost  of 
itself  adds  to  their  great  value.  You  will  find  a  list  of  those  of  one,  and 
that  the  more  numerous,  class  known  to  exist  in  this  country,  in  Petrie's 
"Irish  Inscriptions,"  edited  by  Miss  Stokes.  "When  that  work  was 
written,  twelve  years  ago,  only  nine  were  known  of.  The  number  has 
since  been  increased  by  the  finding  o£  this  one  which  I  now  exhibit,' 
Another  was  found  last  spring  in  Lough  Erne ;  it  is  the  property  of  Mr, 
Plunkett,  of  Enniskillen,  who  has  kindly  lent  it  to  allow  it  to  be  photo- 
graphed by  the  Museum  authorities,  and  from  what  I  know  of  Mr. 
Flunkett's  zeal  for  the  public  good,  I  don't  think  one  need  be  much  of  a 
prophet  to  foretell  that  he  intends  to  deposit  it  for  good  and  all  in  the 
National  Museum. 

Shrines,  I  need  hardly  say  in  presence  of  snch  an  auditory  aa  is 
here  present,  are  of  different  kinds  and  shapes.  Wo  have  thooi  of  the 
form  of  a  house,  the  sides  sloping  inwards,  with  gables,  and  a  ridge,  the 
latter  often  highly  ornamented,  as  we  should  expect,  seeing  that  it  first 
catches  the  eye ;  sometimes  the  roof  is  hipped,  as  in  the  shrine  belonging 
to  Lord  Emiy  in  the  Museum.  Sometimes  the  shrines  are  triangular,  as 
the  shrine  of  St.  Manchain,  the  original  of  which  is  in  the  chapel  of 
Boher,  three  miles  south  of  Clara,  in  the  King's  County  ;  then  we  have 
the  shrine  of  the  hand  of  St.  Patrick,  and  that  of  St-  Lachtau,  the  first 
described  in  great  detail  in  the  UUler  Journal  of  Arcbaohgi/ ;  the  other  is 
in  the  Museum.  Then  we  have  the  semicircular-headed  shrines,  for 
example  that  of  St.  Patrick's  Bell,  one  of  the  finest  examples  to  be  found  of 

'  O'CuiT}'  mentioni  it,  liut  in  doing  to  he  fulls  inlo  a  Btr«ng«  error.  Qaving  spoken 
at  some  len^  of  thu  well- known  shruieii,  he  say*,  "there  are  othera  too ;  the  ctuufuf 
those  is  St.  Maedog's  Shrine,  which  belonged  to  the  O'BorkeB  of  Breffner,  but  wm 
hlel;  in  pOHCuion  of  the  Most  Rev.  Dr.  Slntterj,  Archbishop  of  Cathtfi."  Having  had 
occuion  to  go  to  Thurlea,  I  made  iniiuiry  about  (he  ahtine  in  the  Arcbbiehop'a  possea- 
rioa,  uid  I  found  there  vhat  you  now  gee  before  you. 

Ma 


152  KOYAL  SOCIETY   OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 

Celtic  art,  whether  the  design  is  taken  into  consideration,  or  the  manner 
in  which  it  is  carried  out.     Lastly,  we  haye  the  flat  shrine,  used  to  hold  a 
book  of  some  kind  either  written  by  the  Saint,  or  his  Life  written  by- 
perhaps  one  of  his  disciples — such  is  the  shrine  which  I  now  exhibit. 

As  a  work  of  art  it  cannot  be  compared  with  seyeral  of  the  shrines 
in  the  collection  of  the  Academy.  Indeed,  it  has  but  little  of  purely 
Irish  ornamentation.  At  the  top  is  a  figure  of  Christ  crucified.  The 
four  panels  on  the  upper  surface  contain  each  four  figures,  each  panel  being 
an  exact  counterpart  of  the  others ;  a  narrow  band  acts  as  a  sort  of  frame 
for  them.  On  this  there  is  some  beautiful  ornamental  scrollwork.  ThiB, 
the  lettering,  and  the  bosses  on  the  clamps  on  the  comers  are  of  niello ; 
stones,  mostly  cornelian  and  spar,  are  set  at  intervals  along  this  line.  In 
the  centre  there  is  a  piece  of  spar  much  larger  than  the  others.  A  six- 
leaved  flower,  a  thing  wholly  foreign  to  pure  Irish  art,  runs  round  th* 
edge.  On  the  back  we  have  the  usual  incised  crosses,  such  as  one  sees  in 
the  Cathach  and  other  shrines  in  the  Museum. 

Bound  the  edge  of  the  upper  and  lower  surface  there  is  an  Irish  in- 
scription in  capitals,  partly  Irish  in  form,  partly  Gt)thic,  those  on  the 
upper  surface  being  only  half  the  size  of  those  on  the  lower.  It  begins  at 
the  left  hand  of  the  flgure  below,  runs  round  the  edge  of  that  surface,  and 
is  continued  at  the  back ;  it  faces  inwards  : — 

ORim  :  DON  :  mfib  :  do  cymdaigh  :  an  :  itnorsA  :  cail 

UN  :  ADHON  :  BBIAN  :  liAC  :  EOGAIN  : 

fiVAIBC  :  AGV8  :  HAIBGREITE  :  INGIN 

HBRIAN  :  AGY8  :  DO  :  BI  :  AOIS  :  AN 

TIGEARNA  :  AN  :  TAN  : 

SOIN  :  SE  :  BLIANA 

DEC  :  AR  :  XX  :  AR  :  M  :  AR 

CCCCC  :  AIB  :  A :  MARIA. 

« 

"  Pray  for  the  man  who  covered  the  shrine  of  Caillin,  that  is,  Brian» 
son  of  Owen  Ruark,  and  for  Margaret,  daughter  of  O'Brien,  and  the  year 
of  our  Lord  then  was  moccccxxvi.     A  Hail  Mary  for  their  souls." 

The  plates  of  the  upper  and  lower  surfaces  are  made  in  separate  pieces, 
the  parts  being  held  together  securely  by  solid  clamps  fixed  on  with  loDg 
brass  nails.  Inside  there  is  a  lining  of  oak,  evidently  intended  to  hold  a 
book,  or  it  may  be  relics.  We  find  in  the  **  Life  of  Caillin  "  that  ho 
brought  with  him  from  Rome  numerous  **  relics  to  increase  the  honour  and 
respect  and  right  of  sanctuary  of  his  fair  church  of  Fenagh.  The  relics 
which  he  brought  were  the  relics  of  the  Apostles,  of  Martin,  and  Stephen 
the  Martyr,  and  Laurence.  These  are  the  relics  which  he  ordered  later 
to  be  covered  and  enclosed  in  a  shrine."     So  his  Life.     li  it  contained 


{T«frci^  p..gt  152. 


THE  SHRINE  OF  ST.  CAILLIN   OF  FENAGH.  153 

his  Life,  it  was  not  that  ancient  one  in  the  British  Museum,  nor  that  in 
the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  for  hoth,  as  I  have  taken  the  trouble  to  ascer- 
tain, are  far  too  large  to  fit  into  a  shrine  of  this  size. 

Now  as  to  the  maker  of  the  shrine,  or  rather  the  person  who  had  it 
made,  there  is  no  difficulty  in  determining  who  he  was.  The  O'Rorkes, 
long  after  the  Anglo-Norman  inyasion,  ruled  as  independent  princes  in 
Breffny  0*Rourke,  the  present  county  of  Leitrim.  The  Lord  Deputy 
Sidney,  who  made  a  tour  of  Ireland,  north  and  south,  during  his  vice- 
royalty,  says  he  found  O'Rourke  to  be  the  proudest  Irishman  living,  and 
in  the  "  Life  of  Red  Hugh  O'Donnell,"  which  I  am  now  putting  through 
the  Press,  written  by  Lughaidh  O'Clery  about  1620,  there  is  a  marginal 
note  :  **  O'Donnell  never  appointed  the  0*Rourke."  Looking  into  that 
great  repository  of  family  lore  (Archdall's  "  Peerage  of  Ireland,"  vol.  ii., 
p.  24),  we  find  that  Margaret  O'Brien,  eldest  daughter  of  Turlough 
Bonn  O'Brien,  who  was  inaugurated  King  of*  Thomond  in  1498,  married 
Brian,  chief  of  Breffny  O'Rourke.  You  can  see  Ihs  castle  still  standing 
at  Dromahaire.  His  death  is  recorded  by  **  The  Four  Masters  "  as  having 
taken  place  in  1562.  **  O'Rourke  (Brian  Ballagh,  son  of  Owen),  the  senior 
of  Sil  Feargna,  and  of  the  race  of  Aedh  Finn,  a  man  whose  supporters, 
fosterers,  adherents,  and  tributaries  extended  from  the  Caladh,  in  the 
territory  of  Hymany,  to  the  fertile  salmon-full  Drowes,  and  from  Granard 
in  Teffia,  to  the  strand  of  Eothuile  in  Tireragh,  who  had  the  best  collection 
of  poems,  and  who  of  all  his  tribe  had  bestowed  the  greatest  number  of 
presents  for  poetical  eulogies,  died."  '*The  Four  Masters"  make  no 
mention  of  his  wife's  death. 

Just  opposite  the  castle  of  the  O'Rourkes  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
Franciscan  Convent  of  Crevelea.  This,  Father  Meehan  tells  us,  was 
the  burial-place  of  the  O'Rourkes,  and  there  Brian  son  of  Owen,  and 
Margaret,  are  sleeping  their  last  sleep.     May  God  rest  their  souls. 


(     154     ) 


ON  A  NEWLY  DISCOVERED  SITE  FOR  WORKED  FLINTS  IN 

THE  COUNTY  OF  DOWN. 

Br  W.  H.  PATTEESON,  M.E.I.A. 

/^L08i  to  Sydenham  Station,  on  the  Belfast  and  Bangor  Railway,  a 
^^  low-lying  tract  of  land  juts  out  into  the  sea :  the  ground  is  alluvial, 
is  coTored  with  short  grass,  and,  towards  the  sea-margin,  is  in  some  places 
not  more  than  one  or  two  feet  aboye  high-water  level. 

At  the  eastern  extremity  of  this  tract  the  water  is  extremely  shallow ; 
and,  even  at  half-tide,  a  wide  extent  of  sandy  and  muddy  fore-shore  is 
laid  bare.  It  is  upon  this  fore-shore,  at  distances  between  twenty  and 
eighty  yards  from  the  land,  that  flint  flakes  have  been  found  in  large 
numbers.  It  is  dear  that,  in  spite  of  the  flat  beach  and  shallow  water, 
the  sea  is  encroaching  upon  the  land  at  this  place,  removing  the  fine  silty- 
sand,  and  leaving  on  the  beach  the  gravel,  flints,  and  other  heavy  mattera 
which  were  upon  the  surface  of  the  soil,  or  were  incorporated  with  it. 

In  the  summer  of  1891,  while  walking  round  this  beach,  my  attention 
was  attracted  to  several  patches  of  a  black  or  dark-blue  colour,  lying  upon 
the  sand.  On  closer  examination  these  patches  were  found  to  consist  of 
flints,  which  had  taken  a  black  stain  fi*om  the  decomposing  seaweed  or 
other  organic  matter,  always  present  in  abundance  at  this  place.  A  very 
few  of  the  flints  had  retained  their  original  grey  colour ;  but  almost  all 
were  of  a  very  fine  glossy  bluish  black  ;  they  had  perfectly  sharp  edges, 
and  were  quite  unrolled,  thereby  forming  a  marked  contrast  to  the  much 
rolled  flint  flakes  found  in  such  numbers  on  the  Holy  wood  Kinnegar, 
about  a  mile  east  of  this  site. 

Well-formed  flakes  were  in  great  abundance.  Of  these  I  brought 
away  about  200  :  most  of  these  showed  no  subsequent  workmanship  ^ 
some  two  or  three  only  had  been  chipped  a  little  around  the  bulb  end> 
probably  for  fitting  them  into  some  kind  of  handle.  I  found  several  very 
typical  cores,  from  which  numerous  flakes  had  been  struck,  also  some 
pick-like  objects,  but  which  may  merely  have  been  cores,  and  a  rounded, 
much-chipped  flint,  which  seemed  to  have  been  used  as  a  hammer-stone : 
small  chips  and  fragments  of  flint  were  in  great  numbers.  I  also  found 
what  may  have  been  the  disturbed  remains  of  a  hearth — three  or  four 
flat  and  discoloured  stones  lying  close  together  in  a  semicircle  ;  no  other 
stones — ^neither  so  large,  nor  anything  like  them — were  observed  in  their 
neighbourhood.  Flakes  were  lying  plentifully  around  the  supposed 
hearth,  and,  near  it,  I  also  picked  up  three  pieces  of  bone ;  these  were 
bones  of  some  large  animal,  and  had  been  split  longitudinally — probably 
for  the  purpose  of  extracting  the  marrow.    Here  two  large  teeth  were 


[Tu  face  page  Mb. 


NEWLY   DISCOVEBED   SITE  FOB  WORKED  PUNTS.  155 

» 
also  found ;  these  were  submitted  to  Professor  Cunningbam,   Queen'a 

College,  Belfast,  who  writes  regarding  them : — *'  Of  the  two  grinders  I 

have  little  doubt  that  the  largest  is  the  premolar  of  an  ox,  and  the  lesser 

the  molar  of  a  deer,  probably  red  deer." 

On  a  subsequent  visit  to  this  spot,  some  more  bones,  one  of  which  was 
a  jaw  bone,  were  found,  and  all  of  these  Dr.  Cunningham  identifies  as 
being  bones  of  red  deer :  while  he  considers  two  smaller  bones  to  be  those 
of  a  wild  boar.  This  is  the  first  instance,  I  have  met  with,  of  worked 
fiints  being  found  along  with  the  bones  of  large  animals,  such  as  could  be 
used  for  food,  in  Ireland. 

Diligent  search  was  made  for  flint  scrapers  or  axes ;  but  none  were 
found.     The  flakes  measured  from  f  inch  to  3^  inches  in  length. 

As  to  how  these  flints  and  other  objects  came  into  their  present  place, 
it  is  evident  that  at  a  time  when  the  land  extended  further  to  seaward 
than  it  now  does,  it  was  the  site  of  a  village  of  flint- working  people ;  and 
it  must  have  been  a  desirable  site  with  regard  to  food  supplies.  The 
sandy  flats  which  are  laid  bare  at  low  water,  and  which  extend  for  miles 
at  this  part  of  the  county  Down  coast,  bore,  and  still  bear,  enormous 
quantities  of  edible  shellflsh.  Oysters  seem  to  be  exhausted ;  but  the 
gathering  here  of  mussels  and  wilks  (periwinkles)  still  forms  an  industry. 
As  this  spot  was  close  to  the  estuary  of  Conn's  Water  and  the  Lagan,  it 
must  have  formed  a  good  Ashing  station  at  a  time  when  the  waters 
of  Belfast  Bay  swarmed  with  salmon,  grey  mullet,  &c. 

The  supply  of  flint  was,  doubtless,  obtained  from  the  chalk  debrU  of 
the  county  Antrim  hills^  just  opposite,  and  distant  across  the  shallow 
waters  of  the  bay  some  two  or  three  miles.  The  flints,  bones,  hearth, 
&c.,  have  evidently  settled  down  upon  the  places  we  now  And  them,  as 
the  land  which  bore  them  or  contained  them  has  been  worn  down  and 
removed  by  tidal  action. 

The  illustrations  upon  accompanying  Plate  have  been  drawn  by  Mr. 
Wakeman  from  specimens  forwarded  to  him  (i.  to  vi.),  and  are  full-sized 
representations  of  six  of  the  flakes  found  here. 


>r 


(     156    ) 


ON  THE  MUSICAL  SOUNDS  EMPLOYED  IN  HUNTING  GAME 
IN  THE  YEAR  1676.     (Feom  a  Manuscript.) 

By  WILLIAM  FRAZER,  F.R.C.S.I.,  M.R.I.A.,  Fbllow. 

T  OBTAiNEi)  a  large  sheet  of  parchment  some  years  since  which  had 

written  on  it  the  musical  notation  of  a  yariety  of  hunting  sounds 
in  use  in  the  year  1676.  It  contains  a  call  to  bring  the  company 
together  in  the  morning,  the  notes  to  uncouple  the  hounds,  different 
**  recheats  "  for  hunting  game,  the  sounds  proper  to  celebrate  the  death 
of  the  hare,  fox,  buck,  or  stag,  those  that  commemorated  the  fall  of  a 
stag  royal,  and  so  on,  finishing  up  with  a  special  farewell,  musically 
given,  as  the  hunters  separated  for  their  homes.  So  far  as  I  can  ascertain 
no  similar  collection  of  these  bugle  calls  has  been  published,  although  I 
instituted  diligent  search  in  several  directions  and  made  special  inquiry 
from  the  most  skilled  musicians  in  Ireland.  It  therefore  seemed  that  the 
subject  might  be  deserving  of  notice,  and  ought  to  be  placed  on  record. 

In  the  earlier  days  of  hunting,  in  Anglo-Saxon  times,  and  under  the 
Norman  kings,  a  simple  form  of  horn  was  employed,  made  from  the  hol- 
lowed horn  of  the  cow,  whence,  indeed,  the  name  of  the  instrument  is  de- 
rived. The  transition  from  this  to  a  short  bugle  made  of  metal  was  easy. 
In  subsequent  ages  the  art  of  venery  demanded  from  its  votaries  a  familiarity 
with  certain  musical  sounds  considered  appropriate  and  indispensable  for 
the  proper  hunting  of  game.  This  reached  its  culmination  in  the  reign 
of  Louis  XIV.,  and  the  state  ceremonial  of  the  French  Court,  at  which 
period  the  hunting  horn  attained  exceptional  dimensions,  several  feet  of 
copper  tubing  requiring  to  be  wound  round  in  successive  circular  coils, 
and  carried  across  the  body  of  the  hunter  and  over  his  shoulder,  whose 
special  duty  it  was  to  make  the  forest  re-echo  with  the  musical  sounds 
denoting  each  stage  of  the  important  Royal  hunt. 

During  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  a  similar  elaborate  system  was  prac- 
tised in  England,  and  I  suppose  here  also.  The  large  bugle  horn,  with 
its  circular  coils,  was  in  use  up  to  the  end  of  last  century,  as  numerous 
drawings  of  the  hunter  and  hunting  field  demonstrate,  though  I  suspect 
several  of  these  drawings  were  produced  by  artists  who  never  witnessed 
a  hunt,  heard  the  dogs  in  full  cry  after  game  or  fox,  or  knew  the  sound 
of  a  hunting  horn  from  a  bagpipes.  Still,  down  to  the  rather  modem 
days  of  Napoleon  III.,  the  same  description  of  hunting  horn  was  em- 
ployed by  the  Imperial  chasseurs  in  the  forest  of  Versailles,  and  notes 
similar  to  those  blown  by  the  attendants  of  Louis  XIV.  continued  to  be 
practised  in  the  state  huntings  of  the  last  French  emperor. 

I  believe  we  do   well  to  place   on  record   those   musical   efforts. 


[lb  face  page  157. 


<7Jtna.-mf^'t  ^'  c>  'T^.f-H.l  averse  if 


<»  o  0    _, 

o  o  o  o  o 


<^  <J  ^  •— — — —    o    o    0 


7 ,  66S^<i6^6<iTo^oc;,oc.^o,o  o^ 000,000 

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6    ?•  O   O    O    O  O  ,0    O    O    0,0    O  c;    O    00.  00^ 

6'5?oo6'So6  ^^  600.      cS^  r96uel5  C/<^acW.    _  

•  066  on?  o    » ••  V  o  o 

t^  H«t  to.  C  all    CL V  6c  \^ 


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000 

Q 


ocioooooooo  ooooo*- 


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0  o  o  o  00000000  • '  -^ 


«    •    • 


o7/*    Q  eaH   iff  a  Si  ci  Qgi    or  (Jv>CLTl!r. 

•——-^'■^    Q   ^       0000     000      006        


000  ■  000  • — -  000  — ; '  000 r  ^  00 

ZTo  c  »ll  fttr    o  SCtfher   c^iTi  (Fktke  or  Uorresf. 

o    0    0,0  '  ^^6  0  •  ■      ■ 000  ' —  J 

•     ••  /          ••*/••                        '■•••                    •••• 

0000  '  0  o  o  o  * ^- — '  0000 '  000  o  — ■ 


[)  0  O"  •  0  0  0  0'  '  000  Q» •  000  o* 0006 

o  »■ •  00000  * 

c/o  ara  Vf  fM  ffl^h  o^n\j  cru!t  of  Ae  QJtelcl 
' "Tp^^ '  ^o  6  6  o^  ' ' . 

'0*^ — '  .A .-N.-J 3V^% 


r>^r- .'^^ 


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•"^Q^^P  l^*N/.  >'^^>^ 


3  ^  ^:/:n0.t 


o  c-  c  O  cv 


ON  MUSICAL  SOUNDS  EMPLOYED  IN  HUNTING  GAME.  *       157 

which  are  now  almost  forgotten  save  by  the  antiquary  or  historian.  In 
the  present  aspects  of  modem  society  we  can  hardly  hope  or  expect 
any  traditional  knowledge  of  them  to  be  preserved  beyond  a  dim  and 
imperfect  record  ;  it  is  therefore  desirable  tt  transcribe  such  a  full 
notation  as  here  shown  into  the  pages  of  our  proceedings. 

The  accompanying  representation  of  these  musical  calls,  or  notes,  is 
<*.opied  carefully  from  the  parchment  sheet,  and  reduced  on  a  scale  of  one- 
fourth  the  size  of  the  manuscript.  The  two  verses,  written  in  Irish 
characters,  appear  somewhat  difficult  to  understand,  as  certain  letters 
are  almost  illegible.  I  have  submitted  the  verses  to  some  learned 
authorities,  and  prefer  giving  the  most  probable  rendering  of  these 
characters,  leaving  my  readers  to  supply  whatever  explanation  they 
consider  most  appropriate. 

I  owe  the  following  communication  to  the  kindness  of  Rev.  T. 
Olden,  Mallow : — 

**  *  So  copna6  Ri$  8a;con  ap  Lo6ca 
t)6n  Comaiple.6un  peapam  na 


Callca  papapnaij  a  ccompaij.' 


"  There  is  no  such  word  as  papapnai^"  (Fasamaig),  or  assamufy 
which  seemed  to  be  the  reading. 

**  There  is  an  old  word,  epaipcmb,  or  epapcaib,  which  would  mean 
*  the  wounded,'  and  possibly  may  be  the  one  intended.  But  the  word 
is  so  indistinct,  that  it  is  very  hard  to  make  anything  of  it." 


(     158     ) 


N0TE3  ON  THE  ANTIQUITIES  IN  CO.  KERRY  VISITED  BY  THE  ROTAL 
SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND  AND  THE  CAMBRIAN 
ARCH-EOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION,  AUGUST.  1891. 

Bt  J.  ROMILLY  ALLEN,  F.S.A.  (Scot.),  Fellow. 

PART  I. 


Tui  ialuid  called  ImuBfolleD  ia  altu&ted  about  thrpe  mOes  vest  of  Eillome;,  in  a 
Htraight  lino,  in  the  middle  of  the  Lower  Lake,  near  its  northern  end.  The  island 
in  little  icoie  than  a,  qnartsr  of  it  mile  long,  and  at  the  nortli-eBstcxtiemilysretbe  ruina 
of  the  monaslerf  founded  by  St.  Finan  ths  Leper,  and  of  a  beautiful  little  Hibemo- 
BoTaaneflquo  church.  Here,  in  the  delightful  setlusion  that  the  place  allotda,  were 
compiled  the  "  Annals  of  Innufallen,"  wliiGb  Eugene  O'Cuny  places  second  only  to  the 
"  AddoIi  of  Tighamoch,"  in  ordeiof  time  and  importance,  amongst  the  historio  xea.  of 
this  class  in  the  Irish  language.  Tighemach  died  in  a.d.  1098.  The  "Annals  of 
Innisfallen  "  n-ere  composed  cirea  a.d.  1215  ;  but  there  is  good  reason  t«  suppose  Ihey 
e  commenced  two  vcnturies  earlier  by  Maelsulhnin  D'Cearbhaill  (or  Maelsoohan 


n  World  "  in  the  entty  in  the 


n  by  Mselsuthain's 
ends  colour  to  ths 
B  of  Mnelsutluun. 


O'Carroll),  who  ia  styled  "  Chief  Doctor  of  the  Westt 

"  Annals  of  tbe  Four  Masters  "  recording  his  death  in  a.d.  II. 

A  curious  note  in  the  "  Book  of  Armagh  "  (fal.  lebb),  ' 
own  hand,  id  a.d.  1002,  in  the  presence  of  Xing  Brian  Buroimh^,' 
belief  that  this  monarch  nf  Ireland  was  educated  under  the  cai 
Eugene  O'Cuiry  says  that  "there  has  always  existed  in  the  south  of  Ireland  a 
tiaditioo  that  the  '  Annals  of  Innisfallen  '  were  originally  composed  by  MaolauthaiD. 
Taking  into  account  the  acknowledged  learning  of  O'Carroll,  the  character  of  his 
mind,  his  own  station,  and  the  opportunities  offered  him  by  his  association  with  the 
chief  monarch  of  Erinn,  theie  is  certainly  no  improbability  in  conneotiDg  him  with  the 
composition  of  these  '  Annals ' ;  and,  for  my  own  part,  1  have  no  doubt  that  be  was 
the  original  projector  of  them,  or  that  ho  enlargfd  the  more  meagre  outlines  of  the 
ecclesiastical  events  kept  in  the  Monastery  of  Innisfallen,  as  probably  in  most  othcts, 
into  a  general  historiral  work."' 

No  genuine  mauuscript  topy  of  the  "  Annals  of  Iimisf  alien"  is  now  to  he  found  in 
Ireland  ;  but  there  is  one  on  vellum,  of  quarto  siie,  in  the  Bodleian  Library  at 
Oiford,  of  which  Dr.  C.  O'Connor  gives  the  following  description :— "  It  oontaini  67 
leaves,  of  which  the  three  first  are  considerably  damaged,  and  the  fourth  partly 
obliterated.  Some  leaves  are  also  missing  at  the  bcginoiag.  In  it*  present  state  it 
lirst  treats  of  Abiobam  and  the  patiiarchs  down  te  the  sixth,  where  the  title  is,  '  Hie 
inclpit  Regnum  Graicorum.'  At  the  end  of  this  leaf  another  chapter  begins  tbiu, 
'  Hie  indpit  Seita  .^tas  Mundi.'  Tbe  Itaves  follow  in  due  Order  from  fol.  9  to  the 
end  of  fol.  36  ;  but  unfortunately  there  are  several  bUnks  after  this.     On  the  4Dlh 

'  See  Eugene  O'Cuiry's  "Lectures  on  the  MonUBcript  Materials  of  Ancient  IriaL 
History,'  p.  66i),  and  fac-mmile  of  entry  at  the  end  of  the  book. 
'  Bid.,  p.  73. 


H0TE8  ON  THB  A»TIQUrnE8  IN 

leaf  two  linea  occur  in  Ogam  cbarHetBra, -vrhich  buve  thus  been  deciptored:  'Nemo. 
bononltaT  sine  numnio,  niilliia  umatur.'  The  latter  part  of  thia  valuable  us.,  from 
fol.  36,  wbers  tbe  diriaioD  of  each  page  inlo  Ibnie  columna  ceaEce,  and  where  a  leaf  ia 
miBoing,  appears  Co  be  written  in  a  more  recent  hand  ;  lo  that  from  inspection  it  might 
he  argued  that  the  real  originiil  ended  vith  the  year  1 130,  and  that  the  remainder  waa 
added  bj  different  Abbots  it  Innl^alleu." 

InnsB,  who  made  the  catalogue  of  the  Duke  of  Chondos'  library,  gires  the  follow- 
ing particulars  about  (ho  hb.  when  it  waa  in  tliat  collection  :  "  In  the  same  Chaodoa 
librar;  are  the  '  Annals '  of  Innisfallen  and  Tighemach.  These,  indeed,  want  some 
leaves  at  the  beginning  and  alaawbere,  and  begin  only  about  the  time  of  Alexander 
the  Great ;  but  till  St.  Palridt's  time  thej  treat  chiefly  of  the  history  of  the  world. 
The  '  Annals  of  Innisfallen,'  in  the  same  library,  contain  a  short  account  of  the 
history  of-the  world  till  the  year  430,  whore  the  author  properly  begins  (at  fol.  9)  t. 
cbronicle  of  Ireland  thus,  '  Laogaire  Mac  Neil  regnavit  annis  hit,'  and  thenceforward 
it  contains  a  short  cbrouicle  of  Innisfallen  to  1318.  These  three  ehromcles,  the  Saltair 
ofCashel,  Tighemach,  and  Innisfallen,  are  written  in  the  Irish  language  intermixed 
with  Latin.  They  were  formerly  onllected,  with  many  other  valuable  uss.  relating  to 
Inland,  h;  Sir  J.  Ware,  and  came  erst  to  the  Eart  of  Clatendon,  and  then  to  the  Duke 
of  Chandos."  The  text  of  the  "  Annals  of  Innisfallen  "  was  published  in  ISU  by 
Dr.  C.  O'Connor  in  bis  "  Rerum  Hibemicarum  Scriplores  Veterea." 

The  ruins  of  the  ancient  Monastery  founded  by  Bt.  Finan  stand  near  the  landing- 
place,  deeply  embosomed  in  the  luxuriant  foliage  which  constitulea  Ibe  chief  beauty  of 
the  island.  The  remains  are  entirety  devoid  of  features  of  architectural  interest,  and 
the  arches  over  the  docirways  are  of  the  rudest  possible  description.' 

A  short  distance  Irom  the  Monastery,  on  the  north  side,  is  a  remarkably  good 
•nmple  of  a  small  Hibemo-Bomanesque  churcb,  built  cf  pink  sandslone  sufficiently 
•caned  by  the  weather  to  bring  out  those  variations  of  euriace-texture  which  are  the 
delight  of  the  artist,  and  yet  not  sufBciently  decayed  to  have  lost  all  its  interest  for  the 
■ixUKilogist.  The  plan  of  tbe  buildiog  consists  of  a  single  rectangular  cbomber,  16  H. 
long  by  II  ft.  wide,  inside,  having  walls  2  ft.  9  in.  thick.  The  east  and  west  gable- 
valLl  an  tolerably  perfect,  but  Iba  north  and  south  walls  are  hardly  more  than  i  ft. 
hi^  at  present.  The  east  wall  is  built  right  on  the  edge  of  the  low,  rocky  shore  of 
tbe  Lake.  The  only  openings  in  the  walla  now  remaining  are  a  doorway  at  the  west 
end,  and  a  window  at  the  east  end.  The  doorway  is  round-beaded,  6  ft.  high  by  2  ft. 
B  in.  wide,  and  baa  two  orders  of  arch -mouldings  and  a  hood -moulding.  The  arch- 
•tORM  of  tbe  inner  order  are  oroamcnled  with  moulded  chevrons  carved  in  low  relief 
on  tbe  dot,  vertical  face.  The  arch-stones  of  the  outer  order  are  ridged  tike  the  roof 
of  a  house,  on  both  faces,  so  oa  to  form  a  EjgE&g- moulding  in  two  directions.  The 
faood-moulding  ia  ornamented  with  gtolesque  beasts'  beads,  whiuh  are  seldom,  if  ever, 
fonnd  in  this  position  in  Anglo -Romanesque  architecture.  The  inner  order  of  the 
,  jamb  ii  a  continuation  of  the  arch,  like  an  orcbitrave  round  the  opening,  but  is  un- 
L  ttmaiDenled.  The  outer  order  of  the  jamb  boa  a  round  column  carved  on  the  angle,  in 
I  imitation  ofa  detached  nook-shaft,  but  more  deeply  cut  in  than  is  usual  in  Irish  work 
I  «f  tbe  period.  Tbe  east  window  is  round- headeil,  deeply  splayed  on  tbe  jambs,  and 
bBVing  a  round  arch  on  the  inside,  and  a  sijuare  atep,  and  then  a  roll-moulding  on  the 
ODtHde.  Tha  window  ia  6  ft.  6  in.  high  on  the  inside,  up  to  the  springing  of  tbe  arch, 
Ud  2  ft.  S  in.  wide  across  tbe  splay. 

*  The  Ute  Hr.  M.  H.  Bloxam,  in  his  "Frinciplea  of  Qothic  £ccleaiaatlcal  Archi- 
teehire"  (eleventh  ed.,  vol.  i.,  p.  38),  illustrates  one  of  tbe  doorways,  and  gives  his 
opinion  that  the  ruins  "  appear,  from  their  rudeness  and  peculiarity  id  construction,  to 
bavB  been  those  of  the  original  structure  founded  by  St.  Finan  in  the  siith  Mnturr, 
and  are  the  earliest  monastic  remains  he  has  met  with."  Vfr  are  unable  to  agree  witb 
Mr.  Bloiwm's  views  as  to  the  eilieme  age  df  the  ruins  on  Innisfallen. 


160        BOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAKIE8  OF  IRELAND. 


MlJCKBOSS. 

The  ruina  of  Mutktoao  Abbey,  or  more  correctly  epeaking,  of  the  Friary  of 
Irrelagh,  are  situated  witliin  the  deroeaite  of  Mr.  Herbert,  on  the  eaet  side  of  the 
Lon-or  Lske,  three  milee  south  of  EiUamey,  luid  one  mile  north  of  the  modem  hooBe 
of  MucliroBS.  It  must  be  boiiio  io  mind  that  llie  Friary  chiirchea,  wbiah  abound  in 
Ireland,  are  alwayn  miscalled  abbeys  ;  and  if  we  follow  the  custom  of  the  nutives,  it  is 
outy  for  the  take  of  convenience.  An  excellent  illustrated  account  of  UuclcroM  Abbey, 
by  the  late  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir]  J.  H.  Parker,  Till  be  found  in  tbe  Omilemait'i 
Magatine  for  1861,  Part  I.,  p.  418,  &om  which  the  illustratioiu  here  given  havs  been 
borrowBd,  with  the  penniasion  of  MoBsrs.  Parker  of  Oiford. 

Mr.  Parker  says  of  the  architecture  of  the  Imb  abheye :  "Whnt  may  fairly  be 
called  the  Iriah  style  of  the  fifteenth  century,  evidently  made  out  of  the  Frraiofa, 
English,  and  Italion  styles  of  the  two  previous  centuries  ;  hut  worked  out  in  ao  singular 
n  manner,  with  mouldings  and  delaiU  peculiar  to  Ireland,  that  it  is  quite  entitled  to 
rank  as  the  natSonal  Irish  style." 


Muckro«i  is  of  tbe  some  type  as  most  of  the  other  Franciscan  abbeys  of  Ireland,  of 
which  ewonplea  were  subsequently  seen  during  the  Meetings  at  Quin,  Askealon,  and 
AcUre,  all  possessing  the  some  peuularilies  in  the  details  of  tbe  cloislers,  tbe  central 
towi-re,  and  the  tracery  of  the  windows.  The  cloisters  are  arranged  round  a  aquare 
quadrangle  ;  bul  instead  of  having  a  penthouse-roof  covering  the  ambulntory  (aa  in  tbe 
English  cathedrals),  there  u  an  upper  story  containing  the  convcutual  ofBces.  A  very 
foreign  look  is  given  to  the  cloisters  by  the  rows  of  email  pointed  arches  springing  from 
double  columns.  The  walls  of  the  upper  story  rise  perpendicularly  above  [he  orcading 
on  all  four  sides  of  the  quadrangle,  shutting  out  the  light  to  a  great  extent,  and  forming 
a  sort  of  deep,  square  well.  The  smal I ness  of  the  apertures  between  the  culunms  of  the 
arcading  increases  tbe  gloom  to  such  an  eiteot  that  even  when  the  mid-day  sun  iaatita 
brighteat,  the  cloisters  are  shrouded  in  semi -darkness. 

At  Muckross  some  beautiful  effects  of  colour  arc  produced  by  the  green  tinge  given 
to  such  tays  of  light  as  are  able  to  pierce  through  the  branches  of  a  gigantic  yew-li«e 
bat  almost  entirely  fills  up  the  quadrangle. 


BOTES  ON  THE  ANTIQUITIES  IN   00.  KEEBT. 


161 


The  contral  towera  of  the  Irish  Fianciaton  abbeys  did  not  form  put  of  the  original 
jesign  of  the  building,  but  vers  insurted  at  a  hitor  period.  Tberu  being  no  piece  pro- 
Tided  far  Ibe  support  of  a  tower  in  the  origiiiiil  design,  msBBivo  croan-wsUa  were  built 
for  tho  purpose  within  the  nrm  of  the  church,  leaving  onlj  a  murow  opening  of  groat 
height  in  the  oenlrB,  instead  of  a  wide  ohancel-«rch.     The  archileclura!  effect  of  the 


Dolailt  of  Clolnr 

■Knor  IB  thue  improTed,  but  only  at  the  upqimv  ui  rujiung  me  inienc 
ra  giDenlly  rectangular,  and  not  aquare.  Their  proportions  arc  had, 
lOm*.  Tbe  coeteUated  porapcl,  made  in  Bercral  steps,  and  the  Sat,  p: 
btt  lake  the  place  of  gargoyles,  or  omamentBl  ipunts  for  throwing  off 

If 


ckro»  AbtKj. 

,  .     .of  ruintng  the  interior.     The  lowers 

Their  proportions  arc  had,  and  tho  dotailf 

Sat.  uroieoliQE  atones 


d 

1 

q 

\m\ 

J 

^n 

c 

vr 

i 

■  J).. 

of  Mu<:kllii 


Dill)]  Tr 


ir^T 


c,  CIdLi 


f,  Domilon;  >,  Sacri.tj; 
the  roof,  STB  features  peculiar  to  Ireland.  The  tracery  of  Iha  window  consistB  of  vtr- 
tical  nDUiooa  eurring  off'  into  intersecting  ores  of  ciieles  at  tho  tops.  Tho  entire 
absence  of  cuspinginalicsthe  whole  look  bald  and  imfinishod.  The  drcMings  are  of  hard 
limealone,  which  preserves  a  remarkably  shatp  edge  for  centuries,  bo  that  any  lack  of 
beauty  in  the  details  beoomoi  very  apparent. 


163        BOYAL  80CIETT  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 


The  roimdadon  of  Mui^kjoas  Abbej  U  aicribeil  b^tha  "  Anaatsnf  the  Four  Mulera  " 
to  tbe  MoCHrlhjB  in  HiO,  on  tiie  site  of  a  much  older  establiahment,  atid  ir  remuned 
in  the  poauuion  of  the  FraDciavan  Order  until  the  advent  of  Cromwell.  The  church 
bcmme  the  chief  burial-place  of  the  McCaith;*.  the  O'SulliTnns.  the  McOillacuddies, 
and  the  O'Donoghuee.  In  the  chancel  u  the  lombBtone  of  McCurthy  Mor,  croatod  Eail 
of  Cloncartj  by  Queen  EliEabeth. 

The  plan  of  the  Friuy  Church  of  Huckioea  conuBtc  of  a  nave  and  chanc«l  of  the 
same  width,  with  a  lower  inserled  in  the  way  previously  described,  between  tho  two, 
and  a  south  transept.  The  cloislers  are  situated  on  tbe  north  side  of  the  nave,  and  ara 
surrounded  by  vaulted  Apartments,  above  which  OD  the  second  Blur;,  are  the  cooventiml 
offices;  the  abbot  or  prior'ahouseoccupyiog  the  west  tide,  the  refectory  the  north  aide, 
and  the  donnitory  the  east  side.  The  kitchen  is  at  the  north-weet  corner ;  the  garde- 
robe  is  at  iho  norlh-cnat  corner,  beyond  the  dormitory  :  and  the  sacristy  is  on  tbe  north 
side  of  the  chancel.  There  are  two  entrances  to  tbo  cloisters,  one  at  the  north-west 
comer,  between  the  abbot's  house  and  the  kitchen,  and  another  at  tbe  eoutb-east  comer 
leading  from  the  part  of  the  church  fceneath  the  ctntnJ  lower.  The  chancel  is  in 
imitation  of  the  style  of  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century,  the  nateand  transept  of  tho 
fourteenth,  und  the  central  tower  of  the  filWnth.  An  inscription  on  a  tablet  built  into 
tho  north  wall  of  the  ijhancel,  inside,  shows  that  the  chureh  was  restored  in  1626.  It 
reads  as  follows : — 

"  Urate  pro  felicitate  fratris 

Tbadei  Nolani  qui  hunc  sacrum 

Convontum  de  novo  renovare 

Curavit  anno  (tomioi  milessimo 

Sexcenteaimo  y: 


tmm 


m^n'\!^im»^ 


Ul 


"W 


m^w 


i 


ri"Fir2it(f 


NOTES  ON  THE  AKTIQVITIES  IN  00.  KERRY. 


AdHADOB  Cathbdbal  and  Cabtli. 

The  Cathedral  of  Aghadoe,  or  Acliad-dli-eo  {the  Field  of  the  Two  Yevs),  uaituatod 
three  tnilea  west  of  KilUrney,  on  high  ground,  405  feet  above  aea-level,  from  which, 
perbapa,  a  better  general  idea  of  the  magnificence  of  tlie  lake  uid  mauotaiit  scenery  of 
tbe  diatrict  can  be  gat  than  from  any  other  point  of  vnntuge  in  the  neighbourhood. 
The  ground  slopea  up  the  whole  way  from  the  north  shore  of  the  Lower  Lake  td  the 
Cathedral,  a  distance  of  about  a  mile.  Noodo  ifIio  bos  visited  iLnycanaldetahle  number 
of  ancient  eecleaiaatical  buildings  csn  fail  to  havo  been  struck  by  the  care  which  the 
monlu  look  in  selecting  liles  where  feelings  of  religioua  devotion  might  be  intenullod 
by  the  contemplation  of  all  that  is  beautiful  in  nature.  Sometimes  the  church  Btauds 
beaide  a  brawling  stream,  smidat  the  sylvan  scenery  of  some  seclud<!il  gleni  or  it  ia 
found  by  the  banks  of  the  broad  liver  Sawing  through  the  rich  meadows  of  the  plain ; 
or,  ss  ot  Aghadoe,  the  charm  lies  in  tbe  eitent  of  the  landacapo  to  be  seen  from  an 
elevation,  with  its  ever-changing  effects  of  light  and  shade  and  variations  of  colour. 
The  eecleBiastical  romains  at  Aghadoe  consist  ot  the  ruins  of  the  Cathedral  and  the 
■tump  of  a  round  lower,  besidoa  which  oro  the  mouldering  walls  of  an  old  castle  on  the 
grussy  hill -aide  sloping  down  towards  the  Lato. 

A  chanh  was  founded  here  at  a  very  early  period  by  St.  FInnn,  the  Leper,  who 
also  founded  tbe  Monastery  ot  Innisfallun,  and  whose  festival  is  held  on  March  IBth. 


Aghadoe  afterwards  become  the  site  ot  a  biihoprio  which  was  in  later  ti 


>e  Cathedi 


tm  Ardfcrl,  The  earliest  historical  notice  of  the  place  is  in  the  "Annals  of 
InnisfoUen,"  under  the  yeoi  a.d.  SOi,  and  there  is  a  subsequent  entry,  under  a.u. 
1D41,  where  a  atone  church  is  specifically  mentioned.  Careful  destriptions  of  the 
•rchiteotural  features  of  the  Cathedral  and  other  buildings  will  be  found  amoogat  Mr. 
J.  H.  Fuker's  articles  in  tbe  Gcytlhman't  liagatine  (ISfli,  pt.  i.,  page  411)  already 
refsrred  to,  and  in  Lord  Dunntven'a  "  Notes  on  Irish  Arohiteeturo"  (vol.  ii.,  pp.  35  and 
116).  Lord  Dunraven  considen  Aghadoe  to  be  the  least  interesting  of  the  cathediat 
churches  he  met  with  in  Ireland.  The  plan  consists  ot  two  chambers  of  equal  width 
•eparited  from  each  other  by  a  cross  wail,  not  bonded  in  with  side-waUs  and  not 
having  a  chancel-orch,  and  which  Mr.  Parker  suggests  wa<  "  probably  erected 
when  at  some  time  a  residence  tor  tbe  priest  was  needed."  The  western  chamber, 
which  *B  may  call  the  nave  for  the  sake  of  convenience,  is  3fl  ft.  2  in.  long  by 
23  fti  6  in.  wide  inside,  and  the  eastern  cbaoiber  or  chancel  is  44  ft.  S  in.  long  by 
23  ft.  7  in.  wide  inside,  the  walls  being  3  ft.  thick.  The  oldest  part  of  the  church  ia 
at  the  north-west  comer,  aa  shown  by  the  large  blocks  ot  stone  forming  the  masonry 
o(  the  gable  wall,  which  is  quite  different  from  that  of  the  rest  of  the  building.  There 
ia  ft  lingle  round-headed  window  in  the  north  wall  of  the  nave,  three  or  four  inches 


164 


KOTAL  SOCIETT  OF  ANTIQl 


wide  on  the  oiitaidB,  with  inolined  jaiDhs,  and  deeply  splflyed  ou  Ihe  inside  ;  and  there 
ie  a  giniikr  window  in  the  south  wall  oppoaito.  This  part  of  tbo  building  muBt  there- 
fore be  of  the  early  Hibemo- Roman eaque  period,  and  is  perhaps  nil  that  now  remaina 
of  the  alone  church  A..U.  1044  retarrtd  lo  in  the  "  Annals  of  Innistallfln.''  The  ohurch 
was  subsequently  lengthened  in  the  thirteenth  tentury,  as  the  double  lancela  in  the 
HSBt  gable  are  of  that  date.  These  lancets  are  0  ft.  6  in.  high  and  G  in.  wide,  splayed 
on  the  inside.  There  is  a  curious  bit  of  detail  on  each  side  of  the  spkys  between  the 
windows,  at  tbe  top,  consisting  of  a  buman  head  and  an  omameDt'  caned  in  relief. 
These  double  east  windows  are  very  cbaracteristic  of  Iriih  architecture.  In  England 
tbe  laacela  are  either  single  or  in  groups  of  three.  The  openings  in  the  cross  wall 
between  the  nave  and  chaiice]  conaist  of  a  doorway  an  tbe  north  ride,  and  a  rouiid- 
beaded  wiudow  spbyed  ou  the  side  facing  west,  on  the  south  side. 


id  Doorway,  Aghadoe  CAlbsdril. 


The  chief  interest  of  Aghadoe  Cathedral  is  eoneentiated  in  the  highly-enriched 
round-headed  UibenD-Komanosque  portal  at  tbe  west-end  of  the  nave,  which  has 
iinf orlunatel; ,  bowerer,  been  partially  pulled  down  and  rebuilt,  many  of  the  arch- 
utones  having  been  misplaced.  The  aperture  of  the  doorway  is  S  ft.  3  in.  high  bjr 
2  ft.  7  in.  wide  at  the  springing  of  the  arch,  and  2  ft.  9  io.  wide  at  the  bottom. 

In  its  present  stale  tbe  doorway  has  three  orders  of  orcb- mouldings,  one  recessed 
behind  the  other,  and  a  hood-monlding  round  the  outside.  Tbe  inner  moulding  i« 
plain  ;  tbe  second  is  ornamented  with  moulded  tbevrona  ;  and  the  third  has  a  pelleted 
liand  on  the  face,  each  pellet  being  separated  from  the  next  one  by  a  cross-bar  having 
imallei  pellets.  The  hood-moulding  is  decorated  with  projecting  knobs  or  balls. 
Six  of  tbe  arch-stones  exhibit  two  separate  kinds  of  obevron  mouldings  quite  different 
from  those  forming  the  rest  of  the  arch.  A  drawing,  in  the  Library  of  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy,  made  by  Dr.  Pelrie  shout  1810,  shows  these  eilra  arch-stones  forming 
>  ring  within  tbe  hood- moulding,  as  if  there  had  originally  been  more  than  three  orden 
of  arch-mouldings.    Either  this  must  have  been  the  case,  or  tbe  stones  must  have  been 

1  riag  looped  at  the  conieis,  and  is  quite  incorrectly 


-  MOTES  OK  THE  ANTIQUITIES  IN  00.  KERBT. 

taken  from  Home  other  part  of  the  building.  In  tbe  enter  uigles  of  the  junbi  it  a 
noolc-shift  on  each  side  ommnentod  with  obevrona  and  towb  of  pellets.  The  middle 
order  of  the  jamb  hu  a  most  beautiful  sti^p -pat tern  cBrved  upon  it,  roflembling  the 
ilesignt  found  on  the  enamelled  boesea  of  the  earlj'  Celtic  metal-vork. 


I 


yr,  Aihadoe  CsUiedial. 

There  is  a  atone  bearing  an  Ognm  inscription  built  into  the  soutb  wall  of  the 
dumcel  of  Aghadoe  Cathedral.  It  waa  found  bj  Mr.  Pelharo  in  the  nortb-weat  comer 
*)f  the  building,  snd  ii  described  in  tbo  "  VnUflneey  Collectiona"  (lol.  v.,  p.  193) ;  in 
Vindele's  "Cork  and  EiUamey"  (p.  337);  by  Lady  Chatterton,  in  " Rambles  in  the 
South  of  Ireland"  (vol.  i.,  p.  231] ;  and  by  Bolt  Brash,  in  "Ogam  Monuments" 
(p.  226).  Mr.  Brash  says  that  the  atone  "  ia  at  preacnt  Id  be  seen  in  the  garden  of 
Lord  Headley'a  rpaidencB  near  KiUnmey."  It  is  a  mdely-abaped  pillar  5  ft.  6  io. 
long,  by  10  in.  wide  in  tho  middle  and  8  in.  at  the  ends,  by  6  in.  thick,  inacribod  on 
«oe  angle  thus :  — 

2  ft.  10  in. 

;  I  I  I  I  Mil!:;.  . 


Id  the  ohuichyord  are  some  Ut«  tombttonu  with  Seriptura  subjects  carred  upon 

them  in  nn  ojitrcmely  barbarous  style.  The  most  eurious  one  represents  the  Cructflxion, 
with  an  angel  presenting  a  chalice  to  tho  Bloaaod  Virgin  to  receive  the  blood  and  Mmter 
iloH-ing  from  the  wound. 

The  atump  of  the  Round  Tower  is  situated  at  the  north-west  comer  of  the  chureh- 
jrard,  dose  to  the  road,  and  is  about  thirty  yards  &om  tha  weat  end  of  the  Oathedral. 
It  is  7  feet  in  diameter  inside,  the  walla  being  1  feet  thick,  built  of  1aige  stonei  laid  in 


ihoy  ere  callsd  "eirde"  {i.e.  earth)  houaaB  or  "weenu"  (cavea).  Tharathci 
ol  Ireland  have  supplied  the  liLrgesl  coUectioiiB  of  ognm  monuinenU,  Ihu  moat  noublo 
instancGB  being  us  follows  : — BBllynocIi,  Co.  Cork,  16 ;  Dmmlogau,  Co.  Watsiford,  9  ; 
Dunloe,  Co.  Keny,  7  ;  BaUyhaok,  6 ;  Eoclifiald,  6  ;  Monataggart,  4  ;  Wliitefield,  4  ; 
Agbacarrihle,  3  ;  Aghalislcy,  3  ;  Roovesmore,  3.  bir  B.  Fcrgunon'  rightly  conjectures 
thst  the  fact  of  the  rath-caves  yielding  such  large  groups  of  inscribed  slones  may  be 
Mcounled  for  bj  supposing  that  the  roofing -stones  of  the  eaves  were  taken  from  n 
neighbouring  "Idlleen,"  or  ancient  burial- ground.  The  builders  of  the  rath-cavea 
wouSd  be  Bomly  tempted  by  the  sight  of  so  maDy  long  slones  exautly  suited  to  their 
requiiemenls  to  let  their  taziaess  get  the  better  of  (heir  feelings  of  rercreDcc  for  the 
memorials  of  the  dead,  and  not  wule  time  in  going  further  afield  (or  their  building 
materials,  but  take  irhst  Providence  bad  plaucd  ready  nt  baud. 

I  See  E.  Brash's  "Ogam  Monuments,"  p.  103. 

'  Borlase's  '■  Nenia  Comubiio,"  Blight's  "  Week  at  the  Load's  End." 
'  Dr.  J.  Anderson's    ''  Scotland  in  Pagan  Times,"  and  numerous  papers  in  the 
"  Proc.  8oc.  Ant.  Scot."  by  Sir  Arthur  Mitchell  and  others. 
'  "Ogam  Inscriptions,"  p.  27. 

N  2 


1 68        ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQOABlEa  OP  lEELAND. 


A  parBllel  might  be  drawn  hetween  Ilia  protective  colours  ol  uninrnls  wMuh  are 
evolved  hy  tlie  1s.wb  of  the  survival  of  the  fittest  and  the  vaiious  I'aiisea  which  have 
preveol^d  ancient  monuoienU  from  being  deatroycd.  on  aceoitnt  ot  their  Bpecinl  adapt- 
ability to  oevr  uaea  viodrenDit  of  by  the  oiigiaul  erectors.  An  amiudng  case  in  point  it 
ibat  of  an  ngam-inscrihed  Btone  found  in  the  townltind  of  Deelisb,  Co.  Cork,  and  now 
in  the  British  Mubsuid,  which  vas  kept,  not  an  account  of  any  value  attached  to  it 
as  a  relic  of  antiquity,  but  because  it  resembled  a  coffin  in  shape  !' 

The  entrance  to  the  Duuloe  Ogam  Cave  is  close  to  the  bedgo  of  the  field  in  which 
it  is  situated,  and  some  modem  steps  have  been  made  there  for  the  convenience  of 
visitors.  On  (he  oocasion  of  the  viait  of  the  Irish  and  Welsh  orchirologiBtfl,  the 
inscriptioni  on  the  upper  aurfacea  of  the  roofing  slabs  were  exposed  to  view  by  the 
removal  of  the  sandy  soil  to  a  depth  of  three  or  four  feet.  The  cave  consists  of  an 
underground  passage,  the  first  portion  of  whici  neil  tbo  entrance  gooi  in  a  southerly 
direction,  and  the  second  bends  towards  the  east.  The  aide-wall  on  tfae  west,  or  left 
hand  looking  inwards,  is  curved  throughout  its  whole  Icngtli,  wbereaa  the  opposite 
wall  is  in  two  straight  settionn,  making  an  obtuse  angle  at  iho  junction.  The  section 
neatest  the  entrance  ia  10  ft.  long,  and  the  one  further  in  S  ft.  6  in.  long.  The  width 
of  tbe  passage  at  the  entmnco  ia  7  ft  at  tbu  bottom,  and  6  ft,  3  in.  at  the  top.  At 
the  angle  where  tlie  passage  bends  to  the  east  it  is  4ft.  0  in.  wide  at  the  bottom ;  and 
at  the  end  it  is  only  3  ft.  3  in.  wide.  The  height  ranges  from  1  ft,  6  in.  to  4  ft. 
The  dde-walls  are  built  of  rubble  maaamy  put  together  without  cement ;  and  the 
top  is  roofed  over  with  lung  slabs  placed  aeross  from  wall  to  wall,  >o  an  to  form  a 
Beriea  of  lintels.  Near  lie  far  end  other  slaha  are  placed  longitudinally  above 
the  lint«ls.  There  are  9  lintel-stonei,  tlie  longest  of  which  measures  0  ft., 
averaging  10  to  12  in.  by  8  in.  thick.  Beginnbg  from  the  entrance  and  going 
inwards,  the  first  two  and  the  fourth,  fifth,  and  liith  roofing-stones  are  inscribed; 
tlie  third,  aeventb,  eighth,  and  ninth  being  plain.  Tbo  second  lintel  has  a  fracture 
in  the  middle,  which  necessitated  in  ancient  times  ita  suppoit  by  a  vertical  prop  or 
pillar.  This  support  is  4  ft.  S  in.  high,  hy  1  ft.  wide,  by  4  in.  thick  ;  and  is 
also  inscribed,  making  seven  inscribed  stones  in  all. 

The  Following  is  a  description  of  tbe  inscribed  atones,  with  Prof.  Bfaya'  reading* : — 


(No.  1.)  The  first  lintel,  i 
8}  in.  thick;  inscribed  on  ihi 
to  left,  thus : 


ixt  tbe  sntrancB,  9  ft.  long,  by  1  ft,  7  in.  wide,  by 
upper  angto  facing  outwards,  and  reading  from  right 


I 


_LLL 


NOTES  ON  THE  ANTIQIHTIES  IN  CO.  EEEST. 


169 


wide,  by  6  in.  thick,  inscribed  on  the  upper  angle  facing  inwards,  and  reading  from 
left  to  right,  thus  :^ 


4_LL1 


Mill 


I    i    I    I    { 


J L 


M  A     a 


I    i    I 


8 


u 


I  I  {  i  { 


.Mill 


Mill 


M  A 


M   A 


■h-h-r 


Mill 


Mil 


u       u 


8 


and  on  the  upper  angle  facing  outwards,  and  reading  from  left  to  right — 

I    !    {    '    I    I    I    I    !     1    1    1    !    1 


M         V 


III,. 


I    I    I    I    8 


I    I    I    I    .    I    I    I    I 


Mil! 


I — r 


(No.  3.)  The  fourth  lintel  from  the  entrance;  inscribed  on  the  lower  angle  facing 
outwards,  and  reading  from  left  to  right,  thus : 


I    ■'    1    {-f 


III      III 


M  A 


"'Tl 

A     L 


Mill. 


M  A 


I I 


I     r 


H— F 


n 


B 


J I I I L 

•       i       i       I       I 


I       I       ' 


J ! 1 I 

I       I       I       I 


M    A      Q 


I  I  I  I  .  I  i  !  I 


^  With  regard  to  Ddumileas  and  Riteas,  Prof.  Rhys  writes  to  the  writer  as  follows : 
'  These  seem  to  be  genitiyes  feminine,  and  the  eas  appears  to  be  a  form  of  the  ias  of 
such  genitives  as  Dovvinias :  in  fact,  one  such,  at  least,  occurs  in  both  forms,  namely 
Goflocteas  and  Goesucttias.  Dovyinias  is  represented  in  the  Book  of  the  Dun  Cow, 
fol.  64*,  by  the  accusative  Duibind,  genitiye  Duibni ;  so  the  declension  is  that  of  the 
i  stems  given  by  Stokes  at  p.  18  of  his  **  Celtic  Declension." 


170         ROYAL  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIES  OP  IRELAND. 

(No.  4.)  The  fifth  lintel  from  the  entrance ;  insorihed  on  the  upper  angle,  facing 
outwards — 


f 


TT 


•         •    •    t 


(No.  5.)  The  sixth  lintel  from  the  entrance ;  inscribed  on  the  lower  angle  facing 
inwards, 


JjLU 


m-w 


m 


N  I  O     T  T       V 

and  on  the  upper  angle  facing  inwards, 


II 


Uii 


I  III 


IL 


MA    a 


(No  6.)  A  longitudinal  stone  above  the  fifth  and  sixth  lintels, 


iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'^'i..i 


MA    a 


D       B 


B       D 


(No.  7.)  The  vertical  pillar  supporting  the  second  lintel,  5  ft  1  in.  long,  by  1  ft. 
wide,  by  4  or  6  in.  thick;  inscribed  on  the  left-hand  angle  facing  outwards,  and 
reading  irom  top  downwards,  thus : 


I  I 


'    )    I 

T — I — r 


J I • 


N 


4— h-f 


E 


N 


(     171     ) 


EXTRACTS  FROM  THE  BOOKS  OF  THE  OLD  CORPORATION 

OF  ROSS,  CO.  WEXFORD. 

By  colonel  PHILIP  D.  VIGORS,  Fellow. 

Thb  Records  of  the  Old  Corporation  of  Ross  are  contained  in  three 
volumes.  They  were  repaired  and  re-bonnd  about  twenty  years  since 
hy  Mr.  Caldwell  of  Dublin.  The  first  volume  was  in  a  most  dilapidated 
«tate — half  its  title-page  was  gone,  and  several  •  errors  occurred  in  the 
paging.     Pages  10  and  40  were  wanting. 

Volume   I.  commences  drd  August,   1658,  and  ends   23rd  March, 

1687. 
Volume  II.   commences   5th  March,    1687,   and  ends  29th  June, 
1732.  ... 

(In  this  Volume   28th  February,    1710,   is  put  at  page  225, 
between  21st  and  28th  July,  1710.) 
Yolume  III.  commences  29th  June,  1732,  and  ends  29th  September, 
1841. 


EXTRACTS. 


1658.     SEPTEMBER  24. 


T^  M'  Nathaniell  Quarme  should  be  admitted  to  erect  and  inclose  a  porch  at  the 
•dore  of  Cap^^  Sampson  Towgood's  howse  on  the  Eeij  of  Boss,  he  paying  one  Pint  of 
Sack  to  the  SoYer°  and  Burg*  of  this  Corporation  eyerij  Michaelmas  day  as  they  walk 
the  he ^nett  about  the  Key. 


1659.    MABCH  26. 

Enacted  y^  those  gentlemen  y^  shall  disburse  the  £10  in  money  for  procuring  the 
-delivery  of  the  wrightings  belonging  to  the  Corporation  y*  now  remain  in  the  custody 
and  possession  of  Lew^^  Coll  John  ruckle  shall  be  repaid  out  of  the  first  money  that 
4hall  be  payable  to  the  s^  Corporation  out  of  any  [of]  the  profits  or  revenues  belonging 
to  the  s<*  Corporation.  And  if  £5  be  accepted  for  present  payment,  and  bond  to  be 
given  for  the  other  £5  .  .  .  . 

The  sums  of  money  are  freely  lent  by  the  said  persons  to  supply  the  Co*  present 
want  of  money,  and  to  he  employed  as  in  the  above  Act  is  mentioned. 


M'  Tho*  Pitt,  . . 
M'  William  Whiting, 
M'  Wal*  Davis, 
M'  Richard  Whiting, 
M'  Edward  Davis, 
M'  Roger  Drake, 
M'  Eusebius  Cotton, 
M'  Francis  Allen, 
M'  Richard  Whitson, 


£  «.  d, 
02  :  00  :  00 
01  :  00  :  00 
01  :  00  :  00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 


01 
00 
01 
01 
02 
00 


00 
10 
00 
00 
00 
10 


InaU, 


10  :  00  :  00 


172         BOTAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 

And  at  the  same  Asaemhly  M'  B<^r  Drake  was  desired  to  wright  to  M'  John  Davis, 
one  of  the  clerks  of  His  Highness"  Counsell,  for  a  copie  of  the  late  Petion  and  remon- 
strance which  have  of  late  heen  preferred  to  the  Lord  lieu^^  and  Counsell  against  this 
Corporation,  and  is  to  he  paid  what  charge  he  shall  be  at  in  obtaining  the  same. 

•  •••••• 

1669.    APRIL  8. 

That  a  Bill  of  Complaint  [be]  ezibited  in  the  Court  of  Chancery  against  Leu^  Coll» 
John  Puckle. 

•  •••••• 

1660.     JUNE  6. 

A  receipt  from  Tho*  Pitt  Sot^  for  a  trunk  of  papers  and  wrightings  from  Leu^^ 
Coll.  John  Puckle  by  Coll.  Tho*  Scott,  but  not  including  the  great  Charter  of  King 
James  &  other  wrightings  lately  in  Coll.  Puckle's  custody. 

•  ••.••• 

1660.     SEPTEMBER  (F). 

"  Enacted  by  the  Soy<^  and  Burgesses  *'  y^  the  inhabitants  of  this  Towne  deane 
every  person  before  his  respectiye  holdinges  &  the  siiffer  no  hogp^es  or  swine  to  rainge- 
about  the  Towne  upon  paine  every  person  so  off  ....  do  forfeit  12d.  ster.  tothe  Con- 
stable to  see  this  law  put  into  execution. 

•  •••••  • 

1661.    APRIL  19. 

It  was  ordered  and  agreed  that  noe  return  of  the  Sheriff's  summans  for  jurors  out 
of  this  Towne  to  appeare  at  the  next  Quarter  Sessions  for  this  county  be  made  by  the- 
Baylifb  of  this  Towne,  but  that  they  will  unanimously  stand  to  and  mayntayn  the- 
privileges  of  their  Charter,  and  will  save  the  Bailiffs  harmlesse  in  every  thing  which 
may  or  shall  happen  for  want  of  any  such  return. 

•  •••••• 

7  MARCH.    14  CHARLES  II. 

St  was  ordered  that  in  order  to  maintain  the  liberties,  etc.,  &  to  prevent  future- 
les  and  'scourges*  exacted  from  the  inhabitants  by  appearance  at  Assizes  & 
Sessions  out  of  the  liberties  of  the  Town,  £5  should  be  forthwith  levied  to  be  applied 
by  the  following  persons  or  the  major  part  of  them,  viz.] 

Lieut.  Walter  Davys,  Thorn.  Mason,  W"  Willman. 

Edward  Hartley )  r,-  -j-jr 

William  Taylor  )  -^^'^••^*- 

Lieut.  John  Bishop,  Sargt.  John  Bishop. 

John  Jenneys,  Henry  Rock. 

John  Eustace. 

John  Toby,  Seffr, 
Tho*  Ashley. 
Richard  Harris. 
Nathaniel  Quame. 
Marcus  Browne. 
Phillip  Kennedy. 

•  •••••• 

1662.    JUNE  30. 

[Eusebius  Cottan,  Armiger,  elected  Sovereign.  His  arms  emblazoned  as  sable,  a 
chevron  argent,  between  3  wdlves  heads  erased  of  the  last,  langued  gules — a  martlet 
for  difference^] 

•  •••••• 

1662.     OCT.  8. 

[A  chest  for  containing  and  better  securing  of  the  Charters,  books,  and  writings  of 
the  Corporation — ordered.] 


EXTRACTS  FROM  BOOKS  OF  OLD  CORPORATION  OF  ROSS.   173 

1663.  JUNE  30. 

Upon  solemn  debate  whether  the  Irish  Papists  of  the  said  Corporation  should  be  ad- 
mitted to  the  franchises  and  freedom  of  the  same.  It  was  then  ordered — that  it  should 
be  referred  to  John  Poyey,  Esq.,  Recorder  of  the  said  Toune  to  give  his  opinion 
thereon.  «... 

Ordered  and  agreed  upon  that  if  any  inhabitant  of  the  Towne  or  libtys  of  Ross 
shall  from  henceforth  sett  or  lett  any  house-  or  chamber  to  any  flarriner  or  alien  w^out 
the  consent  of  the  Sufiraine  for  the  time  being  and  his  Oounsell,  shall  forfeit  for 
every  such  fault  the  sume  of  thirteen  shillings  and  fower  pence  stir.  It  was  like- 
wise ordered  and  agreed  upon  that  if  any  alien  or  stranger  should  graze  his  catle  on  y« 
Comons  of  said  Towne  shall  pay  for  every  Colpe  cow,  or  the  price  of  a  Colpe  or  cow, 
or  sheepe,  so  grazing  as  aforesaid,  the  sum  of  sixpence  p.  Quart'.  Item,  that  noe 
Baker  or  Bakers  shall  heate  or  cause  to  be  hett  any  oven  or  ovens  w^in  the  said  Towne 
or  libtyes  in  any  tyme  or  bower  of  the  day  or  night  hereafter,  but  as  herein  is  set  forth 
(that  is  to  say)  m>m  the  29^  of  September  until  the  2b^^  of  March,  beginning  every 
morning  at  the  bower  of  seaven  of  the  clock ;  and  soe  continueing  until  the  bower  m 
nine  of  the  Clock  at  night  and  noe  longer. 

Item,  any  person  or  persons  who  shall  not  henceforth  have  the  streete  swept  and 
made  cleane  before  their  dore  or  dores  on  every  Lord's  day  shall,  for  every  such  nucens 
or  offence  forfeit  fower  pence  ster.  ^*  Item,  that  if  any  pson  or  psons  shall  on  y« 
Sabath  day  duringe  divine  service  be  found  tipleinge  or  gaming,  such  p*^  or  p*<>^  so 
offendinge  shall  for  every  such  offence  pay  five  shillings  ster." 

Eusebius  Cotton,  Suffraine. 

Edward  Davis.  "William  Whitning. 

Thomas  Pitt.  Richard  Whitson. 

"Walter  Davis. 
Richard  "Whitninge.  John  Bishop. 


1663.     SEP.  29. 

[Richard  "Whitson,  Esq.,  sworn  in  Sovereign. 

His  arms  are  emblazoned  thus  : — 

Sable,  a  melon  branch  erased,  with  two  leaves,  all  ppr.  fruited  or,  striped  gules.] 


1663.    JAN.  16. 

[1900  acres  of  the  Commons  on  which  £12  to  be  applotted  by  the  following  jury : — 

Henry  Hau^hton,  Gent. 
"Walter  Davis,  Gent. 
Thomas  Nevell,  jun"",  Mercht. 
"William  "Wellman,  Maulster. 
Bamaby  "Webb,  Mercht. 
Marcus  Browne,  Mercht. 
Richard  Harrys,  Mercht. 
Edmund  Sutton,  Teoman. 
"William  Sallmon, Jun'',  Smith. 
Edward  Shenem,  Glover. 
Edward  Hartley,  Chandler. 
Philip  Fanell,  Taylor. 

This  money  was  '<  to  be  levied  towards  the  clearing  and  putting  out  of  charge  (for 
arrears  of  quit  rent  21  Nov  1664)  the  Commons  of  the  Town,  out  of  his  Majesty's 
Court  of  Exchequer,  being  one  thousand  nine  hundred  acres  and  odd  perches."] 

.  •  •  .  •  .  • 

MARCH  11. 
[Coimsellor  John  Osborne,  swome  Recorder.] 


174        ROTAL  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIES  OP  IRELAND. 

1663.     OCT.  19. 

[Richard  Whitson,  Esq.,  Soyereign.  Agreement  to  warrant  and  defend  him  against 
all  persons  whatsoever  **  in  his  present  capacity  for  ever  "  for  all  **  that  he  shall  act, 
doe,  or  cause  to  he  acted  or  done/'  on  hehalf  oi  said  Corporation. 

Ordered  that  £20  should  he  levied  on  the  Towne  for  fire  and  candlelight  for  the 
guard  and  for  repairing  and  '*  making  upp  "  the  comon  Goale  of  the  Towne. J 

•  «••••• 

12  MARCH,  1663 ;  and  again  23  JULT,  1664. 

rVertue  Lastley's  Petition  to  the  Judges  of  Assizes. 

That  Pet',  ahout  a  fortnight  before  Michaelmas  last  year,  did  receive  into  hia 
custody  4  smfdl  children  of  M'  Ezekill  Harsnet,  late  Minister  of  Ross,  one  of  which 
was  within  five  weeks  after  disposed  of  to  the  lA  Bishop  of  Laghlin  and  Feames,  and 
that  the  other  three  remain  upon  the  premises  of  the  Sovereign  and  Burgesses,  and  that 
Pet'  was  to  he  paid  half  a  crown  a  week  apiece  while  he  should  keep  them ;  that  he  is 
a  very  poor  man,  and  is  unable  to  keep  these  poor  orphants,  as  he  has  not  been  jMiid.] 

**  Let  the  Church  Wardens  &  Overseers  of  the  poor  take  care  that  these  ch"  be  pro- 
vided for,  and  the  person  that  keeps  them  satisfied." 

JOHK  POVBT. 

•  •••••• 

1664.    NOV.  4. 

[Ordered]  "That  noe  p*<»  or  p»*»  whatsoever  shall  from  henceforth  erect  or  build 
any  Uiatchea  cabin  or  cabins  witMn  the  bodie  of  this  Corporation.  And  likewise  that 
all  such  thatched  cabin  or  cabins  as  are  now  standing  within  the  boddie  of  the  said  Town 
be  before  the  first  day  of  May  next  ensueing  taken  down  and  carried  away." 

NOV.  26. 

'*  That  M'  BaylifPe  Reniver  doe  provide  such  sufficient  locks  and  keys  as  shall  be 
necessary  for  the  sevorall  chests  and  trunks  appointed  for  the  keeping  and  securing  of 
all  Charters,  Books,  Parchan^,  &  all  other  Wrighteings  belonging  to  the  s^  Corporation : 
and  that  what  monies  be  disburses  for  the  same  be  allowed  him  upon  Account." 

I  •  •  •  •  • 

1664.    DECEMBER  23. 

[Ordered  that  the  Town  Clerk  shall  not  practise  as  an  attorney  in  the  Corporation 
Court.] 

•  •  .  •  .  a  . 

1664.     FEB.  14. 

[  Letter  to  the  Corporation  from  the  Earl  of  Ossory,  Lord  Lieut»S  recommending 
Roger  Brabant  as  Town  Clerk.] 

FEB.  22. 

[Reply  to  same  from  Walter  Davis,  Depy.  Sov°.] 
Roger  Brabant  was  admitted  and  sworn  29  Sep.  1665.] 


Letter  from  the  Lord  Lieutenant. 

1664. 

After  our  hearty  commendacons,  We  considering  it  fitt  that  provision  of  fire  and 
candlelight  should  be  made  for  all  ye  guards  in  all  ye  garrisons  in  this  Kingdome  do 
hereby  earnestly  recomend  it  unto  you  to  take  effectual  ord'  that  necessary  provision  of 
fire  and  candle  be  made  for  yo  Guards  both  foote  &  horse  in  that  Towne,  wherein  we 
doubt  not  of  y  ready  comply  ance  con&idering  that  for  y»  safety  of  y*  inhabitants  of  that 
place  &  of  y«  country  thereabouts  garisons  are  settled  there,  w<^^  being  well  and  con- 
stantly paid  will  be  of  advantage  to  them.  And  so  we  bid  you  heartily  farewell  ffrom 
his  Ma^'"  Castle  of  Dublin  the  16*^  of  January,  1664. 

y  very  loveing  friend, 

OSSORT. 


EXTRACTS  FROM  BOOKS  OP  OLD  CORPORATION  OP  ROSS.  175 


For  his  Matibs  Sbrticb. 

**  To  our  well  beloved  the  Sovereigne  of  y*  Towne  of  Rosse  in  y«  County  of  "Wexford, 
for  the  tyme  being. 

Ross." 
•  •••••• 

1666.    JULY  21. 

A  letter  unto  John  Osborne,  Esq"*,  Recorder,  concerning  putting  in  clayme  for  the 
right  belonging  to  the  Corporation  as  also  S^  Mary's  Church  &  the  Hospitedl. 

Hon**  S', 

Ross,  July  21ti»,  1666. 

"We  lately  received  a  letter  from  M'  Dormer  signifying  to  us  it  was  my  Lord  of 
Angleseyes  pleasure  we  should  clayme  what  of  right  belongs  to  this  Corporation  as 
alsoe  S^  Maries  Church  &  Hospitall,  which  letter  we  received  the  18^  of  this  Instant, 
we  being  streightened  as  to  t3ane  we  could  not  digest  our  business  into  such  a  method 
as  desired  for  w^^  we  desire  your  excuse  w^ut  any  further  apology,  Ic  at  present  have 
only  sent  tou  an  abstract  of  sev'all  rents  reserved  payable  to  the  Church  and  Corpora- 
tion, as  allsoe  the  certificate  lately  taken  out  signyfying  what  comons  we  have,  of  this 
we  iheJl  desire  you  to  advise  w^  M*"  Dormer,  and  if  you  and  he  can  frame  a  clayme 
w^ut  further  trouble,  wee  desire  you  will  doe  soe,  and  get  the  Court  to  receive  the 
same  ;  "Wee  desire  you  will  both  appoUogize  for  us  that  we  did  not  before  this  put  in 
our  clayme,  but  the  mayne  reason  was  we  were  soe  vexed  and  tormented  by  the  49  men 
for  enquiring  after  our  rights  the  last  year  by  sumons  before  the  Lord  Lieften^  and 
Counsell,  as  that  we  durst  not  preced  till  now  (encouraged  by  the  Lord  aforementioned) 
"Wee  desire  that  our  present  Minister,  Doctor  Thomas  Tonge,  may  have  a  house  accord- 
ing to  the  proyiso  in  the  last  Act,  and  that  you  and  M^^  Dormer  will  move  the  Court  in 
that  his  conceme ;  wee  doe  assure  you  he  is  much  streightened  as  to  a  convenient  habi- 
tation. S*"  we  recomend  all  those  our  concemes  to  you'  and  M'  Dormer's  care  ;  and  doe 
assure  you  wee  are  truly  sensible  of  this  as  well  as  former  troubles  put  on  you,  and 
shall  not  be  unmindef ul  to  gratify  you  for  y  care  and  paynes.  "Wee  shall  add  no 
more  psent  but  that  wee  are, 

Esteemed  S', 

T''  aiPectionate  frendes, 

Nathaniel  Quame,  Nath.  Steevens,  Nath.  Cooper,  W"  Wilman,  John  Winckworth, 
Richard  Whitson  (Sov*^),  John  Rawkins,  Eusebias  Cotton,  John  Eustace,  John  Cuffe. 


A  Letter  to  Michael  Dormer,  Esq.,  cx)NCBRyiNO  the  same. 
Hond  S' 

Wee  received  y«  dated  the  14**»  instant,  signifying  the  R*  Honb^«  Arthur  Erie  of 
Angleseyes  pleasure  for  us  to  say  what  wee  can  for  the  Revenues  belonging  to  S^ 
Maryes  Church  this  Borough  &  y*  Hospitall  thereunto  belonging.  "Wee  know  you  are 
able  to  say  as  much  as  all  us :  however,  wee  have  sent  up  at  psent  what  wee  can  to 
M'  Osborne  and  are  desirous  you  will  ioyne  w^^  him  in  this  our  conceme,  and  doe 
assure  you  wee  will  liberally  gratify  you  for  your  paynes  ;  pray  let  us  heare  fix)m  you 
by  the  next  post  of  this  matter  w^*»  what  progresse  you  have  made  therein.  We  shall 
add  nought  else,  but  y^  we  are. 

Respected  S', 

Y*  affectionate  ffrends  to  serve  you, 

Kathanill  Quarks. 
[Same  signatures  as  above.] 


176         ROYAL  SOCIETy  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OP  IRELAND. 


1666.    AUG.  2. 

It  being  tlien  put  to  the  Question  who  should  be  Solliciator  for  the  Corporaton  in 
their  business  in  the  Court  oi  daymes  concerning  their  rents,  etc.,  It  was  by  generall 
consent  ordered  that  M'  Nathaniell  Quame  should  be  appointed  for  that  employment, 
and  that  he  carry  w^^  him  the  leases  belonging  to  the  Church  and  the  leases  belonging 
to  the  Corporation  unexpired  &  expired,  together  with  the  Rent  Roll  and  Ring  Richard's 
Patent  for  the  Chiefe  Rents  belonging  to  this  Corporation. 

1666.  JAN.  12. 

[The  Assembly  <*  considered  it  convenient  **  to  proceed  in  getting  out  the  renewal  of 
the  Charter  &  nominated  Capt.  John  Winckworth  to  treat  with  some  fit  person  for  the 
management  of  the  business.] 

•  ••*••* 

1667.  SEP.  28. 

Upon  the  question  then  propounded  whether  the  Sovraigne  elect  were  to  be  'sworn 
on  Michaelmas  day  (though  falling  on  Sunday),  It  was  by  the  unanimous  and  mutual 
consent  &  assent  of  the  sayd  Assembly  Resolved  and  agreed  upon  that  the  Souraine 
elect  ought  to  be  sworn  on  Michaelmas  day  and  noe  other,  and  Ordered  that  the 
Souraine  elect  for  the  insueing  year  be  swome  accordingly. 

{2hhe  continued,) 


i*ltsttnanta. 


Further  Cases  of  Remarkable  Longevity. — The  Journal  o!  the 
Koyul  Society  of  Antiquaries  (Irelimd)  noted  last  year  the  deaths  of 
three  porsouB,  aged  respoctively  102,  107,  107.  The  remark  made  upon 
these  deaths  was  that  these  ages  appeared  both  unreal  and  unusual. 
Since  then  the  following  eases  of  longevity  have  occurred  :  most  of  them 
are  connected  with  the  county  of  Kerry,  which  shows  that  Kerry  must  bo 
an  exceptionally  healthy  district,  or  else  thut  great  ages  are  not  bo  un- 
common as  is  generally  supposed ; — The  first  is  John  Byrne,  of  Con- 
stable-hill,  Hacketstown,  who  died  3rd  January,  1891,  aged  105  years. 
He  was  hale  and  hearty,  and  enjoyed  his  pipe  to  the  last.  About  the 
same  date  died  Felis  O'NeU,  aged  106,  in  the  town  of  Limerick,  On  May 
the  13th  Mrs.  Kate  Griffin  dk'd  at  BoullicuUanc,  Farranfore,  aged  110. 
This  old  woman  smoked  and  snufiod  to  the  hoar  of  her  death,  and  only 
tbree  weeks  before  her  death  she  had  walked  three  miles  without  any 
help  excepting  her  stick,  Mrs,  Griffin  lived  formerly  at  Farmer's -bridge, 
near  Trolee,  but  lately  hod  kept  house  for  her  granddaughter.  In 
Tfovembor  a  still  more  aged  person,  a  woman  named  Murphy,  died  at 
Aghadoe,  near  Killamey,  aged  115.  Mrs.  Murphy  retained  all  her 
faculties  to  the  last.  In  the  same  month  an  American  paperstatee  that  on 
the  9th  of  that  month  John  Connor,  horn  in  the  county  Kerry,  Ireland, 
died  at  YorkvUle  aged  106.  The  same  paper  notes  the  death  of  Samuel 
Chipman  aged  102,  the  oldest  Freemason  in  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia.  Our 
seventh  case  is  that  of  Margaret  Irwin,  who  died  in  the  same  month  in  the 
Tralee  workhouse  hospital.  She  had  lived  all  her  life  in  Brogue-lane, 
and  was  said  to  be  past  100.  On  the  16th  December  Mrs.  Strotton  died 
in  Tralee  Almshouse.  The  parish  register  has  an  entry  of  her  birth  which 
shows  she  was  over  103  years.  In  the  same  week  Margaret  Moriorty 
died  at  Barrow— also  in  Kerry — aged  107  years.  On  the  3rd  of  January, 
1B92,  Mr.  Kavaaagh  died  at  Brandon  aged  102  years.  On  the  5th  of 
February  Sara  Winthorpe  Hackett  died  at  St.  James's  Eectory,  Bray, 
and  on  the  13th  Sir  Prove  Wallis  at  Funtington,  Chichester,  both  aged 
101.  On  the  aist  Junnory  Nicholas  Sandes  died  at  Rork-streot,  Traleo, 
aged  103.  "  Old  Sandes"  worked  at  his  trade  as  tinman  to  the  last. 
Lastly,  this  month  of  March  a  man  named  O'Keil  died  at  Ballyroe  a^ed 
108  years.  The  two  oldest  lives  are  those  of  women,  and  it  is  worthy  of 
note  that  all  excepting  two  were  persons  in  the  poorer  classes,  so  that 
they  must  have  worked  hard  and  suffered  many  hardships.  Moreover,  it 
is  pleasant  to  be  able  to  record  that,  although  long  past  the  age  when 


178  ROYAL   eoCIETY    OF   ANTIQUARIES   OF    IRELAND. 

tlicy  could  have  supported  themaelves,  only  two  out  of  theae  thuteen 
Bgcd  individuals  were  reduced  to  the  dreaded  fate  of  ending  their  lives  in 
tlie  workhouse. — A.  M.  So  wan. 


Fowke  Family. — A  certain  Fowke  (known  by  family  tradition  as  Dr. 
Fowko,  though  as  hia  medical  degree  has  not  been  traced,  he  may  have  been 
but  an  apothecary)  was  killed  in  county  Cork,  probably  in  or  near  the  city, 
and  in  a  civil  disturbance,  about  1689.  A  record  of  the  fact  is  said  to  exist 
in  print,  but  haa  hitherto  eluded  search.  The  deceased's  son,  Randall 
Fowke,  arrived  in  India  11th  July,  1711,  entered  the  East  India  Com- 
pany's service,  became  second  in  council  at  Fort  St.  George,  and  died  2nd 
October,  1745,  aged  72  years.  Randall  as  a  Cliristian  name  in  the 
Fowke  family  is  unique,  and  suggests  that  it  was  the  maiden  name  of 
his  mother.  If  the  conjecture  be  accurate  particulars  as  to  the  father  of 
Randall  and  his  progenitors  may  exist  in  pedigrees  of  the  Randall  family. 
Whilst  the  Foulke  family  of  Youghal,  Tallow,  &c.,  bore  for  crest  an 
Indian  goat's  head  erased  argent,  the  crest  of  Randall's  branch  of  the 
Fowko  family  was  a  dexter  arm  embowed,  habited  vert,  cnfEed  argent, 
holding  in  the  hand  proper  an  arrow,  point  downwards,  or,  barbed  and 
flighted  of  the  second.  This  Intter  was  likewise  the  crest  of  Robert 
Foulke  of  Mallow,  *Lose  daughter  Elizabeth  married  John  Conroy,  in 
pedigrees  of  which  family  also  mention  of  Randall's  father  may  possibly 
occur.  Any  information  sent  for  Journal  will  be  appreciated. — F.  R. 
Fowke. 

The  Epithet  "  Scorohvillein." — Referring  to  Professor  Stokes's  "Ire- 
land and  tbe  Anglo-Norman  Church  "  (2nd  ed.,  p.  264  and  note)  and  the 
author's  notice  of  the  story  related  by  Ware  and  other  historians  as  to 
the  origin  of  the  name  Scorch  villein,  which  was  applied  to  Archbishop 
Henry  de  Londres,  it  is  remarkable  that  the  same  term,  was  applied  to 
another  troublesome  Churchman,  who  flourished  about  tbe  middle  of  the 
12th  century,  quite  fifty  years  prior  to  Archbbbop  Henry's  episcopate. 
Maitland  in  his  "Dark  Ages"  says,  that  in  1 141  Henry,  Sishop  of 
"Winchester,  committed  the  caro  of  tho  monaster}-  of  Hyde  to  Hugo 
Sohorcbevelyne,  or  Schorchevyleyn,  a  monk  of  Chigni,  whom  he  made 
abbot,  and  who,  in  Stevens's  addition  to  Dugdale's  "  Monaaticon," 
is  stated  to  bave  been  one  Hugh  de  Lens.  The  editor  of  tho  Register 
of  Hyde  Abbey  (Rolls  Series),  in  his  introduction,  speaks  of  the  rule 
of  Hugh  de  Lens  (1142-1151)  as  having  excited  so  much  discontent, 
that  a  deputation  of  monks  went  to  Rome  to  make  complaint,  and  from 
other  sources  he  would  appear  to  have  dispersed  thirty  out  ol  forty 
of  the  monks,  laid  hands  on  church  treasures,  stripped  ten  copies  of  the 
Gospels  of  their  costly  covering,  and  to  have  been  much  acciised  and 
appealed  against.     That  so  many  years  before  the  time  of  Henry  de 


179 


I 


Londres  another  restlesa  churchman  should  have  been  known  as  Scoroh- 
rillein  wouhl  aeem  to  imply  thnt  possibly  tho  epithet  was  applied  in 
those  days  to  men  of  this  violent  character,  and  I  would  suggest  its 
derivation  from  Eseorehevel — flay  or  skin  the  call — which  in  Godcfroy'a 
dictionary  is  explained  as  "sorte  de  vent  violent."  In  Champagne  it 
was  commonly  called  "vent  d'eBcorcheville,"  and  Godefroy  quotes  tha 
phrase  "or  vient  le  vent  do  bise  or  vient  le  vent  d'Escorohevel." — 
H.  F.  BBRnr. 

Mr.  Elliott  Stock  announces  tor  early  publication  a  volume  on  "  The 
Folk  Speech  of  Devonshire  "  by  Mra.  Sarah  Hewett.  It  will  give  in  a 
classified  form  the  words,  rhymes.  Hayings,  and  proverbs  prevalent 
thioDghout  the  county,  and  also  some  local  stories  of  the  district  taken 
down  from  oral  narration. 


Throwing  the  Dart,  an  Ancient  Custom  of  Cork  Harbour. — As  tli§ 

ancient  triennial  civic  ceremony  known  as  "  Throwing  tho  Dart,"  which 
was  duly  performed  off  the  moutli  of  Cork  Hai'bour  by  the  Mayor  of  Cork 
on  the  38th  of  August,  1 890,  has  not,  I  believe,  been  before  referred  to  in 
the  pages  of  this  Journal,  the  following  gleanings  will  furnish  some  infor- 
mation and  may  help  to  elicit  more  respecting  this  time-honoured  custom, 
which  is  said  to  date  from  the  days  of  tho  Danes.  The  ceremony,  accord- 
ing to  a  local  newspaper,  was  carried  out  as  follows  on  the  above  date : — 
''Accompanied  by  a  party  of  guests  representing  all  classes  and  creeds,  the 
Uayor  of  Cork  proceeded  in  the  Harbour  Commissioners'  steamer  to  the 
mouth  of  tho  harbour.  On  the  limits  of  his  jurisdiction  being  reached, 
viz.  a  lino  between  Poor'  Head  and  Cork  Head,  the  Mayor  robed,  and  a 
pioceasion,  including  merabera  of  the  Corporation,  consuls  of  foreign 
nations,  and  members  of  Parliament,  was  formed  on  board  the  steamboat. 
The  Mayor  then  led  the  way  bearing  in  his  hand  the  ilnrt.  This  was  a 
shaft  made  of  mahogany  about  two  yards  long,  adorned  with  bronzed 
feathers,  and  finished  with  a  bronzed  barbed  head,  which  was  weighted 
with  ehot.  On  its  neck  were  etched  the  words  :  '  Daniel  Horgan,  Alder- 
man, Mayor  of  Cork,  1890,'  and  on  the  tip  of  the  feathers  were  sham- 
rocks engraved  with  the  Cork  arms.  When  close  to  the  steamer's  bow 
the  Mayor  made  a  short  speech  suited  to  the  oeeasion,  and  then  mounting 
the  vessel's  prow,  amidst  the  loud  cheers  of  all  present,  he  cost  the  dart 
into  the  sea."  Such  has  been  the  curious  and  oft-repeatod  method  by 
which  the  Mayors,  in  accordance  with  a  clause  in  their  city  charter,  show 
their  jurisdiction  over  the  port  and  harbour  once  every  three  years 
between  the  two  headlands  named.  But  although  generally  believed  to 
be  of  Danish  origin,  the  earliest  record  of  tho  obaervaace  of  this  custom  of 
•I  Peers,  after  wham  the 


180  ROYAL   SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES   OF   IRELAND. 

throwing  the  dart,  to  be  found  amongst  the  archives  of  the  Cork  Corpora- 
tion, is  Btatcd  to  be  the  following,  viz. :— "  May,  30,  1759.  Ordered  that 
Mr.  Mayor  do  provide  on  entertainment  at  Blackroek  Castle  on  the  first 
of  August  next,  and  that  the  expenses  thereof  be  paid  out  of  the  revenues 
of  this  Corporation ;  aud  it  is  ordered  that  the  Mayor  and  the  other  proper 
officers  of  the  Corporation  do  go  in  their  boats  to  the  harbour's  mouth  and 
other  parts  of  the  channel  oud  river,  to  assert  their  ancient  right  to  the 
government  thereof ;  and  that  the  Mayor  and  other  officers  do  land  at 
convenient  places  iu  the  said  hurhour,  and  proceed  to  high-water  mark  in 
evidence  of  the  right  of  jurisdiction  granted  by  charter  to  the  Corporation 
in  all  creeks  and  strands  within  the  harbour  as  far  as  high-water  mark." 
Other  old  Corporation  orders  still  extant  testify  that  the  Mayor  was  at  that 
time,  as  now,  adniiral  of  the  port,  and  that  he  was  in  the  habit  of  holding 
an  Admiralty  Court  at  Blackroek  Castle,  ufter  he  and  the  Corporation 
had,  by  various  observances,  maintained  and  kept  alive  their  right  to  old 
municipal  privileges. 

The  Blackroek  Castle  here  mentioned  is  not,  it  should  be  observed, 
the  present  pretty  little  building  which  forms  such  a  conspicuous  pic- 
turesque feature  on  the  river  Lee,  but  an  older  structure  built  on  the 
same  site  by  Lord  Moiintjoy  in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  which  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire  in  1727,  since  whirh  occurrence,  we  ore  told,  the 
"  Throwing  of  the  Dart  "  has  superseded  the  Admiralty  Court  that  was 
hold  by  the  Mayor  within  its  walls. 

The  chief  interest  attaching  to  this  ceremony,  from  an  antiquarian 
point  of  view,  is,  of  course,  its  supposed  Danish  origin  ;  but  of  this  latter 
anything  like  direct  proof  would  seem  wanting. — James  Coleman. 


Spike  IslBnd  was  once  one  of  those  Holy  Islands  the  most  famous 
representatives  of  which  were  the  Skelligs,  off  the  Kerry  coast,  lona,  to 
the  west  of  Scotland,  Lindistarne,  or  Holy  Island,  off  Northumberland, 
and  Mont  St,  Michel,  to  the  north  of  Franco. 

The  claim  of  Spike  to  be  reckoned  a  Holy  Island  is  clearly  established 
by  the  subjoined  extract  from  the  late  Eugene  O'Cuiry's  MSS.,  quoted 
in  Cardinal  Moron's  edition  of  Arehdall's  "  MonasticonHibemicum,"  and, 
donbtless,  the  earliest  historical  record  extant  relating  to  it : — "  The  Irish 
Life  of  St.  Moehuadu,  otherwise  8t.  Carthage,  Abbot  of  Eahen  and  Bishop 
of  Liamoro,  contains  the  following  passage  : — '  A  certain  time  the  King  of 
Munster,  namely  Cathal,  son  of  Aodh,  was  in  the  land  of  Cuircuo  afflicted 
with  various  diseases,  so  that  he  was  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind  ;  and  Mochuada 
came  to  where  he  was,  and  the  King  and  his  friends  prayed  to  him  to 
cure  him,  and  ho  put  the  sign  of  the  Cross  on  his  eyes,  and  on  his  ears, 
and  on  his  mouth,  and  he  was  cured  of  all  diseases  and  blemishes. 
And  Cathal  gave  extensive  lands  to  God  and  to  Mochuada  for  ever, 
namely,  Cathal  Island,  and  Eossbeg,  aud  Bossmore,  and  Pice  Islahd 


MISCELLANEA. 


181 


(now  Spike  iBlaad),  And  Mochuaiia  sent  holy  brothera  to  build  a  cliarch 
la  Roesbeg  in  honour  of  Ood.  And  Klochuada  bimseli  commenced  build- 
ing a  monastery  in  Ptek  Island,  and  he  remained  a  full  year  in  it. 
Uocbuada  then  placed  three  of  his  tliaciples,  namely,  the  threo  sons  of 
NaiEcann,  i.e.,  Bishop  Ooban,  and  Sraphan  the  priest,  and  Lalaren  the 
saint,  in  these  churoheB,  and  it  was  the  holy  bishop  of  Ardomain  that 
gave  holy  orders  to  theae  persona  in  the  presence  of  Mochuada  ;  and  it  ia 
he  that  was  appointed  to  direct  and  preserve  them  in  the  way  of  righteoue- 
nesB,  and  he  left  two  score  more  of  his  brethren  in  the  monastery  of  J'iei 
Itiand  in  place  of  himself.  And  Mocbuada  then  retumod  to  Rohen,  and 
that  island  we  have  mentioned,  i.  e.  Pick  Island,  is  a  moat  holy  place, 
and  most  holy  people  reside  ia  it  perpetually.'  "  Archdall's  original 
work  contained  a  similar  record  to  the  above,  to  which  be  added  a  note 
that  Inispick  or  Isispuinc  is  now  unknown.  This  was  in  the  seventh 
century,  from  which  time  there  is  a  perfect  blank  in  the  history  of  Spike 
laland  down  to  the  fifteenth  century. — J^ues  Colbhih. 


Eeport  of  the  Hon.  Local  Seoretajry,  North  Dublin. — Having  visited 
last  summer  and  autumn  the  principal  antiquarian  remains  in  tho  North 
Co.  Dublin,  I  think  it  right  to  report  upon  the  condition  of  some  which 
are  at  present  not  in  a  very  satisfaetory  state,  and  which  our  Society 
might  havo  remedied  cither  by  induoace  in  the  proper  quarter  or  by 
direct  interference  or  asBistance. 

I  visited,  in  company  with  another  member  of  our  Society,  the  laland 
of  Skerries,  colled  Inispatrick  (St.  Patrick's  Island),  or  Church  Island, 
on  which  are  the  remains  of  the  undoubtedly  ancient  church  belonging  to 
the  monastery  at  one  time  on  this  island.  It  ia  quite  exposed  and  un- 
protected, not  only  to  storm  and  rough  weather,  but  also  to  the  cattle 
which  graze  ou  the  island,  and  appear  to  herd  or  be  herded  in  the  nave 
of  the  church,  greatly  to  its  dieadvuntage  as  well  as  profanation.  Tho 
tofa  stone  at  the  wall  angles,  edge  of  roof,  and  remains  of  groined  arches 
IQ  chancel  baa  becomo  honeycombed  like  a  sponge,  but  still  holds  good. 
A  simple  post  and  wire  puling,  strongly  made,  to  keep  out  the  cattle,  and 
■ome  steps  taken  to  cleanse  the  inside  of  the  church,  and  to  replace  fallen 
stones  in  the  walls,  would  not  cost  much,  and  would  help  to  preserve 
this  ancient  church.  The  debris  inside  ought  to  be  cleared  out,  down  to 
thu  original  floor.  The  navo  bos  evidently,  in  later  days,  been  built  up 
for  a  cattle  shed,  though  now  roodesa.  The  island  belongs  to  the 
Hamiltons  of  Ralbiiggan,  but  is  by  them  let  to  a  local  farmer  or  grazier. 
Adjoining  the  church,  on  the  south  or  south-wcBt,  is  the  clearly-markod 
eite  of  buildings,  no  doubt  belonging  to  the  original  monastery.  The 
island  is  well  worthy  of  a  visit  also  from  a  geological  point  of  view. 
Traces  of  lead  ore  appear  in  tlie  quartz-rock.  There  are  no  graves  in  the 
church,  and  it  is  not  easy  to  identify  any  outside  it. 


182         ROYAL   SOCIETY   OF  ANTIQUAHIES  OF   IRELAND. 

The  ruined  church  of  "Wespalstown  much  neoilB  some  attention; 
it  is  BO  buried  in  elder -trees,  ivy,  &c.,  that  it  is  hard  to  csamice  it  and 
judge  of  its  condition  and  age.  Roughly  pacing  it  as  best  I  could,  it 
appeared  to  be  60  feet  long  by  24  feet  wide.  The  east  and  weat  walls 
are  partly  ruined,  the  four  comers  or  angles  of  the  wall  being  still  strong 
and  good.  The  north  wall  is  much  broken  down  ;  but  near  the  east  end 
is  a  small  round  arched  doorway.  In  the  south  wall,  more  of  which 
remains,  there  is  a  widely  splayed  window  built  up.  In  the  Eouth-eaat 
comer  of  the  chancel  are  the  remains  of  a  piscina.  I  endearoured  to 
clear  it  out,  it  being  much  hidden  by  vegetation.  A  few  feet  from 
the  church,  on  the  south,  and  within  the  churchyard,  is  a  small  strip  of 
ditch  or  dyke,  lined  with  bushea  and  full  of  water,  about  60  feet  long  or 
more,  and  parallel  with  the  church.  I  could  not  gather  ita  use  or  con- 
nexion with  the  church  or  churchyard.  There  also  appeared  in  the  grass 
beyond  the  gravestones,  which  are  near  the  church,  the  foundations  of 
either  an  older  boundary  wall  or  of  other  buildings. 

Not  far  off  on  the  weat,  at  the  other  aide  of  a  by-road,  h  a  curious- 
looking  stone-roofed  house,  nearly  ruinous,  close  to  the  road.  It  appears 
old  esternully,  but  inside  it  has  been  much  patched  and  mended  with 
brick.  Some  of  the  windows,  of  which  there  are  several,  have  been 
built  up.  The  ceiling,  of  stone-work,  is  arched,  us  is  also  the  entrance 
porch  on  the  south  side.  In  the  north  wall  is  a  large  fire-place.  Both 
the  north  and  west  walls  are  much  covered  with  ivy.  On  the  north  side 
is  a  pond  or  well ;  and  in  the  surrounding  field  are  plainly  visible  tounda- 
tioUB  of  other  buildings.  A  pueeing  labourer  told  me  it  was  a  farmer's 
house  seventy  years  ago,  and  seemed  to  think  that  Wespalstown  House 
(Mr.  Connor's  residence),  close  by,  was  older,  stating  that  it  was  built 
npun  arches,  and  had  been  occupied  by  soldiers  once,  as  he  had  eeen  their 
names  written  on  the  walls. 

To  the  north  of  Bolbriggan,  on  the  edge  of  the  sea,  is  a  moat, 
different  from  any  other  in  this  neighbourhood.  Tho  fosse  or  outwork 
surrounding  the  central  mound  has  a  distinctly  rectangular  shape,  but  of 
only  three  lines  or  sides — tho  rocks  forming  the  east  or  open  side,  not 
needing  protection  as  did  the  three  sides  towards  the  land.  Each  of 
the  two  corners,  north  and  south,  has  a  small  slightly-raised  mound, 
somewhat  like  the  bastions  on  the  Cromweilian  camp  at  Sligo  town. 

At  the  Bailey,  Howth,  in  a  cutting  made  for  tho  erection  of  cottages 
near  the  Hghthouae,  there  have  been  esposod  three  or  four  old  kitchen 
middens,  or  perhaps  rather  camp-ovens,  in  which  charcoal  and  bones  haye 
been  found.  They  were  18  or  24  inches  below  the  surface.  One  of  our 
members,  Mr.  H.  A.  Cosgravc,  who  reported  the  matter  to  me,  has  in  his 
possession  some  of  the  fragments  of  bone  found  there. 

Some  of  the  ruined  churches  of  tho  North  Co.  Dublin  are  in  a  very 
neglected  condition,  and  sadly  need  the  removal  of  ivy.  In  Bally boghill, 
for   example,    one  of  the  best  examples  of  the  Fingallians'  churchea. 


MISCELLANEA. 


183 


and  of  wtiich  muoh  more  remains  than  of  most  nf  the  others,  tho  east 
wall  is  injureii  hy  the  oyerwhelniing  mass  of  ivy  upon  it.  All  the 
mnllions  of  the  large  chancel  window  hare  vanished.  The  sandstone 
urch  itself  remains,  but  almost  buried  under  the  ivy,  If  the  local  Board 
of  Guardians,  as  the  rural  sanitary  authorities,  could  be  induced  to  pay 
some  Bttention  to  keeping  up  properly  the  old  churches  in  the  church- 
yards under  their  control,  it  would  bo  a  very  good  thing.  Also  the 
romains  of  castles,  &c.,  might  be  perhaps  brought  under  the  control  of 
the  Board  of  Works.  "Where  this  cannot  be  done,  the  private  owners  of 
lands  on  which  are  antiquarian  remains  might  be  induced  by  representa- 
tions from  our  Society  to  take  some  care  in  prcBorving  them. 

At  or  near  Donubate,  and  on  the  Portraino  peninsula,  are  several 
remains  of  castles  and  churches  worth  visitinir,  besides  the  sand  dunes 
stretching  down  to  Malahide  Point.  I  had  the  good  fortune  to  pick  up 
a  small  water-worn  flint  core  near  the  MarteJlo  Tower  at  Portraine,  and, 
no  doubt,  a  careful  search  would  bring  to  light  like  objects. 

Canon  Twigs;,  of  Swords,  asked  me  to  mention  to  the  Society  that  the 
ancient  well  of  St.  Columba  in  Sworda  is  in  some  danger  of  being  appro- 
priated quietly  by  some  of  the  neighbouring  cottiers  (or  their  own  use, 
and  ho  suggested  that  if  by  subscriptionB  the  well  could  be  properly  pro- 
tected and  marked  it  would  thus  be  kept  for  the  public,  and  become  a 
national  memorial  of,  and  a  tribute  to,  this  great  Irish  Saint.  The 
Itound  Tower  of  Swords  is  excessively  covered  with  ivy,  and  needs  much 
clipping. 

Tn  coming  into  Swords  from.  Ballyboghill  I  followed  from  Grace 
Dien  the  old  causeway  made  for  the  use  of  this  famous  nunnery  and  its 
pupils.  It  is  at  first  a  very  overgrown  lane,  but  joins  later  on  into  a 
hy-road,  in  the  centre  of  which  cau  again  and  again  be  seen  some  of  the 
small  cobble  stones  with  which  the  causeway  waa  originally  made. — 
E.  R.  il'C.  Dii. 


I  wish  to  call  the  attention  of  antiquaries  interested  in  tho  local  history 
of  county  Dublin,  to  the  valuable  collection  of  mcdiffival  charters  which  I 
rMently  had  the  privilege  of  indexing,  in  the  manuscript  room  of  Trinity 
College,  Class  G,  section  5,  The  first  thirty-five  are  undated,  but  from 
the  parties  and  witnesses,  evidently  belong  to  tho  period  1280-1330: 
then  follow  ninety  deeds  of  tho  Ashbum,  or  Essebume  family,  principally 
relating  to  Dublin  city,  Eilmainham,  Rathcoole,  and  Swords,  1325-1360. 

These  are  succeeded  by  the  Passavount  papers  (including  many  re- 
lating to  the  Meonis  family),  1360  to  1449,  when  they  pass  to  tho  Stani- 
hursts,  and  so  continue  to  1554. 

The  remainder  is  most  miscoUaneous  : — one  Fassavaunt  paper,  1382  ; 
sixteen  deeds,  temp.  Eliz, ;  fourof  Charles  I. ;  one  under  the  Commonwealth  j 
imd  oue,  temp.  William  lU.  ;  two  Papal  bulls  ;  and  a  Paduon  diploma. 


184 


BOrAL   SOCIETY    OP   ANTIQUAEIES   OF   IRELAND, 


I  may  nho  notice  four  ancient  wills  (Meonis,  1326  ani!  1348;  Taylor. 
ia7S;  and  Red,  1489)  and  the  important  deed  of  1321  (>'o.  78)  relating  to 
the  Abbey  of  St.  Thomas,  Few  of  the  ancient  city  families  are  unrepre- 
eented,  the  prinpipal  aub-series  being  Ashe,  Baldeswell,  Blake ston,  Callui, 
Chamberlayn,  Clerk,  Deecr,  Douce,  Eustace  de  Portlcater,  Gmunaete, 
Handcock,  Le  Jovene,  Lawless,  Marescbal,  MarewardjMatteshall,  Notting- 
ham, Plunket,  RuBsel,  Serjeaunt,  Stakepole,  Talbot  (1486-1539),  Taylor, 
Walsh,  and  White. — Thomas  J.  Wkstsopp. 


Beeswax  obtained  near  the  anoient  Churcli  of  Kilaipngbrone, 
Co,  Sligo,  with  remarks. — In  Juno,  1891,  I  obtained  a  piece  of  beeswax, 
meaauring  about  5  inches  by  4,  ond  about  2^  inches  in  thickness,  with 
the  following  history  appended : — 

"  A  fragment  of  a  very  large  quantity  of  anoient  beeswax  found  by 
our  tenant  James  Crawford  in  Coney  Island  (TachmuncUgh),  at  the  south 
entrance  to  Sligo  harbour,  who  found  it  buried  deep  in  the  sandy  ground 
at  the  back  of  the  island  when  ploughing.  Your  uncle,  Roger  Walker,  got 
11  piece  of  it  from  me,  and  valued  it  highly.  He  put  it  with  bis  collection 
of  Irish  antiquities,  and  you  will  prize  this  memorial  of  a  place  to  which 
you  were  always  somuch  attached. — June  18,  1866. — Jane  E.  Meeedith." 

(Given  to  her  daughter,  Mrs.  Johnston,  from  whom  I  received  it. — 
W.  F.)- 

Biacoveries  of  deposits  of  hog-hnttcr  are  far  from  unusual,  but  a  find  of 
beeswax  is  of  snch  exceptional  rarity  as  to  deserve  being  placed  on 
record.  When  I  obtained  the  specimen  now  described,  I  ascertained 
with  much  interest  by  referring  to  Sir  W.  Wilde's  catalogue  of  the 
Museum  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  that  the  portion  of  beeswax 
mentioned  as  having  been  given  to  Mr.  Roger  Walker,  in  the  abore 
memorandum  was  still  preserved  in  the  Museum  of  the  Academy,  hnving 
passed  from  Mr,  Walker's  possession  into  that  of  the  Duke  ot  Korthumber- 
land,  when  he  disposed  of  his  collection  of  Irish  Antiquities  to  that  noble- 
man, who  presented  the  beeswax  with  several  other  articles  to  the  Irish 
Museum,  where  on  making  search  it  was  shown  to  me.  This  fragment  is 
of  somewhat  greater  bulk  than  the  mass  which  came  into  my  possesBion, 
being  about  seven  inches  in  length.  The  brief  notice  of  it  given  in  the 
catalogue,  affoids  no  clue  to  its  antecedent  history,  and  if  it  were  not  for 
the  fortunate  discovery  of  this  second  portion  of  wax  which  I  possess,  we 
could  not  have  learned  onything  about  the  circumstances  under  which  it 
was  found,  Sir  William  Wilde  simply  stating,  "  I  believe  it  to  be 
antique.  It  formed  a  portion  of  Mr.  It.  C.  Walker's  collection,  and  waa 
presented  by  the  Duko  of  Northumberland," 

The  island  on  which  it  was  discovered  is  named  in  Kev.  Mr.  O'Borke'a 
History  of  Sligo,  on  the  map,  Inis  Mulclohy.  This  little  island  is  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Bay  of  Sligo,  in  close  proximity  to  the  very  ancient  church 


USCBLLiAHEA. 


185 


of  Kilagpugbrone,  traditionally  reported  to  havo  been  founded  by  St. 
Patrick  himself  for  bis  disciple  Bt.  BronuB.  SimilaT  to  BCTcral  of  tbe 
earlier  ecclesiaBtical  buildings  it  'was  placed  within  a  Cashcl  or  diBtinct 
enclosure  "  CaiBsel  Irra,"  or  the  Western  Caahel,  occupying  the  most 
western  point  of  l:ind,  from  the  hill  of  Enocknaree  looking  soaward  over 
the  Atlantic.  The  church  is  in  ruins,  but  the  ancient  cemetery  Gtill 
contintics  to  be  used,  though  shifting  billows  of  sand  cover  up  many  of 
the  graves  and  surrouiidiDgland  to  a  considcrablD  depth,  having  destroyed 
oottagea,  and  formed  heaps  piled  high  against  the  walls  of  the  old 
building.  St.  fironus,  after  whom  this  early  church  is  named,  was  the 
possessor  of  St.  Patrick's  tooth,  which  fell  out  when  ho  was  staying  at 
Caisse)  Irra.  It  became  in  subsequent  years  n  valned  relic,  for  which  an 
ornamental  alirine  was  prepared  by  Thomas  de  Birmingham,  cither  the 
sixth  or  eighth  Baron  of  Athenry,  about  the  earlier  or  middle  portion  of 
the  fourteenth  century.  This  shrine,  termed  tho  "  Fiachel  Phadraic,"  is 
preserved  in  the  Museum  of  the  Academy.  Some  years  since,  when  the 
shrine  was  opened  with  suitable  precautions,  it  was  ascertained  to  contain 
a  small  packet  o(  linen  which  contained  some  fine  dust,  for  to  such  an  end 
even  Patrick's  tooth  must  come,  it  wsa  gathered  again  with  diligent  eare, 
and  restored  to  its  wrappers  and  its  sbrine,  where  it  still  remains. 

■Wai  was  much  used  in  Churcli  Service  for  preparing  candles  for 
altar  use,  and  it  is  permissible  to  conjecture  that  during  a  sudden 
emergency  such  as  the  tumult  of  tribal  warfare  or  the  unexpected  descent 
of  some  piratical  Norse  plunderers,  the  clerics  of  St.  Brone's  Church 
wonld  have  concealed  their  store  of  wax — a  sacred  and  valuable  article — on 
the  sandy  shore  of  the  neighbouring  island,  Inis  Mulclohy,  which  is  eanly 
reached  at  low  water  by  wading  across  a  shallow  channel.  There  it  lay 
(orgotU'n  until  accidentally  uncovered  by  a  ploughman  engaged  in  culti- 
vating tho  soil. 

A  recent  number  of  the  "  Dublin  Builder  "  contains  a  Paper  on  the 
History  of  the  "Church  of  St.  Michael  the  Archangel,"  in  this  city, 
written,  I  believe,  by  Mr.  Evans.  He  enumerates  certain  eitracta  from  the 
"Annals  of  the  Carmelite  Church  of  'Whitefriar-street,"  extending  from 
the  year  a.d.  1278  to  a. v.  1625,  one  of  these  relating  to  the  offering  of 
wax  for  eltar  purposes  I  append  in  illustration  of  this  custom,  which  was 
of  frequent  occurrence; — "  a.d.  1381,  John  Beck,  a  citizen  of  Dublin, 
bequeathed  to  the  Friary  three  pounds  in  money,  and  twenty  pounds  in 
wax." — "W".  Fbazeb,  F.a.c.8.i. 


On  Knde  CroBses  made  £rom  Twigs,  with  Interlaced  Straw  or 
Siuliet,  used  in  some  Country  Sistricta. — I  was  informed  when  inquir- 
ing about  local  customs  that  in  certain  remote  parts  of  the  County  Donegal, 
and  probiibly  in  othtr  districts  of  the  Gouth  and  west  of  Ireland,  a  primi- 
tive custom  was  observed,  that  of  preparing  small  square  crosses  of  straw 


186        ROYAL  BOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OP  IRELAND. 

or  rush,  which  were  euspended  within  the  house  for  good  luck  and  bs  u 
preeervative  against  miflfortune.  After  conBiderahle  dtlay  and  trouhle  I 
Bnccecded  in  obtaining  through  tho  medium  of  a  friend  a  Bpeuimen  of 
this  simple  fonn  of  cross.  My  informant  told  me  they  were  pre- 
pared ahout  St.  Bridget's  Day,  either  on  tlic  day  itself  or  ita  eve,  and 
that  it  was  customary  before  making  the  crosses  to  hold  a  description 
of  festival,  the  victuals  being  laid  out  upon  the  rushes  or  straw  intended 
to  be  employed.  This  makes  me  think  that  St.  Bridget's  day  (Feb.  1) 
was  most  probably  the  date,  the  eve  itself  of  CundlemaH  day,  a  period  of 
importance  as  the  centre  of  the  winter  season,  for  the  old  rhyme  aaya — 

"  If  Candlomus  Dny  be  dry  nnd  fuir, 
The  balf  of  wmler'a  to  como,  and  miur ; 
If  Candlemas  Day  be  wet  and  foul, 
Tbo  half  of  wintei's  gond  at  yulo." 

Wten  the  crosses  wore  duly  prepared  they  were  Buspended  usually  above 
the  door  inside  the  dwelling-liouse,  and  Kometimes  over  a  bed  or  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  interior  of  the  house.  From  other  sources  I  was  led  to 
believe  the  old  crosses  were  removed  and  broken  up  when  replaced  by  the 
newly-made  ones,  but  according  to  one  informant  they  should  be  pre- 
served until  midsummer  eve,  and  then  scattered  over  the  fields  to  secure 
their  fertility,  I  should  be  glad  to  ascertain  what  amount  of  dependence 
can  be  placed  on  this  assertion. 

It  is  needless  to  refer  to  the  legends  of  St.  Bridget  or  her  place  in 
Irish  sacred  history.  The  preservation  of  her  shrine  for  ages  with  its 
eacred  fire  perpetually  huraiug  at  Kildare,  and  the  great  reverence  paid 
in  other  localities  to  shrines  in  which  fires  were  continuously  maintained 
are  matters  of  much  interest  in  connexion  with  primitive  pre-Christian 
forms  of  worship.  I  am  disposed  to  regard  tho  cross  now  exhibited  as 
anotlier  survival  of  an  early  traditional  reverence  for  the  great  visible 
centre  of  light  and  heat,  the  enn,  and  the  smaller  crosses  as  symbols 
representing  the  four  seasons  of  the  year.  Ita  preparation  at  or  about 
Candlemas  would  be  appropriate  to  that  special  time  when  winter  had 
just  commenced  to  decline,  and  when  tho  removal  of  Christmas  gamish- 
ings,  holly,  mistletoe,  &e.,  was  scrupulously  carried  out  in  every  well- 
regulated  household. — W.  Fiuzeb,  f.h.c.s.i. 


Beport   of    tlie    Local    Secretary   for    South    Kildare. — Kildare 

Cathedral. — Ahout  the  month  of  August,  1891,  the  masons  who  were 
employed  in  the  restoration  works  «t  St.  Bridget's  Cathedral,  KiU are,  were 
removing  (with  great  trouble,  owing  to  the  hardness  of  the  mortor)  the 
foundations  of  the  south  wall  of  the  chancel,  when  about  2^^  feet  below 
the  level  of  the  ground  they  came  upon  a  receptacle  containing  a  skeleton 
in  the  very  centre  of  tho  foundations.     This  receptacle  was  of  a  peculiar 


chape;  the  inner  side  wae  quit*  straight,  and  the  other  was  coffln-ahaped, 
the  broader  end  heing  to  thu  east ;  it  was  covered  over  with  rough  flattish 
pieces  of  quairyatone  of  the  "  green-flag  "  kind  ;  the  sides  were  of  mor- 
tared stone-work.  The  skeleton  was  laid  full  length  with  the  anus 
crossed  on  the  breast,  and,  strango  to  say,  with  the  head  end  in  the 
Barrow  end  of  the  receptacle ;  beyond  the  bones  nothing  eke  vras  dis- 
covered. Towards  the  east  end  of  the  same  wnU  a  second  receptacle, 
also  containing  a  skeleton,  and  of  the  same  peculiar  shape,  was  come 
upon ;  it  differed  from  the  other  by  having  the  broad  end  to  the  west. 
One  of  the  skeletons  was  of  large  size,  and  was  reckoned  by  !Mr.  C.  F. 
Lloyd  Cowell,  surgeon,  to  bo  that  of  a  man  not  under  6  feet  6  inches  in 
height.'  On  hearing  of  the  find  some  of  the  old  vomen  of  the  town 
mode  up  their  minds  that  this  roust  ho  the  skeleton  o(  aomo  saint,  and  so 
went  and  extracted  the  teeth  from  t5ie  skull  to  be  used  for  the  cure  of 
toothache  by  rubbing  one  of  them  on  the  gum  where  the  pain  would  he. 
Nothing  further  was  found  in  the  foundations  of  the  north  and  east  walls 
of  the  chancel  except  some  ancient,  glazed  pavement-tiles,  more  or  less 
perfect ;  they  are  square  in  shape  and  of  a  red  colour  under  the  glazing. 
Some  of  them  had  indented  on  them  foliage  and  interlacing  patterns  ; 
others  an  animal  such  as  a  hoar,  with,  oak  leaves  and  acorns ;  others  a  dog- 
like Mmnal.  Tiles  of  almost  identically  the  same  patterns  have  been  dis- 
covered at  Great  Connall  Abbey,  county  Kildare,  and  at  8t.  Patrick's 
Cathedral,  Bublin,  for  information  on  which  see  Oldham's  "Ancient 
Irish  Pavement  Tiles,"  in  which  illustrations  are  given.  The  Kildare 
tiles  are  now  in  the  possession  of  the  Dean,  of  Xildarc,  who  kindly 
showed  them  to  me. 

The  Ancient  CAurrA,— Until  last  year  (1891)  this  cross  was  in  separate 
portions.  First,  the  base,  which  stands  a  short  distance  from  the  Cathe- 
dral to  the  south-west ;  and,  secondly,  the  shaft  and  part  of  the  head 
which  stood  near  the  boundary-wall  on  the  west  side  of  the  hurial- 
groond ;  it  has  now  been  put  together  by  the  wish  of  the  Duke  of 
Leinster,  so  that  the  shaft  is  again  sunk  in  the  socket  in  tho  base,  out  of 
which  it  was  displaced  certainly  more  than  a  hundred  and  iifty  years 
ago.  Strange  to  say,  this  cross  is  the  only  ancient  inoQument  of  its  class 
to  be  found  at  the  present  time  in  this  once  celebrated  spot.  It  is  of 
granite,  quite  plain,  and  in  three  pieces — the  head,  the  shaft,  and  the 
base. 

The  Ufad  is  ringed,  with  perforations  between  the  ring  and  the  arms, 
which  are  3  feet  2  inches  across ;  a  large  portion  of  the  head  is  broken  oil 
and  lost ;  it  appears  in  the  same  state  in  a  picture  of  the  Cathedral  given 
in  Harris's  edition  of  Sir  James  Ware's  works,  which  bears  the  ilnte 
1738. 


Tht  Shaft 


9  feet  7  inches  in  height,  and  in  breadth  near  the 

and  a  portion  of  the  aide  of  the  receptacle  con  be  ttta  at  the 


188         BOTAL  SOCnCETT  OF  AKTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 

base  22  inchesy  with  12  inclies  of  a  side-face,  diminisliing  to  16  inches  by 
10  inches  respectively  at  the  top. 

Ths  Base  is  square  and  four  feet  in  height  aboye  the  ground,  near 
which  it  has  a  projection  all  round ;  the  faces  are  each  about  four  feet  in 
breadth. 

In  volume  i.,  at  p.  380,  of  Harris's  "  Ware's  Antiquities,"  will  be 
found  the  following  reference  to  this  cross : — 

'*  About  80  yards  from  the  Hound  Tower  an  ancient  pedestal  of  rough 
unhewn  stone  remains,  on  which  formerly  stood  a  cross,  the  top  of  which 
now  lieth  in  the  churchyard,  but  the  shaft  is  converted  to  a  step  leading 
to  the  communion  table." 

While  speaking  of  Kildare  Cathedral  it  may  be  as  well  to  point  out  a 
great  error  in  connexion  with  the  Bound  Tower.  In  almost  every 
work  I  have  seen  on  the  Antiquities  of  Ireland,  from  Harris's 
"  Ware's  Works  "  down  to  publications  of  the  last  year  or  two,  the 
height  of  the  Hound  Tower  is  variously  given  at  from  ISO  to  136 
feet ;  while  I,  with  the  help  of  the  verger,  have  measured  it  carefully, 
and  can  only  make  it  105^  feet  from  the  top  of  the  battlements  to  the 
plinth ;  this  I  have  done  more  than  once,  thinking  it  strange  that  so 
many  works  could  make  so  bad  a  blunder. 

There  is  an  ancient  ashtree  on  the  north  side  of  the  Cathedral,  now 
quite  hollow  though  still  alive,  which  measures  55 J^  feet  in  circumference 
three  feet  from  the  ground. — Waxteb  Fitz  Qsbald. 


The  new  volume  of  Book  Prices  Current^  containing  the  record  of 
Book  Sales  during  1891,  is  announced  by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock  to  be 
published  immediately. 

We  are  glad  to  perceive  that  the  Tuam  Herald  is  publishing  each 
week  a  serial  and  connected  history  of  the  county  of  Gal  way — "  its 
past,  present,  its  places,  and  its  people."  The  series  is  mainly  written 
and  edited  by  the  proprietor — a  member  of  the  Society — Mr.  B.  J.  Kelly, 
B.L.,  and  is  exciting  much  provincial  interest.  Some  time  ago  a  History 
of  Tuam  appeared  from  the  same  pen  in  the  Herald,  and  the  marked 
success  of  the  attempt  has  encouraged  the  production  of  the  larger  history 
of  the  county  of  Galway.  These  efforts  to  popularize  antiquarian  and 
historical  research  are  deserving  of  every  encouragement,  and  we  are 
glad  to  see  that  the  general  public  appreciate  the  undertaking. 


(     189     ) 


0atittg  of  93oa{td. 


[NoTS. — Thaie  marked  • 


I  by  Memhtrt  ef  the  &eie(y.] 


*  Aecomi  Roll  of  the  Priory  of  Woly  Trinity,  Dublin,  1337-46:  uiilh  Th» 
Middle  English  Moral  Play,  "  Tht  Pridt  of  Life."  By  Jamee 
Mills,  u.s.i.i.  Published  by  tLe  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
Ireland- 

Few  more  interesting  works  on  Ireland  hare  appeared  in  recent  years 
tban  this  publication,  which  the  Society  has  presented  as  the  Extra  Volume 
for  1890-91.  It  is  worthy  of  the  enterprise  and  energy  of  the  Society, 
creditable  to  its  Editor,  and  creditable  to  the  Dublin  Univereity  Press. 
The  introduction  and  notes  are  of  exceptional  interest,  Kr.  Mills  bringing 
to  bear  upon  the  work  ripe  antiquariun  knowledge,  and  a  patient  inves- 
tigation acquired  from  long  experience  among  the  faded  macuBcripts  of 
early  ages.  The  introduction  is  excellent ;  every  line  is  a  fact ;  it  whets 
the  appetite,  and,  like  Oliver,  we  would  willingly  ask  for  more.  It  exceeds 
in  interest  Mr.  Hubert  Hall's  "  Court  Life  under  the  Plantagenets," 
which  in  a  sense  it  resembles,  where  we  have  an  imaginary  picture  of 
Anstey  Manor  drawn  from  ancient  records.  Mr.  Mills  puts  us  at  once 
in  touch  with  thedaily  lif  e  of  the  Priory  and  its  indoor  and  outdoor  sen-ants, 
the  farm  work  at  Gran gego man,  with  its  many  duties  and  troubles,  the 
mending,  making,  brewing,  baking,  and  all  the  petty  details  of  household 
life  in  the  Middle  Ages.  We  ace  the  floors  bare  even  of  rushes  ;  we  see  the 
tables  on  trestles,  and  note  the  new  one  for  the  Prior's  chamber  costing 
6*.  \i.;  also  the  straw  chairs,  and  comfortable  they  wore  too,  for  we 
Qaed  a  very  old  one  quite  recently,  which  corroborates  Mr.  Mills'  statement 
of  their  use  in  Dublin  to  our  own  time. 

The  daily  food,  as  might  be  expected  from  a  house  of  its  importance, 
was  substantial,  but  was  certainly  not  up  to  the  lavish  extravagance  of  the 
tables  of  the  nobility  of  the  same  period  in  England,  which  is  shown  from 
the  cookery  books  of  that  time.  Nor  do  the  dress  and  appointments  of  the 
Prior,  which  seem  only  to  have  been  those  necessary  for  his  position,  at  all 
approach  Chaucer's  Monk,  who,  when  he  rode,  the  jingling  of  his  bridle 

I  bells  sounded  loud  and  clear;  two  greyhounds  accompanied  him ;  his  sleeves 
were  lined  with  the  finest  fur  (gris),  and  his  hood  was  fastened  with 
ft  love-knot  of  gold  under  his  chin. 
Cook-street  and  Winetavem -street,  as  their  names  imply,  provided  food 
uid  drink,  and  the  prices  for  flesh,  fish,  fowl  and  drink  were  practically 


190        ROYAL  eOCIEXy  of  ANTIQUAEIES  OF  IRELAND. 

the  Bomc  as  those  in  England  at  the  same  period.  The  almost  total 
absence  of  vegetables  and  fruit  in  the  meals  of  the  time  is  a  striking 
fact.  In  lists  of  English  dinners,  decoctions  of  all  sorts,  with  foreign 
productions  such  as  raisins,  almonds,  figs,  sandal  wood,  &c.,  constantly 
occur,  and  pears  in  syrup  are  frequent ;  but  the  ordinary  vegetables  seem 
neTcr  to  have  entered  into  the  kitchen  arrangements,  onions  being  used  but 
rarely,  and  the  commonly  grown  beans  and  peas,  as  Mr.  Mills  notes,  being 
only  used  for  labourers  and  horses.  The  fasting  season  was  only  marked 
by  a  complete  change  from  flesh  to  fish,  oysters  and  salmon  being  largely 
used,  the  latter  often  in  pasties,  Few  books  indeed  of  recent  years  in 
the  same  compass  throws  such  a  light,  with  its  arroy  of  facts,  upon  the 
fourteenth  century  as  this.  It  sho-ws  that  the  rate-wages  of  labourers  in 
Ireland  was  substantially  the  same  as  that  in  England,  the  Statute  of 
Labourers  fixing  the  masters  at  Sd,,  on  an  average  daily,  and  Id.  for  atten- 
dants, the  Priory  roll  showing  the  average  to  be  2d.  with  food.  It  shows 
also  quite  clearly,  that  notwithstanding  the  system  of  villeinage  and  the 
statutes  regulating  labour,  there  was  a  large  amount  of  work  given 
more  or  less  independently  to  permanent  staffs  of  labourers.  The  custom 
of  food  allowance  was  the  same  as  that  in  England,  and  the  general 
condition  of  the  peasantry  was  evidently  no  better.  As  Mr.  Mills  points 
out,  they  could  have  but  very  little  money  for  the  purchase  of  meat,  living 
chiefly  on  wheat  products  and  pulse,  their  drink  nothing  but  water,  and 
to  whom,  as  to  the  poor  peasant  of  Piers  Ploughman,  "  a  farthing's  worth 
of  mussels  and  as  many  cockles  on  a  fast  day  were  a  feast."  It  shows  too 
that  in  travelling  it  was  the  custom  to  bring  supplies  of  provisions,  and  one 
of  the  most  important  accounts  in  the  rolls  is  that  of  the  journey  of  the 
Prior  to  Hulscoiiden,  a  manor  near  Ealbriggan.  Though  on  inn  like  the 
Tabard  might  supply  a  number  of  travellers  with  dinner,  it  certainly  shows 
that  in  country  places  it  was  necessary  to  make  full  provision  for  the 
road.  The  roll  shows  clearly  that  the  wheels  of  the  farm-carta  were 
bound  with  iron,  and  in  this  it  differs  a  little  from  Jusserand,  who  seems 
to  be  corroborated  in  his  opinion,  that  they  were  studded  by  heavy 
projecting  nails  by  the  illustrationa  of  the  Luttrell  Psalter  and  other  MS 8. 
They  would  seem  also  to  have  been  made  with  rude  spokes,  but  it  is 
a  question  whether  they  were  so  in  Ireland,  as  block  wheels  were  very 
common  in  the  last  century  and  even  in  this. 

iiut  little  space  isleft  to  notice  the  second  very  important  part  of  Mr, 
Mills'  work,  the  Morality  "  The  Pride  of  Life,"  the  publication  of  which 
has  excited  considerable  interest  in  literary  circles.  This  treasure  is 
written  on  portions  of  the  account  roll  in  four  columns,  and  consists  of 
390  lines,  being  in  the  handwriting  of  two  copyists.  The  poem  may  be 
taken  as  the  oldest  known  Morality  in  the  English  language,  and  may  bo 
placed  early  in  the  fifteenth  century.  It  shows  the  Morality  in  its  simplest 
form,  before  the  characters  became  mere  abstract  qualities,  for  the  King  of 
Life,  the  Queen,  and  the  Bishop  are  real  personages  and  not  personificationa, 


NOTICES  OF  BOOKS.  191 

like  Health,  Strength,  and  Mirth.  The  plot  of  the  Morality  shows  the 
King  boasting  to  be  stronger  than  Death  and  challenging  him  to  combat. 
The  idea  is  similar  to  that  of  the  fabliau  of  the  three  drinking  companions 
hearing  of  Death's  doings,  going  forth  to  seek  him,  and  finding  their  death 
at  the  hands  of  each  other,  over  a  treasure  found  in  a  wood  to  which  they 
were  directed  by  Death  himself.  The  prologue  tells  how  the  King  would 
be  conquered  by  Death,  that  fiends  would  seize  his  soul,  but  that  it  would 
be  saved  "  through  priere  of  oure  Layde  mylde."  The  alliteration  of  lines 
113  to  126  such  as— 

"  Pes  now  yo  princes  of  powere  so  prowde," 

— and  also  their  length,  would  appear  to  show  they  might  be  the  work  of 
a  different  hand. 

There  is  no  reason  why  the  Morality  should  not  have  been  acted  in 
the  Priory.  Though  a  strong  reaction  had  set  in  against  the  Miracle 
plays,  and  they  were  largely  in  the  hands  of  the  trade  guilds  at  that  time, 
yet  such  a  presentation  as  the  "Bang  of  Fools"  was  made  in  Beverley 
Church  in  1391 ;  and  in  1512,  Dean  Colet  directed  the  pupils  of  St.  Paul's 
School  to  attend  the  Cathedral  at  Childermas,  and  hear  the  sermon  of  the 
Boy  Bishop. 

Notices  of  Extea  Volume  K.S.A.I.,  1890-91. 

'*  This  work  is  very  important,  because  it  presents  us  with  the  accounts 
of  a  mediaeval  Dublin  convent,  with  prices  of  household  wares,  farm 
produce,  &c.,  about  the  time  of  Edward  III.  .  .  .  The  whole  work  is 
of  great  importance  as  illustrating  the  social  and  economic  condition  of  the 
agricultural  classes  in  the  fourteenth  century.*' — The  Bookman^  February, 
1892. 

**It  forms  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  archaeological  publications,  and 
it  is  most  valuable  as  a  picture  of  the  life  led  by  clerics  in  the  fourteenth 
century." — The  Architect,  February  12th,  1892. 

**  This  useful  and  valuable  work  is  the  Extra  Volume  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Ireland  for  1890-1.  By  issuing  it  the  Society 
have  made  a  good  use  of  their  publishing  funds.  .  .  .  Mr.  Mills  has  done 
his  work  well.  For  those  who  do  not  care  to  consult  the  original  accounts 
or  their  translation  at  the  foot  of  each  page,  the  introduction  will  afford  a 
good  summary  of  the  information  that  can  be  gleaned  from  this  roll  as  to 
Dublin  life  of  the  fourteenth  century." — The  Antiquary y  March,  1892. 

'*  *  The  Account  Boll  of  the  Priory  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  Dublin,' 
1337-1348,  as  published  by  the  Boyal  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Ireland, 
throws  a  curious  and  interesting  light  on  the  habits  and  customs  of  those 
ancient  days  in  our  classic  city  of  Dublin.  ...  In  the  Notes  to  Mr. 
Mills'  work  there  is  a  good  deal  of  highly  interesting  matter." — Iriih 
TimeSf  January  18th,  1892. 


193        ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  AJ4TIQIIAEIE8  OP  IRELAND. 


For  tlic  historian,  the  politician,  and  social  economist,  the  student  of 
life  and  manners,  this  work  ib  simply  invaluahle.  "We  can  see  from  it 
what  Dublin  trade  was  like  five  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago.  .  .  .  The 
prices  of  wine,  ale,  beef,  mutton,  pork,  of  oxen,  sheep,  horses,  and  cows, 
of  muBtard,  pepper,  sugar,  iron,  tallow,  the  wages  of  workmen  in  town  and 
country,  the  methods  of  postal  communication,  the  rents  of  land,  the  cost 
of  household  and  farm  repairs,  nothing,  in  fact,  needful  to  give  us  a  pieture 
of  medlteval  life  ia  wanting  in  the  book.  .  .  .  Mr.  Mills  has  made  such 
reference  very  easy  by  valuable  notes,  a  learned  glossary,  and  an  admirable 
index." — Daily  Expreii,  January  29th,  1892. 

"  The  Council  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Ireland  has  done 
valuable  work  in  publishing  this  volume  .  .  ,  every  page  and  every  entry 
is  of  value  in  estimating  the  social  condition  of  life  at  that  early  period." 
—Tha  Etening  Mail,  February  3rd,  1892. 

"Interesting  and  valuable  an  ore  these  accounts,  the  poem  or  play 
which  has  been  named  by  Mr,  Mills  '  The  Pride  of  Life '  ia  still  more  so. 
.  .  ,  Such  is  a  very  brief  outline  of  the  principal  contents  ot  Mr, 
Mills'  admirable  contribution  to  the  publications  of  the  Hoyal  Society  of 
Antiquaries  of  Ireland,  and  it  is  no  mean  praise  to  eay  that  it  ia,  on  the 
whole,  the  most  interesting  volume  which  has  yet  emanated  from  that 
learned  body.  " — The  Freeman's  Journal,  February  20tb,  1892, 

"  In  translation,  introduction,  and  notes,  he  has  testified  his  com- 
petency as  a  scholar.  He  has  enabled  ua  to  see  much  of  the  inner  life  of 
a  religious  community  ;  to  form  a  fairly  correct  idea  of  ecclesiastical 
authority  and  influence  in  the  foiuteentb  century;  and  to  understand 
the  conditions  prevailing  in  this  island,  which  were  not  worse  than  the 
conditions  in  England." — BelfaU  Netei-Letter,  March  11th,  1802. 


"  In  the  volume  before  u 
under  very  deep  obligations.' 


.  Mr.  Hills  .  .  .  has  laid  Irish  antiquaries 
—Irish  Ecclmattieal  Oazelie,  March  11th. 


Journal  of  the  Cork  Uistorical  and  ArehaologicU  Soeitty.     Farts  I  to  3. 
(Cork  :  Ouy  and  Co.,  FublisheTB.) 

We  are  glad  to  welcome  this  Journal,  and  wish  it  a  prosperous  career. 
Ilicro  is  ample  room  in  the  details  of  local  history  and  archseology  for 
this  and  many  similar  publications  in  our  counties  to  rescue  from  oblivion 
passing  legends ;  to  transmit  traditional  stories,  and  above  all  augment 
the  interest  of  the  people  in  the  past  history  of  Ireland.  One  of  its 
features  is  the  publication  of  "  Historical  Notes  of  tho  County  and  City  of 
Cork  "  a  reissue  ot  Smith's  History,  with  additional  notes  and  iilustration« 
derived  from  the  Croker  and  Caulfield  Manuscripts,  edited  by  our 
esteemed  Vico-Fresident,  Eobert  Day,  j,p.,  f.s.a,,  m.b.i.a.  Fart  No.  3 
contains  a  view  of  Youghal  as  it  appeared  in  the  year  1760. 


•Reportforihe  Tear  IB90  of  the  Fund  for  the  FraerDatiim  of  tht  Memoriab 
ofth«  Dead.     By  Colonel  P.  D.  Vigors,  f.e.b.a.i. 

It  is  a  sad  and  diegracefal  fact  that  the  memorials  of  the  dead  in  Ireland 
are  too  often  permitted  to  fall  into  decay,  and  treated  with  neglect  un- 
worthy of  our  boasted  civilization.  Our  buriol-placcB  are  allowed  to  become 
loul  and  overrun  with  weeds,  and  trampled  upon  by  cattle,  and  repeated 
bnrials  persevered  in  until  the  ground  is  a  source  of  danger  to  the 
Bnrrounding  population,  offcnaiTe  to  our  sense  of  decency,  and  unbecoming 
to  our  common  Christianity. 

The  Report  published  by  Colonel  Tigors  contains  valuable  contributions 
to  family  history,  and  he  has  obtained  the  aid  of  numerous  correnpondenta 
over  almost  every  county,  who  have  sent  dcMriptions  of  remarkable  tombs, 
records  of  church  plate,  and  notes  about  the  local  history  of  parishes,  &o,, 
which  deserve  careful  perusal.  Much  could  be  done  to  aid  Colonel  Vigors 
if  a  few  of  those  interested  in  Ireland  and  its  illustrious  dead  in  every 
county  were  to  correspond  with  him  and  add  their  names  to  the  too  limited 
list  which  ho  publishes  of  subscribers.  The  annual  subscription  is  bt., 
and  the  present'  Eeport  contains  several  illustrations  of  tombstones  and 
remarkable  inscriptions,  some  with  armorial  bearings,  &c.  As  an  impor- 
tant adjunct  to  the  special  objects  for  which  the  Boyal  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries in  Ireland  ia  intended,  we  can  cordially  recommend  to  our  members 
the  praiseworthy  efforts  of  Colonel  Vigors,  hoping  he  will  succeed  in 
arousing  a  widespread  desire  to  preserve  the  "  memorials  of  the  dead  "  in 
decent  and  becoming  condition. 


*  The  Song  of  Dermot  and  th*  Earl :  An  old  Frtnch  Potm  from  th»  Canw 
JfSS.  Edited,  with  literal  Translation,  Introduction,  and  Kotes, 
by  Goddard  Henry  Orpcn,  ii.i. 

Thb  importance  of  this  work  may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that  its  pub- 
lication has  been  undertaken  by  the  Delegates  of  the  Clarendon  Fresa. 
It  has  long  been  known  to  historians,  and  was  made  use  of  by  Ware, 
Harria,  Leland,  Haverty,  Mr.  Gilbert,  Professor  Stokes,  and  others.  In 
1837  Pickering  published  the  French  text,  edited  by  F.  Michel,  with  an 
introduction  by  Thomas  Wright,  which  was  an  unsatisfactory  production 
from  the  editor's  want  of  knowledge  of  Irish  history  and  topography. 
The  want  of  a  scholarly  edition  has  long  been  felt,  Harris  saying,  that 
writers  of  Irish  history  of  this  period  must  make  it  "the  main  basis  of 
their  account,"  Mr.  Dimock,  in  editing  the  Rolls  Series,  says,  "  I  have 
not  a  doubt  it  is  far  more  accurately  true  than  Giraldus's  Poetical  Prose." 
Though  it  has  waited  long  to  see  tlie  light  in  modem  garb,  it  has  at  lost 
had  full  justice  done  to  it.  Mr,  Orpen  shows  himself  to  be  in  this  an 
editor  of  the  very  first  rank.     He  has  brought  to  bear  upon  his  work 


194 


EOYAL  SOCIETY  OP  AJmQDAEIES  OP  lEELAND. 


sound  learning,  great  research,  and  animemnginBtinct  which  finds  its  way 
through  the  mazy  web  of  Irish  names  and  places.  In  a  scholarly  intro- 
duction Mr.  Orpcn  describes  the  poem,  tells  its  history,  and  discussea 
the  question  o{  its  authorship  and  date.  Though  the  souroe  of  the  US. 
is  unknown,  Mr.  Orpcn  ingeniously  accounts  [or  it  thus  : — There  is  reason 
to  believe  that  Carow  got  an  accession  of  SI5S.  in  1 61 7.  Among  his  MSS. 
are  some  relating  to  Watcrford,  In  that  year  in.'itructions  were  sent  to 
the  Lord  President  of  Munsterand  others  to  seize  for  the  king  the  liberties 
of  the  city  of  Watcrford,  her  charters,  plat«,  jewels,  and  treasures.  This 
was  done,  and  they  wore  placed  "in  a  chest  of  theirs  (the  Corporation's)  in 
the  Arundcll  Toure,  where  all  their  writings  aro."  The  Book  of  Pedigrees, 
it  appears,  was  copied  by  Carew  from  collections  of  the  Earl  of  Thomond, 
and  it  is  therefore  probable  that  some  of  the  Watertord  documents  reached 
him  from  the  same  source.  Following  up  the  argument,  Mr.  Orpen  is 
inclined  to  associate  the  MS.  with  the  Dominican  Friary  of  St.  Saviour's. 

In  a  genealogical  table  is  shown  the  descendants  of  Nesta  through  her 
children  by  Gerald  of  WindBor,  Stephen,  Constable  of  Cardigan,  and 
Henry  I.,  and  we  see  at  a  glance  what  a  family  party  was  made  to 
acquire  possessions  in  Ireland.  Robert  FitzStcphcn  and  Maurice  Fitz- 
Gerald  were  elderly  men,  and  all  were  united  either  by  blood  or  marriage. 
William,  the  son  of  Maurice,  is  stated  in  the  table  to  have  morried  "  Alina, 
daughter  of  Strongbow  "  ;  but  the  "Conquest  of  Ireland"  (Col.  Car. 
M8S.,  296)  has  it— "Also  the  Erie  yawe  Ellyn  his  hm(i>  to  Wyllam 
Moryces  yldist  sone." 

Notwithstanding  the  greut  difficulty  of  rendering  a  linc-to-line  Interpre- 
tation, Mr,  Orpen  has  admirably  su-cceeded  in  giving  a  very  spirited  tone  to 
the  translation,  which  has  an  archaic  rhythmic  swing  uhout  it  that  breathes 
of  the  early  chroniclers.  Each  page  is  enriched  with  valuable  footnotes 
on  grammar  and  text,  and  his  volume  ends  with  over  100  pages  of  notes, 
glossary,  indexes,  and  map.  Of  the  notes,  which  are  of  great  value,  and 
show  wide  research  and  great  patience,  we  cannot  epcak  at  any  length. 
They  cover  much  debatable  ground,  and  clear  up  for  the  first  time  many 
difficulties.  The  participation  of  lands  is  described  at  length  in  the  poem, 
and  to  these  passages  Mr.  Orpen  gives  particular  attention  in  his  annota- 
tions. For  the  first  time,  too,  we  believe  ho  has  made  out  the  con- 
firmations obtained  from  the  Eegister  of  St.  Thomas  and  the  Chartulary 
of  St.  Mary's  Abbey.  Among  his  identifications  may  he  mentioned 
"  Wenenath,"  with  Freshfurd,  county  Kilkenny ;  Druuesuns,  with 
Druidston  Chins,  St.  Bride's  Bay ;  Karreu  with  Carew  Castle ;  Eboy  with 
Crioch  0  m-Buidhe  in  the  barony  of  Ballyadams,  Queen's  Co. ;  Emlath 
Began,  with  Emlath,  near  Kclls,  and  St.  13ecau  its  ancient  patron  saint ; 
and  many  others. 

In  the  destruction  of  seventy  of  the  Irish  after  one  of  the  battles, 
probably  at  Gearran  Bon,  or  White-Rock,  at  the  estuary  of  the  Barrow,  the 
executions  were  considered  to  have  been  by  a  man;  hut  Mr.  Oipon  shows 


KOnCES  OP  BOOKS, 


195 


it  to  have  been  by  Alice  of  Aberrenney,  who  was  probably  a  camp-followor 
whose  lover  wna  slain,  and  it  was  done  "  in  order  to  disgrace  the  Irish." 
Another  miaunderatood  paasago  was  the  reply  of  Roderio  to  the  ambas- 
sadors sent  by  the  Earl  of  Pembroke  (lines  1850-8).  In  this  he  agrees 
with  Mr.  Gilbert,  who  used  the  poem,  to  considerable  piirpoae  in  deaoribing 
the  events  of  this  period.  He  adheres  to  it  closely,  and  shows  the  impor- 
tance he  attaches  to  it  in  union  with  Mr.  Dimock  and  Dr.  Stokes,  One 
of  the  most  important  events  deaeribed  is  the  aiege  of  Dublin  under  John 
lo  Wode  and  Haaculf  mac  Torkil.  The  forces  were  Norwegians,  mail  clad, 
and  hearing  red  iroa-raounted  shields.  They  drew  up  at  the  Steino  on 
the  banks  of  the  Liffey,  and  marching  up  through  what  is  now  D am o- street, 
they  stormed  St.  Mary's  Gate  on  Cork-hill.  The  garrison,  under  Milea 
de  Cogan,  advanced  and  were  repulsed  ;  but  the  besiegers  were  attacked 
in  the  rear  by  Richard  de  Cogan,  and  the  garrison  again  advancing  put 
them  to  rout  with  heavy  loss.  Haaculf,  a  grey-haired  old  man,  was 
taken  captive  while  trying  to  gain  his  abips  on  the  strand ;  and  being 
brought  before  Miles  de  Cogan  courageously  braved  him,  and  was  at  once 
beheaded ;  thus  ended  the  last  of  the  Norse  Kings  of  Ireland. 


I 


AdvetUurtt  amidtl  th4  Equatorial  ForesU  and  Rivert  of  South  America  ; 
alto  in  the  Weil  Indiei  and  the  Wilds  of  Florida,  to  which  ii  added 
Jamaica  Revitited.  By  Yilliers  Stuart,  of  Bromana,  Author  of 
"Egypt  after  the  "War,"  "Nile  Gleanings,"  die.  With  many 
Hluatrations  and  Maps.  (London:  John  Murray.  Dublin:  Hodgea, 
Fig^e,  &  Co.     1891). 

OuB  Members  will  feel  interested  in  this  record  of  foreign  travel,  written 
by  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents  of  the  Boyal  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
Ireland,  for  the  Province  of  Munstcr.  It  constitutes  a  moat  readable  and 
instructive  volume,  abounding  in  vivid  descriptions  of  tropical  scenery 
observed  during  his  cxcuraion  in  Surinam,  Cayenne,  Demerara,  Trinidad, 
Martinique,  and  Florida.  The  latter  district  poaaesses  features  of  peculiar 
interest  as  he  managed  to  penetrate  lakes  and  rivers  little  known  to 
ordinary  explorers,  and  presents  us  with  vivid  descriptions  of  the  places 
themaelvea  and  their  inhabitanta,  some  of  whom,  such  as  alligators  of  ex- 
ceptional bulk,  do  not  appear  desirable  neighbours.  The  second  portion 
of  the  volume  treats  of  Jamaica  revisited,  and  it  is  gratifying  to  observe 
the  author  thinks  that  island  has  advanced  considerably  in  every  respect 
since  his  previous  visit  to  its  shores.  He  went  as  a  guest  of  the  Gover- 
nor, Sir  Henry  Blake,  to  be  present  at  the  Jamaica  Exhibition  in  1891, 
when  H.  R.  H,  Prince  George  of  Wales  attended  its  opening,  and  the 
concluding  portion  of  the  book  places  on  record  this  event  and  its 
accompaEjing  ceremonies  and  festivities.  The  Prince's  speeches  on  the 
occasion  are  given.    They  were  his  own  composition,  for  as  he  laughingly 


196 


EOYAL  BOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAIUES  OF  IRELAND. 


ioformed  some  o£  the  visitors,  his  eldora  had  their  Bpeeches  written  for 
them,  bnt  he  being  a  youngor  son  had  to  write  thorn  for  himself. 

A  valuable  chapter  ta  that  which  records  the  author's  oxperience  of  a 
state  of  thiEgfl — incidents  of  slavery  in  Surinam— now  happily  passed 
away  fur  over. 

Aa  an  Egyptologist,  Mr.  Villiera  Stuart  has,  by  his  former  works, 
acquired  fame,  and  though  the  book  now  under  notice  ia  of  a  more 
general  character  the  same  thoroughness  of  observation  and  lucidity  of 
record  characterizes  hie  lateat  as  well  as  his  earliest  labours.  The 
antiquarian  will  find  some  highly  interesting  chapters,  such  as  that  dealing 
with  the  survival  of  African  superstitionB  amongst  the  Jamaican  negroes ; 
relics  of  the  sfrpeat  myth,  and  the  very  curious  identity  of  emblem  and 
customary  sacrifice  with  those  of  the  typical  medicine  man  of  the  early 
Greeks.     The  author  says  t — 

"  Barbarous  rites  are  still  practised  of  which  the  high  priests  are  a  class 
which  deserves  to  be  described.  It  is  essential  that  they  shall  be  de- 
formed in  some  way.  The  minimum  qualification  is  a  vile  squint;  if  the 
candidate  for  this  inner  brotherhood  is  hump-backed  as  well,  so  much  the 
more  implicit  would  be  the  faith  of  his  disciples  in  the  potency  of  his 
spells.  His  sceptre  is  a  stick  or  rod,  whereon  is  carved  a  serpent.  He 
is  called  '  Obeah  '  man,  which  iu  the  West  African  dialect  means  serpent. 
The  whole  superstition  has  its  origin  in  the  worship  of  the  serpent. 

"  The  Jamaica  Government  arc  trying  to  suppress  it.  and  the  rites  are 
rendered  penal,  so  that  the  sceptre  and  other  properties  of  the  medicine 
man  are  difficult  to  procure. 

"  Ail  the  votaries  who  take  part  in  the  proceedings,  both  male  and 
female,  are  required  to  do  so  in  a  state  of  nudity,  and  it  is  rumoured  in 
connexion  with  these  orgies  in  the  ncighbouriag  republic  of  Hayti,  that 
children  ore  sacrificed." 

Their  magicians  will  undertake  to  bewitch  the  crop  of  an  obnoxioua 
neighbour  for  a  client,  or  safeguard  those  of  the  latter,  and  the  author 
draws  a  parallel  between  this  practice  and  the  similar  belief  in  Ireland, 
quoting  an  instance  where  he  had  "  known  a  tenant  to  attribute  the  bad 
quality  and  deficient  quantity  of  his  butter  to  the  spells  and  incantations 
of  a  malevolent  old  woman,  and  actually  gave  this  as  an  unanswerable 
argument  for  reduction  in  his  rent." 

The  manner  in  which  the  book  ia  brought  out  by  t!ie  eminent 
publishing  firm  of  Murray  is  all  that  could  be  desired ;  the  illustrationfl 
are  well  executed  and  numerous,  and  many  of  them  are  by  Messrs. 
Guv  &  Co.,  of  Cork. 


NOTICES  OP  BOOKS. 


*Tke  Toien  Bool  of  the  Corporation  cf  Sel/aii,  a.d.  1613-1816.  With 
Uups  and  Illustrations.  Edited  from  the  Originftl  by  R.  M.  Young, 
B.A.,  C.B.,  M.B.i.A.,  F.B.s.A.  (Belfast:  Marcus  Ward  &  Co.) 

IsBLAiis  is  not  very  rich  in  local  records  of  the  last  three  centuries.  In 
BO  respect  does  Ireland  bear  clearer  pronf  of  its  unsettled  state  since  the 
the  time  of  Henry  VIII,  than  in  this  direction.  Dublin,  indeed,  is  rich 
in  its  records,  as  is  natural.  Dublin  has  been  always  the  scat  of  govern- 
ment ;  and  no  matter  how  Ireland  may  have  been  distracted  elsewhere, 
the  capital  has  always  been  in  the  possession  of  a  strong  and  vigorous 
power.  The  Corporation  of  Dublin,  whether  ancient  or  modern,  has 
always  been  a  great  public  body,  subject  to  a  controlling  and  ever- 
present  public  opinion.  Its  records,  therefore,  have  always  been  well 
kept,  and  carefully  preserved  ;  hut  when  we  pass  outside  Dublin,  we 
can  only  recall  Cork,  Limerick,  Galway,  and  Eilkenny  as  places  where 
anything  like  the  same  care  has  been  displayed  during  the  lost  four  cen- 
turies. The  records  of  Dublin  are,  indeed,  extremely  rich,  as  Mr.  Gilbert 
is  proving  by  the  valuable  series  of  works  which  he  is  publishing  for  the 
Corporation ;  and  it  our  view  is  extended  beyond  the  Corporation,  we 
shall  find  that  even  more  private  and  retired  bodies,  like  the  Guild  oC 
Slerchants,  possess  valuable  records,  going  back,  in  some  cases,  four  hun- 
dred years  and  more.  The  Guild  of  Merchants,  indeed,  whose  hall  is  on 
Merchants' -quay,  possesses  a  record  of  their  transactions  going  back  to  the 
fifteenth  century,  which  were  it  in  England,  or  belonging  to  an  English 
town,  would  have  been  long  since  published.  We  are  very  deficient  in 
this  country  in  local  histories,  We  are  in  fact  oil  so  busy  making  history, 
and  working  amid  the  narrow  concerns  of  local  politics,  that  we  have  no 
time  to  sit  down  and  investigate  the  i 
Ireland  what  it  is.  ^Tiat  a  light  w 
if  in  each  considerable  town   some   ( 

to  investigating  local  history,  and  having  done  so  would  write  c 
of  articles  on  his  own  subject  to  be  read  before  our  Society,  and 
published  in  tlds  Journal.  We  welcome  Mr.  Young's  contribution  to 
Belfast  history  as  proving  that  in  Ulster,  at  least,  there  exists  a  nobler 
spirit ;  and  that  in  Belfast,  where  the  UUtn-  Journal  of  Arehaology  once 
fiourished,  the  spirit  of  antiijuarian  investigation  and  of  scholarly  interest 
IB  the  centuries  that  have  gone,  stiU  exists  and  brings  forth  fruit.  "  The 
Town  Book  of  Belfast "  is  a  contemporary  record  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
Corporation  which  has  been  oft«n  referred  to  by  the  writers  of  Belfast 
local  history.  Dr.  Kirkpatrick,  writing  in  1713,  quoted  it,  as  did  Henry 
Joy  in  the  end  of  the  last  century,  and  the  late  George  Benn  in  his  earliest 
history  of  Belfast,  published  in  1823.  But  those  writers  merely  gave 
extracts  from  it.  Mr.  Young  has  published  the  whole  work,  which  he 
thus  describes : — "  The  manuscript  consists  of  four  hundred  leaves,  fools- 
cap folio,  of  which  one  hundred  and  thirteen  are  blank  pages.    The  paper 


s  of  the  past  which  has  made 
luld  be  shed  upon  Irish  history 
le  person  would  devote  himself 


198         KOYAL   SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES   OP   IRELAND. 

is  of  excellent  quality,  with  five  seporato  wat^r-raarks — some  foreign. 
A  court  hand  is  used  for  the  earlier  entries,  many  o£  which  arc  very 
illegihle  in  places,  increased  by  the  faded  colour  of  the  ink.  Considei-- 
able  difficulty  was  experienced  in  arranging  the  entries  chronologically, 
partly  because  minutes  had  frequently  been  entered  on  blank  portions  of 
pages  already  written  on,  but  mainly  hecanse  the  different  sheets  were 
kept  loose  for  many  years,  and  when  subsequently  discovered  by  the 
Marquis  of  Donegal  in  an  old  chest,  were  further  disarranged  by  F.  Bed- 
ford, who  bound  the  eslsting  volume,"  These  were  no  slight  difficulties 
to  begin  with  ;  but  we  are  obliged  to  aay  that  Mr.  Young  has  triumph- 
antly overcome  them  all,  and  produced  a  work  which  will  prove  most 
helpful,  not  only  to  local  historians,  but  most  important  for  the  JUustra^ 
tion  of  the  political,  the  commercial,  and  the  civic  life  of  Ireland  at  large. 
We  ean  there  trace,  step  by  step,  the  remarkable  upgrowth  of  Belfast 
fium  tho  time  that  it  was  a  small  village — a  creek,  in  fact — dependent 
upon  Carrickfergus,  to  the  present  century,  when  it  has  qirung  up  to  ite 
distinguished  position  as  one  of  the  greatest  of  British  seaports  and 
centres  of  trade  and  commerce. 

Mr.  Young  does  not  indeed  confine  himself  to  merely  reprinting  the 
"  Town  Book  " ;  he  adds  much  original  matter ;  and  we  consider  these 
additions  some  of  the  most  valuable  portions  of  the  book.  Belfast  is 
supposed,  indeed,  to  be  a  mere  moilem  town;  but  Mr.  Young,  with  a 
true  antiquary's  taste,  is  not  content  to  be  a  citizen  of  a  city  of  yesterday. 
Ho  goes  back  into  the  remotest  antiquity,  and  placing  a  chronological 
list  of  notable  local  events  at  the  forefront  of  his  book,  he  tells  us  that  in 
"a.m.  3506,  in  the  fifth  year  of  the  reign  of  Hcremon,  Xoch  Laogh  in 
Ultonia,  now  Belfast  Lough,  broke  forth."  Surely  the  first  Lord  Mayor 
of  Belfast  must  feel  that  the  Lord  Mayor  of  Dublin,  though  a  more 
ancient  dignitary,  cannot  hold  a  candle  to  this  antiquity  as  regards  tbe 
ago  and  celebrity  of  bis  bailiwick.  We  must  confess,  however,  that 
Belfast  does  not  figure  much  in  Irish  aunala  till  we  come  to  the  times  of 
tho  English  invasion,  when  John  do  Curci  held  possession  of  the  Castle 
of  Belfast,  which  afterwards,  passing  into  the  hands  of  the  Chichester 
family,  became  tho  centre  round  which  tbe  records  of  the  "  Town  Book  " 
gather  thcmselveB,  The  "Town  Book"  does  not,  indeed,  deal  with 
any  mythical  antiquity,  but  goes  back  merely  to  the  days  of  James  I. 
It  is  invaluable,  however,  for  the  illustration  of  Irish  history  during  th« 
troublous  times  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and  the  more  settled  though 
perhaps  darker  times  of  the  eighteenth  century  ;  for  it  is  a  simple  matter 
of  fact  Ihat  no  period  of  Irish  history  is  obscurer  as  regards  the  greater 
portion  of  Ireland  than  the  earlier  times  of  the  eighteenth  century.  It 
is  almost  impossible,  tor  instance,  to  discover  tho  records  of  town  life 
throughout  the  greater  part  of  Ireland  during  the  days  of  Queen  Anne 
and  George  I.  James  I.  incorporated  a  vast  number  of  towns  throughout 
Ireland,  endowing  them  with  quite  an  army  of  officials,  sovereigns,  vice- 


NOTICES  OF  BOOKS. 


199 


sovereigns,  recorders,  burgesses,  sergeants  of  the  mace,  &e.,  yet  if  one 
tftit'B  up  the  history  of  towns  like  Athlone,  Mullingar,  Corlow,  Wexford, 
Dundalk,  and  tries  to  make  out  a,  list  of  the  magistrates  elected  year  by 
year  since  1613,  it  will  be  found  practically  impossible  to  go  back  beyond 
the  year  1730  when  the  Dublin  Directory  began  to  appear,  in  which  the 
names  of  the  elected  magistrates  duly  appear.  Tho  town  records  of 
I  FL-land  have  largely  disappeared,  and  that  for  the  most  part  since  the  year 
18*10.  If  any  student  of  antiquity  will  take  up  tho  reports  of  the  Record 
Coromisflion,  publiBhed  about  1815,  he  will  find  that  almost  every  Irish 
Corporation  then  possessed  very  considerable  records,  going  baek  tu  the 
time  at  least  of  King  Charles  II.  Those  have  now  for  the  most  poit 
utterly  disappeared.  The  fact  is  that  the  old  corporation  system  devised 
by  James  I.,  and  wbioh  flourished  in  Belfast  as  elsewhere,  had  become 
rotten  and  useless  by  the  opening  years  of  this  century,  and  we  very 
mueh  fear  that  the  records  were  made  away  with  by  the  people 
who  feasted  and  fattcucd  on  the  corruplion.  James  I.  intended  his 
syatem  of  corporations  to  be  a  source  and  centre  of  commercial  life. 
It  was  turned  by  the  patrons  of  the  boroughs  into  a  source  of  political 
rottenness,  influence,  and  power.  James  I,  intended  and  prescribed 
that  the  freemen  of  each  borough  should  be  persons  who  had  served 
bond  fide  seven  years  to  some  local  trade,  and  thus  earned  their  freedom 
and  the  right  of  voting  for  representatives  in  Parliament.  This 
condition  was  during  the  last  century — the  paradise  of  corruption  and 
jobbery  as  it  was — completely  ignored;  and  the  patrons  chose  as  freemen 
members  of  their  own  families  who  would  be  sure  to  return  parliamentary 
lepresentatives  subservient  to  themselves.  It  is  no  wonder  that  the  old 
corporations  were  not  viewed  with  favour  by  the  inhabitonta  of  the  towns 
of  Ireland  when  we  find  that  sixty  years  ago  there  were  only  six  freemen 
in  Belfast ;  and  when  we  look  on  p.  336  of  Mr.  Young's  book  we  And  that 
the  corporation  which  ruled  in  1842  the  affairs  of  a  town  containing 
upwards  of  70,000  inhabitants,  consisted  of  fifteen  persons,  the  nominees 
of  the  Marquis  of  Duncgall.  People  may  scoff  at  modem  Iiish  Boards  of 
Town  Commissioners,  but  if  tbey  will  take  up  tlie  records  of  the  Muni- 
cipal Commission  which  investigated  the  state  of  our  Irish  towns  during 
the  thirties  of  this  century,  they  will  find  that  the  reformed  bodies,  with 
all  their  shortcomings,  have  done  their  work  and  deserve  well  of  their 
country  when  compared  with  the  older  bodies.  ITiere  is  no  man,  no 
matter  what  his  politics,  who  would  now  stand  for  a  day  the  slate  of 
affoira,  the  inefficiency,  the  corruption,  the  jobbery  which  went  on  seventy 
years  ago  in  every  town  of  Ireland. 

Hr.  Young's  book  shows  this  and  much  more.  The  corporate  system, 
which  thus  became  corrupt  during  the  last  century,  worked  fairly  well 
all  over  Ireland  during  the  seventeenth  century.  The  "  Town  Book  " 
shows  us  how  it  worked  in  Belfast.  Corporate  and  civic  life  was  then 
strong  in  that  town,  and  regulations  were  made  prescribing  rules  upon 


200 


HOTAL  BOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OP   IRELAND. 


«very  subjeet.  Dogs,  for  instance,  were  a  source  of  trouble  in  Belfast 
200  years  ago.  "We  therefore  find,  at  an  assembly  held  on  April  5th, 
1678,  that  the  BOTereigu  and  btirgeesee  ordered,  "that  as  it  had  been 
complained  that  the  uiastive  dogs  belonging  to  the  Butchers,  Tanners, 
and  other  inhabitants  dwelling  in  this  corporation  and  the  suburbs  and 
fields  thereunto  belonging  have  Barbarously  ffollen  upon  horses  in  carrs 
upon  the  street,  and  alsoc  horses  out  of  carrs.  and  have  violently  torn 
and  abused  them,  And  also  that  the  said  dogs  have  ifallen  upon  several! 
men  and  boys  upon  the  streets  and  lanes  of  this  Towne,  and  hare  pult 
them  to  the  ground,  and  Tome  their  Cloathes  and  Tome  off  some  of  tJicir 
fflesh,  and  Eaten  the  some,  therefore  every  such  Butcher,  Tanner,  &c., 
shall  see  they  be  sufficiently  muzzled,  or  pay  the  sum  of  forty  shillings." 
The  various  events  and  changes  in  our  national  history  will  be 
seen  refleoted  in  tho  entries  of  the  "Town  Book."  The  parish  church 
becomes  a  fort  in  Cromwell's  lime.  The  declarations  of  Charles  II.  upon 
his  Beatoration  ore  duly  recorded,  and  petitions  set  forth  from  local  persons 
claiming  the  benefits  and  pardon  promised  by  the  restored  monarch. 
On  p.  166  we  have  a  correspondence,  dating  from  the  early  months  of 
1688,  between  the  Lord  Lieutenant  and  the  Corporation  touching  tho 
provision  of  a  fit  place  tor  the  Roman  Catholic  officers  garrisoned  in 
Belfast,  in  which  Mass  might  be  celebrated.  This  letter  is  signed  Patrick, 
Bishop  of  Clogher,  while  on  the  next  page  we  have  a  proclamation  from 
Duke  Sohomberg  restoring  their  ancient  charter  to  the  Belfast  people. 

The  "  Town  Book  "  is  also  most  important  for  genealogical  purposea. 
Many  families  now  well  known  in  Ireland  are  there  noticed.  The 
families  of  Waring,  Eeynoll,  Dobbs,  O'Hara,  Joy,  Bawdon,  TiadaB, 
Porter,  often  there  occur.  Claudius  Gilbert  appears  there  as  Vicar  of 
Belfast ;  he  was  father  of  the  celebrated  Dr.  Gilbert  of  Trinity  College ; 
whilu  another  Vicar  of  tho  same  period,  Dr.  Tisdall,  was  a  kiusman  of 
the  great  lawyer.  Right  Hon.  P.  Tisdall,  M.P.  Mr.  Young's  local 
knowledge  comes  out  admirably  in  the  learned  and  careful  notes  which 
he  has  appended  to  tho  "  Town  Book."  Thus,  on  p.  323,  ho  gave  us  an 
aceount  of  tho  family  of  Bigger,  beginning  with  tho  year  1640,  and 
bringing  the  story  down  to  the  death  of  the  well-known  Joseph  O, 
Biggar,  the  Nationalist  M.P.,  who  is  there  shown  to  hove  an  honourable 
pedigree,  which  many  a  modem  peer  might  well  envy.  Mr.  Young  is 
a  most  industrious  collector  of  every  scrap  of  local  tradition.  He  adopts 
the  true  course  if  local  hiatory  is  to  be  rightly  written,  and  gathen 
from  old  inhabitants  their  recolleetiona  of  a  vanished  past.  There  is  an 
old  lady  of  104  who  several  times  figures  in  his  notes  as  telling  him 
stories  of  the  last  century;  while  his  own  well-known  taste  in  matters  of 
antiquities  enables  him  to  embellish  his  pages  with  many  an  illustration, 
which  makes  real  and  vivid  the  life  of  times  that  arc  gone  for  ever.  Wo 
wish  that  Mr.  Yoimg  had  imitators  in  every  town  and  parish  through- 
out Ireland.    The  records  of  our  towns  have  largely  disappeared,  but  old 


'  BOOKS. 


SOI 


vestry  books  and  registers  remain  ;  tombstones  and  moniimcnta  supply 
abundfliit  materials  for  histoi-y ;  and  old  people  still  survive  wbo  cun  hand 
on  traditions  which  if  not  at  once  garnered  and  stored  io  print  will 
vanbh  for  ever.  This  book  is  needless  to  say  admirably  print«d  and 
ilIuBtrut«d  by  tbe  eminent  firm  of  Marcus  Ward  &  Company.  It  ia 
accompanied  by  several  maps,  giving  views  of  Belfast  at  various  times. 
Wc  have  bestowed  so  many  words  of  praise  that  we  bope  we  maT. 


lV^ 


without  offence,  add  one  sentence  of  severer  criticism,  and  that  is  that 
we  would  have  much  desired  a  more  exhaustive  index  of  personal  names. 
How  is  it,  for  instance,  that  Joy,  the  founder  of  the  Ntwi-Leittr,  is  not 
mentioned?  Thurot  again  commanded  the  French  forces  which  eapturtd 
Oarrickfergus  in  1760.  His  name  And  achievements  figure  largely  in 
Ejuhitvi'i  Magazine  of  that  day,  and  are  duly  recorded  in  the  list  of 
notable  events ;  but  where  is  Thurot's  name  in  the  index  ?    And  so  it  is 


202  ROYAL  SOCIEXy  OP  ANTIQUARIES  OP  IRELAND. 

with  numberless  others.  Mr.  Young  has  illustrated  his  pages  with  a 
number  of  admirably  executed  plates,  views,  vignettes,  &c.  On  p.  53 
he  gives  us  an  order,  dating  from  Cromwellian  times,  for  the  formation 
of  corporation  pews  in  the  parish  church,  adding  a  picture  of  the  old 
Sovereign's  Seat,  with  the  present  sergeant  of  the  mace  standing  behind 
it.  This  seat  is  now,  alas  !  disused — standing  idle  in  the  vestry  room  of 
St.  Anne's  church.  This  sketch  we  reproduce  as  a  specimen  of  what  the 
Town  Book,  as  edited  by  Mr.  Young,  contains. — Q.  T.  S. 


(     203     ) 


^roceetiing^^ 


The  Second  General  Meeting  of  the  Society  for  1892  was  held  on 
^[onday,  6th  June,  in  the  Tholsel,  Kilkenny  (by  permission  of  the 
Mayor),  at  2  o'clock,  p.m. : 

The  Right  Rev.  W.  Pakenham  Walsh,  d.d.,  Bishop  of  Ossory,   Ferns 

and  Leighlin,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  attended  : — 

Vice^FresidenU : — Richard  Langrishe,  J. p.,  and  Rev.  Geo.  R.  Buick,  m.a.,  m.&.i.a. 

Members  of  Council : — Rev.  Denis  Murphy,  s.j.,  m.r.i.a.  ;  Colonel  Philip  D. 
Vigors,  J.P.,  and  William  R.  Molloy,  m.k.i.a. 

Secretaries : — Robert  Cochrane,  f.s.a.,  and  Geo.  D.  Burtchaell,  m.a.,  m.r.i.a. 

livpineial  Secretary  for  Zeinater  : — Rev.  W.  Healy,  p.p. 

Local  Secretaries: — Rev.  Canon  Hewson,  m.a.,  Kilkenny;  J.  H.  Moore,  c.b., 
Meath;  E.  Walsh  Kelly,  Waterford;  Major  Otway  Wheeler  Cuffe,  Waterford  City^; 
and  Rev.  J.  F.  M.  ffrench,  m.r.i.a.,  JFicklow, 

Fellotcs : — Patrick  M.  £gan ;  Joseph  Smith,  m.r.i.a.  ;  and  M.  M.  Murphy. 

Members: — David  H.  Creighton,  t.c,  Hon.  Curator;  Patrick  Kenny;  Thomajs 
Greene,  ll.b.,  j.p.  ;  P.  Shannon  ;  Surgeon-Major  John  J.  Greene ;  Brian  MacSheehy, 
LL.D. ;  James  Charles ;  Professor  H.  Brougham  Leech,  ll.d.  ;  S.  A.  Quan-Smith ; 
Alderman  Coyle;  Richard  Bravin;  R.  Barry;  L.  J.  M'Redmond;  A.  M'Mahon,  j.p.  ; 
M.  W.  Lalor;  Rev.  R.  A.  Burnett;  Dr.  W.  H.  Playfair  Vickers ;  W.  F.  Budds;  Patrick 
O'Leary ;  W.  H.  Catlin ;  J.  P.  Hartford,  s.c.s. ;  L.  J.  Power,  j.p.  ;  James  White, 
M.D. ;  C.  J.  Kenealy ;  John  F.  Smithwick,  j.p.  ;  Thos.  F.  Murphy ;  Rev.  William 
Carrigan,  c.c. ;  Julian  G.  Wandesford  Butler;  Rev.  Canon  Willcocks ;  Rev.  Tobias 
B.  Walsh;  Michael  Buggy,  Solicitor;  H.  J.  C.  Toler-Aylward,  j.p.,  d.l.  ;  Peter 
Burtchaell,  c.e.  ;  Miss  Harman  ;  Miss  Younge  ;  J.'Y.  Legge ;  Thomas  Mayne,  t.o.  ; 
Dr.  O'FaB^ll ;  and  a  number  of  visitors. 

The  Minutes  of  last  Meeting  were  read  and  confirmed. 

The  following  Fellows  and  Memhers  were  elected  : — 

Fellows. 

Most  Rev.  Richard  A.  Sheehan,  d.d.,  Bishop  of  Waterford  and  Lismore :  proposed 
by  Cecil  C.  Woods,  Fellow, 

William  Frazer,  p.r.c.s.i.,  m.r.i.a.  (Member^  1887),  Member  of  Council,  20, 
Harcourt- street,  Dublin  :  proposed  by  J.  J.  Digges  La  Touche,  ll.d.,  Fellow. 

Emra  Holmes,  f.r.h.s.  (ifrm^^,  1892),  11,  Eden-terrace,  Limerick;  Thomas 
Francis  Rahilly,  The  Square,  IJLstowel :  proposed  by  Robeit  Cochrane,  Fellow,  Hon, 
General  Secretary. 

Hon.  William  H.  Upton,  m.a.,  ll.m.  (Member,  1892),  Judge  of  the  Superior 
Courts,  Walla  Walla,  Washingioil,  U.S.  ;  Rev.  Ernest  H.  C.  Lewis-Crosby,  b.d. 
(Member,  1891),  36,  Rutland-square,  Dublin;  Rev.  John  Wallace  Taylor,  ll.d. 
(Member,  1892),  Errigal  Glebe,  Emy vale :  proposed  by  O.  D.  Burtchaell,  Fellow, 


904         HOYAL   aOCIKTY   OP   ANTIQUARIES   OF  IKELAND. 

Daniul  Diion,  j.p.,  Lord  Mayor  of  Belfast,  Bnllymonoct  Eouie,  Holywood,  Co. 
Down  ;  proposed  by  Sealon  F.  Milligan,  Tclhui,  San.  frovmeial  Secrilarg  for  VUltr. 

Edward  K.  B.  Tighe,  LiBut.,  3rd  Grfnadicr  Gunrda,  Woodstock,  Co.  Kilkenny  ; 
■nd  Guards'  CTul),  London  :  proposed  by  E.  C.  Hiunilton,  Fellow. 

Stewnrt  Clark,  j.r.,  Eilnaidc,  Paisley,  and  Csimdbue,  Lame  ;  Hugh  H.  Smilvy, 
J. p.,  DrumalLa,  Lame  ;  Charles  Howden,  Invennore,  Larne  ;  proposed  by  Jobn 
Macaulaj,  d.l. 

Men  nuts. 

Hiu  Boumond  Blepben,  Anavema,  Hnvensdnle,  Co.  Louth ;  propoeod  by  Lord 
James  Wuideiforde  Butler,  Freiidtnt. 

Verj  Bev.  George  Purcell  White,  b.ij,,  Dean  of  Cashel ;  proposed  by  John  Daria 
White,  Eon.  FiUour. 

Henry  Thonins  Daunt,  i.r.,  Compaea  Hi]t,  Einsale ;  William  James  Stoyte,  i.r., 
Glcndoneen,  Einsale:  proposed  by  Bobert  Day,  Felloa,  Vict-Priiidttit. 

G.    Burrowos  Browne.   14,   Dunluce-lerrace,    Belfast ;  WUliam  CoatiEan,  Great 
■    Vlotoria- street,   Belfnat ;  proposed  by  Seston  P.  Milligan,  Felioie,   Son.  Prorineial 
Sterilary  fir  Ulitii: 

SamuelTrant  M'Carlhy,  J.P.,  Srugrena,  Cahirciveen:  proposed  by  Eobert  Cochrane, 
Fittom,  Bon.  Oeiun-al  Stcrclary. 

WiHiam  M'Elwee,  m.b.i.a-i.,  Arabitect,  Foyle-street,  Derry ;  Samuel  Soolt, 
Jnlnnd  BeTeniie,  Great  J uues'i -street,  Derry  ;  T.  B.  Palmer,  c.b.,  Stranorlar:  pro- 
posed by  Thomas  Watson,  FtUow. 

WiUiam  Ilandcock  Pakinglon,  j.p.,  Haggard,  Carbury,  Co.  Kildare  :  proposed  by 
Charlei  Colley  Palmer,  Fillom. 

8TirBBon- Major  John  J.  Greene,  n.b.  (Dubl.),  a.b.b,,  16,  Clare-street,  Dublin; 
John  WilaoQ  Montgomery,  Downpatrick,  Co.  Down ;  llev.  W.  Jordan,  M.A.,  Cooma, 
K.  8.  Wales:  proposed  by  O.  D.  Biirtehaell,  Felloic. 

John  0.  Overend,  Assistant- Deputy  Keeper  of  the  Beconla,  Public  Kecard  Office, 
Dublin  :  and  71.  Batbgar-road  :  proposed  by  J.  J.  Digges  I.a  Toudie,  LL.n.,  FtUow. 

Jiuea  Thompson,  i.p.,  Macedon,  Belfast:  Sfaanuan  D.  Keill,  12,  DoneEall-placs, 
Belfast;  John  Boyd,  !,  Corporation- street,  Belfast;  Coniray  Scott,  C.K.,  Execulive 
Sanitary  Offiuer,  City  Hall,  Belfast;  Tbomaa  H,  Torrena,  i.e.,  Edcnmore,  Wbito- 
abbey,  Belfast;  Beir.  James  O'NeUI.  m.a.,  5,  College -square.  Eaat,  Belfast;  P.  C. 
Cowan,  C.E.,  County  Suneyor,  Co.  Don-n,  College  Gardeue,  BetFast ;  John  Hackenjue. 
Architect,  T,  DonegaU-aq nare,  Enst,  Belfast;  Thomas  Dargan,  2,  Richmond-place, 
Cavehill-road,  Belfast;  William  T.  C-oates,  University -square,  Belfast;  Prederick 
William  Smith,  7,  Donegal l-squiuD,  East,  Belfast;  proposed  by  B,  M.Toung,  Ftllsw, 
Hon.  Loral  Stcrilary  for  City  of  Betfait. 

Christopher  Smit^,  Inspector  of  Nntionol  Schools,  Clonmel :  proposed  by  Bev. 
William  Healy,  p.p.,  Son.  Frotiiwiat  Seerilari/  for  Leinalcr. 

Bev.  Jamca  Beazley,  c.c,  St.  Brendan's,  Ardfert :  proposed  by  Bar.  Denia 
O'Donoghue,  p.p.,  Sm.  Local  Secrttari/,  North  Etrry. 

B.  Coplen- Long  ford ,  i.p.,  SilcosgriiT,  Shanagotden :  proposed  by  J.  6.  Bury, 
Son.  Loeal  Stentary,  LimtrUh. 

Eobert  SpaiTow,  o.i.R.i.c,  Kosh :  proposed  by  Edward  Atthill,  San.  Lara!  Stert- 
tary,  !foHh  F,r<n«nagh. 

William  E.  Rogers,  Manager,  Belfast  Bank,  Lurgan :  propoaod  by  William  J. 
O'Neill. 

Alexander  John  M'Creery,  City  Bub-Bherffl,  Kilkenny  :  proposed  by  D.  H. 
Creighlon. 

Mrs.  Stoppoole,  Edenvole,  Ennis,  Rot.  J.  W.  fl.  Sheppard,  B.i,,  Tulk,  Co, 
Clare  :  proposed  by  T.  J.  Weatropp. 

Thomaa  W.  BoUeston,  u.a.,  BinuuD,  Spencer  Hill,  Wimbledon  ;  proposed  by  0. 
H.  Orpen. 


Mrs 


Cowper,  29,  Filzwilliam-place.  Dublin;  Bev,  Samuel  Russell  M'Oeo,  i 


3,  Walpole-tGiTBOB,l^lontarf;  William  Burnell,  Dean's  Grange,  Mimketovo;  Wiltiain 
Meroer,  Leomy  Sokool,  Limetick ;  proposed  by  ReT.  Professor  Stokes,  n.ti. 


PROCEEDINGS.  205 

William  Feiceval,  c.B.,  Woodlands,  Mullingar :  proposed  by  Bev.  H.  W.  White, 
LL.D.,  Son.  Local  Seeretary,  Wettmeath. 

Bey.  B.  0.  Thompson,  b.a.,  Dunmore,  Co.  Waterford :  proposed  by  Julian  O.  W. 
Butler. 

Bey.  Frederick  W.  Macran,  b.a.,  Drogheda :  proposed  by  John  Cooke. 

Thomas  Bennis  Bock,  62,  Leadenhall-street,  London,  E.  C.  :  proposed  by  B. 
Welch. 

Timothy  Brinn,  Dock-road,  Limerick :  proposed  by  W.  Ebrill. 

John  W.  Gunnis,  a.r.lb.a.,  o.b.,  County  Suryeyor,  Longford :  proposed  by  J. 
M.  Wilson,  Hon,  Local  Secretarp,  Longford. 

Bey.  Bobert  F.  Conlan,  p.p.,  St.  Michan's,  Dublin:  proposed  by  B.  B.  Kane, 

LL.D. 

Bev.  Charles  Hunter,  m.a.,  Ballyrashane,  Coleraine :  proposed  by  W.  H. 
Caldwell,  m.d. 

Bey.  Patrick  Breslan,  c.  c,  Eilglass,  Co.  Sligo  :  pr(^>osed  by  Bey.  John  M. 
0*Hara,  p.p.,  Hon.  Local  Secretary^  North  Mayo. 

Bey.  Owen  Mac  Cartan,  p.  p.,  Antrim  :  proposed  by  Very  Bey.  Alexander 
Mac  Mullen,  p.p. 

Mrs.  James  Otodlej,  Drominchin,  Carrigallen;  Charles  Cecil  Beresford  Whyte, 
J.P.,  D.L.,  Hatley  Manor,  Carrick-on*Shannon :  proposed  by  H.  J.  B.  Clements, 
Hon.  Local  Secretary y  Leitrim. 

J.  M.  Prior-Kennedy,  l.r.o.p.i.,  l.r.c.s.1..  Earl-street,  Tullamore :  propcAsed  by 
Mrs.  Tarleton,  Hon.  Local  Secretary^  KinyU  Co. 

David  Moore  Lindsay,  l.k.c.p.i.,  l.r.c.s.i.,  Heber  City,  Wasatch  Co.,  Utah, 
U.  S. :  proposed  by  Alexander  D'Evelyn,  m.d. 

George  AHhur  Mahon,  ll.b..  Local  Govemment  Board,  Dublin:  proposed  by 
W.  L.  Micks. 

Bey.  William  Thomas  Latimer,  b.a..  The  Manse,  EgHsh,  Dungannon :  proposed 
by  Miss  Brown. 

Patrick  J.  O'Connor  Glynn,  14,  Breffiii- terrace,  Sandy  cove :  proposed  by  George 
Healy,  j.p. 

Bey.  William  H.  Powell,  n.  d.,  Bathclarin  Bectory,  Kilbrittain,  Co.  Cork : 
proposed. by  Bev.  Maurice  Day. 

Henry  Pomeroy  Truell,  m.d.,  j.p.,  Clonmannon,  Ashford,  Co.  Wicklow :  proposed 
by  William  M*Gee,  j.p. 

.  James  Heron,  j.p.,  TuUyveery  House,  Killyleagh,  Co.  Down ;  William  J.  Wood- 
side,  Whitehouse,  Belfast :  proposed  by  Samuel  Cunningham. 

Francis  James  Kennedy,  Frogmore,  Whitehouse,  Belfast ;  Bichard  W.  Leslie, 
M.D.,  M.CH.,  Strandtown,  Belfast :  proposed  by  Bev.  S.  A.  Cox. 

David  J.  O'Donoghue,  49,  Little  Cadogan-place,  Pont-street,  London,  S.W. : 
proposed  by  William  P.  O'Neill. 

Bev.  Ernest  Augustus  Cooper,  b.d.,  Carrowdore  Bectory,  Donaghadee :  proposed 
by  Bev.  £.  D.  Atkinson. 

Bev.  Oliver  Brighton,  Skryne  Glebe,  Navan :  proposed  by  Joseph  H.  Moore,  Hon. 
Local  Secretary f  North  Meath. 

Bev.  Joseph  Mooney,  c.c,  Portarlington :  proposed  by  B.  P.  Atkinson. 

AUDITOES*    EePOBT   FOE  THE  YbAB    1891. 

The  Accounts  of  the  Society  for  the  Year  1891  were  presented,  with  the  Auditors' 
Beport  thereon,  to  the  efPect  that  the  balance  to  the  credit  of  the  Society,  after  paying 
all  debts  due,  cost  of  extra  volume  for  the  year,  and  investing  £100  in  2}  per  cent. 
Consolidated  Stock,  was  £249  8«.  2d.,  and  that  the  total  amount  invested  iu  the  names 
of  the  Trustees  amounted  to  £601  3«.  lOi/.,  as  against  a  sum  of  £491  19«.  bd.  m  the 
year  1890.  The  Accounts  and  Beport  were  adopted,  and  ordered  to  be  printed  in  the 
Journal, 


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PROCEEDINGS.  207 

The  following  Report  was  adopted : — 

Bepobt  of  Committee  on  Extra  Volumes. 

Thr  Committee  recommend  the  publication  of  the  MS.  Book  known  as  ^*  Crede  Mihi,*' 
in  the  custody  of  the  Most  Rev.  Lord  Plunket,  Archbishop  of  Dublin,  and  written 
about  1275;  or  as  an  alternative  the  '^  Liber  Primus/*  in  the  possession  of  the 
Corporation  of  Kilkenny,  and  written  between  1350  and  1499. 

The  Committee  recommend  that  the  Council  of  the  Society  should  make  applica- 
tion to  the  Lords  of  the  Treasury  for  assistance  in  publishing  the  above  works,  the 
Society  sharing  the  cost. 

They  recommend  that  the  text  as  printed  should  as  far  as  possible  represent  literally 
the  text  of  the  manuscript,  preserving  the  contractions  of  the  original ;  and  should  lie 
accompanied  by  a  Translation  on  the  same  page  as  the  Text. 

The  Committee  further  recommend  the  following  MSS.  for  publication,  and  suggest 
that  they  should  be  issued  one  for  each  year  as  Extra  Volumes : — 

1.  The  Annals  known  as  the  ''Annals  of  Clonmacnois,"  to  be  edited  by  Rev. 

Denis  Murphy,  s.j.,  m.r.i.a. 

2.  The  Register  of  the  Diocese  of  Dublin  in  the  time  of  Archbishops  Tregury  and 

Walton,  from  MS.  in  Library,  T.C.D.,  containing  Wills,  &c,  1467-83. 
To  be  edited  by  Henry  F.  Berry,  m.a. 

3.  The  "Journal  and  Accounts  of  Peter  Lewis, "  1564,  from  a  MS.  in  Library, 

T.C.D.,  containing  details  of  works  undertaken  for  partial  rebuilding  of 
Christ  Church,  Dublin,  including  minute  details  of  wages,  food,  and 
employment  of  the  working  classes,  expressed  in  very  qiiaint  English.  To 
be  edited  by  James  Mills,  m.r.i.a. 

4.  "Repertorium  Yiride**  of  Archbishop  Alan,  being  an  account  of  the  Churches 

of  the  Diocese  of  Dublin  about  1530.  To  be  edited  by  Rev.  G.  T.  Stokes, 
D.D.,  Professor  of  Ecclesiastical  History,  Dublin  University. 

The  foregoing  recommended  publications  to  be  independent  of  the  Index  to  the 
first  twenty  volumes  of  the  Society's  publications,  now  in  preparation  by  6.  D. 
Burtchaell,  ii.k.i.a. 

The  Committee  suggest  to  the  Council  the  advisability  of  advertising  in  the 
Journal  of  the  Society  their  intentions  as  to  future  publications. 

Belfast  Meeting. 

The  Secretary  reported  that,  in  deference  to  the  wishes  of  a  number  of  Membei-s 
residing  in  Belfast  who  intimated  that  the  date  of  the  Meeting  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion had  been  changed  to  the  same  week  as  that  fixed  for  the  Belfast  Meeting,  it  had 
been  decided  by  the  Council  to  alter  the  date  of  Meeting  from  2nd  August  to  16th  of 
that  month. 

The  change  was  approved  of. 

BoYAL  Aech^ological  Institute  of  Gbbat  Britain  and  Irelaitd. 

The  Secretary  intimated  that  the  Council  had  invited  this  body  to  hold  its  Annual 
Meeting  for  1893  in  Dublin. 

The  action  of  the  Council  in  sending  the  invitation  was  approved  of. 

Vice-Peesident  foe  Ui^steb. 

The  Secretary  stated  that  owing  to  the  lamented  death  of  Right  Rev.  Dr.  Reeves, 
Bishop  of  Down,  there  was  a  vacancy  for  a  Vice-President  for  Ulster,  which,  according 
to  the  General  Rules  of  the  Society  No.  1 5,  should  be  filled  at  that  Meeting,  and  that 
the  Council  recommended  Mr.  Lavens  M.  Ewart,  j.p.,  m.r.i.a.  On  the  motion  of 
Bev.  D.  Murphy,  s.j.,  seconded  by  Colonel  Vigors,  Mr.  Ewart  was  elected  Vice- 
Precident  for  Ulster. 


208        ROTAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAEIES  OF  IRELAND. 

Tbablt  Mketikob  is  Kjlkehht. 
Ths  SccTetaty  menLiDOBiI  that  Ilie  Cnunci]  had  under  co[iEiderB.tioa  the  propriety  of 
filing  Whit  MDnda;  in  eaeh  ycnr  as  tbe  date  of  the  Kilkenny  Meeling,  and  before 
dcdding  wishsd^lo  have  the  opinion  of  Li>i:al  Members  cm  tbe  eubjeut.  After  flome 
diMooasion  it  was  unanimously  resolved  that  the  KiUtenny  Meeling  be  held  on  'Wliit- 
Uonday  in  eaih  yesr. 

Exhibits. 
The  following  objects  were  exhibited : — 

Bt  Colonel  Vioobb,  feKow.— Stone  Cell  (clay  slale)  from  tie  "bUok  acre" 
Whitewilll,  county  KilkenDj-,  picked  up  Bome  few  months  since  by  Mr.  Toler-Aylward, 
Meinbtr,  when  icaJldng  behind  his  ploughman.  It  was  pointed  out  that  Ihe  end  and 
one  Bide  are  sliarpened,  and  that  there  are  very  cnrioua  markings  on  tha  hack,  markings 
M)  closely  resembling  the  Ogham  cbuiacler  that  it  it  not  at  all  i^ertoin  that  they  are  out 

A  finely  polisbed  Greenstone  Celt  from  Clonmore  Castle,  county  Cnrlov,  beloDgtng 
to  the  Hon.  £.  9.  Stopford  of  Borris. 

Ui  Du.  Fbazbk. — A  FrimitiTe  Koggin,  or  Milk  Vessel,  of  Tew  Wood,  ani]  (evenl 
anient  and  rare  Jst  Seada. 

Bi  Ket.  Canon  Hi vsok. — A  Cannon  Bull  found  at  Lamogue,  an  tlie  mad  to  Conick- 
on-Suir,  supposed  to  have  belonged  to  Cpimweire  army. 

Dt  R,  LAKOMtSMM,  J, p.— A  Carved  Powder  Horn  of  tli 


le  aiiteenth  century. 


Donations. 


The  Hon.  Curator  announced  the  following  Donations : — 

Fmm  Most  Kev.  Dr.  Healy,  Bishop  of  Clonfert,  ria-Prnidnit,  his  book,  "  Ancient 
Irish  Schools  and  Stholars."  From  Uics  Hargiiret  Stokes,  Bo».  FeDiu,  her  book, 
"  Six  Months  in  the  Aponnines,  or  a  Filgrimage  in  aeaioh  uf  veiA^  of  Irish 
BainU  in  Italy."  Fram  Mta.  Greenwood,  Dominga,  Gorcsbridge,  CsiiV(5iiTer) :  a 
Ruse  Penny ;  a  Robo  Gront  (Ed.  IV.) ;  two  or  three  Tudor  coins;  an  Austrian  coin, 
ITSa  (Maria  Therexu) ;  a  Spanish  coin,  ITIO  (Chailea  III.),  copper,  bronze,  &c. ;  a 
Janies  II.  halfpenny ;  and  several  trade  tokens  (chiefly  English  ot  eightvenlh  century). 
Full  size  dmwing  of  "The  RurEat?  MouumenI,"  kilniallock,  by  Robert  Cochrane, 
r-a.A.,  F.B.I.B.A.,  .fion,  Stc.  Proceedings,  Royal  Dublin  Soriety,  December,  ISSO ; 
Febnisry  and  June,  1861  (from  the  Society).  Tiansactions  (Scientific),  Royal 
Dublin  Society,  November,  1890;  February  and  June,  1891  (froin  tha  Society). 
Ptoteedings,  Society  of  AntiqiiBjiea  of  Scotland,  1890  and  18B1  (from  the  Society), 
Irinh  Builder  for  1891-2  [from  the  editor).  Numismatic  Chronicle,  Parts  ui.  and 
IT.  (from  tbe  Society).  Song:  "The  Last  Glimpse  of  Erin  "  (from  F^word  Counsel). 
Journal  of  British  ArchDeotogioal  Ansociation,  Vol.  xlvi.  (from  tbe  Associatioii). 
Olouceslenhire  Nates  and  Queries,  October,  1890,  and  July,  1B90  (fiom  Rer.  B.  H. 
Blacker).  Transactions,  London  and  Middlesex  Arch B>alog real  Society,  Part  ixi. 
Leeds  Philosophical  Society  Annual  Repoii,  1SS9-1|0,  and  1899-61.  St.  Albans 
Architectural  and  Architological  Society,  Transactions,  1889.  Proceedings,  Oxford 
Architectural  and  Biilorical  Society.  Sumetsotshire  Archoiologica]  and  ffatund 
History  Society,  Proceedings,  1860.  WiltsHio  Archipologioal  and  Natural  History 
Hagaiine,  July  and  November,  1890  ;  Juno,  1891  ;  and  December,  1891  ;  No.  li«v. 
Proceedings.  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London,  1891-2.  Report,  Manchester 
Museum,  1880-90.  Scottish  Notes  and  Queries,  Vol.  i..  Ho.  4.  ArehaQtogia 
Cambrnmi,  1802.  Yorkshire  Archsological  and  Topographical  Journal,  Parla  xuil. 
and  ZLiv.  Journal  of  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects, 
1891-92  [fram  tha  Institute).  Suffolk  Institute  of  Archicology,  Vol.  vii.,  Paita  i. 
and  II.  (from  the  Society).  Bibliography  of  the  Iroquoian  Languages  (bom 
Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  U.S.A.).  Sussex  ArchiEological  Society  Journal 
(from  the  Society).  Sildare  Archaeological  Association  Journal  (from  tbe  Society). 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  to  coniplote  the  Society's  set  (from  the 
Academy).  Rcpoits  of  tLe  Glasgow  Archicologicol  Society  for  1838  (from  the  Soeiety). 
Journal  of  the  Anthropological  Institute,  1891  (from  the  Institute).  PuhlicatioiL  of 
tbe  Geological  Surrey  of  Canadn,  1890-91  (from  the  Director).  Proceedings  (^  th« 
loBlitution  of  Civil  Engineers  of  Irckud,  1890-61  (from  the  Institute).     PublicRtioiit 


I 


.  .  PROCEEDINGS.  209 

La  Sooi^t^  Royale  des  Antiquaires  du  Nord,  1891  (from  the  Societr).  Proceedings 
of  the  Society  of  Bihlical  ^rchfeology,  1891  (from  the  Society).  Puhlications  and 
Exchanges  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  1890-91,  Washington,  U.S.A.  (from  the 
Institution).  Folk  Lore  Journal  for  1891  (from  the  Society).  Manchester  Journal 
of  Decorative  Art  for  1891  (from  the  Editor).  Transactions  of  the  London  and 
Hiddiesex  Archsological  Society,  New  Series,  toI.  i.,  Part  i.  (from  the  Society). 
Journal  of  the  Royal  Institution  of  Cornwall  (from  the  Society). 

Professor  Sven  Soderberg,  recently  elected  Honorary  Fellow  of  the 
Society,  wrote  as  follows : — 

''I  write  in  order  to  express  my  deeply-felt  gratitude  for  the  distinction  conferred 
upon  me.  It  is  in  itself  a  great  honour  to  he  a  Fellow  of  a  large  and  renowned  Society; 
but  in  this  case  it  gives  me  the  more  pleasure,  as  it  comes  from  Ireland — a  countiy 
which  I  have  learned  to  know  and  love  during  two  prolonged  visits.  It  is  a  well- 
known  fact  that  tlio  Scandinavian  nations,  during  a  long  period,  had  a  very  lively 
intercourse  with  Ireland,  and  that  their  culture  was,  to  a  vast  extent,  impressed  by 
Irish  civilization.  We  must,  in  order  to  understand  our  own  history  during  that 
period,  studv  the  history  and  civilization  of  Ireland.  I  am,  therefore,  very  glad  to  be 
in  touch  with  Irish  scholars  interested  in  Archaeology,  and  am  sure  that  I  shall  derive 
great  advantage  for  my  own  studies  from  this  connexion. 

**  I  remain,  with  great  respect, 

**  Your  obedient  servant, 

'*  Sven  Sodbbbbho. 
**  Lund  in  Sweden,  6th  of  April,  1892." 

Dr.  Prazer's  Paper  on  **  Jet  Beads  "  found  in  Ireland  was  read  by  the 
Secretary :  and  Mr.  David  H.  Creighton,  Hon.  Curator,  read  a  Paper, 
"  Notes  on  the  Museum,"  both  of  which  were  referred  to  the  Council  for 
publication. 

Mr.  P.  M.  Egan  proposed,  and  Rev.  Denis  Murphy  seconded,  the 
following  resolution,  which  was  adopted : — 

''That  the  attention  of  the  Coimcil  of  the  Society  be  devoted  towards  obtaining 
from  Parliament  aid  for  opening  a  Public  Museum  in  Kilkenny,  and  that  our  present 
Museum  form  a  nucleus,  which  may  be  best  promoted  by  obtaining  an  extension  of  the 
Lubbock  Act  of  1882.*' 

The  Chairman  intimated  the  adjournment  of  the  Meeting,  and  that  the 
various  places  of  interest  in  the  city  would  be  visited. 


Evening  Meeting. 

The  Members  of  the  Society  dined  together  at  the  Club  House  Hotel, 
Bight  Rev.  Dr.  W.  Pakenham  Walsh  in  the  Chair,  and  afterwards 
Kev.  Denis  Murphy. 

Mr  George  D.  Burtchaell  read  his  Paper  on  **  The  Geraldines  of 
County  Kilkenny,"  which,  with  the  following  Papers,  were  referred  to  the 
Council  for  publication : — 

''The  History  of  Navan,"   by  Joseph  H.  Moore,  m.  inst.  c.b.i.,   Son.  Local 

Secretary^  North  Meath. 
"  Killaloe  :  its  Ancient  Palaces  and  Cathedral,"  by  T.  J.  Westropp,  m.a. 
''Notes  made  Thirty  Tears  ago  by  the  late  Archdeacon  Bowan,  d.d.,  concern- 

ing  '  Vita  Sancti  Brenc^ii,*  *'  by  Miss  M.  A.  Rowan. 
"  Further  Cases  of  Remarkahle  Longevity,"  by  Seaton  F.  Milligan,  11.R.1.A., 

FelhWf  Eon.  Provincial  Secretary  for  Ulster. 
"  Holed  Stones,"  by  David  Mao  Ritchie,  7.B.A.  (Scot.). 


210         EOTAL   SOCIKIT  OP  AHTIQUABIES   OP   IRELAND. 


ExcTBaiojf,  Wnir-TpEBDiT,  71A  June. 

The  Excursion  was  to  TJllard,  Graiguc,  and  St.  Hullins;  leaving 
KilfcenBy  by  traia  nt  7.45  a.m.,  arriving  at  Bagcnnlstown,  at  8.12;  and 
awaiting  tliere  tlie  down-truin,  wtich  arrived  at  9,38. 

Ullaed. 

BagenalBtown  was  left  by  train  at  9.42,  and  BorriB  Station  (on  tbe 
BaUywilliom  branch  line)  reached  at  9.58.  Pair-borse  carriages  were 
in  waiting  to  convey  the  party  to  the  ruins  of  the  little  ancient  Church 
at  iniard,  about  two  miles  distant,  where  a  church  and  monastery  were 
founded  by  Saint  Ftachra  in  the  latter  half  of  the  sixth  century. 
There  remains  a  beautiful  Hibemo-HomaneBquo  doorway,  a  very  ancient 
stone  cross,  with  carved  fignres,  and  a  holy  well.  A  Paper  upon  Ullard 
«aa  read  at  the  spot  by  Colonel  Tigora,  Felloio,  and  the  ruina  were 
ahown  by  Mr.  O'Leary,  of  Graigue,  Memher, 

OnAiarE-NA-UAHAGH. 

From  Ullnrd,  the  party  drove  along  the  right  bank  of  the  Barrow, 
passing  the  ruined  Castle  of  Cloglinrty,  formerly  belonging  to  the  O'Rjana, 
about  three  milea  to  Graigue-na-Managh  (the  Grange  of  the  Monks) ;  and, 
after  luncheon,  viewed  the  beautiful  ruins  of  the  Cistercian  Abbey,  Be 
Valle  Salvatoris,  called  by  ancient  records  the  "Abbey  of  Duiske  (t'.».  of 
the  watersotrivera),  because  built  at  the  confluence  of  the  Blnckwater  and 
the  Barrow.  The  abbey  lands  were  granted  by  Dermod  O'Ryan,  prinoe 
of  Idrono  ;  and  (eome  time  between  A.n.  1162  and  117T)  the  grant  was 
confirmed  by  Dermod  M'Murrough,  King  of  Leinater,  in  the  presence 
o(  St.  Laurence  O'Toole,  Archbishop  of  Dublin,  The  Charter  has  been 
reproduced  in  fac-simile  by  Mr.  Gilbert.  There  is  a  cross-legged  effigy  of 
a.  knight  in  armour,  described  by  the  Rev.  James  Graves  in  a  Paper  on 
"  The  Croaa-legged  Effigies  of  the  County  Kilkcimy  "  {Journal,  1852),  and 
assigned  by  him  to  the  early  or  middle  part  of  the  thirteenth  century. 
The  name  of  the  knight  or  of  his  family  has  never  been  ascertained  or,  so 
far  as  is  known,  even  suggested.  There  is  also  a  monument  to  Edward 
Butler,  first  Viscount  Galmoy,  who  took  a  promincut  port  in  the  Confedera- 
tion of  Kilkenny,  and  of  his  wife,  Anne  Butler,  daughter  to  the  second 
Lord  Mountgarrett.  There  is  an  inscribed  silver  chalice,  presented  to  the 
church  at  Graigue  by  this  lady  in  1636,  and  the  plinth  of  a  memorial 
cross  erected  by  her  in  memory  of  her  father,  also  inscribed.  The  cliurcU 
is  used  for  divine  service  ;  but  the  octagonal  tower  has  fallen  down,  and 
the  site  of  a  great  part  of  the  monastic  buildings  Is  now  occupied  by  the 
dwelling-bouses  of  the  town.  Their  positions,  however,  have  been  ideuti- 
ficd  with  great  pains  by  Mr.  Patrick  O'Leary,  of  Gmigue,  Member  of  the 
Society,  who  has  succeeded  in  drawing  a  ground  plan  of  the  whole,  and 
kindly  showed  tiie  ruins  and  read  a  Paper, 


PRCEEDINGS.  211 

On  the  Carlow  bank  of  the  river,  opposite  Graiguo,  stands  the  mined 
Castle  of  Tinnehinchy  built  by  a  branch  of  the  Butlers  in  the  sixteenth 
century.  There  is  also  a  ruined  church,  but  neither  have  any  note- 
worthy  architectural  features. 

The  Luncheon. 

At  Graigue-na-Managh  the  Incumbent  of  the  parish,  the  Rev.  Richard 
A.  Burnett,  Member  of  the  Society,  most  hospitably  supplied  luncheon  in 
a  spacious  marquee  erected  on  the  grounds  attached  to  his  residence. 
After  the  repast  the  Rev.  George  R.  Buick,  m.a.,  Yice-President,  returned 
thanks  on  behalf  of  the  Society  to  Mr.  Burnett  for  his  great  kindness; 
and  Rev.  Mr.  Burnett  proposed  success  and  prosperity  to  the  Royal  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  which  was  responded  to  by  Colonel  Vigors,  Rev.  Denis 
Murphy,  and  Mr.  "W.  R.  Molloy,  Members  of  Council.  A  cordial  vote  of 
thanks  was  passed  to  Mr.  O'Leary  for  his  valuable  exertions  in  pointing 
out  and  explaining  the  various  objects  of  antiquarian  interest  in  the 
locality. 

St.  Mullins. 

After  luncheon  the  party  drove  to  St.  MuUins  (Teach  Moling), 
about  five  miles  distant  lower  down  the  Barrow.  Early  in  the  seventh 
century  St.  Moling  built  a  monastery  at  this  place,  then  called  Achadh 
Cainidh,  and  still  earlier  known  as  Ross-Broc  ("Badger's  Wood"). 
Some  years  later,  namely,  in  a.d.  632,  Moling  was  made  Bishop  of 
Ferns.  He  was  a  poet,  and  is  credited  with  several  compositions  still 
extant.  He  is  also  noted  for  having  had  influence  enough  to  procure 
the  remission  of  a  grievous  tribute,  known  as  the  **Boromean  tribute," 
which  for  several  centuries  had  been  exacted  throughout  Leinster  by 
the  kings  of  Ireland.  He  died  in  June,  a.d.  697,  and  was  buried  at 
St.  Mullins. 

An  ancient  life  of  St.  Moling  is  preserved  in  the  **  Liber  Kilkeni- 
ensis,"  in  Marsh's  Library,  recounting  many  miracles.  His  **Evangelis- 
tarium,"  with  its  case  of  brass  and  silver,  was  preserved  as  an  heirloom 
by  the  Kavanaghs  of  Borris,  and  may  be  seen  in  the  Library  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin. 

The  remains  at  St.  Mullins  consist  of  a  fine  tumulus,  portions  of  four 
little  buildings,  and  a  cell,  said  to  have  been  occupied  by  the  saint. 
There  is  also  an  ancient  cross  with  carved  figures ;  the  base  of  a  round 
tower,  with  the  remains  of  a  spiral  staircase  leading  to  it  from  one  of 
the  monastic  buildings,  the  old  iron  hinge  still  fast  in  the  wall.  St. 
Moling's  Well  is  surrounded  by  an  ancient  stone  enclosure.  There  is  a 
mill-race,  or  stream,  a  mile  long,  traditionally  said  to  have  been  dug  by 
the  saint  with  his  own  hands — the  labour  of  seven  years :  and  close  by 
an  ancient  mill- stone.  These  antiquities  were  shown  by  Mr.  O'Leary, 
of  Graigue,  author  of  a  little  book  on  St.  Mullins,  published  by  Duffy ; 


212         ROTAL   SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES   OF  IRELAND. 

and  a  Paper  was  read  by  the  Bev.  J.  F.  M.  ffrench,  x.  &.i.  a.. 
Fellow. 

The  three  places,  XJUard,  Graigae,  and  St.  Mullins,  form  the  sabject 
of  a  small  book  (38  pages,  with  illustrations)  by  the  Bev.  M.  Comerford, 
H.B.I.A.,  Member  of  the  Society  (now  Coadjutor-Bishop  of  Kildare  and 
Leighlin). 

St.  Mullins  was  left  about  5  p.m.  The  party  drove  back  to  Borris 
Station,  taking  the  side  of  the  river  opposite  to  that  along  which 
they  passed  in  the  morning,  i,  e,  the  Carlow  or  left  bank ;  and  the 
station  was  reached  in  time  for  the  6.32  p.m.  train,  which  conveyed  the 
members  to  their  respective  destinations. 

When  the  party  were  assembled  at  the  station  an  informal  meeting 
was  held,  and  the  Vice-President,  Bev.  George  B.  Buick,  m.a.,  conveyed 
to  Bev.  Canon  Hewson,  in  an  appropriate  speech,  the  feeling  of  indebted- 
ness of  the  party  to  him  for  his  successful  efforts  in  organizing  the 
excursion  of  the  day,  from  which  all  present  had  derived  so  much  pleasure 
and  instruction. 

In  the  next  issue  of  the  Journal  the  Papers  descriptive  of  TTllard, 
Graigue-na-Managh,  and  St.  Mullins,  will  be  given. 


**=^. 


THE   JOURNAL 


OF 


THE  EOYAL  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUAEIES 

OF  IRELAND, 
FOR  THE  YEAR  1892. 

PAPEES  AND  PROCEEDINGS-PART  III.    THIRD  QUARTER,  1892. 


i^apetjO! 


PREHISTORIC  STONE  MONUMENTS  OF  BRITTANY. 

By  rev.  JOHN  HEALY,  LL.D. 

"DEiTTAirT,  the  Land's  End  of  France,  is  a  country  that  in  many  respects 
resembles  our  own.  The  remoteness  of  its  situation  has  cut  it  off 
to  some  extent  from  the  rest  of  Europe,  and  caused  it  (in  the  same  way 
as  a  similar  reason  caused  Ireland  and  the  West  of  Britain)  to  retain  many 
old-world  usages  and  traditions  long  after  they  had  become  obsolete  else- 
where. It  was  and  is  inhabited  by  a  race  of  Celts  of  common  origin  with 
ourselves.  Its  folk-lore  is  like  ours,  and  it  is  with  surprise  that  wo  find 
the  same  stories  told  amongst  its  peasantry  that  we  thought  were  peculiar 
to  our  own.  As  with  ourselves,  the  fairies  linger  round  the  old  pre- 
historic monuments,  and  have  guarded  them  from  intrusion  for  many  ages. 
The  country  is  one  that  has  many  attractions :  beautiful  scenery,  good 
fishing,  interesting  mediaeval  towns,  picturesque  costumes,  old-world 
fashions  and  ways.  But  above  all,  it  is  the  country  ^ar  excellence  of  prehis- 
toric stone  monuments.  While,  therefore,  the  traveller,  the  artist,  and  the 
sportsman,  Qnd  in  it  much  to  make  each  one  linger — it  is  the  antiquarian 
to  whom  it  is  specially  interesting.  At  every  step  he  obtains  fresh  food  for 
reflection.  The  very  profusion  is  almost  bewildering.  As  he  reads  in 
books  of  these  magnificent  relics  he  can  form  his  theories  and  speculate 
as  to  who  were  the  builders,  and  what  were  the  ends  they  had  in  view ; 
but  when  he  sees  the  monuments  themselves,  scarcely  any  thought  is 

JOUR.  R.8.A.I.,  VOL.  U.,  PT.  III.,  5tH  SBK.  Q 


214  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIES  OP  IRELAND. 

possible  but  that  of  astonishment.  What  race  were  these  men  who  have 
left  such  tokens  behind  them  ? — triumphs  of  brute  force,  evidences  of  a 
bodily  strength  which  is  one  of  the  lost  possessions  of  the  human  race. 

Another  very  remarkable  thing  is  the  great  number  of  these  monuments. 
They  are  to  be  found  in  every  part  of  Brittany,  but  in  the  department  of 
the  Morbihan-they  are  to  be  met  with  at  every  step.  If  we  take  the  little 
village  of  Camac,  or  that  of  Plouhamcl,  as  a  centre,  we  feel  almost  as  if 
we  were  in  a  museum,  and  that  these  objects  were  brought  together  that 
all  might  be  examined  with  the  least  fatigue.  And  yet,  there  can  be 
little  doubt  that  the  monuments  which  now  remain  are  only  a  fraction  of 
those  that  once  existed.  We  have  abundant  evidence  of  this — as,  for 
example,  at  Yieux  Moulin,  near  Plouharnel,  where  we  find  the  remains  of 
some  lines  of  standing  stones.  Only  a  few  are  still  to  be  seen,  butiihey 
are  so  placed  as  to  show  that  at  one  time  they  must  have  been  very  great 
indeed  in  extent. 

The  simplest  of  these  stone  monuments  is  the  menhir,  or  single  standing 
stone.  It  is  also  perhaps  the  commonest  of  all.  Sometimes  these  are  of 
comparatively  small  height,  say  eight  or  ten  feet ;  sometimes  they  are  of 
colossal  dimensions,  as  in  the  case  of  the  prostrate  menhir  at  Locmariaquer, 
which  is  sixty-seven  feet  long.  At  Moustoir,  between  Auray  and  Camac, 
we  have  a  menhir  erected  on  the  top  of  a  tumulus.  I  did  not  see 
another  example  of  this,  and  imagine  that  it  cannot  have  been  common ; 
but  it  is  interesting  to  us,  as  it  will  be  remembered  that  in  all 
the  old  descriptions  of  Kew  Grange  mention  is  made  of  a  great  stone  that 
at  one  time  surmounted  that  famous  tumulus.  The  menhirs  look  as  if 
they  were  erected  as  memorials  either  of  persons  or  of  events.  They  are 
regarded  by  the  Bretons  with  a  certain  amount  of  superstition,  which 
would  suggest  a  religious  origin  for  them.  One  of  them,  for  example,  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Brest  is  regularly  resorted  to  by  peasant  women 
who  are  wishing  for  offspring.  None  of  them  bear  any  inscription,  nor 
have  they  been  tooled  in  any  way  by  the  original  erectors  ;  but  a  few — 
very  few — bear  traces  of  having  been  carved  more  or  less  by  the  Romans 
and  by  the  Christians. 

If  the  menhirs  are  the  simplest,  the  chambered  tumuli  are  the  most 
elaborate  of  the  ancient  stone  monuments.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that 
they  were  intended  as  places  of  sepulture.  Our  own  New  Grange  or 
Dowth  might  be  taken  in  most  respects  as  a  type  of  all  of  them  ;  that  is 
to  say,  there  is  in  each  a  central  chamber,  and  a  long  narrow  passage  lead- 
ing to  it.  Several  examples  are  found  near  Camac  :  for  example,  Moustoir, 
which  I  have  already  mentioned  as  having  a  menhir  on  its  summit ;  Mont 
S.  Michel  (not,  of  course,  the  famous  Mount  of  the  same  name  on  the 
Coast  of  Normandy),  one  of  the  largest  tumuli  in  existence — ^unfor- 
tunately for  the  present  closed  by  order  of  the  Government ;  Kercado, 
where  very  curious  markings  are  found  on  the  walls  ;  and  most  remarkable 
of^all,  Gavr  Inis  in  the  Sea  of  Morbihan. 


PKEHISTORTC  STONE   MONUMENTS  OF  BEITTANY. 


215 


betrays  itself 
L  factor  in  the 
8.  Oor»,  too, 
In 


',  whieli  mcuDH  a  small 
LB "  Place  of  the  Cam," 
:e  of  the  great  Lisa,"  in 


This  name  Guvr  Inis  means  "  Gfoat  Island,"  and  at 
as  a  Celtic  name.  Amongst  ourselves  in 
names  of  our  islands  that  I  need  not  give  any  exampli 
■whieh  corresponds  to  Gavr,  and  like  it  means  goat, 
county  Limerick  we  have  Glenngower,  '  Glen  of  the  Goata  ;  "  we  have 
also  Ballynagore,  "Town  of  the  Goats;"  Lagore,  site  of  the  famous 
CranognenearDanahaughUn,  "Lake  of  the  Goats,"  or  of  the  Horses — for 
in  Irish  the  word  ia  applied  to  both  animals.  Morbihan,  the  "  Little  Sea  " 
in  which  Gavr  Inis  is  situated,  could  also  be  interpreted  by  anyone  having 
a  knowledge  ol  Irish.  Its  first  syllable  Jfor,  "  a  sea,"  forms  part  of  our 
own  well  known  name  Connemara,  and  the  termination  an,  or  little,  is  one 
of  the  commonest.  Beside  Morbihan,  "  Little  Sea,"  we  may  well  put 
Loughan  "  Little  Lake."  Other  resemblances  between  Breton  and  Irish 
names  may  be  gathered  in  plenty  from  the  same  neighbourhood.  The 
name  of  Crucuno  in  Brittany,  and  that  of  Croghan,  in  the  King's  County, 
arc  alike  derived  from  the  same  Celtic  word  c 
liill.  Canwe  itself  is  a  name  purely  Celtic ;  it  m. 
and  may  well  he  placed  beside  Lissa^Amore,  "  P 
the  County  of  Derry.  Tlie  syllable  earn  I  need  hardly  say  ii 
men  amongst  our  names.  We  have  Carnduff,  "  Black  Cam ; "  Eilcarn, 
"  Church  of  the  Carn  ;  "  and  many  others. 

The  tumulus  of  Gavr  Inis  is  not  of  very  large  extent,  hut  the  stones 
which  line  the  passage  and  chamber  are  so  completely  covered  with 
sculptures  that  it  is  in  this  respect  absolutely  unique.  This  is  all  the 
more  remarkable  aa  the  stone  monuments  of  Brittany  have  for  the  most 
part  very  few  inscriptions.  Iniloed  I  would  venture  to  say  that  there  ara 
more  sculptures  in  the  tumuli  of  Lougherewthaninthe  whole  of  Brittany 
put  together,  if  Gavr  Inia  he  excepted.  There  is  no  approach  to  anything 
that  could  be  called  writing — nor  is  any  object  represented,  unless  per- 
haps the  stone  hatchet ;  but  it  is  a  doubtful  point  if  the  resemblance 
here  is  intentional. 

The  tumuli  of  Brittany  are  manifestly  of  a  greater  age  than  ours.  I 
have  said  that  New  Grange  might  be  taken  in  moit  rupecU  as  their 
type.  The  principal  point  in  which  it  differs  from  the  Brittany  tumuli 
shows  its  more  modem  conHtruction.  1  refer  to  the  roof.  The  builders 
of  New  Grange  were  of  course  unacquainted  with  the  principle  of  the 
arch  or  dome  ;  but  they  had  a  method  of  their  own  (and  a  good  method 
it  was)  of  arching  over  a  space  without  using  atones  of  extraordinary  size. 
The  ancient  Breton  builders,  on  the  other  hand,  had  no  idea  of  the 
economy  of  labour.  There  was  only  one  way  with  them  to  make  the 
roof  of  the  chamber :  it  was  to  lay  a  flat  stone  on  tlio  top  of  sufficient 
size  to  cover  it.  To  be  large  enough,  the  stone  must  weigh  many  tons, 
and  must  have  required  an  immense  expenditure  of  labour  to  put  it  in 
position  ;  but  they  had  no  way  of  getting  over  the  difficulty.  Notwith- 
standing all  that  they   were  able  to  do  in  the  way  of  lifting,  this  very 


216  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUAEIES  OP  IRELAND. 

seriously  restricted  the  size  of  their  chamhers.  Though  they  seem  to 
have  been  gifted  with  the  strength  of  elephants,  yet  even  elephants  have 
their  limits,  and  hence  they  were  quite  unable  to  build  a  chamber  of  the 
size  of  that  at  New  Grange. 

Another  class  of  monuments  is  the  dolmen.  The  nomenclature  in 
France  is  somewhat  different  from  ours.  What  we  call  a  cromlech 
would  be  called  by  them  a  dolmen,  and  they  apply  the  name  cromlech 
to  an  enclosure  made  with  standing  stones,  but  without  any  covering- 
stone.  The  word  dolmen  means  literally  a  **  table-stone,"  and  is  thus 
fairly  descriptive  of  the  particular  monument  so  designated  by  the  French, 
which  consists  of  a  number  of  upright  stones  forming  a  chamber  with  a 
large  covering-stone  placed  on  the  top.  The  same  description  would,  I 
need  hardly  add,  bo  applicable  to  our  cromlechs ;  but  there  is  this  differ- 
ence :  with  us  the  chamber  thus  formed  is  complete  in  itself,  whereas 
the  Brittany  dolmens  have  all,  or  nearly  all,  a  gallery  or  passage  leading 
to  the  chamber.  If  we  could  imagine  a  tumulus  such  as  I  have  described, 
with  all  the  covering  of  earth  and  stones  removed,  so  as  to  bring  it  level 
with  the  ground,  but  leaving  the  huge  block  of  stone  which  formed  the 
roof  of  the  chamber,  you  would  have  exactly  a  Breton  dolmen.  It  is 
not  at  all  improbable  that  they  were  all,  or  at  all  events  some  of  them, 
originally  tumuli ;  and  this  is  further  borne  out  by  the  fact  that  of  the 
dolmens  we  find  some  denuded  to  their  very  base,  while  others  are  covered 
up  more  or  less  with  the  surrounding  earth  which,  in  some  cases,  reaches 
to  the  large  covering-stone.  This  may  suggest  to  us  the  manner  of  con- 
struction. First,  the  standing-stones  were  placed  in  position  ;  then  the 
surrounding  tumulus  was  built  up  as  high  as  the  top  of  the  stones,  and 
thus  an  inclined  plane  was  made  up  which  the  great  covering-stones 
would  be  pushed,  until  they  occupied  the  place  that  was  intended  for 
them.  I  imagine  that  it  must  have  been  in  the  same  way  that  the 
covering-stones  of  our  cromlechs  were  placed  in  position.  "When  we 
think  of  the  great  weight,  for  example,  of  the  cromlech  at  Howth,  it  is 
hard  enough  to  understand  how  it  could  be  pushed,  much  less  lifted,  into 
its  present  position. 

Some  of  the  covering  stones  in  Brittany  are  of  immense  size.  That  of 
the  Table  des  Marchands,  near  Locmariaquer,  for  example,  is  twenty 
feet  long  by  thirteen  wide.  Another,  in  the  same  neighbourhood,  is  thirty 
feet  long,  but  is  broken  in  two.  When  I  visited  the  Table  des  Marchands 
there  were  a  number  of  workmen  taking  casts  of  the  different  stones, 
which  have  some  sculptures.  In  seeing  them,  the  idea  presented  itself 
to  my  mind  of  how  easy  it  would  be — and,  after  all,  not  so  very  expen- 
sive— to  make  full-sized  models  of  some  of  our  principal  prehistoric 
structures,  and  place  them  in  the  grounds  of  some  of  our  museums.  A  few 
models  of  cromlechs — a  tumulus  (say,  a  reproduction  of  New  Grange) — 
models  of  pillar  stones,  &c.,  might  well  occupy  the  whole  of  Leinster 
Lawn,  and  without  taking  from  its  present  use  as  a  public  garden  would 
form  not  the  least  interesting  part  of  our  ITational  Museum. 


PHEHISTOBIC  BTONB  M0NDMEHT8  OP  BBTITANT. 


217 


A  few  of  the  dolraena  have  soulpturea — notably  that  at  Mnnfi  Kerioned, 
between  Auray  and  Carnao.  Theso  sculptures  come  nearer  in  their 
appearance  to  alphabetical  characters  than  any  that  I  know  of,  either 
in  this  country  or  in  France.  That  this  reaomblance  ia  only  in  appearance 
miiHt  be  obTious  to  anyone  wlio  has  given  attention  to  the  study  of  tho 
development  of  written  characters.  My  idea  of  these  sculptures —alike 
in  Brittany  and  in  Ireland — is  that  they  are  ningical  signs,  and  that 
stones  were  supposed  to  gain  powers  oE  keeping  away  evil  spirits,  and  of 
counteracting  enchantments  when  these  designs  were  carved  on  them. 
The  csamples  that  we  liave  at  New  Grange,  where  the  sculptures  are 
found  in  inaccessible  parts  show  that  the  stones  were  prepared  with  these 
markings  before  they  were  put  in  their  place.  The  same  appears,  though 
not  so  clearly,  in  one  or  two  instances  in  Brittany.  This  woulil  again 
conflict  with  the  iitoa  that  tho  sculptures  were  in  any  sense  writings,  hut 
would  agree  well  with  tho  theory  thnt  they  were  of  the  nature  of  a  talis- 
man or  charm.  One  of  the  stones  nt  Kerinnod  has  a  very  curious  design, 
somewhat  like  our  ogams.  But  here  again  the  resemblance  is  only  in 
the  first  appearance.  A  moment's  examination  shows  that  the  two 
things  are  quite  unconnected. 

In  excavating  the  dolmens  and  tumuli  a  varioty  of  objects  have  been 
found,  Buch  as  cinerary  urns,  flint  arrow-heads,  stone  hatchets,  celts, 
collars  of  gold,  necklaces,  rings,  &c.  The  objects  thus  found  are  some- 
timea  most  puzzling.  For  example,  in  tho  tumulus  of  Rosmcnr  there 
were  found  a  hatchet  of  polished  diorito,  two  bronzes  of  the  E«man 
period,  some  coins,  and  some  articles  of  iron — noils,  epear  heads,  and  the 
like.  In  the  tumulus  of  Kerancoat  there  were  found  five  urns,  and  in 
them  several  objects  of  iron  and  bronze,  bracelets,  rings,  and  a  key. 
These  would  lead  us  to  suppose  that  the  tumuli  were  visited  and  perhaps 
used  as  a  place  of  sepulture  long  after  the  original  builders  had  passed 
away.  All  tho  objects  that  havo  thus  been  found  may  bo  inspected 
in  the  small  museums  which  are  to  be  found  in  every  town  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood. I  confess  to  have  been  a  little  envious  as  I  visited  those 
museums.  For  the  most  part  they  are  well  arranged  and  very  interest- 
ing; and  their  interest  is  increased  from  the  fact  that  each  one  illustrates 
tlie  archEGology  of  its  own  vicinity.  Camac  is  a  small  village,  yet  it  has 
a  most  delightful  little  museura,  the  objects  in  which  were  collected  by 
a  Scotchman,  named  Miln,  who  spent  much  time  studying  the  monuments 
of  Brittany,  and  in  the  end  bequeathed  to  Camac  his  collection  of  curiosities. 
It  is  well  arranged,  and  ia  fortunate  in  having  an  attendant  as  inti'Uigent 
snd  well-informed  as  he  is  courteous.  What  a  pity  it  is  that  we  could 
not  have  a  museum  of  this  kind  in  every  provincial  town.  As  an  edu- 
cational agency  it  would  he  effective  in  the  highest  degree. 

Another  interesting  class  of  monument  is  ihe  pierrt  iranlant*  oi  locking 
stone.  Tlicro  are  several  examples  to  be  seen  in  Brittany.  I  have, 
however,  been  able  to   examine   only   one — that   of  Huelgoet.     This, 


S18 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUAHrES  OP  IHELAND. 


however,  is  by  far  the  largest  in  the  whole  country,  perhaps  in  the  world. 
"Whatever  may  he  said  of  the  others,  I  have  no  heBitation  in  Baying  that 
the  rocking  atone  of  Huelgoet  is  a  natural  phenomenon.  The  valley  at 
Huelgoet  shows  remarkable  evidence  of  glacial  action.  Immense 
boulders  are  piled  one  upon  another,  like  huge  pebbles  thrown  from  the 
hands  of  a  giant.  The  rocking  stone  of  Huelgoet  is  simply  one  of  these 
huge  boulders,  which  happens  to  be  so  placed  that  it  is  easily  moved. 
But,  though  a  natural  phenomenon,  it  none  the  less  deserves  to  be 
ranked  among  the  prehistoric  monuments,  for  it  was  undoubtedly  the 
object  of  superstitious  reverence,  and  was  until  lately,  if  it  is  not  still,  used 
na  an  ordeal  of  chastity  in  women.  She  who  was  innocent  could  move  it 
easily,  whereas  the  guilty  would  find  it  quite  immovable. 

The  monuments  most  characteristic  of  Brittany,  and  the  most  difficult 
of  all  to  account  for,  are  the  alignments.  Tlieso  consist  of  standing 
atones,  placed  at  regular  distances  and  in  parallel  lines.  None  of  the 
lines  are  perfect  at  present,  but  there  still  remain,  at  Sainto  Barbe,  ^8 
stones;  at  Kerlescan,  262;  at  Koi-mario,  855;  at  Uenec,  874;  and  at 
Erdevan,  1030.  All  these  are  within  a  short  diatanco  of  Camae. 
Groups  of  staniiing  stones,  arranged  Bymmetrically,  are  to  be  found  in 
Ireland  as  well  as  in  England  and  Scotland,  but  the  form  they  generally 
take  is  that  of  a  circle.  In  some  cases,  the  purpose  for  which  they  have 
been  so  placed  is  easily  inferred ;  ns  for  osample,  when  they  surround  a 
tumulus  and  were  manifestly  intended  to  enclose  the  smaller  stones  and 
give  stability  to  the  mound.  We  have  excellent  examples  of  this  at 
Loughcrcw,  and  the  same  explanation  may  he  given  of  the  circle  at 
New  Grange. 

The  form  adopted  in  Brittany  is  one  for  which  it  is  difficult  to  aaaign 
any  reason,  and  the  difficulty  is,  I  feai',  one  that  will  never  be  solved. 
It  is  easy  to  show  that  the  theories  propounded  from  time  to  time 
in  explanation  of  these  alignments  are  quite  untenable.  It  is  not  so  easy 
to  propose  another  which  shall  be  fi'ee  from  all  objections,  Two  steps 
may  be  taken  with  perfect  safety.  First,  it  is  evident  that  burials  were 
commonly  made  in  near  proximity  to  the  alignments.  This  is  proved  by 
the  existence  of  burial  chambers  just  beside  the  lines  of  stones.  But  it 
must  be  remembered  that  this  does  not  prove  that  the  alignments  are 
themselves  sepulchral  in  their  character ;  on  the  contrary,  its  force  would 
be  rather  the  other  way.  Secondly,  it  is  clear  that  national  assemblies 
Were  held  in  connexion  with  them.  Let  us  take,  for  example,  the  align- 
ments of  Eerlescan.  Here  at  the  end  is  a  large  apace  which  most  books 
describe  as  a  circle  or  semicircle,  but  wliich  is  really  a  great  oblong 
rectangle  with  two  of  the  corners  rounded.  At  one  end  of  this  is  a  large 
raised  mound.  One  has  only  to  see  this  to  be  persuaded  that  it  was  a 
place  of  meeting.  The  surrounding  stones  form  a  wall,  being  in  some  cases 
80  close  that  it  would  ho  impossible  for  anyone  to  pass  between  them, 
and  in  the  other  idaces  the  distances  wore  very  possibly  flUed  up  with 


PBEHISTORIC  STONE  MOKUMENTS   OP  BRITTANY.  219 

smaller  stones.  As  if  to  make  a  puzzling  problem  still  more  difficult, 
there  is  a  large  menhir  standing  near  the  mound- of  which  I  have  spoken, 
but  outside  the  boundary  stones.  Except  for  this  enclosure,  the  stones 
are  in  lines  straight  or  nearly  straight,  but  in  two  places  we  have 
others  set  at  right  angles.  They  decrease  in  size  from  the  end  at  which 
the  enclosure  is  placed,  where  they  are  perhaps  twelve  feet  high  and  large 
in  proportion,  to  the  other  end,  where  they  are  not  more  than  three  feet 
high  or  even  less.  But,  strangely  enough,  among  these  smallest  stones 
is  one  of  the  largest  of  all,  seemingly  quite  out  of  its  place. 

Among  the  opinions  most  widely  held  is  that  these  alignments 
formed  a  temple  for  use  in  Druidical  worship.  This  theory  does  not  com- 
mend itself  to  me,  if  for  no  other  reason  because  the  stones  in  the  same 
system  are  not  all  within  sight  of  one  another.  There  is  a  slight  natural 
rise  in  the  ground  at  Kerlescan  which  intersects  the  alignments,  and 
effectually  hides  one  part  from  the  other.  We  could  scarcely  imagine 
a  temple,  part  of  which  was  always  out  of  view  of  the  rest.  For  myself 
I  am  inclined  to  think  that  these  lines  of  stones  were  originally  walls  and 
offered  a  kind  of  shelter  and  defence  within  which  the  habitations  of  the 
people  were  placed.  But,  of  course,  this  is  only  a  conjecture.  No 
opinion  can  ever  be  more,  on  account  of  the  absence  of  all  record  of  the 
purpose  of  their  erection. 

Enclosures  for  tribal  meetings  are  not  common,  except  in  connexion 
with  the  alignments.  We  have,  however,  an  example  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Plouhamel.  It  calls  for  no  particular  remark  beyond  what  I  have 
already  said. 

The  prehistoric  monuments  have  been  comparatively  little  interfered 
with  by  the  teachers  of  Christianity.  Occasionally,  however,  we  meet 
with  Christian  emblems.  Thus,  for  example,  the  great  menhir  of  Dol  is 
surmounted  by  a  Calvary.  Again,  amongst  the  alignments  of  Erdeven 
we  meet  with  a  rudely  made  cross  which  was  manifestly  carved  from  one 
of  the  great  standing  stones.  Near  Camac  there  is  a  ruined  dolmen,  on 
one  of  the  stones  of  which  is  a  stone  cross  similar  to  those  which  abound 
at  the  roadsides  all  through  the  country.  And  the  most  striking  example 
of  all  is  the  small  church  of  S.  Michel  on  the  top  of  S.  Michel's 
Mount,  near  Camac.  The  purpose  of  all  these,  and  of  a  few  others  that 
might  be  noticed,  was,  no  doubt,  to  signify  the  triumph  of  Christianity 
over  the  old  religions.  The  introduction  of  Christian  emblems  showed,  as 
nothing  else  could,  that  all  heathen  superstitions  were  a  vain  thing  and 
that  the  religion  of  the  Cross  was  destined  to  conquer  all  others.  And 
this  continued  for  a  long  time  to  be  a  very  necessary  lesson  ;  for  even  after 
the  people  had  been  taught  the  pure  faith  there  remained  the  superstitious 
reverence  for  the  monuments  of  the  old  belief. 

Finally,  a  word  must  be  said  as  to  the  excellent  way  in  which  the  French 
Government  has  restored  and  is  preserving  these  ancient  monuments. 
Wherever  possible,  the  ground  on  which  they  stand  has  been  purchased 


220  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 

bj  the  State.  Stones  that  had  fallen  down  are  put  upright  again ;  in 
some  cases  the  means  of  access  has  been  made  easy ;  but  otherwise  the 
monuments  have  not  been  in  any  way  interfered  with.  It  was  time  that 
something  should  be  done.  The  old-world  ways,  the  Celtic  language,  the 
peculiar  costumes,  the  quaint  superstitions,  are  all  quickly  becoming  things 
of  the  past.  The  conscription  and  the  spread  of  education  are  abolishing 
them.  Brittany  to-day  is  very  different  from  what  it  was  twenty  years 
ego.  Twenty  years  hence  its  peculiar  features  will  nearly  all  have 
disappeared.  There  was  eveiy  reason  to  believe  that  the  prehistoric 
monuments  would  disappear  with  them.  The  builder  and  the  road-maker 
regarded  them  merely  in  the  light  of  a  convenient  quarry.  Much  has 
already  been  destroyed,  but  the  work  of  destruction  is  now  happily  at  an 
end,  and  the  monuments  are  being  preserved  with  jealous  care.  Brittany 
will  thus  continue  to  be  the  country  par  excellence  of  Celtic  remains — and 
the  student  of  the  prehistoric  monuments  of  all  our  western  lands  must 
look  there  for  his  most  perfect  and  most  interesting  examples. 


(    221     ) 


ON   JET   BEADS   FOUND    IN   IRELAND. 
Bt  W.  FBAZEB,  F.B.C.S.I.,  M.R.I.A.,  Fellow. 

A  MiNEBALOoiST  would  hoxo  DO  difficulty  in  ascribing  all  specimens  of 
"^  true  jet  to  a  well  known  English  locality  ;  the  coast  near  Whitby,  in 
Yorkshire,  where  that  substance  can  be  obtained  in  the  present  day  in 
detached  pieces  found  imbedded  in  clay.  It  should  not  be  confounded 
with  lignite,  or  with  Kimmeridge  clay,  both  of  which  afford  rings  and 
other  ornamental  objects  interesting  to  the  antiquarian,  but  totally 
different  in  mineralogical  characters  from  jet.  If  we  believe  that  jet  is 
related  to  the  **gagates,"  described  by  Dioscorides,  Pliny,  and  other  early 
historic  writers,  it  had  Eastern  as  well  as  British  sources.  They  supposed 
it  came  from  the  river  Gagas  in  Syria,  from  Lycia,  and  possibly  other 
localities  as  well.  Still,  for  our  investigations  it  will  be  safe  to  assume 
that  all  beads  and  other  articles  composed  of  jet  which  are  found  within 
the  Wes  of  Great  Britain,  were  obtained  originally  from  the  shores  at 
"Wmtby.  This  admission,  however,  will  not  assist  us  to  any  important 
extent  in  seeking  to  understand  how  such  objects  of  jet  came  to  be 
distributed  by  primitive  races  over  the  widely- separated  districts  in 
Scotland  and  Ireland,  as  well  as  England,  where  occasional  specimens 
are  from  time  to  time  discovered. 

I  possess  a  single  example  of  a  jet  bead  which  is  of  flattened  oval 
form,  a  usual  shape  for  such  articles,  measuring  three  inches  in  length, 
by  two  and  a  quarter  inches  in  width,  and  half  an  inch  thickness, 
having  the  apertures  through  which  the  cord  for  suspension  was  in- 
tended to  pass,  situated  at  the  ends  of  its  longer  axis,  and  drawn  out  in 
marked  prolongation  for  a  short  distance.  This  was  found  some  years  since 
within  the  precincts  of  the  Old  Church,  Church  Island,  Lough  Curraun, 
but  I  could  not  ascertain  any  details  respecting  its  discovery.  I  am 
permitted  to  exhibit  two  more  jet  beads  of  somewhat  smaller  size, 
similar  in  shape  to  that  which  I  have.  They  measure  nearly  two  and 
a-half  inches  in  length,  one  inch  and  three  quarters  in  width,  and 
upwards  of  half  an  inch  in  thickness.  I  am  informed  they  were 
obtained  about  forty -five  years  ago,  along  with  other  jet  beads  of  the 
same  description,  near  the  little  river  **  Goub,"  which  rises  above 
Fertagh,  and  flows  into  the  Nore,  near  Durrow,  within  a  mile  or 
80  of  Aughmacart.  They  were  sent  to  me  by  Miss  K.  E.  Younge,  of 
Oldtown  House,  Rathdowney,  with  permission  to  describe  and  exhibit 
them. 

In  the  scarce  first  number  of  our  Tramactions^  published  in  1849, 
there  is  a   communication  relating  to  jet  beads,  and  as  few  of  our 


222         ROYAL  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIES  OP  IRELAND. 

Members  can  have  seen  this,  I  copy  it  here : — "  Mr.  Shearman,  junior, 
High-street,  Kilkenny,  exhibited  an  exceedingly  curious  collection  of 
large  jet  beads,  which  appeared  originally  to  have  formed  portion  of  a 
necklace  of  great  size.  The  beads  were  found  about  two  years  since 
under  six  feet  of  turf  mould  in  Main  bog,  near  Cullohill,  Queen's 
County,  and  were  thrown  up  in  forming  the  foundation  of  a  bridge.  The 
beads  were  ten  in  number,  rudely  formed,  imperfectly  polished,  and  of 
various  shapes.  The  prevailing  form  of  the  beads  was  a  flattened  oval, 
or  egg-shape,  more  or  less  elongated,  some  of  them  very  much  so.  Two 
of  them  had  a  small  projection  or  ring  formed  round  the  extremities  of 
the  hole  with  which  they  were  pierced,  the  only  attempt  at  ornamenta- 
tion which  any  of  them  possessed.  The  two  largest  weighed  three  and 
a-half  ounces  troy  weight,  and  measured  respectively  six  inches  and  four 
inches  in  length ;  the  smallest  bead  weighed  13  pennyweights  7  grains, 
and  was  about  IJ  inches  in  length.  Mr.  Shearman  stated  that  the 
number  of  beads  originally  found  nearly  twice  exceeded  that  he  now 
possessed,  but  they  had  been  given  away  from  time  to  time  by  their 
former  owner.  But  as  they  were  not  found  originally  strung  together, 
it  would  be  impossible  to  decide  whether  all  that  were  discovered 
belonged  to  one  necklace." 

MarbodsDus,  in  his  remarkable  little  work  **De  Lapidibus  Pretiosis," 
writes  of  *<  Gagates  "  :— 

"  Naacitur  in  Lycia  lapis  et  prop6  gemma  gagates 
Scd  genus  eximium  foecunda  Britannia  mittit 
Lucidus  et  niger  est  et  levissimum  idem 
Viciuas  paleas  trahit  atritu  calefactus.'* 

He  then  proceeds  to  give  a  long  record  of  its  wonderful  properties. 
Amongst  its  medical  and  remedial  powers  are  that  it  fastens  in  loose 
teeth,  cures  dropsies,  and  its  vapour  relieves  fits  of  epilepsy.  It  is  also 
powerful  against  evil  spirits  and  daemons,  and  possesses  other  remarkable 
endowments  that  I  fear  would  not  obtain  credence  if  I  related  them. 
Bishop  Bale,  however,  states  that  **Ele8synge  with  black  bedes  will 
help  in  every  evyll."    See  Promptorium  Parvulorum. 

The  Museum  of  the  Eoyal  Irish  Academy  contains  some  good 
specimens  of  jet  beads  large  and  small.  Amongst  them  is  a  fragment  of 
a  bracelet  found  at  Dowth,  associated  with  a  few  glass  and  amber  beads, 
and  a  bronze  pin.  Mr.  Wame  in  his  work  on  **  Ancient  Dorset,"  which 
contains  a  fund  of  information  about  Kimmeridge  shale,  and  the 
supposed  coal  money,  consisting  of  detached  disks,  separated  in  the 
process  of  making  ring  and  bracelet  ornaments  from  that  material, 
mentions  the  finding  of  certain  gold  plates  associated  with  jet  beads  in  a 
bog  at  Corren,  three  miles  from  Armagh.  I  cannot  refer  to  the  details 
of  this  discovery,  as  I  have  failed  to  trace  them.  In  our  own  Journal^ 
New  Series,  vol.  vi.,  Mr.  G.  M.  Atkinson  mentions  a  small  bead  of  jet, 
owned  by  Mr.  G.  A.  Geoghegan,  got  in  county  Tyrone,  and  a  perforated 


ON  JET   BEADS  POUND  IN  IRELAND.  223 

piece,  in  shape  like  a  boar's  tooth,  found  at  Garvagh,  county  Deny. 
Figures  are  given  on  p.  70,  vol.  vi. 

The  Museum  of  York,  so  rich  in  Koman  antiquities,  contains  a 
number  of  jet  ornaments,  and  also  several  blocks  of  it  in  a  rough  state, 
and  some  partially  prepared  for  pins,  found  in  the  railway  excavations 
at  that  city  in  1873,  &c.  In  one  grave  a  bangle,  a  finger  ring,  and 
parts  of  a  chain  necklace,  all  of  jet,  were  found,  together  with  a  pin  and 
needle  of  ivory.  In  another  interment  in  a  stone  coffin  three  jet  hair- 
pins were  found  under  the  head  of  a  lady,  one  of  which  was  upwards  of 
7  inches  long ;  a  carved  head  of  Medusa,  composed  of  jet,  which  may 
have  been  worn  for  an  amulet,  bangles,  bracelets,  beads,  &c.,  are  here 
preserved,  so  that  the  Museum  is  exceptionally  rich  in  the  number  and 
beauty  of  its  jet  articles.  This  must  have  been  due  to  the  Romans 
having  discovered  the  prized  material  t»  situ,  near  Whitby,  and 
utilized  it  extensively. 

When  jet  beads  or  other  articles  composed  of  that  mineral  are  found 
in  Ireland,  unaccompanied  by  objects  of  stone  or  bronze,  any  surmises  as  to 
their  positive  date  must  be  more  or  less  conjectural.  If  associated,  as 
sometimes  happens  with  beads  of  glass,  it  is  safe  to  conclude  they  belong 
to  a  date  corresponding  to,  or  later  than,  the  occupation  of  Britain  by  the 
Bomans.  Jet  being  practically  indestructible,  unless  by  fire  or  violence, 
it  is  easy  to  understand  how  it  is  found  so  well  preserved  when 
accidentally  discovered  in  bogs  or  imbedded  in  the  soil,  where  it  may 
have  lain  concealed  for  centuries. 


Note. — Since  writing  this  Paper  I  have  obtained,  through  a  kind 
friend,  the  first  edition  of  Nicholas  Culpeper's  **  Pharmacopoeia  Londi- 
nensis,"  **  Printed  by  a  well-wisher  to  the  Commonwealth  of  England, 
1654.'*  In  it  jet  appears  with  many  strange  drugs  long  since  forgotten, 
and  probably  for  the  last  time,  so  I  give  its  supposed  medicinal  properties 
in  his  words  :  **  let  is  of  a  softening  and  discussing  nature  :  it  resisteth 
the  fits  of  the  mother.'' 


(    224     ) 


SOME  RECENT  CASES  OF  REMARKABLE  LOKGEVITY. 

(Second  Papkb.) 

Bt  SEATON  F.  MILLIGAN,  M.R.I.A.,  Fellow. 

npHE  severe  weather  during  the  first  quarter  of  1891  (when  I  commenced 
to  collect  materials  for  this  Paper)  told  heavily  on  the  vitality  of 
aged  people,  especially  centenarians,  the  records  of  such  deaths  being 
considerably  in  excess  of  those  of  recent  years.  Again,  towards  the  dose 
of  the  year,  and  the  beginning  of  1892,  a  very  high  rate  of  mortality 
prevailed  in  Ireland,  which  told  with  exceptional  severity  on  the  aged 
and  infirm.  The  examples  here  given  have  been  largely  copied  from  the 
Irish  press,  but  in  the  absence  of  documentary  or  other  reliable  evidence, 
must  be  received  only  as  indicating  the  ages  believed  to  be  correct  by  the 
relatives  and  friends  of  the  deceased.  I  have  made  independent  inquiries 
wherever  practicable,  and  have  found  them  generally  corroborating  the 
ages  given.  The  absence  of  the  registration  of  births  and  deaths  in  this 
country  one  hundred  years  ago  is  a  matter  of  regret,  and  it  is  only  in  a 
rare  instance  a  family  Bible  turns  up  giving  the  date  of  birth  of  the 
deceased.  In  the  case  of  Nancy  M*Quig,  living  at  present  on  the  Island 
of  Rathlin,  I  can  rely  on  the  information  supplied  in  her  case,  by  a  lady 
resident  on  the  island.  I  have  ascertained  that  there  was  a  great  ship- 
wreck on  Rathlin  in  the  year  1807,  of  a  richly-freighted  outward  bound 
vessel.  The  year  of  the  big  shipwreck  has  ever  since  been  noted  by  the 
islanders  as  an  epoch  from  which  to  calculate  the  date  of  events. 

Nancy  M*Quig  was  married  the  year  of  the  big  shipwreck ;  she  was 
then  19  years  of  age,  and  consequently  in  this  year  (1891)  she  is  103 
years  of  age.  Circumstantial  evidence  so  clearly  established  as  this  is 
quite  conclusive  as  to  the  accuracy  of  the  age  in  her  case.  The  following 
is  a  copy  of  a  letter  written  by  a  lady,  daughter  of  the  proprietor  of  the 
island: — ** Nancy  M'Quig  was  bom  in  1788,  and  married  in  1807;  she 
has  been  a  widow  for  over  60  years.  She  is  the  mother  of  1 1  children, 
8  of  whom  are  still  alive ;  the  eldest  son  is  now  82  years  of  age.  She 
has  all  her  teeth ;  her  sight  is  now  getting  dim ;  her  memory  going  a 
little,  but  remembers  quite  well  what  happened  long  ago.  She  looks 
wonderfully  fresh,  is  in  comfortable  circumstances,  and  is  well  cared  for. 
She  takes  a  little  stimulant  occasionally,  but  is  a  sober  woman.  Her 
religion  is  Roman  Catholic." 

The  following  is  a  verbatim  copy  of  a  letter  written  in  reply  to  some 
queries  of  mine,  by  an  old  schoolmaster  who  lives  near  Ballyclare, 
county  Antrim  ;  it  is  interesting  from  the  quaint  style  in  which  it  is 
written,  as  well  as  for  its  minuteness  of  detail: — **  A  short  account  of 


SOME  RECENT  CASES  OF  REMARKABLE  LONGEVITY.         225 

John  M*Cawley,  of  Ardymagb,  farmer,  county  of  Antrim,  barony  of 
Upper  Antrim.  He  was  bom  inBraidlee,  Glen  wherry,  of  humble  parents, 
both  natives  of  said  county,  and  about  one  mile  distant  between  their 
places  of  birth.  He  mamed  at  the  age  of  30  years  one  Jane  Gardiner, 
a  native  of  Magheraban,  in  the  next  townland  to  where  he  was  bom ; 
she  was  his  junior  by  the  space  of  six  years.  The  marriage  was 
performed  by  a  blind  minister  who  resided  in  Lame,  who  was  allowed 
to  earn  his  living  by  such.  Both  walked  on  foot  to  his  destiny^  and  back ; 
no  conveyance  was  requisite.  The  said  John  M^Cawley  entered  upon 
their  new  career  of  life,  for  better  for  worse,  with  a  goose  and  her 
goslings ;  made  favourable  progress  onwards  and  upwards  to  sumptous- 
ness  and  respectability.  He  was  never  known  to  have  been  the  worse 
of  any  strong  drink  but  once  in  an  April  market  in  Ballyclare.  He  was 
pressed  owing  to  some  extra  business  to  partake  of  two  or  three  halfs,  of 
which  he  was  a  great  amount  the  worse,  he  said,  as  when  he  reached  his 
destiny,  got  into  bed,  ejected  a  few  mouthfulls.  He  was  never  known 
to  have  a  headache,  or  sickness  of  any  kind,  neither  smoked  or  chawed 
any  ingredient  excepting  his  food.  Had  all  his  teeth  with  him  to  the 
grave,  all  of  them  a  double'  set.  His  grey  hairs  were  so  few  as  not  to  be 
perceptible  to  the  eye  at  a  short  distance,  it  was  very  dark  and  crisp,  he 
had  not  much  sickness  at  his  latter  end.  They  both  died  in  Ardymagh, 
about  one  mile  distant  from  each  of  their  places  of  birth ;  she  died  first, 
and  he  on  that  day  month  exactly.  She  died  on  12th  July,  aged  97 
years,  he  on  12th  August,  aged  103.  It  is  believed  that  both  deaths 
occurred  at  same  hour  of  day,  two  o'clock.  He  was  father  to  4  sons  and 
6  daughters,  all  of  which  were  alive  at  his  decease  but  one  daughter. 
He  had  46  grandchildren  living  at  same  time,  viz.  19  grandsons,  and 
27  granddaughters.  As  to  great  grandchildren  it  is  not  known  whether 
there  were  any  or  not,  if  any  they  could  not  be  more  than  3  or  4  at  most. 
Emigration  intervened,  and  does  so  still ;  there  are  any  amount  of  such 
since  his  death." 

The  Portadown  Newi  of  June  27th,  1891,  contains  the  following, 
headed,  **Lurgan  Board  of  Guardians."  A  woman  named  Mary  Berry, 
who  has  arrived  at  the  advanced  age  of  101  years,  appeared  before  the 
guardians  to  make  an  application  in  regard  to  some  money  which  she 
said  she  had  entrusted  to  Mr.  Megarry  of  the  Northern  Bank,  before 
coming  into  the  house.  The  chairman  asked  the  master  if  M«uy  was  the 
oldest  woman  in  the  house.  The  master  replied — No,  sir,  there  is  another 
111  years  of  age.  The  chairman  remarked  this  must  be  a  very  healthy 
country. 

The  BelfoBt  News-Letter^  in  January,  1891,  contained  the  following : 
— **  Longevity  in  County  Down. — A  few  days  ago  the  remains  of  an  old 


'  For  destination. 

'  I  made  inquiries,  and  was  informed  bis  front  teeth  were  formed,  like  his  molars, 
the  same  all  round. 


226 


ROYAL   SOCIETY   OF   A.NT1QUARIES    OP   IRELAND. 


womim  named  Mary  Doherty  wore  bimeil  in  Magheradroll,  near  BallynB- 
hinch.  The  deceased  had  attained  the  ripe  old  age  of  107  years.  We 
may  add  that  almost  mthin  a  rodius  of  one  or  two  milee  from  her  late 
dwelling  there  live  at  present  three  persons  whose  united  ages  ure 
olmoat  300  years." 

Tlio  following  is  from  Btlfatt  Nemi-Lalier,  7th  February,  1891 : — "A 
County  Dowtt  Centenarian. — From  the  village  of  Ballywalter,  there  was 
buried  in  'Whitechurch  graveyard,  on  Tuesday  last,  on  what  would  have 
been  her  103rd  birthday,  an  old  woman  named  Mary  M'Cheyne,  or 
Muiholland.  To  the  very  last  her  mind  was  bright,  and  her  memory 
clear.  To  within  a  few  days  of  her  death  she  was  able  to  read  hor  Bible, 
thread  her  needle,  and  do  little  pieces  of  sewing.  Her  memory  reached 
baclt  over  a  chasm  of  90  years." 

The  following  appeared  in  tbe  Tyrone  Cotutittttton,  published  at 
Omagh,  The  date  ia  June,  1891  : — "  On  Saturday  last  a  woman  in 
Aughnacloy,  named  Margaret  Maginn,  whose  age  appeared  in  the  census 
returns  as  1 1 1  years,  passed  over  to  the  majority.  She  had  been  in  very 
good  health  to  a  few  weeks  ago,  and  was  regularly  to  be  seen  about  town." 

The  same  paper  in  April,  1891,  contained  the  following: — "Two 
residents  of  this  neighbourhood  (Omagh)  died  during  the  past  week  at  a 
remarkably  old  age.  Both  women  resided  within  a  short  distance  of  each 
other,  OB  the  old  road  leading  to  Fintona.  The  funeral  of  Mrs.  Ann 
Quinn  took  place  on  Easter  Sunday,  and  the  coffin  recorded  that  she  died 
at  the  age  of  100  years.  The  remains  of  Mrs.  Maguire,  of  Cannon  Hill, 
followed  to  the  graveyard  a  few  days  later.  This  old  lady  hod  almost 
reached  the  century,  and  could  boost  of  having  been  sponsor  at  the 
baptism  of  an  infant  botn  in  this  locality  when  the  present  century  was 
in  its  infancy,  and  who  in  after  years  was  distinguished  as  the  Most 
Rev.  Dr.  Kelly,  Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of  Derry." 

The  following  is  extracted  from  Bel/at/.  News-Lelter,  April,  1891  :— 
"  Mr.  James  M'Manus,  of  Dundrum,  Lisbellaw,  county  Fermanagh,  has 
died  at  tho  advanced  age  of  109  years.  He  was  esteemed  by  all  who 
knew  him." 

Belfatt  Emting  Telfgrapfi,  May,  1891,  records  as  follows: — "The 
funeral  of  Jemmy  M'Giffem,  100  years  of  age,  took  place  at  Lame 
to-day," 

Same  paper  records  under  same  date  as  follows  : — "  On  Monday  were 
interred  in  the  graveyard  of  Cammoney,  the  remains  of  J"ohn  Blair,  of 
Whiteabbey,  who  was  bom  in  1792.  He  was  in  his  99th  year,  and 
retained  his  mental  faculties  up  till  the  last.  The  deceosed  lived  for 
over  a  quarter  of  a  century  in  the  villogc  of  Whiteabbey,  and  was  much 
respected  by  all  who  knew  him." 

Died  on  July  8th,  I89I,  at  Donaghadee,  the  Rev.  John  Hill,  a.b., 
T.C.D.,  late  Rector  of  Donaghadee,  aged  92  years.  Probably  the  oldest 
clergyman  in  the  Irish  Church. 


SOME  BBCEarr  cases  of  hemabkable  lonoevitt.      227 

Two  dajB  Inter,  July  10th,  the  nldfat  minister  of  the  Proabyterian 
Church  died.  The  announcement  was  as  follows: — "  At  Caraia-terrace, 
Warrenpoint,  in  his  95th  year,  the  Rev.  William  Smyth,  h.a." 

On  31st  December,  1891,  at  ForcmasB,  near  Sixmilecross,  county 
Tyrone,  Peter  Gormly,  or  Griraes,  died  at  the  age  of  103  years;  his  farm 
was  situated  on  a  bleak  mountain  aide,  700  toet  above  the  sea  level, 
where  he  lived  the  greater  portion  of  his  life.  He  died  after  a  short 
lllnetis,  and  was  in  possession  of  oU  hia  faculties  to  the  last. 

The  following  was  copied  from  a  Derry  paper  of  10th  December, 
1891: — "Samuel  Shields  has  died  at  Molenan,  near  Derry,  at  the 
authenticated  age  of  108  years.  Tho  deceased,  who  was  bom  in  the 
adjoining  district  of  Balloughry,  and  was  a  weaver  by  trade,  had  a  vivid 
recollection  of  the  incidents  of  the  relicUion  of  '98 ;  and  being  an  cye- 
witnesB  of  the  event,  of  ten  described  with  great  clenmess,  the  removal  of 
Napper  Tandy  and  the  French  prisoners  to  Lifford  Jail  after  their 
capture  in  tho  'La  Hoche,'  off  Lough  Swilly.  Shields  and  others 
walked  to  Lifford  to  see  the  prisoners." 

In  November,  1891,  there  died  in  the  paiish  of  Carrickmore,  near 
Pomeroy,  county  Tyrone,  a  centenarian  named  Frank  (Bun)  M'Rory,  at 
the  reputed  age  of  1 U  years.  It  is  stated  that  he  was  bora  in  the  year 
1760,  was  a  non-smoker,  and  unmarried. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  Kerry  Eeening  Pott  of  October 
31st,  1891  :— "  An  old  man  named  Patrick  Breen  died  on  Sunday  in  the 
Custle  Island  Hospital,  at  the  advanced  age  of  108  years.  He  waa 
healthy  to  the  last,  and  did  not  sleep  in  a  bed  for  the  last  30  years,  Mb 
nightly  rest  being  taken  in  a  chair  near  the  fire.  He  remembered  the 
rebellion  of  '98  distinctly,  und  the  murder  of  the  yeomanry  in  the 
barracks  at  Castle  Island."  This  eeoms  a  well -authenticated  case,  in 
absence  of  a  written  proof  of  age.  The  above  extract  was  forwarded  to 
me  by  Mr.  George  Hewsun,  M,i.,  our  venerable  Local  Secretary  at 
Adare,  who  also  informed  me  tliat  a  man  had  died  recently  at  his 
place,  the  register  of  whoso  baptism  in  1794,  he  was  informed,  waa 
in  existence. 

The  following  is  copied  from  a  Limerick  paper,  the  date  of  which  I 

Iomitteidtonote;  it  was  toward  tho  close  of  1891: — "There  has  just  passed 
away  at  Cathedral-place,  the  reaidenco  of  his  son  (Mr,  Thomas  O'Neill), 
Mr.  Feluc  O'NeiU,  in  liis  106th  year.  For  80  years  he  was  the  faithful 
and  trustworthy  servant  of  the  Gubbins  family,  of  Kenmore  Castle,  and 
Mr,  Wm.  Gough  Gubbins,  Castle  Troy,  The  deceased  retained  lus 
faculties  up  to  his  death." 
The  following  is  from  the  Sel/mt  Neun-Leller,  7th  September,  1891  : 
— "At  the  weekly  meeting  of  the  Newry  Board  of  Guardians  on  Saturday, 
Mr.  Murphy,  relieving  officer,  applied  to  have  the  allowance  of  1<, 
iDcreosotl  to  2*.  per  week  in  tho  case  of  a  woman  named  Tonl,  of  Curtick- 
hrocken,  who  was    102  years  old.      She  is  at  present  ill,  and  being 


228         ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OP  IRELAKD. 

treated  by  Dr.  Palmer,  j.p.,  dispensary  medical  officer.  The  board 
imaiiimously  allowed  the  increase." 

The  Daily  Express  of  January  22nd,  1892,  had  the  following: — 
**  Our  Cork  correspondent  states  that  at  Bantry,  a  woman  named  Linehan 
has  died  at  the  age  of  104  years.  Twelve  months  ago  her  husband  died, 
aged  100  years.     He  was  a  civil-bill  officer  up  to  his  death." 

The  Kerry  Sentinel^  14th  May,  1891,  contained  the  following: — 
**  Early  on  Wednesday  morning  an  old  woman  named  Mrs.  Kate  Griffin, 
Boulliculane,  within  one  mile  of  Farranfore,  and  eight  from  Killamey, 
breathed  her  last  at  the  age  of  110  years.  She  smoked  and  snuffed 
almost  to  the  hour  of  her  death,  and  did  the  business  of  a  housekeeper 
for  her  granddaughter,  with  whom  she  was  living,  and  more  remarkable 
still  was  a  journey  she  made  a  few  weeks  past ;  she  walked  a  distance  of 
three  miles  without  any  assistance  only  a  stick.  The  people  who  lived 
near  her  were  surprised  at  the  remarkable  strength  she  displayed  to  the 
last.     Her  former  residence  was  Farmer's  Bridge,  near  Tralee." 

The  Limerick  Chronicle  of  March  12th,  1892,  had  the  following : — 
**A  woman  named  Mary  Shinners  has  just  died  at  Newport,  county 
Tipperary,  at  the  fine  age  of  108  years.  She  was  reckoned  the  best 
knitter  in  Newport,  and  her  eyesight  was  so  good  that  up  to  recently 
she  could  thread  the  finest  needle." 

From  the  Tyrone  Constitution,  February  20th,  1892 : — At  her  residence 
Northland-place,  Dungannon,  Priscilla,  daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  A.  G. 
Stuart,  of  Drumnaspil,  and  Hector  of  TuUyniskan,  aged  100  years.  In 
this  case  satisfactory  evidence  of  age  exists." 

From  Daily  Express^  February  9th,  1892  : — **  Died,  February  5th,  at 
St.  James's  Pai'sonage,  Bray,  the  residence  of  her  nephew,  the  Rev.  T. 
E.  Hackctt,  Miss  Sarah Winthrop  Hackett,  aged  103  years  and  3  months." 

The  Belfast  News-Letter  in  January,  1892,  has  the  following : — "  Mr. 
Robert  Kerr,  a  gentleman  farmer,  residing  at  Bootown  House,  Newtown- 
ards,  died  at  the  advanced  age  of  101  years." 

A  Waterloo  Veteran : — *^  At  Caterham  Asylum  there  is  a  centenarian 
survivor  of  the  Battle  of  Waterloo.  His  name  is  Samuel  Gibson,  and  he 
served  in  the  27th  Regiment  (Inniskillings)  all  through  the  Peninsular 
War,  and  afterwards  at  Waterloo.  Ho  is  101  years  old  (in  1891).^  A 
representative  of  his  old  regiment,  who  went  from  Portsmouth  recently 
to  see  the  veteran,  states  that  he  found  him  in  bed  in  a  clean  and  com- 
fortable ward.  He  appeared  altogether  to  be  extremely  well  cared  for. 
He  enlisted  in  1803  in  county  Armagh,  and  was  discharged  in  1815, 
after  12  years'  service,  receiving  \s,  per  day  pension,  which  he  afterwards 
commuted." 

The  death  of  Peggy  Elliott,  at  108  years  of  age,  is  recorded  in  the 
Fermanagh  Times  of  August  13th,  1891.     A  notice  of  Orange  Peggy  (as 

^  Ue  has  died  since  this  was  written. 


ehe  was  called)  and  hor  photograph  was  given  in  my  Paper  on  Longevity 
in  this  Journal,  No.  3,  vol.  i.,  Fifth  Series  (1890,  p.  239). 

The  death  of  Mrs,  Nancy  Branney  of  Downpatrick  waa  referred  to  in 
the  Belfast  papers  of  7th  September,  1891.  She  hud  completed  her  107th 
year.  For  further  particiiloi-a  and  her  photograph  see  ray  first  Paper  oa 
Longevity. 

Another  case  referred  to  by  me  in  same  Paper  waa  Isabella,  or  as  she 
was  oomraonly  called  Belle  Rowley,  who  died  in  Belfast  'Workhouse,  ia 
September,  1891.  Hero  it  may  be  noted  that  very  many  coses  of  cen- 
tenarians are  found  in  Irish  workhouses,  which  goes  to  prove  that  plain 
food,  and  not  too  much  of  it,  tends  to  long  life,  particularly  when  coupled 
with  regular  and  systematic  living.  Belle  Rowley  was  an  inmate  of  the 
Belfast  "Workhouse  from  the  Hth  June,  1842,  to  the  day  of  her  death,  a 
period  of  almost  50  years.  I  copied  the  following  from  a  Belfast  paper, 
written  immediately  after  her  death  : — "  At  the  nge  of  100  years  she  was 
the  most  attire  individual  in  the  whole  institution,  and  although  toothless 
and  wrinkled  to  an  extraordinary  degree,  woe  betide  the  individual,  male 
or  female  inmate,  that  came  under  her  wrath.  Sho  had  charge  of  the 
stamping  room,  through  which  all  the  clothes  vrom  by  the  inmates  have 
to  go  for  the  purpose  of  having  the  stamp  of  the  union  branded  on  them. 
It  was  not  an  unusual  thing  with  her  long  after  she  bod  passed  her  90th 
year,  when  squabbles  arose  among  her  assistants,  to  simply  rush  among 
them,  and  with  one  sweep  of  her  arm  scatter  them  in  all  directions,  and 
attack  the  work  unaided." 

Another  centenarian,  Hughie  Morrison,  referred  to  previously,  and 
whom  I  visited  at  bis  residence  in  Coleraine,  died  thert'  in  Becember,  1890, 
at  104  years  of  age. 

Of  Irish  horn  persons  who  left  this  country  and  went  abroad,  I  have 
two  very  interesting  cases.  One  is  copied  from  the  Irish  Time*  of  4th 
Jane,  1891,  and  is  contained  in  a  lettur,  as  follows  ; — "  The  Irish  Cen- 
tenarian in  California. — Interest  has  lately  been  drawn  to  the  oldest 
inhabitant  of  this  city,  Mrs.  Mary  Hurley,  a  native  of  Bantry,  county 
Cork,  Ireland,  who  has  just  died  in  her  109th  year.  Papers  in  the 
hands  of  her  descendants  show  her  to  have  been  bom  on  the  15th  August, 
1782.  Consequently  she  was  16  at  the  time  of  the  rebellion  of  '98, 
about  which  time  she  married,  and  removed  to  London,  where  most  of 
her  life  was  spent.  Eighteen  years  ago,  when  nearly  90,  accompanied 
by  a  daughter,  she  followed  a  son  to  California.  She  survived  both  son 
and  daughter,  leaving  numerous  grandchildren  and  great  grandchildren, 
by  whom  and  her  neighbours  she  was  beloved,  being  on  affectionate  and 
amiable  old  ludy.  All  bad  a  kind  word  for  '  Granny  Hurley."  Sho 
retained  her  faculties  to  the  last,  never  even  wore  spectaelea,  and  loved 
to  talk  of  the  stirring  events  of  her  native  land  when  she  was  young. 
6he  is  reported  to  have  been  a  beauty,  and  bod  the  honour  of  being 
kissed  when  a  child  by  the  martyr  patriot  Robert  Emmet.     Granny  waa 


230 


HOYAL  SOCIBTY  OF  AMTIQUAEIES  OP  IHELAHD. 


a  total  abstiiiner  from  liquor,  never  having  been  known  to  taste  wine  in 
this  land  of  vineyards,  but  was  an  anient  lovor  of  the  fragrant  weed, 
which  she  pnjoyed  through  a  clay  pipe,  a  habit  acquired  in  youth  when 
BUch  waa  the  custom.  Though  not  one  of  those  who  '  strike  it  rich,' 
the  old  lady  was  cheerful  and  happy,  and  greatly  attached  to  her  little 
home,  where  she  lived  eince  coming  to  this  coiinlry.  Her  death  was 
like  falling  to  sleep  ;  she  seemed  to  have  u  presentment  it  was  coming. 
That  made  her  cling  to  her  elderly  granddaughter,  with  whom  she  lived 
with  the  most  caressing  affection.  Many  of  her  native  country  people 
attended  the  funeral,  and  a  profusion  of  floral  offerings  were  placed  on 
her  grave. 

"E.  L.  R. 
"  Sas  Fbahcisco,  May  2Qlh,  1891." 

The  second  case  of  an  Irish  centenarian  ending  her  days  iu  America, 
I  give  as  reported  in  the  Tyrone  Comtitution  of  8th  April,  1892;  this 
seems  to  be  a  well-authenticateil  case,  as  the  old  lady  brought  a  copy  of 
her  baptismal  certificate  with  her  when  leaving  tliis  country  for  the 
United  Stiites ; — "A  Tyrone  Centenarian. — After  living  75  years  in 
Ireland  and  over  28  years  in  New  York,  Mary  Clements  died  on  February 
13,  at  No.  214,  West  Seventeenth-street,  at  the  age  of  103  yeaw,  8 
months,  15  days.  The  death  certificate  issued  by  Dr.  Albert  Little,  of 
No.  158,  West  Seventeenth -street,  sets  forth  that  Mrs.  Clements  'died 
of  old  age.'  The  old  ludy  was  born  in  Stewortstown,  county  Tyrone, 
Ireland,  May  29,  1788.  When  she  waa  18  years  old  she  married  John 
Clements,  who  held  the  position  of  painter  and  glazier  at  the  '  Great 
House  '  of  Lord  Stewart,  of  Stewartstown.  Nine  children  were  bom  to 
tbcm.  Eight  of  the  children  came  to  New  York  in  1859.  They  were 
seven  sons  and  two  daughters.  One  of  the  daughters  remained  at  home 
to  cure  for  the  parents.  In  1862  the  old  couple  followed  their  children 
to  Amciica.  Tlie  daughter  who  remained  with  them  came  to  New  York 
also.  Six  of  the  sons  got  married  in  that  city,  and  had  children  anil 
grandchildren  almost  inuumc-rable.  The  seventh  son,  Robert,  never 
married.  With  hira  the  old  woman  lived  until  six  months  ago,  when  he 
died.  Shortly  after  old  John  Clements  and  his  wife  came  from  Ireland, 
the  War  broke  out.  The  old  man  was  afraid  he  would  bo  'drafted.' 
He  was  too  old,  he  said,  to  fight,  being  only  two  years  younger  than  his 
wife,  and  ho  went  home  aguin  to  the  old  country.  Ho  died  fourteen 
years  ago.  When  her  husband  went  back  to  Tyrone,  Mis.  Clementa 
went  to  live  with  her  son  Kohert  at  No.  678,  Tenth -avenue.  He  made 
a  vow  never  to  get  married  wliile  his  mother  lived.  He  died  last  August. 
Then  the  old  mother  moved  to  No.  214,  West  Seventeenth -street,  where 
her  son  James,  84  years  of  age,  lives.  Mrs.  Clements  was  a  woman  of 
remarkable  vigour ;  she  was  never  known  to  he  ill ;  her  mind  was  as 
clear  up  to  the  day  of  her  death  as  it  was  when  she  was  a  young  girl. 
She  used  to  accoant  for  her  good  health  by  saying  that  the  exercise  slie 


SOME  BECEKT  CASES  OF  REMARKABLE  LONGEVtTT.         231 


took  as  a  girl  in  climbing  the  hills  of  Tyrone  gave  her  the  wiry  frame  and 
vigorons  constitution  which  withstood  all  diseases.  A  week  before  she 
died,  Mrs.  Clements  walked  to  Forty-ninth -street,  Ninth-avenue,  to  visit 
one  of  her  sons.  On  the  morning  of  her  death  she  arose  at  five  o'clock^ 
as  she  did  every  morning  of  the  year,  and  prepared  breakfast  for  her  son 
James.  At  two  o'clock  she  went  to  the  corner  grocery  for  some  coffee. 
When  she  returned  she  said  she  felt  faint.  She  simply  sat  down  on  a 
lounge  and  died,  just  as  a  clock  would  stop  when  it  runs  down.  When 
Dr.  Little  was  called  he  found  the  old  woman  was  dead,  but  looking  as 
calm  as  if  she  were  asleep.  In  the  case  of  Mrs.  Clements,  the  exact 
date  of  her  birth  in  shown  in  her  baptismal  record,  which  she  brought 
with  her  from  the  old  Episcopal  Church  at  Stewartstown,  when  she 
was  coming  to  America." 

I  have  copied  the  foregoing  article  in  its  entirety,  as  it  is  so  full  of 
interest.  I  could  not  abridge  it  without  interfering  with  this  short  history 
of  a  woman  whose  span  of  life  was  so  prolonged.  The  district  of  Stewarts- 
town,  county  Tyrone,  from  which  Mrs.  Clements  hailed,  has  produced 
several  remarkable  cases  of  longevity,  some  of  which  I  have  referred  to 
in  my  previous  Paper. 

As  typical  examples  of  the  duration  of  life  in  a  rural  district  of  L^eland, 
I  give  the  following  I  have  extracted  from  a  list  of  94  deaths  in  the  year 
1891  in  the  Tyrone  Constitution  newspaper,  published  at  Omagh.  The  list 
includes  all  ages,  from  70  up  to  100.  Many  deaths  were  announced,  in 
addition  to  the  94,  without  any  age  attached.  Out  of  the  94  there  are 
40  persons  of  80  years  old  and  upwards ;  and  I  give  a  list  showing  whether 
male  or  female,  and  their  profession  : — 


Age. 

Sex. 

Occupation. 

Age. 

Sex. 

Occapation. 

100. 

F. 

. .     Relict  of  a  farmer. 

93. 

..     F. 

. .     Married  lady. 

82. 

F. 

. ,     Belict  of  a  clergy- 

80. 

M. 

. .     Faimer. 

man. 

93. 

..     M. 

•  •           »» 

83. 

H. 

..     Fanner    and    shop- 

99. 

..     F. 

. .     Married  lady. 

keeper. 

80. 

M. 

. .     Farmer. 

86. 

H. 

. .     Farmer. 

.  87. 

..     M. 

•  •           »». 

83. 

M. 

..     Kent  agent 

83. 

M. 

.  •          f  1 . 

80. 

F. 

. .     "Widow  of  former  and 

80. 

. .     M. 

•  •          »» 

shopkeeper.  . 

87. 

..     F. 

. .     Wife. of  a  farmer. 

91. 

M. 

.  .*     Retired    Head-con- 
stable, R.  I.  C. 

84. 

.  •      M. 

. .     Shopkeeper   and 
farmer. 

84. 

F. 

. .     Married  lady. 

97. 

.  •     M. 

. .     Farmer. 

94. 

P. 

. .     W  if e  of  a  farmer. 

88. 

. .      M. 

•  •           »» 

83. 

F. 

•  •             tt            f* 

82. 

M. 

•  •           »» 

93. 

M. 

. .     Farmer. 

81. 

F 

. .     Wife  of  a  farmer. 

86. 

M. 

•  •          »i 

84. 

M. 

. .     Parish  priest. 

84. 

F. 

. ,     Wife  of  a  farmer. 

92. 

•  •     M. 

. .     Retired    National 

82. 

M. 

. ,     Farmer. 

School  teacher. 

85. 

F. 

, .     Wife  of  a  farmer. 

87. 

.  •     M. 

. .     Methodist   clergy* 

90. 

H. 

. .     Parish  priest. 

man. 

86. 

F. 

. .     Married  lady. 

92. 

.  •     M. 

. .     Farmer. 

96. 

F. 

Wife  of  a  farmer. 

86. 

■M. 

•  •           »» 

83. 

M. 

. .     Farmer. 

86. 

M. 

..     Deputy  Lieutenan 

If  we  take  the  total  deaths  recorded  in  the  Omagh  paper  fis  115|  we 

R2 


232         ROYAL  SOCIISTY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 

find  40  of  them  attained  80  years  or  upwards ;  25  of  thera  were  men  and 
15  women,  the  two  oldest  being  women.  The  proportion  who  died  in 
each  month  is  as  follows: — January,  12;  February,  13;  March,  15; 
April)  10;  May,  7;  June,  10;  July,  10;  August,  4;  September,  7; 
October,  9 ;  November,  6  ;  and  December,  12  ;  total  115. 

In  the  columns  of  the  Morning  Post  for  the  year  1891,  6527  deaths 
were  recorded.  Of  these  1086  are  stated  to  liave  attained  80  years  or 
upwards.  In  England  about  one-sixth  of  these  recorded  deaths  attained 
80  years  and  upwards  whereas  in  an  agricultural  district  of  Ireland 
about  one-third  attained  the  same  length  of  life.  Making  allowance  for 
the  greater  number  from  which  the  average  is  taken  in  one  case  as  compared 
with. the  smaller  number  in  the  other,  still  the  difference  is  striking.  The 
Morning  Post  gives  a  very  valuable  tabic,  which  I  copy,  of  the  various  ages 
of  these  1086  persons,  with  the  respective  number  of  males  and  females. 

The  following  analysis  shows  the  age  and  sex  of  the  1086  persona 
who  had  exceeded  by  10  years  or  more  the  allotted  span  of  human  life;—* 


Toul 
Persons. 

Males. 

Females. 

137 

viz. 

76 

and 

62 

had  exceeded  the 

age 

of  80 

yea 

111 

»> 

46 

i» 

66 

ft 

i> 

81 

126 

»» 

66 

9$ 

61 

i» 

i> 

82 

» 

142 

»i 

74 

ti 

68 

»» 

ft 

83 

ft 

81 

»> 

43 

it 

38 

tf 

it 

84 

tt 

79 

19 

42 

>> 

37 

ft 

ft 

86 

tt 

90 

>> 

31 

>> 

69 

ft 

>» 

86 

tt 

86 

>» 

36 

>> 

49 

ft 

i> 

87 

tt 

48 

»> 

26 

»> 

22 

ft 

ft 

88 

tt 

60 

>f 

22 

»» 

28 

ft 

ft 

89 

tt 

38 

l> 

14 

>» 

24 

ft 

ft 

90 

tf 

27 

If 

9 

>l 

18 

ft 

ft 

91 

}l 

19 

tf 

10 

)» 

9 

»> 

ft 

92 

)f 

19 

>» 

7 

>» 

12 

ft 

ft 

93 

l» 

12 

»> 

7. 

>> 

6 

ft 

ft 

94 

tt 

6 

9i 

2 

if 

3 

tf 

tf 

96 

tf 

8 

>» 

3 

»> 

6 

ft 

ft 

96 

tt 

4 

»» 

1 

>l 

3 

ft 

ft 

97 

tt 

1 

»> 

— 

»» 

ft 

>} 

98 

)f 

1 

»> 

— 

»» 

1 

ft 

ft 

99 

l» 

1 

>> 

— r. 

»> 

.  .  1 

ft 

ft 

101 

f» 

1 

»> 

»> 

■  ■  1 

tt 

ft 

102 

tt 

1 

>» 

— ^ 

t) 

. .  1 

>i 

ft 

103 

• 

tt 

1086        „        612        „     674 

The  St.  Jameses  Gazette  publishes  annually  a  list  of  British  centenarians. 
We  give  a  copy  of  it  for  the  past  six  years,  as  follows : — 

1891.  Forty -eight — twpnty-seven  women  and  twenty-one  men. 

1890.  Thirty-six — twenty-five  women  and  eleven  men. 

.  1889.  Thirty-six — twenty  women  and  sixteen  men. 

1888.  Thirty-six — twenty -three  women  and  thirteen  men. 

1887.  Thirty-one — twetity-six  women  and  five  men. 

•     1886.  Thirty -three — twenty-four  women  and  nine  men. 

'     Making  a  total  for  six  years  of  75  men  and  145  women. 


SOME  RECENT  CB 


B1/3N0ET1TY. 


In  addition  to  those  nlreatly  stated,  the  deaths  of  the  following  Irish 
tentenarians  are  recorded  in  1891 : — 

Julia  Cronin  died  ia  November,  1891,  at  Ballymount,  near  Killarnoy, 
aged  1 15  years.     No  eridence  of  age  given. 

Mrs.  Stretton  died  in  third  week  of  December,  1891,  in  a  ProteBtunt 
Alms  House  in  Tialee,  at  106  years.  The  parish  register  certifLos  to  tho 
accuracy  of  her  ago. 

Mrs.  Moriarty  died  near  Tralee,  in  Deecmbcr,  1891,  aged  107  years. 

Edmond  O'MuUoy  died  in  Auguat,  1891,  at  Euily,  county  Tipperary. 
ogcd  106  years.  He  was  father  of  the  llev.  Dr.  O'MuUoy,  P.P.,  of 
Auglirim,  county  Wicklow. 

The  death  of  Thomas  M'Grath  in  March,  lS91,is  recorded  in  register 
of  Croora  Union,  county  Limerick,  at  106  years. 

Denis  Conway  died  in  week  ending  October  24,  at  Mallow,  at  106 
years. 

Daniel  Learydied  at  Killamey  end  ot  1891,  aged  102  years, 

Hannah  Kenny  died  at  Coolmen,  Kiidysart,  aged  104  years. 

The  death  of  Thomaa  Monnix,  in  March,  1891,  is  recorded  in  the 
register  of  Croom  Union,  county  Limerick,  at  tho  age  of  100  years. 

Patrick  Quin,  a  native  of  Ireland,  died  near  Newcastle  (England)  in 
the  latter  part  of  1891,  aged  103  years.  He  was  married  three  times. 
At  his  death  there  were  30  children,  and  between  80  and  90  grand- 
children  livine. 

In  course  ot  conversation  with  a  clergyman,  a  Member  of  our  society, 
as  to  the  difficulty  of  ascertaining  with  accuracy  tho  age  of  old  people, 
he  said  he  had  a  recent  instance  of  it.  An  old  teacher  who  taught  a 
school  of  which  my  friend  wiis  patron,  desired  to  retire  on  pension,  I'or 
this  purpose  his  patron  requested  lum  to  ascertain  liis  age,  and  send  it  to 
him.  The  following  is  a  copy  of  his  reply,  which  is  worth  presening : 
— "  Rev.  Sir,  Collating  the  date  of  my  birth  with  several  other 
remarkable  contemponineous  events,  BDch  as  the  windy  night,  the  Buttle 
of  Ulenoe-,'  &v.,  I  deem  that  I  was  bom  against  the  20th  July,  18 — ." 
The  exact  year  my  friend  had  forgotten. 

'  For  Ihe  infornialiuTi  of  iiieniberi  who  ncvrr  hfird  of  the  Battle  of  Gtcnoe,  nhich 
ia  not  mentioDnl  in  Briliih  bittory,  Lul  iru  of  luffipii-nt  imporlonce  to  bs  recogniwd 
*■  nn  epoch  Fiom  which  to  falcuUtB  Iha  data  of  evpnla  in  ibe  tounly  Tyrone,  1 
append  (he  foUoning.  I  bad  tbeso  facta  from  one  who  wm  present  on  the  occaaion, 
I  alto  remember  to  have  heaid  a  ballad  in  my  early  dava  which  embodied  the  aame  : — 
The  Bailie  of  Glenoe.  ue  it  it  lalled.  took  place  on  a  I21h  of  July,  about  aetenty  jeara 
■go,  two  milei  from  Stewartslown,  county  Tyrone.  A  lodge  of  Otangemen  wer« 
letnming  borne  after  their  celebiction,  when  iLey  were  attacked  h;  a  much  itronger 
boil;  of  ^e  oppoail«  party  rlote  by  tbe  Chapel  of  Glenoe.  The  Orangemen  were  well 
armed,  nnd  so  were  thrir  opponenta,  party  feeling  tten,  u  now,  miming  high  in  that 
10011117.  Amongst  the  Orange  parly  were  two  Waterloo  vetorsna,  one  named 
WilliamBon,  tho  other  Barclay,  who  formed  the  Orangemen  into  line,  with  a  ipoco 
between  each  man.  The  other  party  attacked  in  a  dense  niaaa  without  a  akiiled  leader, 
and  n  conaiderahla  niinilivi  of  Ibem  wero  killed  by  the  fire  of  the  Orangemen.  Th« 
former  ultimately  retreated  after  conaideiable  lou.  leaving  tbe  Orange  party  nuuteit 
of  the  field,  who  ibcn  proceciled  home  without  further  moleatation. 


234  KOYAL   SOCIETY   OF   ANT1QUAB1E8   OP    IRELAND. 

A  moD  named  Owen  Bymo  of  Meenarylftgh,  three  mUcs  distant  from 
Ardara,  county  DoncRal,  died  on  Sth  April,  1892,  at  the  reputt'd  age  of 
105  years.  Hj  informant,  a  mercbiint  residiog  in  Ardarn,  gave  me  the 
following  particularB: — ^"  He  said — 'I  knew  Owen,  and  attended  his 
funeral ;  he  was  known  to  he  the  oldest  man  in  the  county,  and  used  to 
tell  stories  of  the  old  times.  My  father  who  is  living,  aged  92  years, 
\rns  acquainted  all  his  life  with  deceased,  and  stated,  in  support  of  his 
age,  that  when  he  was  a  growing  boy,  Owen  was  a  young  man  courting 
the  girls,  He  was  a  fanner,  had  his  teeth  up  to  the  last,  could  see 
fairly  well,  and  smoked  and  took  a  little  stimulant  all  his  life.  He  lived 
with  his  grandchildren,  one  of  whom  is  40  and  another  42  years  of  ago, 
his  own  children  being  dead.'  " 

Ab  to  the  vitality  of  the  Donegal  peasantry,  when  in  Anlora  two 
years  ago,  I  met  a  very  active  old  mnn,  who  showed  me  the  earthen  fort, 
or  rath,  from  which  the  town  is  named.  He  was  able  to  get  over  the 
ditches  as  niiubly  as  I  could,  and  seemed  to  he  poBsessed  of  an  excellent 
constitution.  In  iinxwcr  to  my  inquiries,  he  informed  mo  his  name  was 
John  Brtslin,  that  lie  wan  a  linen  -weaver  by  trade,  and  hud  worked  for 
60  years  on  the  ^amo  loom,  and  was  then  86  years  old.  The  loom  itself 
bore  evidence  of  the  tmtli  of  his  statemenl,  as  the  seat  was  almost  worn 
through  by  friction,  and  brightly  polished  from  constant  use.  Hia 
dwelling,  which  I  visited,  consisted  of  one  apartment,  about  16  feet  by 
12 ;  his  loom  and  bed  occupied  one  side  of  it,  and  opposite  waa  the  door 
and  window  )  underneath  the  latter  was  a  table,  and  two  chairs,  the  total 
remaining  furniture  of  the  house.  A  hole  in  the  roof  without  any 
chimney  brace  allowed  un  exit  for  the  smoke.  He  never  had  toothache 
or  any  other  ache,  he  never  tost  a  tooth,  and  bids  fair  to  reach  the 
hundred.  He  is  married  to  his  Bceond  wife,  a  woman  20  years  his  junior, 
has  no  family,  is  still  living  as  I  write  (Uay,  i8y2),  and  has  now 
attained  bH  years.  He  w  rites  to  London  and  Dublin  for  orders  for  his 
towels,  and  seems  to  have  formed  a  connexion  who  buy  all  he  produces. 
1  attribute  this  miin'a  good  liealth  and  entire  freedom  from  pain  and  ache 
to  his  good  constitution,  his  uctite  life,  and  to  the  conditions  undir  which 
ho  lives.  His  house  ia  situated  on  very  high  ground,  undernealb  the 
old  Rath,  and  the  large  npening  in  the  unceiled  roof  rentilates  the 
pliKe  so  perfectly  that  he  breathes  a  perfectly  pure  atmoepheje,  both 
day  and  night.     The  house  is  about  three  miles  distant  from  the  ocean. 

I  copied  the  following  from  the  BeJJatt  Nttc»-LcHtr  of  22nd  April, 
1892  : — "  There  has  just  died  at  Prospect,  Ballymoney,  a  man  named 
Wm.  M'Cook,  who  had  reached  the  remarkable  age  of  105  years.  He 
was  a  labourer  on  the  I^slie  Hill  Estate,  the  property  of  Colonel  E.  D. 
Leslie,  d.l.,  and  was  also  in  the  enjployment  of  the  present  owner's 
father  and  grandfather.  Although  not  compelled  to  do  so,  he  continued 
to  perform  his  duties  up  till  the  latter  end  of  last  year,  when  he  met 
vith  QB  accident  to  his  loin,  which  rendered  htm  bedfast.    E«  retained 


SOME  RECENT  CASES  OF  REMARKABLE  LONGEVITY. 


235 


complete  possesaion  of  all  his  mcutal  facultit,'8  up  till  liis  cJuntli,  aud  waa 
held  in  liigh  esteem  by  liia  employer  and  all  who  knew  him." 

The  fuUowing  particulars  regarding  Mrs.  Violet  Humphreye,  I 
obtained  from  Edward  Atthill,  Esq.,  j.p.,  local  Secretary  for  North 
Fermnnagh,  Wr.  Attbfll  kindly  forwarded  me  a  photograph  of  the  old 
lady,  which  is  reproduced  here.  The  photograpli  was  taken  two  years 
ago,  when  she  was  102.  She  has  now  attained  104  ycara,  and  is  in 
pOEsesaion  of  all  her  focultieB. 

The  following  is  a  copy  of  Ur.  Atthill's  letter,  dated  April  21, 
1892: — "Utb.  Violet  Humphreys   is,    as  near  aa  I  can  ascertain,  104 


yeaifi  old.  My  father,  the  IIct.  William  Atthill,  was  private  thaplain 
to  the  then  Bishop  of  Clogher  in  the  year  1798,  and  lived  in  the  Palace. 
Mr».  Humphreys  rciuembcrs  him  quite  well,  and  saya  she  was  a  growing 
girl  at  that  time.  She  can  see  to  read,  can  spin  and  knit.  Her  muiden 
namo  waa  Violet  Duffy,  Her  father  was  a  miller  at  Augher,  near 
Clogher,  county  Tyrope.  She  was  iimrried  to  a  man  named  Humphreys, 
and  is  a  long  time  a  widow.  She  nerer  had  any  children,  is  now  living 
and  well ;  she  resides  in  my  house,  and  is  supported  by  me." 

The  evidence  of  age  in  this  case  within  a  year  or  two  is  aatisfactory, 
aa  the  date  of  Rev.  Mr.  Atthill's  lesiilL-nce  in  Clogher  ia  uccuvately  kuo«n 


236         ROYAL  SOCI£TT   OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND.     ' 

to  bo  1798,  when  Yiolet  Duffy  waa  a  growing  girl,  old  enoa^' 
remember  all  the  events  of  the  time. 

My  experience  is  that  there  are  more  centenarians  amongat  the  po 
than  the  rich,  and  if  we  are  desirous  of  long  life,  we  must  be  eztremd 
abstemious,  not  alone  in  drink,  but  in  food :  the  more  Bimple  and  pU 
our  food,  the  more  likely  are  we  to  have  length  of  days. 

If  we  want  to  find  centenarians  we  are  more  likely  to  meet  them  i 
pauper  workhouses,  alms-houses,  and  the  dwellings  of  the  poor,  than  i 
the  palaces  of  kings  or  nobles.  Those  who  must  of  necessity  abstain  froi 
luxuries,  and  who  earn  their  bread  by  the  sweat  of  their  brow,  m 
more  likely  to  attain  to  old  age  than  those  who  liye  in  ease  ai 
affluence. 


NOTK    ADDED   IN    THE   PbESS. 

The  following  cases  came  under  the  writer's  notice  since  the  foregoing  F^ 
was  written  :— 

On  the  4th  May  last  the  death  is  reconled  of  Mrs.  Maigaret  Harpur  at  the  age  i 
110  years.  She  was  huried  at  Slad,  Barony  of  Forth,  county  Wexford.  She  was  ba 
in  the  year  of  the  Volunteer  Movement,  and  was  sixteen  years  of  age  in  the  yei 
of  the  rebellion  of '98,  of  which  she  had  a  di^«tinct  recollection.  One  of  her  sons,  ag< 
80  years,  attended  her  funeral. 

The  Slipo  Indepetident  records  that  in  July  last  an  old  woman  named  Kilam 
died  near  Dromore  West  in  that  county  in  her  104th  year. 

In  the  early  part  of  July  last  the  death  was  rccoi-ded  of  Robert  Bea  of  Movanaghe 
near  Kilrea,  county  Derry,  at  the  age  of  103  years. 

The  lri»h  Time»  of  July  22nd  states  that  a  man  named  Murtagh  Cullen,  i 
Drumcondra,  recorded  his  vote  at  the  general  election,  his  age  being  103  years. 

The  Irish  Time»t  dated  July  23rd,  publishes  a  letter  signed  by  Ocorga  I 
Lecper,  Edemey,  county  Fermanagh.  It  states  a  man  named  Taylor  living  dose  b 
Edcmcy,  wnlke<l  two  miles  to  record  his  vote  for  Mr.  Banc  at  the  last  election,  h 
age  being  107  years.  It  is  also  stated  that  be  is  hale  and  hearty,  and  able  to  attend 
little  farm  which  he  holds. 

In  same  paper  a  letter  appears  signed  by  William  H.  Porter,  Cootehill,  dated  Jul 
23rd.  It  states  that  Mr.  Potts,  senior,  of  Drum,  near  Cootehill,  was  101  in  tl 
month  of  February'  last,  and  that  ho  is  still  hale  and  hearty. 

In  the  Limerick  Chronicle  of  August  20th  the  death  is  recorded  of  Daniel  Lyoni 
at  the  age  of  103  years.  Lyons  fouglit  in  the  Peninsular  War,  and  was  in  receipt  c 
a  pension  for  sixty-eight  years. 


C     237     ) 


NOTES  ON  THE  CISTERCIAN  ABBEY  OF  GRAIGNAMANAGE. 


Br  PATRICK  O'LEAEY. 

"  I  do  cot  except  Iho  celebrated  A'bbej'  ol  Tinlem,  in  MonmoutlishirB, 
when  I  anj'  ihai  nolLing  could  be  found  mora  Tanerablo  and  beoiitifuUy 
inleresfinc  in  i!ip  empire  than  Graignamnniigb  Abbey." — TuoTTKa,  "Waits 
Through  Ireland"  (1812). 

T^HE  Abbey  of  Duiake,  or  Oroignanmnagh,  was  founded  by  'William 
Mariscall  the  elder,  Earl  of  Pembroke,  for  CiBtercian  Monks  in  the 
year  1212. 

An  earlier  foundation  charter,  which  Btill  exists,  confirmet!  eertjiin 
grants  of  land  given  by  Dennod  O'Eian,  Chief  of  Idrone,  for  the  eon- 
rtruction  of  a  monastery  in  honour  of  the  Blessed  Tirgin  Mniy  and  Soint 
Benedict,  and  v&b  ratified  under  the  seal  of  Bermod  Kac  Unrrough, 
King  of  Leinster,  in  the  year  1170.  In  the  year  following,  Dermod 
O'Rian  was  killed  in  on  attack  made  on  Strongbow  in  the  woods  ol 
Idrone. 

It  is  very  probable  that  the  troubloua  times  which  immediately 
followed  the  English  invaeion  prevented  the  fulfilment  of  O'Rian's 
wishefi ;  for  we  have  nn  further  nccnutit  of  this  monastic  foundation  unlil 


lir..,^:...,T.aTi.iKh  .,.  il  n  .■,    .  .-..    i  ■  ,-  ,.       .:  ..,::;  .1  Diiwing  b.  Mi.  P,  O'Loaty.J 

the  Earl  of  Pembroke  iulroduced  a  colony  of  monks  from  the  Abbey  of 
Stanley  in  Wiltshire,  about  the  year  1202.  These  appear  to  have  had 
some  difBculty  in  finding  a  suitable  locality,  for  they  spent  nearly  ten 
years    shifting  about   Leinster  before    they    finally   established   them- 


238 


KOYAL  SOCIHTY  OF   ANTIQUARIES  OF   IRELAND. 


selves,  in  the  year  1212,  at  Buiske,  a  remote  hamlet  in  the  county 
Kilkenny. 

The  mediiBTnl  monkB,  in  general,  hnd  a  keen  appreciation  of  the 
pictuniBque  ;  and  rertainly  the  Belection  of  this  beautiful  vale,  under  the 
shadow  of  Brandon,  whose  dark  woods  dip  into  the  "  Goodly  Barrow  " — 
as  Speneer  calls  it^is  ample  evidence  of  their  taste  in  this  directiou. 
The  monks  called  it  "  The  Vale  of  the  Holy  Saviour."  The  abbey  and 
Yillage  took  their  names  in  common  from  the  little  stream  "Dubhuisg" 
(pronounced  Duiske)  or  "Blackwater,"  which  joins  the  Barrow  at  this 
place,  and  it  was  not  until  two  centuries  later,  when  the  monastic 
buildings  hud  almost  superscdeii  the  ancient  village,  that  the  place 
became  known  as  Graignamanagh,  or  the  "  Tillage  of  the  Monk.s.'" 

We  find  the  abbey  during  the  fourteenth  century  afforded  shelter  and 
entertflinment  to  many  outlaws  who  were  the  King's  enemies. 

It  is  stated  that  on  the  8th  of  January,  1330,  Kichard  O'Nolan,  when 
hard  pressed  hy  the  Lord  Deputy's  forces,  was  besieged  in  the  tower  ot 
this  ahloy,  where,  after  what  miist  have  been  a  hard  fight  for  him,  "  he 
was  compelled  to  deliver  up  his  son  as  a  hostage  for  his  future  good 
hehaviour."  This  tower  fell  down  in  the  year  1774.  It  was  octagon 
shaped,  is  said  to  have  been  HO  feet  in  height,  and  was,  according  to 
Seward,  who  deeply  regrets  its  fall,  "one  of  the  finest  religious  structures 
in  the  kingdom."  Three  of  the  large  arches  that  supported  it,  as  well  as 
the  beautifully  groined  roof  of  the  ihancel,  fell  at  the  same  time.  The 
stairway  that  led  to  it  still  exists  in  the  wall,  tlioiigh  uccese  cannot  be 
got  to  it ;  a  narrow  slit  mar  the  ground  and  a  quutrefoil  light  in  the 
N.  E.  angle  near  the  roof,  show  where  it  went  up. 

In  the  summer  of  1331  Lord  William  dc  Bermingham  took  up  his 
summer  rcsidtnce  in  the  wood  belonging  to  this  abbey;  and  there 
Eustace,  Lord  le  Poer,  on  Wednesday,  the  I9th  of  June,  married  the 
daughter  of  John  lie  Bermingham,  Earl  of  Louth  (Clvn). 

In  the  year  134G  the  Alibot,  David  Comwalsbe,  had  to  pay  a  fine  of 
40».  to  obtain  the  King's  pardon  for  harbouring  Irish  outlaws:  to  wit — 
"  When  many  of  the  King's  enemies,  who  at  sundry  times  did  invade  his 
Hajcsties'  temtories  with  ensigns  displayed,  and  at  all  such  times  did 
rob,  prey,  or  hurn  the  same,  and  did  also  inhumanly  murder  Edward 
Trehem,  the  Sheriff  of  Carlow,  lie  the  said  abbot  did  receive  the  said 
felons  at  his  Abbey  of  Duiske,  where  ho  entertained  them  with  bread, 
drink,  fish,  clothes,  4c."     (King,  p.  36). 

In  the  year  1475  Donal  Kavunugh  Mac  Murrough,  Lord  of  all  Leinster, 
grauted  8rf.,  English,  from  every  ploughlnnd  in  his  dominion  to  the 
Abbey  of  Duiske. 

From  an  ancient  division  of  Ireland  lodged  in  tliis  abbey,  it 
will  be  found  that  this  grant  amounted  to  the  sum  of  £372,  which 

'  An  inlereMing  sketch  ortlie  eveij-iBj  lih  of  tlie  moiiks  of  old  maj  bo  found  in 
Dr.  Jesaopp'i  "  DsO;  life  in  a  Uediieviil  Monastery." 


THE  CffiTEHCaAN  ABBKT  OF  ORAIOH AHANAOH. 


would  represent  ten  times  that  sum  at  the  preeent  dny-  According  to 
this  division  Ireland  contained  before  the  Englisli  invasion  180  cantreds, , 
now  called  baronies.  Each  cautred  eontuined  30  towttlands,  each 
townland  contained  12  pluuglilands,  and  each  plougblund  120  acres. 
Thus  :— 


the  Kingdo 

a  of  Loinster  tb 

•  1                 n 

Connaught 

Miinster 

11             •> 

Ulster 

„              „ 

Meuth 

I 

I 


18Q 

Ini.D.  1501  Caher,  or  Charles  O'Eavanagh,  was  appointed  Abbot. 
Holinshecl  says :— "  Cagher,  a  nobleman  bonie,  in  his  tirae  called  ilac  Mnr- 
rough,  he  descended  of  th.it  MacMurrough  that  vas  sometime  King  of 
Leinster;  he  was  u  surpassing  divine,  and  for  his  learning  and  vertue  was 
creuted  Abbot  of  Grnigi'.  He  flourished  in  the  year  1515,  and  was  on 
hundred  years  old  when  he  deceosod."  By  his  direction  ono  of  the  monks  of 
this  nbbey  wrote  the  "  Annals  of  Ireland,"  which  ho  afterwards  continued 
down  to  the  time  of  the  Dissolution  of  Monasteries,  and  inserted  them  into 
the  registry  of  the  Cliarters  of  the  Abbey  (Ware).  Though  the  Charters 
of  the  Abbey  are  preseri'ed  in  Kilkenny  Castle,  this  book,  known  to  old 
writers  as  the  "  Annuls  ol  Uuiskc,"  cannot  be  found.  It  may  yet  bo 
dineovered,  if  it  has  chanced  to  escape  the  wholesale  destruction  of  mo- 
nastic libraries  so  graphically  described  by  a  conlemporury  writer,  John 
Bale,  Protestant  Bishop  of  Ossoiy,  who,  in  his  preface  to  "Lrland's 
How  Year's  Gift  to  Kinj;  Henry  VIII.,"  fays: — "A  grcato  numbrc  of 
them  which  purcliasid  tlio^e  supersty chouse  mnn»yons,  reserved  of  those 
librayre  hookes  some  to  i^crve  thcyr  jokes,  some  to  sconre  thyr  candleslycks, 
and  some  lo  rub  theyr  hootes;  some  they  sold  to  the  grossers  and  sope- 
scllcrs,  and  some  they  sent  over  the  sea  to  the  bookebjndtra— not  in  small 
nombre,  but  at  tymes  whole  shippes  full,  to  the  wonderynge  of  foren 
nacyous;  yea,  ye  universjtics  of  tbi«  roalme  are  not  all  clearo  in  this 
delestuble  fact,  but  cursed  is  that  billye  which  seeketh  to  be  fed  with 
such  ungodlye  gayncs,  and  so  depelye  shamcth  his  natural  conteryc.  1 
know  a  merch  antra  an  ne,  which  shall  at  this  time  be  namelesse,  that 
bou(;hte  ye  contents  of  two  noble  librarycs  for  forty  shillings  price ;  a 
shame,  be  it  spoken.  Thy^  stuffe  hath  he  oecupyed  in  the  stedde  of  grey 
paper  by  the  space  of  more  than  thew  ten  years,  and  yet  ho  hath  store 
ynoiiglic  for  as  many  years  to  eonie." 

In  the  year  1524  Abbot  O'Kuviinagh  made  o  present  to  the  abbey  of 
a  beautiful  silver  cross,  udornid  with  precious  stones  and  richly  gilt,  and 
in  the  year  following  he  obtained  costly  vestments  for  this  monastery. 


240         SOYAL   SOCIEl-Y   OP   ANTIQUARIKS    OF   IRELAND. 

In  IdSd,  foreseeing  the  diBsoIution  of  hia  abbey,  be  leased  portion  of  its 
lands  to  his  kinaman  Jumcs,  ninth  Earl  of  Ormond,  who,  with  3d  of  hia 
servanta,  was  poisoned  at  a  supper  at  Ely  House,  in  Holborn ;  he  was 
buried  in  St.  Thomas  D' Acres,  hut  his  heart  was  brought  into  Ireland, 
and  deposited  in  the  Cuthedrul  of  Kilkenny.'  On  his  death  he  left,  by 
will,  Buiske  Abbey  to  James,  his  fifth  son.  At  the  suppression  of  this 
monastery  in  1537  by  Henry  VIII.,  a  pension  of  £10  per  year  was 
gronted  to  Abbot  O'Kavunagh.  Though  the  abbey  was  suppressed, 
abbots  continued  to  be  appointed  ; '  for  it  appears  in  a  note  of  the  names 
of  "Fryers,"  &c.,  in  the  eitio  of  KUkenny,  dated  1618,  that  Melehior 
llaggud,  a  Franciscan,  was  Abbot  of  Duiske,  and  in  a  letter  addressed  to 
thfl  Propaganda  by  the  Rev.  John  Magher,  dated  Kilkenny,  27th  August, 
1686,  reference  is  made  to  his  appointment  as  Abbot  of  Buiske  by  Pope 
Innocent  XI.  This  abbey  pushed  tlirougit  many  bunds  after  its  suppres- 
Bion,  and  in  the  year  1597  Piers  Butler  got  possession  of  it.  He  was  the 
first  who  made  it  his  residence.  At  his  death  he  left  it  to  his  son  Edward, 
afterwards  Viscount  Galmoy,  who  married  Anna,  daughter  of  Viscount 
Muiintgarrett,  the  ruins  of  whoso  eaatle  may  he  seen  near  Koss. 

A  silver  chalice,  which  is  still  preserved,  was  presented  by  Lady  Anna 
Butler  in  1636.  It  is  very  finely  and  onriously  carved,  and  bears  the 
following  inscription : — 

"•Nob^  Domba  D*  Anna  Butler  Hunc  Calioam 
Parochiae  dc  Graigo  relic^idt  1636. • 
Urate  pro  ea  et  pojietis  ejus." 

The  above  Edward  died  in  1653,  A  well-executed  monument,  bearing 
a  Latin  inscription,  which  he  erected  {evidently  before  his  death,  there 
being  no  date  on  it)  for  himself,  his  wife  Anna,  and  his  posterity  :  "  That 
with  him  they  might  rest,"  may  ho  seen  inserted  in  tlie  wall  of  the  vestiy.' 

'  Arohdall. 

'  "  Aa  legonla  the  Montisterf  of  St.  Snvinur,  icliich  Is  alao  called  Graigua  and 
Duifky,  tills  noble  Monastfiy  of  St.  Bernard,  eaja  O'SuUevan,  is  silUBted  on  UiB  livar 
iiairo«.  The  robbers  went  to  seiES  on  it :  a»  ihej  drew  near  twelve  religioui  wmt 
out  in  eccleBiaBtical  order,  or  proceesion,  to  meet  them.  When  thev  were  ordered  by 
ihose  wicked  men  to  take  off  their  aaoied  vestmenta,  and  to  yield  obedience  lo  Queen 
Elizabeth,  tbeir  Superior  replied — (hie  wa*  the  Prior,  for  the  Abbot,  Charlca  KuTuna^h, 
hud  died  a  few  daja  before — that  could  not  be  done  if  they  would  keep  inlHct  the  faith 
which  they  bad  pledged  to  God,  Hia  Virgin  Mother,  and  St.  Bemnrd,  and  the  Chriaiuul 
piety  which  they  made  profeaaiun  of,  and  they  would  not  violate  their  promise  or  their 
duty  01  Chrislians.  When  the  othera  gave  asaeut  to  hia  determination  they  were  all 
alain  together." 

(Ttadttion  points  lo  a  part  of  the  old  abbey  called  "  The  Bhick  Bout,"  which  is 
Btill  itanding,  aa  the  aceoe  of  this  massaere.) 

In  the  aaniD  monaatery  shortly  before  tiiere  woa  a  certain  monk  who,  hy  order  of 
his  Abbot,  compiled  the  "  Annala  of  Ireland "  up  to  the  deplorable  time  of  tha 
peraeculion  ;  also  a  hietory  of  his  own  monastery  up  lo  the  deelruclion  of  the  same- — 
Ti-iumpltalia  CArotiitogira  Mmailerii  S.  (VBr<»,  wrillen  in  1662.  Edited  by  Eov. 
D,  Murphy,  FeUmc,  E.8.A. 

'  Translation  of  Lntb  inscription  on  the  Butler  Monnmeiil  (Galmoy  family}  in  the 
Abbey  of  Graig,  by  Mr.  Wilson,  in  voltiine  of  Sociely'a  Journal  foe  1862-3  ;— 
"  Not  more  braru  than  Just. 
To  God,  most  citiUent,  most  mighty. 


THE  CISTERCIAN  ABBET  OF  GBAIQNAMAKAOH. 


S41 


■Dnilemeath  this  monument  is  the  bnse  and  portion  of  the  head  of  a  etone 
CT0S6  raised  by  Lndy  Anno  to  the  memory  of  her  father,  Edmuad,  the  2nd 
Viscount  Mountgarrett.  A  mutilatud  inscription  in  raiii<ed  Roman  capitals 
runs  on  three  aides  of  a  bevel  on  the  base,  which  may  be  read  thus : — 

"  Domina  Anna  Butlera 
Filia  Edmiindi  Butleri  VisromitJi  Mount- 
Garret  in  a.d.  16  .  ." 

James  Batter,  son  of  tlie  above  Erimnnd  and  brother  of  Lady  Anna, 
occupied  the  Castle  of  Tinnehineh  in  1642, 

In  1703  the  ahhey,  with  its  lands,  was  purchased  at  the  sales  of  the 
forfeited  estates  in  Chichester  House  by  James  Agar,  Esq.,  of  Qowran, 


the  ancestor  ot  the  Clifdeii  family,  from  whom  it  is  now  leased  for  ever 
by  the  people  of  Oraig  at  a  nominal  rent.     In  1813,  when  this  lease  was 

■■  Edward  Bnller,  Bnronet,  the  most  illuelrioiis,  and  moat  noble,  Gr«t  Vincuunt  of 
Galmo]',  Lord  of  Lov  Giaage,  Barron  mount,  Balliogan,  &c, 

"  A  man,  hj  the  splendour  o(  his  race,  ihe  integrity  of  his  life,  the  auavity  of  hii 
nmimers,  by  hia  prudenea.  liberality,  hospitality,  iral  tor  iho  true  faith,  and  other 
accomplish □K'nts  of  thu  truly  noble  man,  conspicuous  in  the  State,  in  wluGh  he  well  and 
frtquenlly  filled  public  oBicei ;  tbe  loving,  useful,  and  most  eicellenC  parent  of  a 
numerous  oSepring  ;  for  himaelf.  for  his  wife,  the  moat  "Oble  matron,  Anne  Butlor  ; 
fijT  his  children  and  posterity,  whence  they  might  well  and  splendidly  lire,  he  hoi 
provided;  when  with  him  having  died  in  tho  Lord,  that  (bey  might  rest,  be  thia 
lepulrhro  hath  nude. 

I     "Traveller,  for  them  dulv  pray,  and  reflect  that  thou  art  subject  to  death,  and  soon 
to  die." 


242         IIOYAL   SOCIETr    OF   ANTIQUARIES   OF   IRELAND. 

given,  n  committee  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  restoring  the  old  abbey 
cliurch ;  and  it  is  to  be  for  ever  regretted  that  the  majority  did  not  accept  an 
offer  made  by  an  eminent  Kilkenny  architect,  Mr.  Williim  Robertson,  to 
restore  the  church  as  it  was  originally,  tower  and  all,  for  the  sum  of,  it  i» 
aaiJ,  £5000,  or  if  they  would  follow  hia  plons,  he  would  anpply  them 
gratis.  TliiB  generotia  offer,  though  favoured  by  Father  Moore,  p.p.,  General 
Cloney,  and  others,  waa  overruled  by  the  majority  ;  and  aa  proof  of  their 
skill,  they  lowered  the  old  gable  walls,  destroying  some  6no  windows  to 
suit  the  pitch  of  the  present  roof,  and  built  with  the  carved  stones  of  the 
old  arches  and  double  clerestory  windows  (which  should  have  been 
i«itorod)  the  phiin  walls  oE  the  present  nave. 


The  ditris  and  rubbish  of  the  work  they  spread  over  the  old  encaustic 
tiled  floor  to  a  depth  of  5  feet,  thereby  hiding  many  curious  sculptures 
and  monumcnt5,  one  only  of  which  rescued  from  oblivion  has  been  fixed 
in  the  wall  under  the  steps  leaiiiug  to  u  side  gallery.  It  is  the  cross- 
legged  figure  of  a  knight  in  urmour,  a.  crasader  of  the  tliirteenth  century, 
"  clad  in  a  complete  suit  of  mail  ;  the  right  band  grasps  tlie  sword  hilt, 
while  the  scabbard  is  held  by  the  loft ;  the  left  leg  is  thrown  over  the 
right,  and  the  entire  attitude  gives  the  idea  of  one  starticg  forward 
prompt  fur  action,  and  in  the  act  of  drawing  the  sword  "  (late  Eev. 
James  UriiTes).  This  figure  is,  for  what  reuaoD  cannot  bo  traced, 
popularly  known  as  "  Strongbow.'"     Originully  in  a  recumbent  posilion 

■  It  hu  been  auggMUdby  Q.  0.  iaitcUieW^  h.a.,  Frllme,  ts  very  probable  that  Ihia 
iffigy  rppiesent*  Sir  John  U  Foer,  who  bitnuie  a  monk  of  tliie  abbey,  anil  wbo  along 
witb  Friar  Gilbert  ^'enga,  of  the  aiune  place,  waa  aluin  bv  Halauby  U'CoUkUuii  ana 
his  nitendimta  in  the  year  11116.— ("Aimala  d1  Duiskc,"  US9.  T.C.D.) 


THE  CISTERCIAN  ABBEr  OP  QRAIGNAMANAGH. 


243 


on  his  tomb,  which  is  under  the  present  floor,  the  old  knight,  oftiT  nil 
hiB  encounters  in  the  Holy  Land  600  j-eiin*  ago,  has  been  agnin  ploceil  on 
duty  as  it  were  to  guard  the  entrance  to  the  place  where  his  remaina  lie 
at  rest.  The  small  boys  of  the  place  pass  by  witli  bated  breath,  and 
though  some  of  the  more  knowing  may  whistle  to  show  their  courage, 
or  at  a  safe  distance  "  pelt  "  a  atone  at  "  Strongbow,"  tbey  alwaja  make 
off  before  he  has  time  to  draw  his  sword, 

The  most  beautiful  piece  of  aoulpture  of  the  whole  abbey  was  the 
central  pillar  of  the  Chapter- 
house, which  branched  out  to 
meet  the  rich  mouldings  of  the 
arched  eelling  ;  it  was  of  marble, 
Qud  used  to  bo  spoken  of  bj  the 
old  people  with  wondiousrajiture 
aa  the  "marble-tree."  An  old 
writer  describes  where  it  stood  as 
a  "  Boaa  Uosarum,"  It  was,  to 
the  horror  of  tho  people,  stob-u 
in  the  night  from  the  abbey  in 
the  beginning  of  the  prwRtnt  cen- 
tury, and  reraovL-d  to  Carlow  by 
11  man  named  CheeviTs,  whose 
premises  ailjoincd  that  port  of 
tho  abbey  whtre  it  stood,  and 
who  made  a  present  of  it  to  his 
son-in-law,  Humphrey  Mitchell. 
Its  site  is  now  occupied  by  a 
stable.  JaukdawB  build  in  tho 
library  ;  the  refectory  is  used  aa 
B  com-store ;  the  hoot  of  the 
.     .  owl  muy  be  hoard  in  tho  dormi- 

It  rum  a  urdwiae  by  Mr-  J.  O'LcArr-l  .  l-j?   -   i  -         -,   j 

■^  '  tory ;  artificial  manure  is   piled 

in  the  ancient  kitchen  ;  and  the  Boyal  Irish  Constabulary  practi)<e 
goose-step  iu  the  cloister. 

"  Sic  transit  gloria  mundi." 

In  conclusion.  I  must  acknowledge  the  kindness  Jof  Mr.  Thomas  J. 
Westropp,  x.k..  Member,  for  sending  me  translation  of  a  portion  of 
Ihe  "  Annals  of  Duiske,"  which  is  preserved  among  the  M8S.  T.C.D. 


NOTE  BY  HON.  GENERAL  SECRETARY. 

Tbe  Abbey  Cburch  of  Gmi^amiiniigh  vita  built  an  cbe  typical  Ciateccian  plui,  and 
followed  very  closcif  tho  litunl  arraagement  of  buildings  adopted  by  thai  Order.  I 
liave  becD  able  to  prepare  tba  actompanying  ground  pina  by  the  belp  of  tho  inde- 
fitiguble  fl»piorer  of  the  ruin,  Mr.  Putritk  O'Leary,  wbo  for  jean  past  has  been 


244 


EOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  lEELAND. 


engaged  in  tracing  out  the  site ;  and  I  have  obtained  from  Ur,  J.  G.  Bobedson  tomfl 
Dieaeiiremciita  of  the  wbIIi  of  tranaoptu  and  aide  chapcU,  ae  they  stood  id  1S13,  made 
by  hii  relative,  the  late  WiHiani  Kobertaon,  of  Kilkenny.  Conaiderablc  portions  of  tbe 
walls  have  disappeared  sidcg  that  date. 

The  Abbei  Chcrch, 

The  Church  compriaea  a  Navb  130  feet  in  length,  and  29  feet  in  width,  vith  side 

Aisles;  full  length  of  nave,  13  feel  in  width,  divided  from  the  aove  by  a  Berioa  of  pointed 

BTthea,  uven  in  numbBr,  supporting  aide  walls  coDtaining  the   olureatory  window*, 

which  are  round-headed  couplets.     There  are  also  tower,  choir,  transepts,  and  side 

The  pieraof  the  nave  arches  are  rectangular  in  plan,  with  chamfers  at  the  angles,  and 
have  corbels  Introduced  in  the  thickness  of  the  piers,  from  whiah  a  slender  shaft  about 
3  It.  in  height  rises,  the  capital  supporting  a  moulding  in  the  aoffit  of  the  arch.' 

The  west  window  of  nave  is  in  three  separate  lights,  the  jomba  of  each  splayed  so 
as  to  meet  intemully,  with  mouldings  over  the  arches  springing  from  capilala.  The 
centre  light  bu  a  pointed  orcb,  but  the  two  side  lights  are  semicircular-beaded,  indica- 
tive of  the  Trantitional  Period.  The  west  enda  of  the  aisles  had  tall  narrow  lights, 
with  pointed  heads. 

The  TowBit  wu  in  tbe  uaual  position  at  the  intersection  of  nave  and  transepts,  and 
was  cariied  on  four  massive  piers  with  clustered  shafts  and  capitals.  The  dimension 
of  tbe  tower  was  29  ft.  square  in  clear  of  the  supporting  walle.  Local  tradition  has 
it  that  this  tower  rose  to  a  height  of  140  ft.,  but  this  would  not  be  in  accordance 
with  the  ruling  design  of  the  Cistercians,  who  adopted  law  square  towers  in  their 
churches.     Mr.  O'Leary  says  the  upper  part  of  the  tower  was  octagonal. 

Tbe  Choik  measured  45  ft.  in  length,  by  29  ft.  6  in.  in  breadth,  hod  a  groined 
roof  io  three  compartments,  was  lighted  hy  two  windows  on  north  and  two  on  south 
aide,  narrow  and  lofty.    The  cast  window  was  divided  into  three  lights. 

There  are  no  indications  to  abow  how  far  tbe  ritual  choir  extended,  but  it  is 
probable  it  terminated  at  the  western  line  of  tower. 

The  north  and  south  Thansiifts  measuie  each  40  ft.  6  in.  hy  S9  feet,  and  there 
were  three  aide  chapels  east  of  each  transept  in  the  position  indicated  on  plan,  the 
walls  of  which  wore  io  cxialencs  in  IB13,  when  measured  by  Hr.  Bobertson.  Tliia 
arrangement  and  number  of  side  chapels  is  found  in  Cislrrcian  houses  of  the  larger 
typo,  OS  at  Dunhrody;  two  side  cbapola  off  each  transept  being  more  commonly  met 
with,  as  at  Jerpoint,  Holycrosa,  Founto-ina,  ic. 

The  total  width  of  the  church  acroaa  the  transept  was  110  feel  in  the  clear.  The 
total  length  of  the  structure  measured  cast  and  west  on  its  axis  Ibtough  the  nave  was 
21fi  ft,  4  in.  in  outer  measuremeiLta,  and  as  regards  aise  it  was  inferior  to  few  similar 
ediGces  in  tbia  country,  nhile  u  to  completeness  of  ntunl  and  convcDlual  tuiange- 
liient,  it  was  probably  the  most  perfect  of  the  Irish  bouses  of  the  Order. 

The  stairs  leading  to  Ibu  tower  wu  situated  in  the  S.E.  angle  of  north  tninaepl ; 
the  passage  leading  from  stairs  to  tower  was  formed  in  the  thitlmcss  of  the  east 
wall  of  this  transept. 

The  night  stairs  are  placed  as  uaual  at  the  B.W.  angle  of  the  south  transept  at  a, 

'  The  details  of  mouldings  have  Earl}-  Engliab  features,  but  do  not  show  the  deep 
boUoH'B  peculiar  tu  that  period.  They  conaiat,  for  tbe  most  port,  of  rounds  and  filletSi 
simple,  but  effective,  and  the  work  ui  men  who  knew  how  to  retlmin  their  powers, 
rather  than  give  Irce  rein  to  their  ideas.  Tba  piers  have  tbe  angles  chamfered  at  tha 
hose  ;  tbe  iHiamfer  is  stopped  at  the  splinting  of  the  arch  by  aimple  foliage  carving, 
such  OS  a  aingle  leaf,  and  froui  Ibla   springs  the  arch  moulding  before  described, 


ooth  o.-n 


ITo  fte$  pttf$  244. 


'  Plan  of  The 

I 

IAbbey  ofCraig-Na-Manach 


Scale  or  Feet 


'*"•  •  'trAf*^" 


.60  To 

"ter-.im_        t 


•■   I 


( 


i  I 


(^-'^ 


/(f    ^/   '^/^ 


THE   CISTERCIAN   ABBEY   OF   GRAIGNAMANAGH.  245 

diiUtnea  of  G  ft.  6  in.  from  west  wall  of  tmniept ;  the  opo  of  the  stair  door  in  wall  ia 
4  ft.  10  in.  in  width.  Tbere  is  a  passage  leading  from  the  southern  side  chapel  to  the 
Tettiy.  The  night  stairs  gave  access  from  the  dannitorieB  for  the  convenience  of  the 
monks  who  had  to  enter  the  cliurch  at  midnight  in  the  perfoimance  of  the  duties  of 
the  choir  as  prescribed  in  the  ritual  of  the  Order. 

The  remarkable  similuil;  that  exists  between  the  Abbei^  Church  of  Gmigiiamaiiagh 
and  the  Cisterciim  church  recently  excavated  at  Strata  Florida  in  Cardiganshire,  to 
ably  sjid  full;  described  by  its  explorer,  Mr.  Stephen  W.  Williams,  t.b.a.,  f.s.i.b.a.,' 
not  onl;  as  regards  the  intenial  arrangements,  but  also  in  the  approximation  of  the 
principal  nieoiurementB,  would  seem  to  indicate  a  closer  connection  than  it  usufti 
betneen  the  two  foundntioni,  closel^f  as  all  Cistercian  houses  were  connected  with  each 
other.  ThB  plana  of  choir,  tower,  fjansepls,  side  chapels,  nave,  and  aisles  are  in  all 
their  principal  faalutoa  almost  identical  io  tbo  two  Welsh  and  Irish  Cislorcian  abbcjs, 
and  it  would  bo  difficult  to  tind  any  other  two  religious  houses  so  much  alilEC  in  this 
i«spect.    A  fow  of  the  dimensioos  of  euch  are  hero  given  ; — 

The  total  length  of  Oraigaamanagh  is  216  It.  4  in.,  and  tha  total  length  of  Strata 
Florida  U  213  ft.     (The  latter  measurement  is  clou  of  external  walla.) 

Biie  ot  Nave,  Graignauianagh 130  ft.  x  29  ft. 

,,  StraU  Florida, 128  ft.  fl  in,  x  28  ft. 

Width  of  Aisle,  Graignanmnagh,      .     .    .     .  13  ft. 

,,  Strata  Florida, 12  ft.  fl  in. 

8^uaT«  of  Lantern  of  Tower  of  Graignamajiagfa,  29  ft. 

„  „  Strata  Florida,  28  ft. 

Breadth  across  Tnknsepts,  Graignanuuuigh,     .  110  ft. 

„  „  Strata  Florida,       .  117  ft.  3  in. 

Biie  of  Choir,  GraigQnnuinagh 46  ft.  x  29  ft.  6  in. 

,,  Stiata  Florida, G2  ft.  6  in.  x  2B  ft. 

Tbe  number  of  urclies  separating  nave  from  aisles  is  seven  in  each  cose.  The 
Abbe  J  of  Strata  Florida  is  said  to  have  been  completed  and  occupied  in  1201.  It  was 
founded  by  the  Welsh  Prime  Rhys  ap  GrufTydd.  Dermot,  King  of  Leinster,  con- 
firmed Ilie  original  grant  to  the  monks  at  Graignamanagh,  and  as  showing  the  intintacy 
that  existed  between  these  two  princes,  the  loUowing  extract  from  Mr.  Williams' 
book  before  mentioned  is  interesting.  "  Rhys  ap  Gniflydd  was  under  obligations  to 
the  family  of  Dormot,  for  we  have  seen  how  it  was  by  the  aid  of  the  kinga  of  Leinst«r 
that  his  father  and  grandfather  had  been  restored  to  their  patrimony,  and  thai  his 
father  re«ded  during  the  earlier  years  ot  his  life,  and  had  been  educated  in  Ireland." 
Strata  Florida  has  been  called  the  WealminBter  Abbey  of  Wales,  as  the  caremonial*  of 
the  Welsh  princes,  as  well  as  the  burial  of  most  of  them,  took  place  within  its 
precincts.  The  rektion  between  it  and  ita  counterpart  at  Oroignamanagh  seems  to 
point  to  a  more  intimate  conneetioa  than  that  which  au1iaisl«d  between  other  Cistercian 


situated  to  th« 


Tee  Conventdai.  BtnLDrnes. 

As  i^aids  the  conventual  buildings  of  Oraignamanagh,  they 
Mntth  of  the  church,  the  position  usually  followed  nave  in  a  few  instances, 

'  "The  Ciatevcion  Abbey  of  Strata  Florida 
recwnt  BxcavatioDS  made  oti  ita  site  by  Slephi 
Whiting  4  Co..  1B8B.    Ageut:  C.J.Clark,  ' 


its  history  and  an 

W.  Williams,   p.a.;. 

Liniwln's  Inn  Field*. 


246  KOYAL   SOCIETY   OP   ANTIQUARIES    OF   IRELAND. 

Tictem,  Melroae,   Beaufart,   &g.,  wherSi  owing  to  the  exigencies  of  ths  ai 
cloister?  are  placed  north  of  the  churcfa,  but  euch  cases  are  the  exception. 
The  SACiuaTY  was  approached  from  a  aide  chapel:  it  u  16  ft.  by  34  ft. ; 


,  foUowing  closely  the  genenLl  plan 

va  been  a  penitential  cell, 
ipartments  elsewhere  bare 
.  Thi-re  is  nothing  in  ita  construction 
3  which  of  the  foregoing  purposes  it 

.n  apartment  24  ft.  by  20  ft.   There  ci 


vBnIted,  and  lighted  by  a  window  ij 
else  where. 

Tbe  next  apartment  is  24  ft.  by  10  ft.  3  in., 
or  it  may  have  been  a  itere-rooni  or  TttaABuaT. 
been  supposed  to  be  the  moi^ue  or  dead-bouse. 
oalculated  to  throw  light  on  the  i 
may  hare  been  used  for. 

Adjoining  this  we  find  the  Cbai 
ba  no  doubt  as  to  its  use,  as  it  presents  the  characteristics  by  which  such  a  room  ia 
invariabl;  distinguished.  We  have  tbe  largo  doorway  opening  into  the  cloisters,  with 
two  side  lights,  which  wouM  haTe  left  almost  the  whole  of  the  west  end  open. 
In  the  centre  of  the  room  we  mark  the  position  of  the  osua)  oeotral  column  which 
generally  carried  a  rich  vaulted  roof,  and  did  so  in  this  case,  and  the  apartment  was 
more  highly  ornamented  than  any  other  portion  of  tbe  buildings.  The  door  in  the 
eaut  wall,  opening  into  a  larger  apartment  called  the  Scuiftohil'm  on  plan,  is  a  peculiar 
foatute,  and  secma  to  call  for  soma  eiplanatiDD.  aa  it  occupieB  the  position  in 
which  WD  would  expect  to  meet  the  sent  of  the  Abbot,  who  was  seated  at  the  eut 
end,  with  the  members  of  the  Chapter  tanged  in  ordti  at  the  north  and  soulh  sides. 

The  structure  at  Grnignnmnnngh,  styled  Scriptorium  on  plan,  waa  a  largo  apartment 
GS  ft.  long,  by  33  ft.  6  in.  in  width.  It  was  of  good  proportions,  wiUi,  no  doubt,  an 
east  window,  and  was  lighted  by  four  windows  !□  the  ?outh  side.  There  was  a  driCr- 
way  in  the  north  side  with  two  side  ligbts.  It  will  at  once  appear  that  this  would 
be  a  rBther  unusual  else  for  tbe  library  of  a  Cistercian  abbey,  and  it  is  probable  that 
it  was  added  later  for  another  purpose,  and  did  not  form  any  part  of  the  original 

It  may  have  been  that  tbe  receptacle  originally  intruded  for  the  custody  of  the 
MS9.  of  tbe  abbey  was  one  of  the  usual  small  apartments,  often  a  room  not 
larger  than  tbat  shown  to  tbe  left  of  the  Cbaptor-bouse  on  plan.  There  is  documen- 
tary evidence  to  show  that  the  records  preserved  in  the  abbey  became  numerous  and 
valuable,  and  such  as  would  require  not  only  spsce,  but  also  light,  in  which  thej 
could  be  examined.  Tbe  pOEJtioQ  of  tbe  Scriptorium  abowa  tbat  it  was  an  after- 
thought,  and  this  would  account  for  finding  a  doorway  in  the  east  wall  of  the  Chapter- 
room  to  give  access  to  it,  where  tbe  Abbot's  stone  seat,  under  the  east  window, 
should  ho.  It  will  also  bo  observed  that  the  Scriptorium  boa  its  axis  running  duo 
east  sad  wust,  aod  has  a  large  outer  doorway,  and  though  this  door  opens  to  tho 
north  instead  of  to  the  west,  it  has  ell  the  lequiremenis  suitable  for  a  Chapter- 
room  OS  well  as  a  Scriptorium  :  and  an  examination  of  the  plans  of  such  houses 
OS  FountaiuB,  Fumess,  and  Tintem  would  show  that  the  Scriptorium  at  Oraig- 
aBmanagh  occupies  tbe  place  usually  aseigned  to  tbe  Chapter -bouse. 

If  we  regard  tbe  larger  of  the  two  apertments  as  tbe  Chapter-house  proper,  though 
built  later,  the  original  room  designated  Cbaptor-bouse  on  plan  would  serve  adminbly 
aa  a  vestibule  to  the  larger  building,  end  instances  are  not  wanting  in  some  of  ths 
English  fouDdatioQS  where  Chapter- bouses  of  large  also  were  added  in  this  way.'  The 
Chapter-bouse  at  Monastemenagh,  which  was  very  large,  appears  to  have  been  62  ft. 
long,  by  S2  ft.  3  in.  wide,  and  it  is  possible  the  arrangement  at  Graignomanagh  vras 
intended  to  combine  a  Chapter-bouse  and  Scriptorium  in  one.  The  usual  position  of 
the  Scriplorium  is  over  the  Chapter-room,  and  the  departure  from  tbe  recognised  plan 
would  show  the  importance  of  tbe  place  whether  the  apartment  is  considered  ai 
intended  for  the  meetings  of  the  members  of  the  Chapter,  or  as  a  Sctiptorium,  in  which 

>  Bee  Mirgom  Abbey,  GlamoiganBhirB. 


THE  CISTERCIAN  ABBET  OF  GKAIGNAMANAGH. 


th«  intellectual  ai^livity  of  the  monka  could  filly  display  itself,  u  io  compiling  the 
"AnDftls  of  Duiake,"  for  ioatsnce.  Fortions  of  the  south  and  <regt  irallB,  much 
defaced,  are  standing,  the  east  wall  in  gone,  and  a  portion  of  the  north  wall  remoinii, 
irilh  the  broken  mouldings  of  the  doorwnj  and  aide  lights.  Thi^  mouidinge  of  the 
jamb  of  the  door  appear  to  bare  been  almoat  identical  vith  the  nouldiug  of  tbi  arahea 
of  nave,  and  this  nould  tond  to  show  these  portiona  to  be  coeval. 

Adjoining  the  Chapter-house  is  the  Calefactoby.  or  monks'  day-room  —  an 
apartment  'ib  ft.  hy  24  ft. ;  and  next  to  it  we  have  the  Sltfe  giving  access  to  an 
enclosure  which  was  probably  the  CRNiitliiT.  Keit  to  the  alypo,  and  at  the  right-huid 
aide  on  plan,  wo  find  an  apartment  34  ft.  by  19  ft.,  which  waa  moat  probably  the  dead 
bouse  Dr  MoanuB,  aod  the  two  apartments  at  the  aouthem  end  of  the  range  were  offices 
under  which  runs  the  great  aewer,  3  ft.  in  width  and  6  ft,  in  height,  covered  with  a 
atone  arch,  and  whicb,  when  properly  flushed  by  water  from  the  Duiske  river,  carried 
all  the  refuse  to  iLa  river  Barrow,  where  it  discharged.  The  Cistercians  were  good 
sanitarians,  and  knew  the  value  of  water  carriage  in  disposing  of  their  scvsge. 

The  principal  building  south  of  the  cloister  is  that  marked  Refectoki  ou  plan,  and 
there  can  bo  no  mistake  in  the  nomenclature  of  this  apartment.  It  is  of  good  propor- 
tiuna,  iia  axis  runs  north  and  south,  and  it  atJll  shows  the  romaina  of  tbe  rorol  or  reading 
QjiLLEBi  in  a  window  in  west  wall.  The  apartment  weat  of  the  n^ectorf  was  the 
Kitchen,  and  farther  west  the  buttery. 

The  range  of  buildings  to  the  weat  of  iho  cloister  garth  rantained  the  workshops  of 
the  commuDity,  also  the  collariuni,  sod  over  these  were  the  dormitories  of  tbe  lay 
brelbren  or  amitrii  at  the  Order. 

The  CtotSTEKS,  it  is  worthy  of  remark,  form  a  perfect  aqu.'vre,  in  accordance  with 
custom ;  cosea  in  whicb  the  garth  takes  the  form  of  a  parallelogram  being  tbe  ex- 
Judging  from  some  of  the  atones  found,  the  cloister  arcade  appears  to  have  been 
formed  with  small  double  columns  of  blue  limeelone,  carrying  ornamental  double 
capitals  in  one  stone,  with  semicircular-beaded  arches  and  trefoil  cupping. 

The  remains  of  the  Akuot's  Chambeb,  which  occupy  tbe  S.E.  angle  of  the  site,  are 
Konty,  but  sufficient  to  show  their  purpose.  The  eantera  of  the  Abbot,  the  name  by 
which  his  suite  of  lodgings  was  deaigoated,  aeems  to  have  comprised  three  large  apart- 
ments on  the  ground  floor,  and  at  least  one  apartment  above.  The  position  of  Ibe 
Idtcben  ia  indicated  by  the  wide  flre-plaee.  It  is  highly  probable  that  this  group  of 
buildings  compriaed  both  Abbot's  lodgings  and  Infiumary. 

The  Most  Eev.  Dr.  Cometford,  In  bis  admirable  account  of  the  pariihea  of 
Gra^namanagh  and  St.  Hullina,  says,  speaking  of  (his  abbey — "There  is  a  rich  mine 
of  beautifully  sculptured  atones  under  the  prcaent  floor  to  a  depth  of  aome  five  feet. 
When  the  grave  for  tbe  late  Bev.  M.  Doyle,  r.p.,  was  being  made,  no  lesa  than  five 
cartloads  of  sculptui-ed  atone  were  removed.  There  can  be  but  little  doubt  that  many 
monuments  and  olber  objects  of  interest  are  hidden  away  and  consigned  to  Dhlivion 
beneath  the  present  floor."  Owing  to  the  circumstances  that  the  site  ia  now  occupied 
by  houses  of  the  village,  and  as  a  graveyard,  and  the  choir,  transepts,  and  a  portion  of 
the  nave  have  been  rebuilt  and  roofed  for  ase  as  the  Catholic  chapel,  nothing  further 
oan  be  dene  in  the  way  of  nicflvntion  either  to  trace  foundations  or  discover  the  buried 
carvings.  But  muih  still  remains  above  ground,  from  which  measured  drawings  of 
the  mouliUnge  of  the  principal  architectural  features  may  be  made. 


{To  be  eontinufd.) 


(     248     ) 


THE   GRAVEYARDS  OF  THE  GREAT   ISLAND. 

By  JAMES  COLEMAN. 

'T'kai  one,  at  least,  of  the  two  grayeyards  of  the  Groat  Island  ib  not  to 
bo  clufiaed  with  that  most  melancholy,  forlorn -looking,  and  unat- 
tractive of  objecta,  the  ordinary  Irish  rural  churchyard,  with  ita  dearth 
of  tombs  and  headstones,  of  flowers  and  shrubs,  and  its  superabundant 
crop  of  nettles  and  other  unsightly  weeds,  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact 
that  BO  long  back  as  fifty  years  ago,  it  formed  the  subject  of  an  article  in 
a  London  publication,  whose  name  I  cannot  now  recall.  Its  proximity  to 
such  an  ocean  thoroughfare  as  Cork  Harbour  has  made  this  graveyard  the 
most  cosmopolitan  cemetery  in  Ireland  ;  whilst  the  reputation,  aa  a  noted 
health-resort,  of  Queenstown,  close  by,  has  drawn  hither  more  than  one 
distinguished  stranger  destined,  alas !  not  to  recover  lost  health,  but  t« 
find  here  a  grave.  Some  notice  of  this  secluded  spot,  where  so  many, 
other  than  "  the  rude  forefathers  of  the  hamlet,"  sleep,  may  therefore 
prove  occeptable  to  readers  of  the  Journal. 

The  Great  Island,  whoso  graveyards  are  here  described,  is  anything 
but  great  in  extent,  its  length  being  about  seven,  and  breadth  four  miles, 
and  its  area  about  13,000  acres,  and,  in  truth,  has  no  other  claim  to 
greatness  than  that  of  being  the  largest  of  the  seven  or  eight  islands  in 
Cork  Harbour,  where  it  lies.  But  it  is  "  one  of  the  first  places  mentioned 
in  Irish  history  whose  locality  con  be  fixed  with  precision."  ■'  In  the 
earlier  or  mythic  periods  of  Irish  history  this  island,"  the  Cork  historian. 
Wind  ele,  tells  us  "was  called  Abb4-nembth,  i.e.  the  high  place  of 
Kemedius,  the  leader  of  the  tceond  colony  which  invaded  Ireland ;  and 
here  that  chief  died,  together  with  two  or  three  thousand  of  his  followers, 
A.H.  2659,  swept  off  by  a  desolating  plague.  Here,  too,  in  the  second 
century  took  place  an  important  buttlo  between  Modha  Nuagat,  monarch 
of  Munstor,  and  the  usurper  of  his  kingdom,  Aongus,  which  re.iulted  in  the 
latt«r  being  defeated  and  driven  from  the  province."  Of  these  events, 
needless  to  say,  no  relic  or  reminder  now  exists  in  the  Oreat  Island,  or,  »s 
it  is  otherwise  called,  Barryroore  Island,  from  the  Noruian  De  Barris,  or 
Barrys,  who  have  been  the  lords  of  its  soil  almost  from  the  time  ol' 
Henry  II.  to  the  present  day.  Ita  ecclesiastical  history,  embracing  that 
of  the  ruined  churches  to  which  its  two  graveyards  owe,  in  one  sense, 
their  existence,  has  not  been  preserved  to  any  sotisfactory  extent. 
Bt.  Patrick  is  said  to  have  visited  the  Great  Island,  and  the  misogynist 
saint,  St.  Scnunus,  to  have  resided  here  for  a  while ;  and  it  can  boast  of 
a  saint  of  its  own  in  the  person  of  St.  Samnn,  the  son  of  Arcburr,  who 
lived  drea  a.d.  600."    St.  Sarann  of  Inismore  {\,».  the  Great  Island)  is 


oomm  Dm  orated  as  follows  in  tho  Feetology  of  Aengus  WlcDe,  at  the  15th 
of  May:  "St.  Sarann,  boh  of  ArehorrfromIiii9moreiiiUibh-Mac.CaiUe{i.#, 
Imokilly),  in  Uibh-Liathain,  in  Munater";  and  the  Irish  Life  of  St.  Fin- 
borr  of  Cork,  who  died  a.  d.  617,  Htatea  that  St.  Saraim  settled  inDrom- 
eigh-neaeh  in  the  territory  of  Ua-Lugdach  ;  that  he  resigned  his  own 
church  to  God  and  to  St.  Bnrra,  and  that  Barra  (or  St.  Finbarr,  from 
whom  the  ialand  of  Barra,  off  the  west  coast  of  Scotland  takoa  its  name) 
gave  him  a  new  monastery  with  its  rcUgiouB. — (E.  O'Curry's  Cath, 
Univ.  MSS.) 

Bt.  Sarann  did  not,  however,  give  his  name  to  either  of  the  ancient 
ecclesiaGtical  divisions  of  the  Oreat  Island,  which  consisted  of  "three 
parishei,  viz.  Clonmcl,  Templerobin,  and  Kilgarvan,"  and  nineteen  plow- 
lands.  Singular  to  say,  "  of  Kilgarvan  as  a  parish  there  is  no  trace,  for 
it  is  mentioned  only  in  one  of  tte  county  records ;  but  twenty  acres 
of  arable  land  in  Kilgarvan,  with  their  tithes,  &c.,  were  granted  in 
1605  to  Sir  Robert  Boyle  (Lewis's  "Topography  of  Ireland").  The 
title  of  this  forgotten  parish  and  church  was,  lioubtless,  derived  from 
the  "  St.  Garvan,  a  brother  belonging  to  the  Abbey  of  Cork,  to  whom 
Dungorvan  owes  its  name,  and  Wat«rford  its  Christianity  "  (J.  Q. 
M'Carthy's  "  Cork") ;  and  as  local  tradition  points  to  the  junction  of  the 
Old  and  New  squares  at  Quecnstown  as  the  site  of  a  former  churchyard, 
it  was  here  possibly  that  the  Church  of  Kilgarvan  stood,  on  what  is  pro- 
bably tlio  oldest  part  of  the  town,  and  that  which  is  nearest  to  Spike 
Island,  which  latlcr  is  mentioned  by  Bishop  Dive  Downcs  in  his  Diary, 
4.  D.  1700,  quoted  in  Dr.  Brady's  "  Diocesan  Eeconls  of  Cork,  Cloyne, 
and  Ross,"  as  "  said  "  to  have  belonged,  together  with  Bingaskiddy,  to 
the  pariah  of  Kilgarvan. 

As  to  Clonmtl  and  Templerobin,  with  which  this  Paper  is  more  imme- 
diately concerned,  no  difficulty  whatever  exists  in  regard  to  their  identi- 
fication. That  churches  stood  here  prior  to  the  Reformation  there  can  be 
no  question ;  but  all  that  Dr.  Brady  has  traced  out  as  to  their  history 
refers  to  post-Reformation  days,  and  is  merely  what  follows.  His 
earliest  record  runs,  1591 — "Capella  Roberti  sen  potius  particula  lie 
Clonmel,  spcctat  ad  Prior.  BuUebeg "  {i.t.  Ballibeg,  near  Buttevant,  which 
was  founded  by  Wm.  de  Barry,  A.n.  1237,  and  is  now  used  as  a  cow- 
house). "1591,  John  Martell,  Chancellor  of  Cork,  appears  as  Vicar  of 
Clonmell ;  but  in  another  MS.  of  the  same  date  John  Uanbee  figures  as 

The  names  und  dates  of  appointment  of  the  subsequent  rectors, 
according  to  Dr.  Brady,  are:  i.n.  1615,  Israel  Taylor;  IfiI8,  John  Sten- 
guin.  appointed  by  the  Crown;  1621,  Thomas  Holf ord ;  1637,  Francis 
Frederingham  ;  1661,  Robert  Shuw  ;  1663,  Thomas  Smith,  styled  In  his 
will,  of  BelveUy;  1666,  Kuthanjcl  Giles;  1670,  Nuthaniel  Escott; 
1674,  Rowland  Duvies,  afterwards  Dean  of  Cork  (the  militant  ecclesiastic 
whose  "Journal,"  edited,   with  valuable  notes,  by  Dr.  Caulfield,  was 


250         ROYAL  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIES   OF   IRELAND. 

published  by  the  Camden  Society  in  1857) ;  1676,  Benjamin  Lukey  ;  1693, 
Evan  Jones;  1696,  RichariJ  Boffen;  1724,  William  Tulton;  173.?, 
Downea  Conran  (Vicar  of  Clonmel,  E«ctor  and  Vicar  of  Templerobin  and 
particle  of  Kilgarvan)  1  1761,  Mannadute  Cos;  1762,  Richard  BnUen  ; 
and,  lastly,  1777,  Francis  Atterbury  ;  for,  in  1805,  the  site  of  the  parish 
church  vraB  ordered  to  be  changed  to  Cove,  where,  in  1812,  the  present 
Protestant  church  (subsequently  enlarged)  vaa  built  at  a  cost  of 
£2769. 

Of  the  old  churches  themselvea  all  that  Dr.  Brady  records  is  that  in 
1615:  "  Clonmell ;  ecclesia  et  cancella  in  ruin  is ;  Capella  Boberti 
(Templerobin) ;  ccclia  et  cancella  reparatoe  "  ;  in  1694,  "  Kulla  ecclia  in 
Templerobin ;  Bed  cnra  animarum  in  ecclia  de  Clonmell,  bene  reparata 
inaervitur;"  andthntl774,  "  Kilgarvan  was  described  as  an  impropriate 
rectory  in  the  Great  Island  ;  church  in  ruins  ;  G.  Lukey,  Bs([.,  impropr." 
In  1728  Clonmel  and  Templerobin  parisbea  were  united  by  Order  in 
Council.  In  his  "History  of  Cork,"  published  in  the  year  1750,  Dr.  Smith 
thus  describes  Clonmel  Church  :  "  A  mile  from  Cove  is  the  parish  church 
of  Clonmel,  with  a  decent  parson  age-house.  In  the  church  is  a  handsome 
monument  of  marble  with  an  inscription  to  the  memory  of  George  Rogers, 
of  Belgrove,  in  the  island,  who  died  in  1710,  with  bis  arms,  argent,  a 
ebevron  between  two  stags,  tripant,  sable.  Here  is  a  gravestone  to  the 
memory  of  an  officer  who  died  in  the  harbour  after  returning  from  the 
expedition  againat  Port  L'Orient  (rrancc),  with  these  lines:  '  Eximite 
spei  adoleseentem  oatendunt  tenia  hunc  tantum  fata.  Neque  ultra  esse 
finunt.'  This  church  is  in  good  repair ;  and  on  the  east  is  a  handsome 
guUory  for  sailors."  According  to  a  MS.  by  Dr.  Mac  Kenna,  Catholic  bishop 
of  Cloyne,  quoted  by  Dr.  Brady,  Clonmel  Church  was  originally  dedicated 
to  8t.  John  the  Evangelist.  Nothing  is  now  left  of  it  savo  the  ivy- 
covered  walla  which  measure  64  by  19  feet,  aJid  12  feet  high ;  but,  for- 
tunately, all  the  monuments  mentioned  here  as  within  their  enclosure  are 
still  in  excellent  preservation,  that  of  the  of&cer  above-mentioned  ex- 
cepted, whose  gravestone  is  no  longer  visible,  owing  no  doubt  to  the 
entrance  door  being  kept  locked.  Just  outside  the  latter  is  the  oldest 
legible  headstone  here,  recording  the  burial  beneath  of  Stephen  Towlo, 
who  died  October  26,  1698. 

In  connexion  with  ono  of  the  former  rectors  of  this  now  dismantled 
church,  under  dat«  of  1700,  occurs  anotable  passage  in  the  Chapter  Book 
of  Cloyne  Cathedral,  reproduced  by  Dr.  Brady ;  and  also  by  Dr.  Catil£eld 
in  his  history  of  that  ancient  edifice  published  in  1882  :  "  May  7th.  It 
is  ordered  by  the  Cloyne  Chapt^ir  that  a  lease  of  the  Rectory  and  Glebe 
of  Clonmel  be  made  to  Mr.  R.  Roffen  and  hia  successors,  for  21  years,  at  a 
rent  of  £20  per  annum.  This  rent  was  abated  in  1703  ;  and  on  the  18th 
September,  1707,  it  was  ordered  that,  during  th»  tear,  £4  yearly  be 
abated  of  the  £20  per  annum.  In  1710,  November  16,  a  new  lease  ia 
ordered  to  bo  made  to  Mr.  Roffin  at  £16,  during  the  war  with  France,  and 


THE  GRAYETARDS   OF  THE   GREAT  ISLAND.  251 

£20  after  its  conclusion.  On  the  first  advancement  of  the  rent  £5  is  to 
be  given  towards  adorning  the  east  end  of  the  church.  On  the  ISth  of 
November,  1717,  it  appears  that  Mr.  Roffen  intends  to  lay  out  £100,  or 
more,  in  buildings  and  other  improvements  on  the  glebe  lands  of  Clonmel 
to  be  employed  in  and  remain  to  pious  and  charitable  uses,  subject  to  the 
discretion  and  direction  of  him,  the  said  Eichard  Roffen,  and  his  heirs  and 
assigns.  In  consideration  of  this  pious  and  charitable  design  the  Chapter 
demise  to  him,  and  his  heirs  and  assigns,  the  said  tithes  and  glebe  lands 
of  the  parish  church  of  Clonmel,  for  21  years,  with  a  covenant  for  renewal 
€very  seven  years."  "Writing  of  this  old  church  and  its  surrounding 
graveyard,  in  his  "Guide  to  the  South  of  Ireland,"  published  in  1842, 
Windele  says: — "In  the  valley  to  the  rere  of  Cove  is  situate  the  old 
parish  Church  of  Clonmell,  or  Teampul  larhur  (t.^.  the  western  church) 
now  in  ruins,  distant  about  a  mile  from  the  town.  The  surrounding 
burying  ground  is  thickly  tenanted ;  a  large  proportion  of  the  names  are 
those  of  strangers,  principally  of  seafaring  men.  One  of  the  tombstones 
records  the  death  of  '  John  Collins,  Esquire,'  descended  from  the  once 
powerful  and  opulent  family  of  the  O'Culleanes,  dated  1794.  Here  is  also 
interred  Tobin,  the  author  of  the  *  Honeymoon,'  who  died  in  this  har- 
bour on  his  passage  to  the  West  Indies,  but  his  grave  is  undistinguished. 
In  the  same  cemetery  is  buried  the  Eev.  Charles  Wolfe,  author  of  the 
*  Lines  on  the  Death  of  Sir  John  Moore,'  a  poem  that  in  the  opinion  of 
Byron,  as  given  by  '  Med  win,'  is  little  inferior  to  the  best  that  the  then 
age,  prolific  as  it  was  in  poetry,  had  brought  out." 

In  the  north-west  comer  of  this  church,  at  the  left-hand  side  of  the 
entrance,  is  a  large  altar-tomb,  on  the  top  of  which  is  the  following 
inscription : — 

*'  HBRB  LIBTH 

THE  KBMAINS  OF 

THE  BET.  CHARLES  WOLFE, 

LATE  CC&ATE  OF  DONOVGHHORE, 

WHO    DIED    AT    COYE,     2I8T    FEBT.,     I823, 

AGED  31. 

THE  RECORD  OF  HIS  GENIUS, 

PIETY,  AMD  VIRTUE, 

LIVES    IN    THE    HEARTS 

OF  ALL  WHO  KNEW  HIM. 

LOOKING    UNTO    JESUS    HE    LIVED; 

LOOKING  UNTO  JESUS  HE  DIED." 

The  tablet  of  a  celebrity  in  the  dramatic  world,  John  Tobin,  the 
author  of  **  The  Honeymoon,"  &c.,  occupies  a  niche  in  the  south  wall. 
It  is  on  a  white  marble  slab,  set  in  a  broad  black  frame  of  the  same 
material,  ''the  sombre  character  of  which  Dame  Nature  has  partly  removed 


KOYAL   SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES   OF  IBELAND. 


by  having  reset  the  whole,  Eot  inappropriately,  in  a  thiok  mantle  of  ivy." 
The  following  inscription  tells  its  own  rauuriiful  tale  : — 


r  DEcmnEH,  1804, 


In  the  same  old  church  is  the  tomb  of  illizabctli  Anne,  Countess  of 
Huntingdon,  bom  29th  of  May,  1817,  died  February  18th,  1857,  whose 
burial  here  may  he  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  she  was  an  Irish 
lady.  She  was  the  heiress  of  the  Powers  of  Clashmore,  county  Water- 
ford,  and  the  lail  of  htr  race  (see  Dr.  O'C.  Eedmond'a  "  Hemoir  of  the 
Power  Family"). 

Telling  of  nobler  lineage  still  is  the  grave  to  he  seen  in  this  chnroh- 
y^u'd  of  a  Kilkenny  lady  who  ia  styled  on  her  tombstone  as  "  the  great- 
great -great-gran  d-daugh  tor  of  John  o'  Gaunt,  Duke  of  Lancaster." 

The  south -easterii  portion  of  this  graveyard  is  evidently  its  oldest 
part,  aa  shown  by  the  many  headstones  which  time  has  now  rendered 
almost  illegible  ;  whilst  the  north-east  part  is  that  favoured  by  the 
wealthier  membera  of  the  community,  as  indicated  by  the  many  elaborate 
tombs  and  monuments  of  various  sorts  that  crowd  it. 

West  of  this  is  the  strangers*  section  of  this  ancient  Ood'a  acre,  where 
inscriptions  in  different  European  languages  will  readily  be  noticed ;  one 
of  the  most  conspicuous  and  si  11  gulur- looking  memcutoes  of  the  dead  here 
being  the  zinc  anchor  and  heart,  with  a  Swedish  inscription  nnderaeath, 
erected  over  a  Swedish  sailor's  grove,  one  of  the  many  British  and 
foreign  seamen's  graves  to  be  seen  all  round.  Near  the  south-east  wall 
grew  an  old  treo,  in  whose  aide  was  a  cavity  containing  a  little  moisture, 
credited  with  curing  sore  eyes  a  generation  back ;  but  I  was  unable  to 
find  it  when  last  I  visited  Clonmel  churchyard. 

Two  miles  east  of  Clonmel  churchyard,  on  the  aummit  of  a  hill  past 
the  pretty  little  village  of  Ballymorc,  lies  Templerobin,  or  Temple  Lyra 
graveyard.  A  fragment  of  the  north  wall  of  the  old  Capella  Eoherti 
is  still  to  be  seen  here,  but  as  to  the  Bt.  fiobin  or  Bobert  to  whom  it  was 


TSS  aBATEYARDB  OF  THE  GBE&T  ISLAKD.  353 

dedicated  no  information  whatsoever  exists.  If,  ob  is  not  unlikely,  the 
De  Barris  had  anything  to  do  with  its  erection,  the  St.  Eobcrt  of  this 
chapel  W8B  probably  tlie  saint  after  whom  Robert  Barry,  the  first  of  the 
name  who  landed  in  Ireland,  was  called. 

The  large  number  of  nomelcsa  graves  in  this  churchyard  show  it  to  be 
the  poor  man's  buiying  ground  ;  but  it  ia  on  the  whole  in  fairly  well  kept 
condition.  To  the  left  of  the  gate  nearest  the  little  chapel  of  Ballymore 
stands  the  most  notable  tomb  here,  that  of  Father  Harrington,  the  early 
preceptor  of  the  famous  Daniel  O'Connell.  This  tomb  is  oblong  in  form, 
and  ia  surmounted  by  a  kind  of  dwarf  pyramid  bearing  an  um  with  a 
flamo  issuing  from  its  mouth,  both  in  basto  relievo,  whilst  lower  down  ia 
on  oval  marble  slab  inscribed  as  follows  : — 


The  Eeddington  Academy  here  referred  to  is  said  to  have  been  the 
lirat  Catholic  boarding  school  opened  in  Ireland  since  the  operation  of  the 
Penal  Laws,  and  stood  about  lialf-a-mile  to  the  south  of  this  graveyard, 
facing  the  harbour's  mouth.  The  school  itself  has  long  been  razed  to 
the  ground;  but  Father  Harrington's  residence  adjoining  it,  is  still  in 
ezisteQCG  and  inhabited,  though  shorn  of  its  upper  storey  a  few  years 
since  by  its  present  occupant. 

Tothewest  of  Father  Harrington's  tomb,  and  like  it,  too,  much  requir- 
ing the  bond  of  some  kindly  restorer,  lies  that  of  one  of  tho  Catholic 
Bishops  of  Cloyne,  the  last  six  or  seven  of  whom  have  made  Cove  (now 
Qneenstown)  their  place  of  residence,  instead  of  Cloyne.  It  boars  the 
following  all  but  illegible  inscription  :— 

"Henilietli  the  body  of  Watlhew  Mnc  Kenna,  in  hopea  of  «  happy 
reimieclion,  Doi'Iot  of  the  SoTbonne,  Paattir  of  this  plice  tor  many 
years.  Bishop  of  Cloyne  ond  Bom  iwanty-two  yraiB ;  bora  in  the  yoir 
■ii  (1706  ?),  and  died  June  ihe  fourth,  1791,  in  peace  leiib  mankind  :  ha 
eipeels  the  priyen  of  the  Faithful  that  God  may  be  msicifuU  to  him." 

There  are  two  or  three  more  graves  La  this  churchyard,  of  which  the 
present  caretaker,  Hannan  (whose  predecessor,  by  the  way,  was  named 
Lecky),  teUa  the  following  curious  stories.  (Hannan  ia  himself  a  most 
interesting  character,  one  of  a  fast  disappearing  type  of  Irishman,  and 
with  him  will  die  out  a  large  amount  of  local  histoij.)  North-west  of 
Bishop  Mac  Kenna's  tomb  stand  two  low  headstones,  with  their  inscrip- 
tions facing  to  the  westward,  thus  indicating  that  they  arc  priests'  grarea. 


254         EOTAL   SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES   OF   IRELAND. 

In  connection  'with  tbese  grayeB  old  HonQan's  Btorj  runs  thus  :  "  Whilst 
the  Penal  Lava  were  still  in  full  force,  it  became  known  in  Cove  that 
two  priests  were  confined  on  board  tho  conTict-hulk  permanently  moored 
in  the  harbour,  the  ship  on  which  they  were  to  be  '  transported '  having 
been  detained  by  contraiy  winds.  One  fine  evening  the  tramp  of  armed 
men  'was  heard  coming  up  Baliymore  hill,  and  in  a  short  space  of  time 
the  Tillagera  were  asaembled  at  the  grayeyard,  having  learned  somehow 
that  one  of  the  priests  had  died,  and  was  now  brought  hither  for 
interment,  and  that  his  fellow  priest  was  ollowed  to  occompany  his  re- 
mains, probably  to  read  the  burial  service  over  him.  The  villagers  made  up 
their  minds  to  rescue  the  surviving  priest ;  hut  he  eamostly  begged  of 
them  not  t«  attempt  it,  and  promised  bi  be  back  again  amongst  them  within 
a  certain  specified  time.  This  time  came  round  in  due  course,  and  with 
it  punetuslly  came  the  priest,  or  rather,  his  corpse,  for  he  had  died  in  the 
interval,  so  they  reverently  laid  him  to  rest  beside  his  brother  prieat."  The 
inscriptions  on  the  headstones  just  alluded  to  do  not,  however,  throw  any 
light  on  this  story  ;  for  one  is  simply  that  of  the  Rev.  Garret  Stack,  who 
died  in  1751,  and  the  other  records  in  Latin  that  it  marks  the  grave  of 
Father  John  Sinnich,  parish  priest  of  the  Great  Island,  who  died  in  1721. 

Almost  at  the  foot  of  these  two  graves  is  that  of  Phillis  LavaUcn,  the 
last  of  a  high-handed  race  reputed  to  have  hanged  some  of  their  neigh- 
bours from  the  trees  on  a  height  close  by,  which  is  still  named  in  Irish 
Gibbet  hill  on  that  account. 

More  curious  still  is  Hannon's  other  story.  To  tho  north  of  the 
fragment  of  wall,  all  that  is  left  of  Templerobin,  is  a  headstone  with  a 
rudely-rhymed  inscription  telling  that  the  Brady  family  are  buried 
beneath.  "  About  fifty  years  back,  several  members  of  this  family  having 
died  in  rapid  succession,  it  was  found  necessary  to  digtheir  portion  of  the 
graveyard  much  deeper  than  is  usual.  On  digging  to  a  certain  depth  a 
large  flagstone  was  found,  and  on  this  being  removed,  the  ground  suddenly 
opined  and  revealed  a  kind  of  crypt,  in  which  were  discovered  some  human 
bones  and  a  small  wooden  bos.  Tlio  bottom  of  this  crypt  proved  anything 
but  substantial,  and  the  diggers  narrowly  eseoped  sinking  into  whot  they 
no  doubt  deemed  the  bowels  of  the  earth.  So  terrified  were  they  at  this 
«ccurronce  that  thoy  did  not  dare  to  open  the  wooden  box,  but  flung  it 
into  the  yawning  cavity  beneath  them,  which  they  filled  up  with  all 
possible  speed,"  The  flag-stone  is  still  to  be  seen  here  in  corroboration  of 
this  story  ;  but  nobody  has  ever  since  attempted  to  solve  the  mystery  of 
the  wooden  box,  which,  according  to  imaginative  people,  must  have  con- 
tained manuscripts.  Like  Ihe  old  Churchyard  of  Clonmel,  Baliymore 
graveyard  has  bad  its  quota  of  silent  "  Btrangcrs  within  its  gat«s."  This 
was  notably  the  ease  about  forty  years  ago,  when  a  ship  named  the 
Hercules  arrived  in  the  harbour,  laden  with  Scandinavian  emigrants 
smitten  with  that  fell  disease,  small-pos  :  some  scores  of  them  died,  and 
were  buried  in  the  south-eastern  corner  of  this  churchyard,  without  even 
a  stone  to  mark  the  spot  where  these  poor  exiles  lie. 


(     255 


MOTES  ON  THE  ANTIQUITIES  IN  CO.  KEEBT  VISITED  BY  THE  ROTAL 
SOCIETY  OF  ANxmUAIlIES  OF  IfiELAND  AND  THE  CAMBRIAN 
AUCH^OLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION,  AUG08T,  1891. 

By  J.  BOMILLY  ALLEN,  F.8.A.  (Scot.),  Fw-mw. 
{CiMtmiml /am  page  170.) 

PART  n. 


IT  must  be  bonn;  in  mind  [hat  Lho  cliii^f  object  Thiehthe  HotbI  Society  of  ActiqttariM 
of  Ireland  Lad  in  view  when  ttoy  invilBd  their  Wolali  brethren  to  cross  lie  SI. 
Oeorge'a  Channel,  was  not  lo  thov  them  the  most  lovely  Bcenery  in  the  Britiih 
Id  afford  a  long -(riBhed- for  opportunil)'  of  comparing  thB  early  Chri»liiui 
IS  of  the  Iwo  countries.  In  order  to  actompliah  the  mnin  purpooe  for  which  the 
meeting  wu  hold,  it  vas  neceasary  to  leave  KlUonicy  behind,  with  many  regrets,  end 
make  for  the  weatem  promontory  of  the  County  Kerry,  Occupied  by  the  Barony  of 
Corloieiuny,  a  district  prohnbly  richer  than  any  other  throughout  the  whole  of  Ireland 
in  the  earliBBt  forms  of  ecclesiastical  structures  and  inscribed  monnmcnta. 

That  saints  were  mors  numerous  in  Corknguiny  in  old  days  than  at  present  Is 
attested  by  the  follon-ing  legend,  still  firmly  beliorcd  in  the  locality.  Once  upon  n 
time  there  was  a  procecaian  of  saints  from  Eilmalkedai  Church  to  St.  Brendan's 
Oratory,  and  (he  leader  of  the  procession  dlsaovered  to  his  great  annoyance,  on  arriving 
at  his  deatinatioD,  that  he  had  left  his  service-book  behind  bim  :  so  the  vord  vaa 
passed  down  the  line  to  have  it  brought,  and  when  it  reached  the  last  man  it  was  found 
ha  ma  only  just  leaving  Eilmalkedai.  He,  therefore,  vent  into  the  church,  fetched 
out  the  missing  book,  and  it  was  then  passed  from  hand  to  hand  right  op  tu  the  top  of 
Brandon  Mountain.  Now,  whatever  grain  of  truth  there  may  he  in  this  story,  the  fact 
remains  that  in  and  around  £ilmalkedar  there  are  a  sufficiently  lat^  number  of 
specimens  of  the  bandin  ork  of  the  early  Celtic  Christians  to  give  colour  lo  the  belief 
that  taints  were  as  plentiful  aa  blackberries,  or—if  treated  after  the  fashion  of  the 
■tatisticol  fiend — to  reach  from  Eilmalkedar  to  Brandon  Hill. 

Just  before  reaching  Eilmatkedor  a  bait  was  made  for  a  short  time  to  examine  the 
circular  stone  fort  of  Caherdorgsn  and  its  beehive  cells,  close  to  the  road  on  the  west 
ride.  After  seeing  the  Church  and  other  antiquities  at  Eilmalkedar,  a  walk  of  a  mil« 
■outh-west  brought  (he  party  lo  the  Oratory  of  Gollerus,  further  down  the  hiUside  and 
nearer  to  Smerwick  Harbour.  Again  ascending  the  hill  the  carriages  were  joined  at  a 
point  on  the  high-road  a  mile  nearer  lo  Dingle,  and  the  return  journey  made  by  tb« 
Mme  route  by  which  wb  bad  come.  In  spite  of  the  Inte  hour  and  the  sea  fog,  some  of 
tho  mote  adventurous  spirits  added  two  miles  to  an  already  long  drive  in  order  not  to 
lose  the  opportunity  of  visiting  the  Oratory  and  Ogam  pillar  at  Temple  Managhan, 
three  nilea  north-west  of  Dingle. 

BALUHTA0O«ItT    EtLUOOI   AND    OoAH    ImBCKIBEI)    StDKES. 

The  ancient  disused  burial-ground,  or  Eilleen,  of  Ballintaggarl  is  situated  amileand 
o-bolf  south-east  of  Dingle,  on  some  rising  ground  to  the  east  of  Dinglu  Harbour,  and 
a  few  minutes'  walk  from  the  narrow  gauge  railway,  on  the  south  side  (Ordnance 


258 

lisp,  1- 


HOTAL   SOCIETY   OF    ANTIQUARIES   OF  IRELAND. 


1.  scale,  Sheet  171).  This  comeCery  belongs  to  a  olus  of  which  Ihem  ars 
!  ouDiplef  in  the  south-west  of  Ireland.  They  are  called  "  Seals," 
"  Killeeni,"  "  Killonaa,"  or  "  Kcaluraghn,"  and  are  now  iiBcd  only  for  the  burial  of 
unbaptised  infanta  and  auicidci.'  Boiue  difference  of  opinion  eiiata  amongst  eipeits 
■a  to  whether  these  cemeteries  were,  ia  l^e  fint  instance,  pagan  or  Chrielian.  In  the 
esse  of  the  one  at  Ballintaggart,  the  moaning  of  Ihe  name,  i.e.  "  Priesls"  lo*n,"  would 
seem  to  indicate  a  Christian  origin,  although  no  trace  of  any  chureb  or  other  building 
now  remsios.  The  Killeen  is  an  approiiniBtoly  circular  enclosure  noaauring  88  ft. 
in  diaraetar  one  way  and  98  It.  across  in  anolLer  direction  at  riglit  auglea  to  the  former. 
The  enelosiag  fence  ia  a  low  stone  wall  with  a  ditch  on  the  outside,  and  backed  Up  witli 
eiuth  on  the  inside.  The  hudge  on  the  lop  is  compoaod  chiefly  of  fuchsia  bushes.  The 
fence  ia  comparattTely  modem,  being  not  mora  than  a  hundred  years  old.  The  ground 
within  the  enclosure  is  higher  in  ths  centre  than  at  the  sidoa,  and  ia  covered  with 
inoumerafale  tinjr  graves,  having  small  stones  at  the  head  and  foot,  marldng  the  places 
where  unbaptised  infants  hsve  been,  interred  from  time  to  time.  Strewn  about  at 
intervals  on  the  uneven  humpy  eurfsce  of  the  ground  are  nine  rounded,  waler-wom 
boulders  of  Old  Bed  Bsndstone,  inscribed  on  the  edges  with  Ogama,  and  in  three  caaea 
marked  with  an  incised  cross  of  early  form  on  one  of  the  broad  faces.  The  first  person 
who  appears  to  liave  noticed  those  inscriptions  was  Mr.  Henry  Pelham,  wboiB  aooount 
waa  publishedin  the  "Vallancey  Collections"  (vol,  vi.,  p.  219).  They  hayeslnce  been 
oopiedby  Mr.  Windele,  in  1838;  by  Mr.  Hitchcock;  by  Mr.  Holt  Brash,"  ia  1868; 
and  by  Sir  S.  Ferguson.'  The  last-named  arcbieo1(%ist  gives  the  most  correct  vc 
The  following  is  a  description  of  the  Ogam-inscribed  stones  at  BoUintaggait,  with  the 
latest  readings  and  notes  by  Profoasor  Rhya : — ' 

(No.  1)  BToih  No.  6 ;  Ferguaon  A  ;  3  ft.  6  ins.  long,  by  1  ft.  4}  ins.  wide,  by  9} 
ini.  thick :  bAving  on  one  of  the  broad  faces  an  incised  cross,  thua — 


inscribed  on  the  left  edge,  reading  from  the  bottom,  upwards — 


rash's   "  Ogam  Montuneiita,"  p. 
'J.»7. 


,  and  Sir  B.  Ferguson's  "Ogam  Inacrip- 


'  "  Ogam  HoDumonts,"  p.  20D. 

*  "  Ogam  I&scriptiuuB,"  p.  31. 

*  The  dimensions  were  taken  in  1891  with  great  core,  and  the  Ulusliatioos  are 
from  rubbinpa  reduced  one-eighth  linear  by  pholography.  The  stones  ore  taken  in  the 
order  in  whieh  they  lay  on  the  ground,  going  round  aonwiae,  from  left  to  right.  The 
illuatrations  were  prepared  quite  independently  of  Profeaaor  Rhys'  readings,  which 
oacounts  for  a  f«w  diacrepancies.  The  atem-line  of  the  Ogoma  ia  an  imaginary  one,  aa 
8m  angles  of  the  atones  are  lounded,  and  not  square. 


NOTES  ON  THE  ANTIQUITIES  IN  CO.   KEBRT. 


257 


and  on  the  right  edge,  reading  from  the  bottom,  upwards — 


iW)o- 


I  construe  the  first  line  to  mean  Triam  Maquam  Mailagni  s  Trium  Filiorum 
Mailagni,  and  Mailagn-i  is  the  name  which  appears  later  as  Mael&n.  The  name 
Curcitti  stands  possibly  for  an  older  Curcittii,  the  genitive  of  a  Curcittios  ;  in  that  case 
its  later  form  is  Cuircthe^  which  occurs  in  Stokes'  "  Tripartite  Life  of  Patrick,"  p.  198. 
I  take  the  Hi  s=  <Ai  to  be  an  affix,  intended,  perhaps,  to  make  a  diminutiye,  and  Cureitti 
is,  doubtless,  derived  from  the  simpler  name,  whose  genitive  is  Curd.  Other  instances 
are  CaUitH^  LloUti,  Zoffitti,  and  Quiffitti. — J.B. 

(No.  2)  Brash  No.  9 ;  Ferguson  B ;  3  ft.  6  ins.  long,  by  1  ft.  1  in.  wide,  by  9^ 
ins.  thick ;  inscribed  on  the  left  edge,  reading  from  the  bottom  up  wards — 


K     (b) 


T     A  L    M 


N 


A       0 


0      A    X     O 


and  continuing  round  the  top  and  down  the  right  edge — 


M      A 


I    n 


u 
o 


This  stone  is  imperfect  at  both  ends  and  obscure  to  me,  and  so  ib  the  name  in 
No.  8.— J.E. 

(No.  3)  Brash  No.  1 ;  Ferguson  C ;  3  ft.  1  in.  long,  by  I  ft.  2  ins.  wide,  by  8  ins. 
thick ;  inscribed  on  the  left  edge,  reading  from  the  bottom  upwards — 


A      X 


258 


ROYAL  SOCJIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIBS  OP  IRELAND. 


(No.  4)  Brasli  No.  7 ;  Ferguson  D ;  8  ft.  1  in.  long,  by  1  ft.  2  ins.  wide,  by  II 
ins.  thick ;  haying  on  one  of  the  broad  faces  an  incised  cross,  thus — 


4- 


and  inscribed  on  the  left  edge,  reading  from  the  bottom  upwards— 


8 


8 


K     A 


The  name  Inission-as  occurs  as  Iniaian  in  the  Bodmin  Manumissions  (see  the  Revu 
OtUique,  i.  337).— J.  R. 

(No.  6)  Brash  No.  2 ;  Ferguson  E ;  3  ft.  6  ins.  long,  by  1  ft.  2  ins.  wide,  by  10  ins. 
thick ;  having  on  one  of  the  broad  faces  an  incised  cross,  thus— 


aad  inscribed  on  the  left  edge,  reading  from  the  bottom  upwards— 


M      A  Q  Q  I  A        R 

and  continuing  round  the  top  and  down  the  right  edge- 


i(P) 


M  A 


I      M 


u 


D   O    ▼ 


N 


^  The  four  strokes  of  the  final  s  are  missing  in  my  rubbing. — J.  R.  A. 


NOTES   ON  THE  ANTIQUITIES  IN  CO.  KEBBY. 


25» 


laripi,  if  that  be  the  right  transliteration,  may  perhaps  be  the  name  Brp,  and  I 
may  cite  the  Bodleian  MS.,  Laud  610,  fol.  96b',  where  one  finds  a  mention  of  a  Cath^ 
mol  me  JECirp.  As  to  Dovyinias,  see  my  note  at  p.  53  of  the  current  yolume  of  Arehaologia 
Cambretuu.  The  name  occurs  in  the  Dunmore  Ogam  as  Dovinia,  with  Mu  prefixed  to 
it,  possibly  Mo,  I  took  the  trouble  to  revisit  the  stone  this  summer,  as  a  friend  had 
questioned  my  reading  of  the  Mu  or  Mo  ;  the  result  was  that  I  was  thoroughly  convinced 
of  the  substantial  correctness  of  my  previous  reading,  though  I  am  now  inclined  to 
read  Mu  rather  than  Mo,  but  not  mueoi  or  avi.  A  third  instance  of  Dovinia  occurs 
on  a  stone  at  Lord  Ventry's  residence  near  Dingle.  The  inscription  in  question  was 
shown  mo  last  summer  for  the  first  time.  Two  or  three  keen  Ogamists  spent  some 
time  in  the  rain  with  me  trying  to  read  it,  but  we  failed  to  make  out  the  middle 
portion.  It  begins  with  Maqqui,  and  ends  with  Mueoe  Dovinia,  Under  more  &vour« 
able  circumstance ;  I  think  the  whole  could  be  made  out. — J.R. 

(No.  6)  Brash  No.  3 ;  Fegnison  F  ;  3  ft.  2  ins.  long,  by  1  ft.  3  ins.  wide,  by  la 
ins.  thick ;  inscribed  on  the  left  edge,  reading  from  the  bottom  upwards — 


Oimo— 


D     O       V 


IMA        Q 


and  continuing  round  the  top  and  down  the  right  edge^ 


J**»^ 


OAT  T 


N 


Both  names  are  otherwise  unknown  to  me,  but  I  think  I  detect  Doveti  in  the  J)oid 
of  the  name  Maeldoid,  of  which  The  Four  Mattere  give  two  instances  from  the  seventh 
century,  and  a  Maeldoith  from  the  tenth;  these  should  mean  Calvue  Doveti,  'Uhe 
tonsured  Man  or  Slave  of  D."  But  who  was  Dovet  ?  Can  his  name  possibly  be  a  form 
of  the  Biblical  David  P  I  have  nothing  to  say  of  Cattini  except  that  I  do  not  recollect 
meeting  with  it  elsewhere. — J.R. 

(No.  7)  Brash  No.  4  ;  Ferguson  G ;  2  ft.  10  ins.  long,  by  1  ft.  3  ins.  wide,  by  9  ins. 
thick ;  inscribed  on  the  left  edge,  reading  from  the  bottom  upwards — 


OOO-O 00 — 

M 11  DO  fi 


"~"^^%ftPOo, 


T    A    L      L    O       ■       M 


260        BOYAL  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUABIE8  OP  IBELAKD. 

and  continoing  round  the  top  and  down  the  right  edge— 


▼      A 


Much  the  same  remark  applies  to  this.  The  a  of  Suvallot  forbids  mj  equating  it 
with  the  Welsh  Sffwel,  Howel, — J.R. 

(No.  8)  Brash  No.  5 ;  Ferguson  H ;  4  ft.  2  ins.  long,  bj  1  ft.  wide,  }rf\fL  thidk; 
inscribed  on  the  left  edge,  reading  from  the  bottom  upwards— 


00000-0000 


K     A 


D     A 


and  continuing  round  the  top  and  down  the  right  edge — 


M   A      Q 


L      A 


8 


N 


Deceeda  is  a  weU-known  name,  but  Glasiconas  was,  to  me,  a  new  name  when  I 
examined  the  stone  in  1883,  for  Brash  (p.  203)  had  read  it  Sieonas.  It  took  me  and 
Mrs.  Bhjs  some  time  to  make  it  out,  and  I  am  very  glad  to  find  that  Mr.  Allen  has 
independently  arrived  at  the  same  reading.  It  is  the  name  which  appears  in  later 
Irish  as  Glasiue  (see  Stokes'  *'  Tripartite  Life  of  Patrick,"  p.  162,  which  yields  the 
genitive  OUueon,  the  exact  equivalent^of  the  Ogmic  form  at  Ballintaggart.  (See  ''The 
Four  Masters,"  a.d.  920.)— J.R. 

(No.  9)  Brash  No.  8 ;  Ferguson  I ;  3  ft.  10  ins.  long,  by  1  ft,  6  ins.  wide,  by  9  ins. 
thick ;  inscribed  on  the  left  edge,  reading  from  the  bottom  upwards — 


li-L 


ITT 
c     u 


Ai 


17' 

N       AMA 


¥. 


n 


and  continuing  round  the  top  and  down  the  right  edge 


1        II             II 

Mill 

1        II             1 1 

(   1   (1    1 

A    V 


BB 


NOTES   ON   THE   ANTIQUITIES  ItJ   CO.  KERRY. 


CuH/imajqui  nri  CoriH  would  be,  in  Inter  Irieh,  CoimmAn 
«t  Cannmhai;  O'Oarli).  Queniloe-i  on  tha  Temple  G£l  sin 
unleu  it  ba  CtallaUh,  Anglicised  Kallf,  carreapo ailing  to  a 
(Compire  C»iU  for  Dondla  or  Cannla.) 


Chorb  [the  grave 
ennnot  identify, 
Ceallad,. 


Ehlaoh  Wear  Oai 


The  tovnlond  of  Emlagh  West  is  situEted  hilf  a  mile  from  Dingle,  tieax  the  rail' 
VDf  itatioa.  (Ordnance  Map,  1-in.  ecale,  Sheet  171-)  The  Ogam-inscrihed  pillar 
stands  againat  the  fence  of  a  field  in  the  townland,  and  ia  staled  to  have  been  either 
a  linl«l  or  jamb  of  a  rath-cave  formerly  eiiating  on  the  !ame  site,  but  now  remoTed. 
It  ia  an  irregularly- shaped  monolith  of  compact  clay  alate,  *  ft.  B  ins.  long,  by  1  ft. 
3  ini.  wide,  by  9  ine.  thick,  ins<:ribed  with  Ogama  on  one  angle  near  the  ead,  which 
ia  broken,  as  followa  :— 


LLL 


// 


_L_ 





For  deacTiptions  see  Bolt  Brash's  "  Ogam  Honumenta,"  p.  SIS ;  and  Sir  S. 
Ferguson's  "  Ogam  InicriptioDs,"  p.  38.  Tatagti-i  becomea  later  TaUii  (see  Swltea" 
"  Patricli,"  p.  108).— J.E. 


ElUU.LK«D«Il.  CnUBCK. 


le  of  the 


Tho  Hitiemo-Bomanwqne  Chutoh  of  Kilmalkedar,  which  is  undoubl^y 
moat  interesting  of  its  ^ad  in  Ireland,  ia  situated  Gro  miles  Dorth-ii'eat  of  Single,  on 
a  slonj  hillside  overlooking  Smerwick  Harbour.  The  village,  if  such  il  ran  be  called, 
conrista  of  a  few  mean  housea  clustered  round  the  church.  The  iauaediate  neighbour- 
hood ia  extraordinarily  rich  in  ancient  remains  of  allldnda,  amongst  which  the  following 
may  be  apecified,  beginning  with  the  earliest  : — (1]  Several  bee-hive  cella,  in  ruins,  ia 
the  fields  to  the  north-west  of  the  church  ;  (2j  a  pagan  tort,  enclosing  bee-hive  celts, 
called  Calierdai^n,  cloae  to  the  road  to  Dingle,  on  the  west  side  of  it,  half  a  mile 
south  of  the  church;  (3)  a  atoae-nioted  cell  Or  Oratory  (f)  amongst  the  cottages  just 
behind  the  church  ;  (4)  the  Oratory  of  Kilmalkedar,  a  quartet  of  a  mile  weat  of  the 
church ;  (6)  the  Oratory  of  Oallerua,  one  mile  south-weat  of  the  church ;  (6}  tba 
Castle  □f'OsUcrua,  between  the  Oratory  of  GoUerus  and  Smerwick  Harbour,  one  mils 
aouth-weet  of  the  church ;  (7)  the  Chancellor's  House,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south  of 
the  church  ;  and  (8j  some  conventual  buildings,  close  to  the  church,  on  Ihe  norlli  aide. 
In  the  churchyard  at  Kilmalkedar  nro  several  intereating  memorials,  tonaiating  of  a 
cross,  a  eun-diol  oraamenled  witli  Celtic  key  patterns,  an  Ogam-inacrihcd  pilior,  two 
■tones  with  Irish  minufculo  inenriptions,  and  several  holed  atonea.  There  ia  also 
another  inscribed  pillar  cloae  to  the  Oratory  of  Oallerua. 

The  original  Church  of  Kilmalkedar  appeara  to  have  been  what  ia  at  present  the 
nave,  and  it  had  a  small  sort  of  apsidal  reaoas  at  the  east  end,  not  unlike  the  one  at 
Cormac*s  Chapel,  Cashel.  The  apse  must  have  been  pultcd  down  aoon  after  it  was 
built  to  moke  room  for  a  hirgor  chancel.  There  are  no  hiatoricol  data  by  which  the  oga 
of  the  original  structure  or  of  this  alteratiou  can  be  definitely  Bied,  but  the  style  of 
the  nave  oorreaponds  with  what  would  be  colled  Norman  in  England,  and  the  chancel 
is  alao  of  the  ronnd-arcbed  period,  although  posaibly  somewhat  later  than  the  reat, 

I  The  junclion  of  the  apae  with  the  cast  wall  of  the  nave  is  atiU  to  be  seen. 
The  nave  u  27  ft.  3  ina.  long,  by  17  ft.  3  ins.  wide,  and  the  chancel  H  ft.  1  ins. 
long,  by  11  ft.  4  ina.  wide,  inside  dimensions.     The  nave  has  a  highly  enriched  weatent 
doorway,  and  a  single  plain  round-headed  window  of  small  sise  in  the  north  and  south 


I 


NOTES  ON  THE  ANTIQUITIES  IN  CO.  KEERT. 


283 


walU :  the  chancel  has  one  round-hended  window  ia  Ibe  east  vail  and  anuther  in  the 
toutb  wall,  Iheir  length  being  greater  as  comprired  with  their  wiilth*  than  in  the  caw 
of  the  navB  windows,  ehowing  a  noorer  approximation  to  the  long  slender  lancet*  of  tho 
thirteenth  tentiuy. 

The  chanFel-srch  is  semicircular,  Sit.  3  ins.  widi?  at  the  level  of  the  springing,  and 
hu  two  orders  of  mouldingg,  the  inner  one  omumenled  with  cboTrona,  and  the  outer 
one  with  a  bold  roll  and  pelleted  band.  The  soffit  of  the  arch  is  enriched  vith 
beautifully  carved  diamond-shaped  roBBttes,  dmilar  to  thosa  on  the  north  porth  of 
Comjac'a  Chapel,  Coshel. 


Bue  of  Aicide  Column,  Kiloialkedu. 

The  weatam  dooiwa^  ia  a  Eno  eiamiile  of  the  Bibemo-RonianeBqae  It)  le,  differing 
trom  Anglo-Norman  dourways  of  the  same  period  in  having  inuliued  jambs,  a  featuie 
indioating  a  nirriva]  from  the  flat-headed  openings  of  the  earif  atone-rooted  Umtariea, 
whish  nlwayg  present  this  peculiarity.  The  doorway  ia  6  ft.  3  Ina.  high,  by  3  ft.  1{ 
in.  vide  at  the  bottom,  and  S  ft.  11  ios.  wide  at  the  top.  It  hu  a  plain  lympuium 
uid  a  round  arch  with  two  urdeis  of  monUinga,  both  oraamentad  with  cherrons,  but 
having  the  ligKaga  in  diSerent  planes.    Tbe  hood  moulding  ia  decorated  with  a  row  oC 

1  a 


ROyAL  SOCIETy  OP  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 


gmall  prnjMling  kaobB,  or  bouei,  like  those  on  the  AghailoDdooririij,  tui  te 

a  henst'B  he&d  st  each  aide.    There  u  also  a  human  head  iu  the  centre  of  the  hood 

nouldiag,   at  the  top  of  the  arch,   and  aoottier  norked  On  the  tympanum  on  the 


Thei 


ind  HOuth  walls  of  the  r 


"e  hare  on  each  side  a  roir  of  Ave  prajecling 
half-round  nolitmna,  with  cushion  capitals,  dividing  the  wull-spaeo  imiaediiitcly  belotr 
the  apringing  of  the  root  into  reotiuigiilar  panela,  and  giving  the  affect  of  arcading,  but 
without  the  arches.  (See  iauatrationa  from  the  late  Mr.  G,  V,  du  Nojer'a  drawings.) 
Bolli  the  nnve  and  chancel  Eiad  stone  roofa  laid  in  horizontal  courses,  with  the  stones 
overlapping  one  another,  so  as  gradua.Uf  to  converge  from  the  side-walla  towards  the 
central  ridge,  and  thus  cover  the  span  without  the  aid  of  an  atcli  of  any  kind. 
Portions  of  this  roof  are  still  to  be  seen  next  the  eaves  and  against  the  gables,  but  the 
whole  of  the  rest  has  fuUtn  in,  owing  to  l}ie  inherent  weakaesa  of  its  metbod  of 
construction.  A  similar  fate  haa  overtaken  the  roof  of  St.  Macdara's  Church,  illus- 
trated in  Petrie's  "  Eocleaiaatical  Architecture  of  Ireland  "  (p.  190). 

The  Mirly  buildings  at  Kilmalkedar  are  most  inatructive,  as  enabling  us  to  trace  the 
gradual  developioent  of  the  Christian  atone-roofed  church  from  the  pagan  heohive  oelL 
The  stages  of  this  development  seem  to  be  as  follows  : — (1)  We  have  tho  beehive  cell, 
circular  in  plan  inside  and  outaide,  with  dry-built  walla  converging  towards  the  top, 
the  courses  heinglaid  horizontally,  each  one  overlapping  the  one  below  it ;  (2)  a  similar 
atructurc,  but  rectangular  in  plan  inside  and  circular  outside,  as  in  the  case  of  the  cells 
on  Skellig  Michael ;  (3)  a  similar  structure,  rectangular  in  plan  inside  and  oulude, 
the  walls  having  a  atraight  sloping  batter  at  the  bottom  to  form  the  Bide-WBlia.  and  a 
convex  curved  batter  at  the  top  to  form  the  roof,  aa  in  th(>  caae  of  the  Oratories  at 
Kilmalkedar,  Gallerus,  and  Temple  0^1 ;  (4]  a  mortar-built  atone-ioofed  church,  having 
vertical  walla  and  aloping  roof,  tho  whrda  being  laid  in  horiionlol  courses,  oa  in  the 
Mse  of  Kilmalkedar  Church.  In  looking  at  a  crosa-seclion  of  the  latter,  the  weak  point 
in  the  oonstruclion  will  at  once  be  apparent.  When  the  aide-walla  werr  given  separate 
exiatence  independent  from  the  roof,  by  making  them  vcrtiisal,  inalead  of  sloping 
inwards  the  whole  way  from  the  ground  up  to  the  ridge,  the  span  of  the  roof  waa 
thereby  increased  and  the  raaaonr;  of  the  side-walls  was  unduly  weakened  at  the  point 
where  the  side-walls  end  and  the  roof  begins.  In  consequence  of  this  defect  the  roofa 
of  alt  the  churches  constructed  on  this  principle  have  faUan  in.  As  soon  aa  the  use  of 
the  arch  became  familiar  to  the  Irish  builders  an  olivioiis  remedy  suggcated  itself,  namely 
to  support  tho  roof  on  a  barrel  vault,  leaving  a  small  chamber  between  the  top  of  Iba 
vault  and  the  uodersidu  of  the  roof.  Thus  an  entirely  now  and  original  type  of 
■tructure  was  evolved,  consisting  oi  two  chambers,  one  above  the  other.  In  the  lat«r 
and  more  perfect  examples,  like  Cormao's  Chapel,  on  the  Rock  of  Cashel.  the  upper 
chamber  was  considerably  enlarged,  and  roofed  with  a  pointed  barrel  vault,  but  ths 
horisonlal  courses  were  still  preserved  on  the  outside,  as  the  luat  remnant  of  what  was 
derived  from  tho  pagan  style  of  building. 

In  looking  at  the  exterior  of  the  nave  of  Kilmalkedar  Church,  a  remarkable  featui«, 
peculiar  to  Irish  architecture  of  the  twelfth  century,  will  bo  observed,  naniely,  the  pro- 
longation of  the  aide-walls  so  as  to  form  pilaster-like  projections  beyond  the  gable- 
walla.  The  stone  roof  projectfl  in  the  same  way,  hut  not  quite  ao  far,  and  the  junction 
at  the  level  of  the  slring-eourae  at  the  caves  of  the  roof  presents  a  vmy  curioua  bit  of 
detail,  ornamented  with  a  carved  head.  Another  purely  Irish  featurs  is  the  winged 
&ual,  which  formerly  adorned  the  apex  of  the  gable,  hut  ia  now  placed  on  the  floor 
within  the  nave. 

Kilmalkedar  Church  has  been  described  and  illustrated  by  Lord  Dunraven  in  his 
"Holesonlriah  Architecture  "(vol  ii.,  p.  62) ;  by  Mr.  Itolt  Brash,  in  his  "EccleMOStical 
Architecture  of  Ireland"  (p.  98);  and  by  Mr.  Arthur  Hill  in  his  admirable  monograph 
on  the  building.    Mr.  Hill  formed  one  of  the  party  who  visited  Kilmalkedar  o:     ' 


A 


NOTES  ON  THE  ANTIQUITIES  IN   CX).  KERRY.  265 


Monuments  at  Kilmalksdar  Chubcu. 

The  Bun-dial  stands  at  the  west  end  of  Kilmalkedar  Churcliyard»  near  the  entrance 
gateway.  It  is  cut  out  of  a  single  stone,  and  is  placed  in  a  socket  which  conceals  some 
of  the  ornament  at  the  hottom.  It  helongs  to  the  class  of  pedestal  sun-dials,  as  it 
stands  hy  itself  and  is  not  attached  to  any  building.  Unlike  the  modem  pedestal  sun- 
dial, however,  it  has  the  face  on  which  the  hour  angles  are  marked  in  a  vertical  instead 
of  horizontal  plane.  The  face  of  the  dial  is  semicircular,  with  the  diameter  of  the 
semicircle  placed  horizontally  at  the  top.  It  is  divided  by  radial  lines  into  four  equal 
quarters,  or  angles  of  46  degrees,  each  intended  to  represent  three  hours,  although  they 
do  not  do  so  correctly.  The  hole  for  the  gnomon,  which  probably  projected  at  right 
angles  to  the  face,  is  in  the  centre  of  the  semicircle.  The  pedestal  forms  part  of  the 
same  stone  as  the  face.  It  is  rectangular  in  cross-section,  tapering  towards  the  bottom. 
The  whole  is  3  ft.  8  ins.  high,  1  ft.  6  ins.  wide  across  the  semicircular  face,  11  ins. 
across  the  top  of  the  pedestal,  and  10  ins.  across  the  bottom,  and  5  ins.  thick.  The 
back  of  the  face  is  ornamented  with  intersecting  arcs  of  circles,  and  the  sides  and 
pedestal  with  incised  lines,  terminating  in  a  Greek  fret  pattern.  This  sun-dial  has 
been  described  by  the  late  Mr.  G.  V.  du  Noyer  in  the  Archaeological  Journal  (vol.  xzv.» 
p.  207),  and  by  Mr.  G.  M.  Atkinson,  in  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Hitlorical  and 
Arehaologieal Association  of  Ireland  (4th  Ser.,  vol.  viii.,  p.  249).  Other  sun-dials  rf 
the  same  kind,  but  not  so  highly  ornamented,  exist  in  Monasterboice,  Co.  Louth ; 
Clone,  Co.  Wexford ;  Innis  Cealtra,  on  Lough  Derg ;  and  Saul,  Co.  Down.  They  all 
show  the  same  ignorance  of  the  true  geometrical  principles  of  setting  out  the  hour 
angles  as  the  Saxon  sun-dials  found  in  different  parts  of  England,  especially  in 
Yorkshire.^ 

The  cross  at  Kilmalkedar  stands  opposite  the  western  doorway  of  the  church.  It 
is  of  the  Latin  shape,  quite  plain  except  for  two  squares  in  relief,  one  within  the  other, 
in  the  centre  of  the  cross.     It  is  7  ft.  3  ins.  high,  and  4  ft.  6  ins.  across  the  arms. 

The  Ogam-inscribed  pillar  at  Kilmalkedar  stands  in  the  churchyard,  near  the 
cross,  on  the  north  side  of  it.  The  stone  is  5  ft.  6  ins.  high,  having  four  sides, 
measuring  respectively  5,  9,  8,  and  6  ins.  wide.  It  is  inscribed  on  three  of  the  vertical 
angles  thus : — 

(1.)  On  the  left  edge  of  one  face,  reading  from  the  top  downwards— 

M ACIBBOOANN 

(2.)  On  the  right  edge  of  the  same  face,  reading  from  the  bottom  upwards — 

M  ailXinbibx 
(3.)  On  the  back,  reading  from  the  bottom  upwards — 


/MiL 


f  / 


M  A  Q        (l) 

There  is  a  hole  perforated  through  the  pillar  close  to  the  top.    The  inscription  wes 
>  J.  &.  Allen's  **  MoBumintal  History  of  the  Early  British  Church  '  (p.  201). 


NOTES  ON  THE  ANnQUITIES  IN  CO.  KERBT. 


267 


noticed  bj  Mr.  Henry  Pelham  aa  far  back  as  1796,  and  was  described  bj  him  in 
the  ''Vallancey  Collections"  (vol.  yi.,  p.  182).  It  has  subsequently  been  copied  by 
Mr.  Windele,  Mr.  Hitchcock,  and  by  Mr.  G.  V.  du  Noyer,  and  readings  are  given  by 
Mr.  Brash  in  his  '*  Ogam  Monuments"  (p.  243)  ;  and  by  Sir  S.  Ferguson  in  hii 
"  Ogam  Inscriptions  "  (p.  45). 

Professor  Rhys  sends  the  following  note  upon  the  inscription  : — ^The  Eilmalkedar 
stone  is  yery  difficult  to  read.  It  seems  to  end  with  the  name  Brocan,  followed  by  a 
gap  and  another  n,  with  the  commencement  of  some  other  letter.  The  maei  on  it 
seems  to  show  that  we  have  not  here  to  do  with  one  of  the  earliest  Ogmic  inscriptions, 
and  so,  doubtless,  does  the  character  ><.  If  we  are  to  read  this  as  e,  the  name  will 
be  MaiU'Inbiriy  which  is  preceded  by  some  scorings  hard  to  make  out.  Rut  what 
•could  Maile-Inbiri  be  ?  Now  nh  must,  I  think,  mean  nv  or  ntr,  as  in  Sdanhi^  the 
genitive  of  a  name  written  later  Sanbh  ;  ^  so  I  cannot  help  regarding  Inbiri  as  the 
genitive  of  a  word  which  is  now  represented  in  O'Reilly's  "  Dictipnary  "  by  infhir  and 
ainnir,  meaning  "a  young  woman,"  or  **maid,"  Scotch  Gaelic,  ainnir^  ** a  virgin." 
Thus  I  should  conclude  that  MaiU'Inbiri  is  a  genitive  of  a  name  meaning  Cahut 
Virffinit,  "  the  tonsured  Man  or  Slave  of  the  Virgin,  "  otherwise  expressed  by  Mail- 
Maire,  Latinised  **  Marianus, "  but  literally  meaning  *'  Calvus  Marise. "  The  maqi  on 
the  back  probably  belongs  to  an  older  inscription. 


Inscribed  Stone  at  Kilmalkedar. 


There  are  two  other  inscribed  stones  lying  about  in  the  churchyard  at  Eilmalkedar 
utterly  uncared  for,  and  likely  to  be  destroyed  at  any  time.  This  is  hardly  creditabln 
to  the  guardians  of  our  ancient  monuments.  The  larger  of  the  two  stones  is  6  ft.  6  ins. 
long,  by  1  ft.  1  in.  wide,  by  5  ins.  thick,  bearing  on  one  of  the  wide  spaces  an  incised 
cross,  and  inscribed  in  early  Irish  minuscules  on  the  right  side  as  follows — 

abcdefghiklmopqrs  dni  t  u  x  y  z  (F) 

The  invocation  dnit  the  contracted  form  of  the  word  Dotnini,  was  probably  placed 
on  the  stone  at  an  earlier  date  than  the  alphabet,  as  otherwise  it  is  hardly  likely  that 
the  letters  would  be  so  unevenly  distributed. 

'^  My  friend  Father  Barry,  who  first  published  the  Sdanhi  Ogam  {Proe,  M.LA,^ 
1877,  pp.  486-489),  has  rightly  identified  Sdanbi  with  the  genitive  of  a  name  StamM 
in  the  pedigrees  in  the  Book  o/ZHruUr  ;  but  the  scribe  of  that  MS.  was  copying  from 
so  old  a  source  that  he  did  not  recognise  the  name,  which  is  an  undesigned  proof  of  the 
great  antiquity  of  the  pedigrees.  The  oldest  manuscript  Irish  shows  no  initial  id  aa 
far  as  I  know. 


268         ROYAL   SOaETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES   OP   IRELAND. 

The  second,  or  smaller  inscribed  stone,  is  the  fragment  of  a  slab,  1  ft.  6  ins.  long,, 
by  1  ft.  wide,  by  4  ins.  thick,  bearing  two  incised  crosses,  one  within  a  circle  and  the- 
other  with  expanded  ends,  and  inscribed  with  early  Irish  minuscules,  the  inyocation, 
d/lff  the  contracted  form  of  Domine. 

For  comparison  an  illustration,  from  one  of  the  late  G.  V.  du  Noyer's  beautiful 
drawings,  is  given  of  the  stone  at  Reask,  Co.  Kerry,  which  has  a  similar  inyocationi 
upon  it. 


Inscribed  Stone  a    Kilnialkcdar 


Cahbrdoroan  Fort  and  Cells. 

The  ruins  of  Caherdorgan  Fort  are  situated  on  the  west  side  of  the  road  from 
Dingle  to  Kilmulkedar,  half  a  mile  south  of  the  latter  place.  (Ordnance  Map,  1-in. 
ecale.  Sheet  171.) 

The  remains  consist  of  a  circular  fort,  76  ft.  in  diameter  inside,  and  four  bee-hive 


bed  SIODC  at  Rcuk.  Co.  K«i}'. 


EOTAL  SOCIETY    OP   ANTIQUARIES   OP  IHELAKD. 


oella  in  laiious  stages  of  deca^ .  The  Xugeet  and  moet  perfeol  of  tlie  c«lli  ii  12  ft.  in 
diameter  iaiide,  and  is  complete  up  to  the  level  of  the  springing  of  tlie  domed  roof. 
It  haa  a  flat'headed  dcxirwDf ,  thii  linlel  ol  vliicli  ie  idll  in  ])la<:e.  AJjoiDing  the  c«lla 
are  eome  atrutturea  having  a  eemi-domed  roof 
built  againat  the  aide  walla  of  llio  larger  build- 
ings. They  prolmbly  fetved  the  purpose  of 
cupboards,  store-houses,  or  oellnrs.  These  rc- 
moina  are  all  built  without  cement,  and  ore  of 
tbe  pagan  period. 


Ouji 


?    ElLHALKBOAK. 


The  ruined  Oratory  of  Eilmalliedu-  ia  situ- 
ated a  quarter  of  a  mile  north-west  of  Eilmnl- 
kedar  Church,  on  the  hill-eido  iloping  down 
towaidi  Smerwick  Harbour,  but  at  a  much 
greater  elevation  than  the  Oratory  of  Gallerus, 
wl'ich  lies  below  to  the  southward.  (Ordoanoo 
Hnp,  1-in.  scale.  Sheet  171.)  The  plan  of  the 
budding  oooaista  of  a  eingle  rectangular  chamber, 
17  ft.  6  ina.  long  by  9  ft.  3  ins.  wide  inside, 
and  21  ft.  2  ins.  by  IS  a.  2  ins.  outside.  The 
north  and  south  valla  are  3  It.  fl  ins.  thick  at 
the  bottom,  the  east  wall  3  ft.,  and  the  west  wall 
ij  ft.  e  ina.  thick.  The  only  two  opemags  arc  a 
doorway  in  the  west  wall,  and  a  window  oppo- 
site to  it  in  the  east  wall.  The  doorway  has 
a  flat  head  and  inulining  jambs.  It  ia  1  ft. 
S  im.  high  by  t  ft.  10  in«.  widu  at  the  top.  and 

2  ft,  6  ins.  wide  at  the  bollom,  dimensions  taken 
on  the  inside.  The  lintel  slnne  projects  beyond 
the  widl  on  the  interior,  and  has  a  hole  4  ins, 
Bquaro  at  each  end  for  fastening  a  wooden  door 
frame  in  its  place.'  Tlie  ground  outside  ie  u 
little  higher  than  nn  the  inside,  aod  there  is  a 
descent  of  three  steps  on  entering  the  Oratory. 
The  east  window  baa  a  flat  head,  and  ia  splayed 
on  the  jambs  both  intenmlly  and  exteinally. 
The  narrow  alit  in  the  centre  of  the  wall,  through 
which  the  light  is  admitted,  is  only  6  ins,  wide. 
The  window  ia  3  ft,  high,  by  1  ft.  10  ins,  wide 
innide,  nnd  2  ft,  4  ins.  high,  by  1  ft.  2  ins.  at 
the  tup,  and  1  ft.  6  ina.  wide  at  tiiv  bottom, 
outside.     It  haa  a  projecting  sill  on  tbo  exterior 

3  ft.  long.  At  the  east  end  of  the  Oratory 
there  is  a  plinth,  just  above  the  giound  level, 
prujei:ting  8  ina.  beyond  the  wotl.  When  per- 
fL-ct  the  lUof  must  have  been  just  like  that  of 
the  Oratory  of  Gallerus,  being  (otmed  by  inclin- 
ing the  side  and  end  walls  Inwards  each  other,  with 
out,  until  they  meet  at  the  ridge.     The  stones  are  h 

1  Similor  projecting  linmls,  but  without  the  holes,  exist  at  St.  Caimin's  Ohuroh,  on 
the  South  Island  of  Arran ;  at  Aghn,  Co.  Cwlow ;  KilleihJn,  Co.  Cuilow. 


NOTES  OH  THE  ANTIQUITIES  IN  CO.  KEBRT. 

cement,  nod  the  walli  gradually  get  lliinnor  towards  the  top.  When  porfeut  lIiB 
bailding  mUBt  have  been  about  13  ft.  high  inside  and  16  ft.  6  iiu.  outside,  allowing 
for  the  difference  of  a  foot  between  the  level  of  the  ground  inside  and  out.  At  present 
the  highest  put  of  [he  wall,  which  is  at  the  sotith-west  cnroer,  is  12  ft.  above  the 
ground ;  the  lowest  part,  on  the  north  etda,  is  only  6  ft.  high.  In  the  oorth  wall, 
2  ft.  9  ins.  from  the  east  end  and  6  ft.  ubare  the  ground,  is  a  small  square  hole,  8  ins. 
high  by  6  ins,  wide,  not  going  right  through  the  wall,  the  use  of  which  is  not  quite 
apparent.  The  Oratory  of  Kilmalkedar  belongs  to  the  oldest  type  of  Christian  structure 
in  Great  Britain,  except,  perhaps,  the  Oratories  on  Skellig  Michael,  which  are  some- 
what ruder,  baving  the  eomeis  slightly  rounded  instead  of  square,  and  are  thus  one 
step  nearer  the  pagan  hee-hive  cells. 

The  only  hiatoricnl  reference  t«  Kilmftlkedar  i»  in  the  "MBrtjrology  of  Donegal," 
under  Maj  t4th,  as  follows  : — 

"  Haolcethnir,  son  of  Bonnn,  son  of  EingUladh,  of  Cill  Mdchedoir,  near  the  shore 
of  ibe  sea,  to  the  west  of  Brandon  Hill.    He  was  of  the  race  of  Fintaih  Finn,  Monarch 

Obatost  of  Oallbbus  and  iNsciLlMKt)  Stonb, 
The  Btone-roofed  Oratory  of  Gallerus  is  situaled  five  miles  norlh-west  of  Dingle, 
and  one  mile  south-west  of  Eilmalkednr  Church,  near  the  foot  of  the  hiU  sloping  down 
towards  Smerwick  Harbour.  (Ordnance  Map,  1-in,  scale,  Sheet  tTl.)  Thisstructura 
shows  a  slight  advance  instyloonthe  Oratory  of  EilmolliedBr,  the  masonry  beingbetter 
•nd  the  head  of  the  east  window  round  instead  of  flat.  Otherwise  tbe  general  design  is 
much  the  some.     The  plan  coasisls  of  a  single  rectangular  chamber  15  ft.  Sins,  long,  by 


10  ft.  10  10  ft.  3  ins.  wide  inside,  and  22  ft.  1  in.  by  18  ft,  7 ins. outside,  llhosaflnt- 
headud  western  doorway  with  inclining  jamhs,  fl  ft,  10  ins,  high,  by  1  fl.  11  ins.  wide 
al  tbe  top,  and  2  ft.  6  ins.  n-ido  at  Ibe  bottom,  inside  ;  and  h  ft.  6  ins.  high,  by  I  ft. 
e  ins.  at  the  top,  and  3  ft.  3  ins.  ut  ibe  botlom,  outside.  The  only  other  opening  is  a 
round-hesdcd  window  in  tbe  cast  wall,  deeply  splayed  on  Ihe  inside.  The  cmUide 
aperture  is  1  ft.  3  ins.  bigb,  by  9j  ins,  wide  nl  the  top,  and  10  ins.  at  the  bottom.  Tlio 
window  moasuros  On  the  inside  3  ft.  3  ina.  high,  by  1  ft.  6  ins.  wide  at  Ibe  lop,  and 
1  ft.  9  ins.  wide  at  tbe  bottom.  On  the  inside  of  the  doorway,  at  a  height  of  8  ins. 
aboTs  the  bottom  of  the  lintel,  is  a  pr<iJGCtiog  stone  on  each  side,  with  a  hole  3  ins. 
aquaie  through  it  to  receive  Ihe  door  frame.'  Above  the  east  window  are  three  pro- 
jecting stone  pegs,  at  different  levela  near  the  roof,  for  the  suspension  of  lamps,  book 
satchels,  or  reliquaries  over  the  altar.     Tbe  roof  is  constructed  entirely  of  stone  laid  in 

t  Brendan'i  Cbtuoh, 


Dooiway  of  Omtoiy  ol  GallcnH.    (Imaiof  View.) 


274         EOYAL  SOCIETY   OP   ANTIQUARIES   OP   IRELAND. 


Bat  courses,  without  cemenl,  in  the  Mma  manner  u  the  roof  of  the  Omfory  of 
Kilmilkediu'.     Up  to  the  level  of  the  lintel  of  the  doonrKj'  (he  hatter  of  the  lide  walls 


IB  noMly  straight,  but  above  thia  it  curves  round  graoofullf ,  giving  in  outline  like  tluit 
ofa  p<nnted  Qotbic  nrch.    The  end  walls  luve  muoh  less  baiter  than  tlie  side  walla, 


id  are  ilightly  curved  oulwsrds, 
'1  he  ridge  is  IT  ft.  4  ins.lotig  i 


fl  as  to  be  convex  at  the  middle  of  the  height. 

a  the  top  oulside,  and  ia  17  ft.  S  ina.  above  the  Boor 


of  the  building.  It  U  17  It.  2  ins,  abore  the  ground  nt  tho  weat  end,  and  only  13  ft. 
L9.  above  it  at  Ihe  eaat  end,  showing  a  rise  in  Iba  ground  of  3  ft.  5  ins.  Tha  height 
insiilo  i^  13  ft.  I  in,  lo  13  ft.  3  ina.  The  Oratory  hiu  a  projecting  plinth  on  the  north 
and  south  siilci.  A  mutilated  gable  croas  is  itill  to  be  eeea  in  its  socket  at  the  Hpei  of 
the  eastern  gable.  The  present  ridge  stones  are  reatorutions  bj  the  Board  of  Works ; 
the  flags  belo*  these  arc  I  ft.  t  £n».  wide.  The  Oratory  is  built  of  (he  purple  grit- 
stones, of  the  Old  Red  Sandstone  formation  of  the  district,  and  not  of  graenslone,  a« 
stated  by  Dr.  Petrie. 

At  a  specimen  ot  the  most  perfect  workmanship  in  dry  rubble  masonry  the  Oratory 
of  Oallenu  exeela  anything  of  its  kind  to  be  found  in  Ireland,  or,  indeed,  elsewhere. 
After  eiposnre  to  the  tempests  of  orer  a  thousand  years  it  remains  as  wnterli|i;ht  aa 
when  flnt  erected,  ahowing  hoir  admirably  adapted  the  stone  roof  invented  by  tho 
pagan  Celt*  is  to  resist  every  onslaught  of  the  elements  in  the  vet  climate  of  Ireland- 
No  better  instance  could  be  found  of  Buitability  to  what  scientists  delight  to  cnlt  the 
"  environment."  The  stones  on  the  inside  of  the  Omlory  seem  to  have  bien  set  in 
place  with  their  rough  surfaces  projecting,  and  then  the  whole  was  atlerwaids  dressed 
flat,  as  the  loal-markB  caa  itill  be  seen  where  the  inequalitiea  were  removed.  The 
lews  of  the  east  end  of  the  Oratory  and  of  the  west  doorway  are  from  photographs  by 
ir.  George  Noniian,  ot  Bath,  who  has  Mndiy  allowed  them  to  be  reproduced  here. 

Standing  close  to  the  Oratory  of  Qallerus,  on  the  north-east  aide,  is  a  slab  3  ft. 
ins.  high,  by  1  ft.  1  in.  wide,  bearing  an  incised  cross  within  a  circle  on  one  of  the 
[  Inoad  faces,  and  an  inscription  below  it  in  early  Irish  minusculea,  reading  ftomthetop 
I  downwards — 

lie  colum 


I 


The  Oratory  of  GiJlerus  ia  described  and  illuatniled  in  Petrie's  "  Ecclesiastical 
J  Architecture  of  Ireland"  (p.  132) ;  in  Lord  Dunraven'a  ■'  Notes  on  Irish  Architotture  " 
I  (toI.  i.,  p.  59) ;  and  in  Halt  Brash's  "  EoaleBiastii,-Bl  Irish  Architeolure  "  (p.  ID). 

OlUTOHY  OF  TaHFLS  MAN.tI]Hl\  AND  OoAU-lNSCHIBBD  PlLLAII. 
The  ruins  of  the  Oratory  of  Temple  Mnnaghan.  or  Temple  Gdl,  are  situated  three 
roilea  north-weat  of  Dingle,  and  one  mile  aooth-weat  of  Ihe  highroad  from  Dingle  to 
Kilmalkedar,  on  the  hili  aide  sloping  down  towards  the  tract  of  marshy  ground  lying 
between  thia  place  sad  Dingle  Harbour.  (Ordnance  Map,  l-io.  scale,  Sheet  171.)  The 
construction  of  this  Oratory  seems  to  have  been  like  that  of  Ihe  Oratories  of  Callerua 
and  Kilmalkedar,  the  only  difference  being  that  tho  batter  of  tho  walls  is  etmigbt 
instead  of  being  curved.  All  that  now  remains  of  the  building  is  the  lower  part  of  tho 
west  gable  wall  and  about  one-half  of  the  nortii  and  south  walls  ;  the  east  wall  has 
entirely  disappeared.  The  plan  of  the  Oratory  consisted  of  a  single  rectangular  chamber, 
10  ft.  3  ins.  wide  inside,  and  20  ft,  wide  outside,  the  length  not  now  capable  of  being 
defined.  The  north  wall  is  6  ft.  thick,  the  south  wall  4  ft.  9  ins.  thick,  and  the  west 
wall  4  ft.  6  ins.  thick.  Tha  highest  part  of  the  gable  wall  is  now  6  ft.  above  the 
jjnund.  The  wottem  doorway,  which  is  perfect,  has  a  flat  head  and  inglining  jambs. 
It  is  3  ft.  2  ins.  high,  by  1  ft.  Q  ins.  wide  at  the  top,  and  2  ft.  at  the  bottom.  The 
hill  side  on  which  the  Oratory  ia  built  slopes  down  rapidly  from  north  to  south.  There 
were  formerly  several  small  buildings,  possibly  bee-bite  cells,  round  the  Oratory,  but 
they  were  all  removed  by  a  Scotch  tenant,*  who  would  have  destroyed  the  church  as 
well,  had  he  not  been  prevented  by  the  natives.  The  Oratory  stands  in  an  open  field 
without  any  enclosure. 

,  p.  ST),  where  illoatra- 


276 


EOYAl,   eOCIKTy   OF   ANTIQUARIES  OF   IRELAND. 


Thirty  (set  to  tho  w«st  of  the  tuildiog  ia 
Latin  L'ross  on  the  front  and  hark,  imrl  on 
the  right  veitical  wigle  of  tho  side  fu 
the  Oratory,  an  Ogam 
ing,   from   the    bottom  upwi 
Mcompanying  Uluetration. 

The  Blrokea  are  finely 
diBtinct.  Tho  orasa-BBL'tion  of  the  piUi 
IB  not  rectangulsr,  but  a  rliomlius,  the 
OgsDj  inscription  being  on  one  of  the 
obtuse  ang!e«.  The  Bti.oc  ia  fi  ft.  2  iiia. 
high,  by  1  ft.  8  ina.  wide,  by  II  ins. 
tiiiok.  The  length  of  the  imcriptioii  ia 
4  fl.  1  in.,  but  it  is  broken  KWBy  M,  the 
tap.  The  monument  was  diacovered  by 
Dr.  Petrie,  and  is  cngmved  in  his  wctl- 
known  work  on  the  "  Anoient  Arohitca- 
tnre  of  Ireland''  [page  133],  the  biock 
having  b^an  reproduced  in  "  Archmologia 
Cambrenais"  (toI.  i.,  p.  Hi).  It  ia 
also  described  by  H.  Braah  in  bis  "  Ognm 
Monumonlg"  [p.  -206),  and  by  Sir  8. 
PorguBon,  in  his  "Ogam  Insctiptiona " 
(p.  40). 

Prof.  Rhys,  identifies  Queiiilaci  with 
the  modem   QiHllaiffX,  better  known  al 

On  the  north  aide  of  the  Oratory  is 
an  Hncient  "  Killeen,"  in  which  un- 
baptised  infanta  are  buried,  and  muongst 
tbe  tiny  graves  are  three  low  stones, 
having  eroaeea  of  very  early  forms  en- 
closed within  cifdes,  incised  upon  them. 
One  of  the  Htonea  hoa  crosses  on  both 
back  and  front.  It  ia  the  custom  at  this 
and  other  Eilloena  in  the  diatrict,  on 
parliciilur  daya  in  the  year,  either  the 


nscription,  rood-  f-j                  *=r 

upwards,    as   in  II 

m.  "^ 

y  cnt,  and  very      r-~~.___J    [ 

It 


r   of  t 


ir  Cbrii 


;iiias  Day, 
m  Eaater  Sunday,  to  "pay  rounda," 
i.t.  to  walk  in  procession  from  the  saint's 
■well  several  limes  round  the  church, 
(unwise.  A  complete  investigation  of 
tbeae  ancient  customs  might  be  the  meuu 
of  throwing  much  light  on  lie  foundora 
of  the  varioiiB  chorchea.  In  ihe  neigh- 
bourhood of  Dingle,  Et.  Manchan,  St 
Molaga,  8|.  Kieran,  St.  Gobnet,  St. 
Pinian,  and  St.  Flonnan  receive  special 
reverence.  The  well  of  St.  MaDcbaQ  is 
eitunted  nenr  the  Oratory. 


MOTES  ON  THE  ASTIQUITIES  IN  00.   KERBY. 


EXCURSION,  FRIDAY,  Utu  A00D8T. 

A  DjLY  at  8kiu.:o  Mickakl.' 

A  trip  to  Skellig  Miclinel  is  only  possible  unJ^r  the  most  faroiirsMe  drcumsfnnces, 
pnrtlf  on  nccoiint  of  tlie  difficulty  in  obtaining  tuituble  means  of  transport  to  so 
inaeTessible  a  spot,  nnd  also  beosiise  the  Luidiiig  on  the  rock  cannot  he  attemptcil  ex- 
cept when  the  seaia  quite  calm.  By  the  courtesy  of  the  Rear- Admiral  conimanding,  H.M. 
Gunboat  "Banlerer"  waipljiued  at  (he  disposal  of  the  ArchiBobgicsl  Societies,  beddei 
which  the  CdnimisBioneni of  Irish  lighls  were  kind  enough  to  bDot  theii  SS.  "  Alert" 
to  aiiist  io  carrying  the  eioursioniBli  to  the  Skellig.  Much  uncertainty  existed,  even  up 
to  the  lut  moment,  a*  to  whether  the  day  would  prove  fine  enough  to  make  the  attempt, 
(or  wben  many  an  aniious  fnoe  peered  out  from  tho  windows  of  Bennor's  llotel,  at 


Liiigle,  on  the  morning  of  Fridny,  the  sea-fog  vas  still  to  bu  seen  hanging  round  the 
tops  of  the  neighbouring  hills,  making  the  prospect  sufficienlly  gloomy  to  dcpreas  the 
Bpirits  of  all  but  the  most  enthusiastic  aniiquaries.  However,  everyone  wb«  np  ia  time 
for  an  early  breakfast,  but  at  S  o'clock  a.m.,  t^e  time  fixed  on  the  programme  for 
iLarting,  there  was  no  sign  of  the  veuels  that  were  to  convey  the  parly  to  the  rock. 
Just  as  we  were  beginning  to  give  up  all  hope,  the  joyful  tiding*  was  brought  tlutt 
H.M.S.  "Banlerer"  had  arrived  in  thehsrbour,  and  itoboaU  were  ready  lo  lake  the  party 


I  An  interesting  account  of  Ibis  day's  oii-ij 
Bros  on  "  Early  Christian  Architecture  in 
Arohiteot*,  MmA  8lb,  IBBS  (see  Froutdinfi, 


won  is  given  in  a  Paper  by  Mr.  W.  Ijiw 
Ireland,"  road  before  the  Society  of 
v.,  No  8,  p.  123). 


^H                  378         BOYAL   SOCIETY  OF    ANTIQUARIES   OF   IRELAND. 

^^H                  cm^KMird.   The  "  Binterer  "  but  left  Bsstry  theday  baloie,  and  the  delnjr  iras  osused  by 
^H                  thafog,  which  naoBwitated  putting  into  Tenlry  Harbour  for  the  nighl,  inatend  of  going 
^^^r                  straight  on  to  Dinglo.    Tho  memhen,  siitj  in  numbsr,  soon  asBembled  on  Iho  bench, 
^^r                   Mid  ware  rapidly  ron-ad  aeroas  the  harbour  to  the  ship,  which  waa  lying  dIobb  to  the 
^H                    entrani^e,  nearly  a  mile  off.     Here  a  terrible  disappointment  awnited  the  kdiei,  tor 

^H                    tialdng  their  valuable  Uvea  by  taking  them  on  the  voyage,  and  ho  tboy  were  sent  Mihora 
^H                       without  more  ado. 

^H                          At  9a.tii.  tbe"fianterei"  iloamedout  of  thenarrov entrance  of  Dingle  Harbour,  and 
^H                       aoon  encountered  the  heavy  swell  in  lb«  bay  outside.     Aa  the  sea  fog  began  to  lift,  the 

^M                    Old  Red  Sandatone  formsUon,  the  colour  of  whioh  varies  no  much  according  to  0x9 

#V^-         -^^'-^^fcl 

L 

Skcllig  Mithii-1— From  of  Cclii,  lootiDg  Nurlh, 

locality.     Here  the  lint  is  a  delicate  pink.     By  the  lime  the  gunboat  had  got  halfway 

cent  scenery  ol  the  west  coaat  of  Kerry  coulrl  be  aeea  to  advantage. 

out  far  to  the  westward,  broken  only  by  the  wide  gap  forming  the  entrance  to  Ventry 
Harbour,  and  l«rniinating  in  Slea  Head,  beyond  which  ngnin  was  the  Orent  Blaiket 
laland,  aometimes  called  "  the  nest  parish  to  America."     To  the  soutb  there  were  the 
dark  maues  of  rook  near  Douglas  HcaJ.  Valentia  Island,  with  ila  meteoi-ological  aution 

away  inland  aa  far  ae  the  UagiUicuddy'a  Heeka  above  Elllamoy. 

The  sun  now  ahone  forth  brilliantly,  and  the  Sfceliig  for  the  firat  lime  becams 
visible,  although  on  a  fine  day  it  can  be  aeon  from  Dingle,  from  wHoh  place  it  ia 
twenty-eight  miles  diatuit,  in  a  straight  line  to  the  aoath-weat. 

NOTES  ON  THE  ANTIQUITIES  IN  CO.  KERRY. 


279 


The  first  impreEaion  from  afar  ofF  U  of  nn  isolated  rock  ri 


f  theft 


I 


t  Teneritfe  ;  but  on  ncuer  appioach  tJ 
seen  to  congigt  of  two  pyramidal  nia«sea  of  rouk,  joined  together  at  the  baae.  The  ddei 
of  the  pf  rsmids  in  reality  maku  an  angle  of  about  iS  degreea  with  the  horizon,  but, 
□H'ing  to  a  well-knovn  tendency  of  the  mind  to  oTereatimate  the  ateepcesa  of  upward 
ilopea,  the  cliffs  appear  to  bo  almoit  perpondiciilor.  One  peak  is  higher  than  the  other, 
and  much  more  pointed.  I'he  lower  peak  is  sliglttly  rounded  on  one  sido,  and  has  ■ 
projecting  ehoutdcr  about  halfway  down.  Those  who  had  seon  tho  illustration  of 
Skellig  Michael  in  Lord  Dunrnten's  "  Nolea  On  Irish  Ai-chifecture  "  were  inclined  to 
think  that  the  artist  bad  eiaggeraled  the  height  and  rugged  fsBturei  of  the  rook ;  but 
Ihjs  is  not  the  case,  aa  the  reality  is  far  more  impressive  than  any  picture  could  posobly 
moke  it.  The  dedicntion  to  St.  Miehset,  the  palron  saint  of  high  places,  at  once  calU 
to  mind  the  somewhat  eimilar  isolated  rooks  in  Nnrmandj  and  Cornwall  bearing  the 


same  name.  These,  howeTer,  sink  into  utter  iiuignificanca  beside  the  wiU  grandeur 
of  the  Skellig.  By  one  o'clock  the  "  Bonterer  "  had  arrived  at  its  destination,  »fler  s 
passage  of  tour  hours,  and  the  excursionists  were  soon  aafely  landed  inthe  ahip'aboatl. 
As  not  ■  moment  was  to  be  lost  of  the  precious  time  allowed  for  the  eiptorutioa  of  the 
rock,  the  party  at  once  commenced  the  arduous  ascent  to  the  summit,  resting  only  fot 
a  few  minutes  to  take  in  the  beauty  of  the  situatioB.  The  Gient  Skellig,  or  Skellig 
Michael,  lies  to  the  aouth-weat  of  Valentia  Island,  opposite  to  St.  Fipiin's  Buy,  and  u 
8}  miles  froui  Bolus  Head,  the  nearest  point  on  the  mointand  of  Euiry. 

The  Little  Skellig,  *□  islet  of  brilliant  purple  colour,  with  jagged  outline,  the 
bTOUrite  haunt  of  the  ganset,  is  situated  a  mile  and  a  quarter  to  the  north-east,  and 
between  it  aod  Puffin  Island  is  Lemoii  Hock.     The  Great  Sk^^llig  ia  about  half  a  mila 

ca 


280         ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF   ANTIQUARIES   OF   IRELAND. 

long.  fiDiD  narth-eaat  to  eoutli-weBt,  and  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  north-vaal  to  toutb- 
west,  ai;roSii  tlie  widest  part.  The  BOuthern  peak  rises  to  a  height  of  711  fl.,  Bod  tlie 
northern  one  to  a  height  of  611  ft.  above  the  sea.  Tho  la  tilling- place  is  close  to  the 
mouth  of  a  uavo  ai  the  north  extremity  of  t}io  island,  just  round  llie  east  sldL'.  There 
are  two  lighlhousea  on  the  ielatii],  the  lon-er  one  at  the  south  point,  and  the  upper  one 
on  tlie  west  side  of  tlie  higher  of  the  two  peats.  A  sigiag  road,  cut  in  the  face  of  the 
cliff,  and  protected  on  the  seaward  side  bj  a  strong  parapet  wall,  leads  from  tie  landing- 
place  at  the  north  end  of  the  island,  tlie  whole  way  alonj;  the  east  side  to  the  lower 
lighthoUBo  at  the  south  point,  and  is  continued  round  the  west  eide  to  the  apper  light- 
house [see  map  at  p.  621  of  Janrnal  for  1891). 

~"  '  '  il  great  expense  by  the  Trinity  Board,  nnd  the  l:inding 


place  at  the  same  time  consideiably  improved  by  widening  theledge  of  rook  and  cutting 
■tepi.  Even  now  boats  find  it  almost  impossible  to  approach  wben  there  is  any  swell 
on  from  the  AlLmtic,  is  the  waves  rise  and  fall  as  much  as  twenty  feet  at  &  time. 

The  ancient  Celtic  monastic  settlement  on  Skeltig  Michael  ia  situated  at  the  norOi 
end  of  the  rock,  just  below  the  summit  of  the  lower  of  the  two  peaks,  at  a  height  of 
£1G  ft.  above  the  acn,  and  almost  immediately  above  the  landiag-place.  The  old 
appi'oach  to  it  was  straight  up  the  nearly  peipendicular  face  of  the  cliS  on  (he  north- 
east aide.  The  lower  part  of  this  route  was  cut  away  when  the  new  road  to  the  light- 
house waamade,  but  a  flight  of  020  steps  slill  remaius  fiom  a  point  about  120  ft.  above 
the  sea,  up  to  the  monastery.    The  path  con  be  teen  tallowing  a  winding  coune  o' 


I 
I 

I 


NOTES  ON  THE  AKTIQUITIES  IN  CO.  KBRS7. 


the  inequalitiee  of  the  cliff  ahore  the  lauding-pluce.    In  plncei  the  ground  h 
iBTcUed  up,  with  rotnining  walls  of  dry-built  rubble-work  to  Biipport  Iho  steps.    The 
aBTcnt  must  have  been  almost  u  perilous  us  that  to  tlio  Convent  of  Metcora  in  the 
lavnnt.' 

The  present  approach  to  the  nionosteiy  ia  pajily  now  and  pnitl)'  old.  From  the 
landing-plate  the  party  followed  Ihe  new  road  along  the  east  aide  of  the  rock,  in  a 
Mulherly  direction  nearly  as  far  as  the  lew'er  lighthouse,  but  before  reaching  it 
they  left  the  road,  and,  turning  westwards,  commenced  to  ulimb  the  grotsy  slope  leading 
up  to  "  Christ's  Saddle,"  the  name  given  to  the  Eaddle -shaped  part  of  the  island  between 
the  two  peaks.  The  Sight  ot  steps  up  lo  "  Christ's  Saddle  "  is  old,  except  near  the 
bottom.  Prom  this  valley  between  two  hills,  wbici  ii  422  ft.  above  the  sea,  the  steps 
branch  off  in  opposite  direetioos,  one  path  going  north-easl,  towards  the  monastery, 
and  the  other  saulh-wcst.  to  the  summit  ot  the  highest  peak.  The  ascent  of  the  stairs 
to  the  nionaslciy  is  steep  enough,  but  lo  climb  to  the  highest  peak  is  posidtely 
dangerous.  The  latter  was  successfully  reached  by  aome  of  the  mora  adventurous,  but 
the  majority  of  the  party  contented  themselves  with  the  less  perilous  advceture. 

Having  arrived  at  the  top  of  the  stain  ths  monastery  was  entered  by  a  passage 
through  the  wall  by  which  it  is  surrounded,  at  the  south  end  of  the  enclosure. 

The  strata  of  the  rock  composing  the  lower  penk  of  the  island  dips  at  an  angle  of 
about  <5  degrees  downwards  towards  the  east,  leaving  a  precipitous  cliff  facing  the 
Wi:s(,  with  a  broad,  slightly  convex  ledge  at  the  top.  Below  this  Isdge,  to  the  cast,  ia 
the  plateau  on  which  the  monnstic  BCttlement  stands.  The  plateau  has  been  artificially 
levelled  up  in  a  series  or  steps  by  building  retaining  walls  on  the  sloping  face  of  the 
eliff.  The  area  enclosed  within  the  surrounding  wall  measures  ahoul  300  ft.  long  hj 
100  ft.  wide,  and  the  buildings  within  it  occupy  o  space  of  ISO  ft.  by  fiO  ft.  The 
remeina  consist  of  six  beehive  cells,  twoOialories,  two  wells,  five  ancient  burial  grounds, 
■eversl  rude  crosses,  all  belonging  to  Ihe  early  period,  and  the  later  Church  of  St. 
Hichaal.  The  selllemenl  is  prolecled  at  the  back  by  the  rounded  ridge  of  rock,  sloping 
up  towardB  the  top  of  the  cliff  on  the  weet.  There  is  a  step  down  from  the  lower  end 
of  the  ledge  behind  to  the  level  of  Ihe  plateau  on  which  the  buildings  sland,  and  tbia 
IB  faced  with  a  dry-built  i  eloiniiig  wall,  running  north  and  south. 

Foiallel  lo  the  retaining  wall,  at  a  abort  distance  from  it,  is  a  row  of  five  beehive 
cells,  cloM  together,  having  an  eastern  aspect,  and  in  a  line  with  them,  at  the  extreme 
north  end  of  the  enclosure,  a  small  Oratory  overhanging  the  cliff.  The  remainder  of 
the  buildings,  namely,  the  Church  of  St.  Michael,  the  second  Oiatory,  and  the  sixth 
bee'faive  cell,  are  situated  at  a  rather  lower  level,  in  a  row,  also  nearly  parallel  to  the 
retaining  wall  at  the  back.  A  ground  plan  is  g^ven  in  Lord  Dunraven's  "Notes  on 
Irish  Architecture  "  (vol.  i.,  p.  30),  showing  the  position  of  the  various  buildingi,  but 
the  different  levels  are  not  clearly  indicated,  and,  in  fact,  ihey  could  hardly  be  explained 
intelligibly  except  by  means  of  a  model.  The  plan  here  given  is  taken  from  Lord 
Dunraven's,  with  corrections  made  on  the  spat  at  this  visit.  The  ground  next  the 
TCtaiiUDg  wall  at  the  back  is  the  highest,  and  is  on  a  level  with  the  springing  of  the 
domes  of  the  bee-hire  ceUs.  A  Sight  of  eight  aleps  leads  from  ihis  level  to  that  of  the 
ground  in  front  of  the  doorway  of  the  cell  at  the  north  tnd  of  the  first  row,  and  a 
flight  of  fourteen  slepa  leads  to  the  level  of  the  ground  in  front  of  the  Tour  other  cella 
in  this  row.  The  Oratory,  with  the  burial-pUcea  round  it,  and  the  remaining  cells, 
•re  at  the  lowest  level  of  all. 

The  whole  of  the  ilnictures  are  built  of  dry  rulible  masonry,  except  the  Church  of 
Bt,  MichooL  The  cells  are  reclangular  in  plan  inside,  and  round  or  oval  outside ; 
except  in  one  case,  where  the  outside  ia  rectangulsr  at  the  bottom.  The  roofs  ore 
domed,  and  formed  with  horicontal  overlapping  courses,  as  in  the  pagan  "  Clochauns." 
The  only  openings  are  the  door,  which  has  inclined  jambs  and  a  Sat  head,  and  a  small 


I 

I 


Tectsngiitnr  bole  to  allow  the  emolce  to  escnpe.  Tbe  Oratoriei  sre  constructed  like  the 
celli,  bul  they  hive  &  windov  opposite  tbe  door,  and  tire  rectangular  in  plan  both 
iniids  and  out.  Over  the  doorway  of  one  of  the  cells,  and  nlw>  of  one  of  the 
Oratoriei,  ia  a  cidbs  formed  in  while  qiuuU  pebbles,  vbidi  contraits  with  the  daih- 
toloiired  flate  of  which  tbe  rest  uf  tbe  wall  is  built.  The  door  of  the  largeat  Fell  lutft 
double  lintel,  like  the  entrance  to  Staigue  Foit,  Co.  Kerry.  The  niBaoncy  of  the 
surrounding  wall  is  also  very  limilar  in  cbnractor  to  that  of  Stiig;ue  Fort.  Tbe  position 
of  the  Oratiory  at  the  north  end  of  the  enclosure  is  most  perilous,  being  perrbed  on  a 
Ipit  of  roi^k  BO  SB  literally  to  overhnng  the  sea,  which  breaks  into  while  foam  bundrtdi 
of  feet  below.  This  is  clearly  ahown  in  Dr.  G.  Nonnan's  pholographjc  view.  Plane 
and  icclions  of  the  Oratory  have  appeared  in  Tht  Buildti: 

Skellig  Mic^bael  "  haa  been  the  acene  of  annual  pilgrimages  for  many  centuries, 
and  the  servico  of  the  Way  of  the  Cross  ia  still  celebrated  here,  though  with  some 
perfectly  traditional  forma  of  prayer  and  cnatoma,  such  as  are  only  found  to  exist 
among  the  islanders  along  the  weal  coast  of  Ireland."  [Sea  Lord  Dunraven'a  "  Note* 
tn  Irish  Arcbitecture,"') 

Mt,  Lecky  refers  to  the  pilgrimages  made  here  and  to  I^ngh  Derg  i  and  Dr.  Smitb, 
in  bis  "History  of  Kerry  "  (17S4),  gives  a  remnrkabls  deeoriptiun  of  the  custom 
existing  in  bis  day: — "When  the  pilgrima  hove  TiBitcd  the  cell  and  chapela  they 
ascend  the  top  of  tbe  rock,  part  of  which  ia  performed  by  equeesing  through  a  hollair 
part,  resembling  the  funnel  or  shaft  or  a  chimney,  which  they  term  the  Needle's  Bye. 
This  ascent,  olthuugh  there  are  holes  and  steps  cut  into  the  rock  to  climb  by,  is  for 
from  being  gained  without  trouble,  but  when  this  obstacle  is  aurmounted  the  pilgrim 
is  at  a  small  flat  place,  about  a  yard  broad,  which  slopes  away  down  both  sides  of  the 
rock  to  the  ocean.  On  the  furtlier  side  of  this  flat,  which,  from  its  narrowness  on  the 
top,  is  a  kind  of  iathmus,  the  ascent  is  gained  by  climbing  up  a  smooth,  sloping  rock 
Ihat  only  leans  out  a  very  little,  and  this  they  call  the  Stone  of  Pain,  from  the  difficulty 
of  its  ascent.  There  aro  a  few  shallow  boles  cut  into  it  where  they  fix  their  hands  and 
feet,  and  by  which  they  scramble  up.  Tbis  kind  of  a  sloping  wall  isaboutlUfl.  high, 
and  the  danger  of  mounting  it  aeemt  terribla,  for  if  a  person  aboiild  slip  he  might 
tumble  on  eiiher  aide  of  the  isllimua  down  a  prcLipics  headlong  mony  falhoma  into  the 

"  When  tbis  difficult  passage  is  surmounted  the  remaining  part  of  the  way  up  to  the 
higbi'St  summit  is  much  leas  difficult.  On  the  top  are  two  atatinne  to  viait,  where 
there  are  also  some  atone  crosses.  The  first  is  called  the  Eagle'a  Nest,  probably  from 
its  extreme  height,  fur  here  a  person  seems  to  have  got  into  the  upper  regions  of  the 
air,  and  it  ia  aacended  by  the  help  uf  aomv  steps  cut  into  the  rock  with  much  difficulty. 
If  the  reader  can  conceiie  a  person  poised,  as  it  were,  or,  rather,  perched  on  the 
summit  of  this  pinnacle,  beholding  the  vast  expanse  of  the  ocean  all  around  him, 
except  towards  the  east,  where  the  lofly  mountains  on  the  shore  opposr  like  so  many 
low  bouses  overluoked  from  the  lofty  dome  of  some  cathedral,  he  may  be  able  to  form 
SOU'S  idea  of  the  tremendousnase  and  awfulness  of  such  a  prospect. 

"  Tbe  second  station  which  tbe  deroteos  have  to  viait  on  this  height,  and  which  ia 
attended  with  the  utmost  horror  and  peril,  is  by  some  called  the  Spindle,  and  by  othen 
the  Spit,  which  is  a  long  narrow  fragment  of  tlto  rock,  projecting  from  the  summit  of 
this  frightful  place,  over  a  raging  sea,  and  this  is  walked  to  by  a  narrow  patb  of  only 
2  ft.  in  width  and  several  steps  in  length.  Here  the  devDleea,  women  as  well  as  men, 
get  astride  of  the  rock,  and  so  edge  forward  until  they  arrive  at  a  alone  cross,  whicli 
some  bold  adventurer  cut  formerly  on  its  extreme  end;  and  here,  having  repeated  a 
Pater  Nosier,  returning  fiom  tbis  concludes  the  penance." 

It  has  been  generally  supposed  that  the  ancient  Celtic  monks  chose  the  most 
inaccessible  spots  (soch  as  tbe  Skellig)  for  the  sites  of  their  monasteries,  io  order  to 
avoid  contact  with  tbe  outer  world  as  much  ae  possible.     We  throw  out  the  suggeslion 


284        ROYAL  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIES  OP  IRELAND. 

that  during  a  period  when  travelling  by  land  was  attended  with  considerable  danger, 
owing  to  the  unsettled  state  of  the  country,  the  sea  offered  a  safer  means  of  transit,  and 
these  island  monasteries  may  have  served  the  purpose  not  only  of  **  deserts  in  the 
ocean,"  but  may  also  have  formed  a  chain  of  stations  round  the  coast  for  assisting 
monks  and  their  friends  in  making  their  voyages,  for  warning  ships  against  being 
wrecked,  for  rescuing  drowning  persons,  and,  in  fact,  taking  the  place  of  the  modem 
Trinity  Board  and  lifeboat  Service  in  rendering  navigation  less  perilous. 

There  are  very  few  historical  notes  connected  with  the  Skellig,  but  a  lurid  light  is 
thrown  on  the  terrible  sufferings  that  the  Danish  invasions  must  have  caused  to  the 
monks  by  the  following  brief  entry  in  the  **  Annals  of  Ulster,"  under  the  year  a.d, 
823: — ^'Eitgal,  of  Scelig,  was  carried  away  by  the  strangers,  and  soon  died  of 
hunger  and  thirst." 

At  five  o'clock  the  party  embarked  on  board  the  '*  Alert,"  which  had  arrived  to  take 
the  place  of  the  <'  Banterer,"  and  were  safely  brought  back  to  Dingle  by  9  p.m. 

We  cannot  conclude  this  account  without  protesting  strongly  against  the  way  in 
which  repairs  are  being  carried  on  at  Skellig  Michael  by  the  Board  of  Works.  At  the 
time  of  the  visit  of  the  Cambrian  and  Irish  archaeologists  an  ordinary  mason  was  seen 
calmly  tinkering  away  at  the  ruins,  pulling  down  a  bit  here  and  building  up  a  bit  there 
in  imitation  of  the  old  style  of  work,  without  any  kind  of  superintendence  whatever. 
The  vandalism  peipetrated  some  time  ago  by  the  same  authorities,  at  Inismurrayi  is 
being  repeated  here  with  a  vengeance. 

This  concludes  the  account  of  the  usual  four  days'  excursions  made  during  the 
annual  meetings  of  the  Cambrian  Archsoological  Association,  but,  before  leaving 
Ireland,  extra  days  were  arranged  for,  Limerick  being  the  place  chosen  as  head« 
quarters.  From  thence  excursions  were  made,  on  Saturday,  August  16th,  to  the 
Dominican  Abbey  of  Eilmallock;  on  Monday,  the  16th,  to  Bunratty  Castle  and 
Quin  Abbey;  on  Tuesday,  the  17th,  to  Askeaton  and  Adare;  on  Wednesday, 
the  18th,  down  the  Shannon  to  Scattery  Islnnd ;  and  on  the  return  journey  frooi 
Limerick  to  Dublin,  on  Thursday,  the  19th,  visits  were  made  to  the  Rock  of  Caahel 
and  Holy  Cross  Abbey.  On  Friday,  the  20th,  a  very  enjoyable  and  instructive  day 
was  spent  in  Dublin  seeing  the  unrivalled  antiquities  and  MSS.  in  the  collections 
at  the  Museum  and  Library  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  and  in  the  Library  of  Trinity 
College.  On  the  following  day,  Saturday,  the  20th,  most  of  the  party  returned  home, 
taking  with  them  the  pleasantest  possible  recollections  of  Irish  hospitality  and  good 
fellowship. 


(     285     ) 


ON  A  WOODEN  VESSEL  OBTAINED  FROM  A  BOO  NEAR 
NEWRY. 

Hi  W.  FRAZER,  F.R.CS.I.,  M.R.I.A.,  Psi.i.ow. 

TU'ooi'Bii  ilrinking-vesscls,  such  as  that  I  am  about  dcHoribing,  must 
have  cocatitutod  the  ordinary  domestic  utenaila  of  the  Irish  people 
for  many  generations,  and  consequently  were  once  common,  though  few 
specimens  have  survived  the  destructive  action  of  time,  producing 
gradual  decay  and  ilia  integration,  as  well  aa  the  usual  risks  from  breakage 
and  of  injury  by  constant  and  careless  handling.  They  usually  owe 
their  accidental  preservation  to  bavins  fallen  into  the  depths  of  some 
of  our  numerous  patches  of  hog,  and  long  after  they  were  lost,  by 
fortunate  digging  arc  restored  to  sight,  protected  during  their  conceal- 
ment by  the  protective  soil  in  which  they  were  imbedded. 

Such  utensils  were  fabricated  in  Ireland  from  several  different 
deacriptioca  of  timber  na  opportunity  happened.  We  have  examples 
composed  of  sallow,  sycamore,  beech,  pine,  elm,  and  yew,  and  more 
seldom  of  tlic  tougher  oak.  It  would  appear  they  were  shapen  into 
fonn,  and  hollowed  out  either  by  the  aid  of  Bhai^)  knives,  or  possibly  by 
using  aomc  (leacription  of  lathe,  as  tlie  interior  is  usually  of  circular 
outline,  well  defined  ami  evenly  cut.  As  might  be  expected,  they  vary 
mnch  in  size  and  capacity;  some  being  intended  to  hold  a  fluid  quart  or 
upwards,  whilst  others  are  not  larger  than  an  ordinary  wine  or  beer  glass. 
When  intended  to  chum  milk  or  for  storage  of  butter,  they  were  made 
considerably  larger.  Of  these  chums  I  lately  described  and  figured  a 
good  specimen  in  a  recent  number  of  this  Journal,  which  was  discovered 
in  the  county  Derry. 

The  bottom  portion  of  such  wooden  vessels  is  distinct  from  tbc  body, 
and  composed  of  a  separate  flat  piece  of  wood ;  it  appeara  usually  to  be 
formed  out  of  a  kind  of  timber  different  from  that  used  in  making  the 
vessel  itself.  It  fits  into  a  groove  sunk  for  its  reception,  and  it  is  probable 
the  circular  bottom  piece  was  forced  into  the  groove  after  prolonged 
immersion  of  the  cup  itself  in  water,  and  retained  in  position  by  subsequent 
Bhrinkiiig  of  the  damp  timber  as  it  slowly  dried.  The  present  specimen 
would  appear  to  hove  its  bottom  part  thus  fitte<I  in  ;  it  is  composed  of 
elm,  whilst  the  vessel  is  made  from  yew. 

The  example  I  possess  measures  6j^  inches  in  height,  having  a  small 
lag  extending  2  inches  abuve  the  upper  rim.  The  hottem  measured 
transversely  is  5  inches  across ;  and  the  body,  which  tapers  upwards  at 
its  orifice,  has  assumed  an  ovul  abapo  from  its  long  sojourn  in  damp  bog, 
being  4  inches  from  front  to  back,  and  3}  inches  from  side  to  aide.     As 


286 


KOrAL   SOCIETY   OP  ANTIQUARIES  OF   lEELAND. 


tliG  inddo  is  rudely  shapes,  it  must  have  heen  hollowed  out  by  ueing  a 
knife.  Its  shape  and  general  appearance  con  be  judged  from  the  accurate 
representation  givea,  which  is  reproduced  after  a  faithful  drawing  exe- 
cuted by  Alex.  Williams,  b.a.,  for  which  I  am  Bpeciolly  indebted  to  his 
kindness.  It  was  obtained  by  a  maa  cutting  turt  at  the  depths  of  several 
feet  in  a  bog  near  Newry  in  the  North  of  Ireland  ;  but  it  was  impossible 
to  obtain  any  satisfactory  particulars  about  its  discovery.  This  appears 
to  be  the  ordinary  result  of  asking  for  information  from  the  peassntry 
about  orchteological  finds. 

As  the  utility  for  domestic  ase  of  this  and  similar  vessels  mado  from 
wood  depended  on  their  freedom  from  leakage,  they  had  to  undergo  some 
treatment  to  close  up  the  porous  interstices  of  the  timber  and  render  them 
water-tight;  thus  they  were  either 
repeatedly  rubbed  with  butter  or 
other  fatty  matter,  or  filled  w  th 
boiled  milk,  which  was  allowed  to 
remain  in  them  until  the  de  ir  d 
result  was  obtained.  The  nnt  e 
population  of  the  wilder  hi  I  dis 
tricts  of  Asia  Minor  and  th  Cau 
casus  still  employ  such  metl  ods  to 
make  wooden  vessels  imperv  ous 
and  continue  to  use  them  for  da  ly 
life  sirnilar  to  the  primitive  a  es 
of  this  country  ;  indeed  they  have 
not  yet  altogether  disappeared 
from  amongst  us  in  the  more 
distant  districts  of  Ireland  and 
Scotland.  They  arc  called  e  th  i 
"noggins"  or  "piggins"  m  the 
places  where  they  are  still  used 
and  1  am  reminded  by  a  fn  nd 
that  not  many  years  ago  it  was  a 
habit   for   persons    employ  d     n 

milking  to   carry   some  kind  of  _ 

wooden  pannikin  to  contain  the 

last  richer  portions  or  strippings  of  the  milk  in  districts  in  the  North  and 
West  of  Ireland.  The  aperture  in  the  projecting  lug  or  handle  was,  no 
doubt,  for  suspending  the  vessel  from  a  wall,  or  for  easier  carriage  when 
moving  from  place  to  place.  "Wooden  jugs  such  as  this  might  be  used 
for  many  domestio  purposes,  but  appear  to  have  been  primarily  intended 
to  hold  milk,  The  well-known  mether  or  convivial  banqueting  cup,  for 
mead,  ale,  or  whiskey,  is  of  different  shape,  and  forms  a  distinct  descrip- 
tion of  wooden  vessel,  recognised  by  the  square  form  of  its  apcrtaro  and 
four  lips  for  drinking,  and  also  by  its  peculiar  shaped  handles. 


(     287    ) 


EXTRACTS  EROM  THE  BOOKS  OF  THE  OLD  CORPORATION 

OF  ROSS,  CO.  WEXFORD. 

By  colonel  PHILIP  D.  VIGORS,  Fellow. 
{Continued  fr<nn  page  176.) 

1669.    AUG.  16. 

Amount  of  disbursements  by  Nath  :  Quarne,  Bailiff  Receiver  from  29.  Sep.  1667 
to  29.  Sep.  1668. 

A  quire  of  paper  to  keep  y<  Cotporacon  accounts,        .        .        .£006 

Glazing  the  Town  Hail  (Pat  Freeman), 1  10    0 

James  iBrown,  painting  Town  Hall, 0     10 

Tbo :  Starky  for  a  rope  to  bind  the  prison^*,     ....  018 

John  Comel^iss  for  seal  for  measurers,              .        .        .        .  0    3     0 

Jo.  Bishop  for  a  Town  barrell  f t)r  Come,          .        .        .        .  0    2    4 

Ja.  Browne  for  mending  the  Town  Hall,          .        .        .        .  0    3    6 

John  Dayy  for  Town  Bushell, 0    2    0 

Aub.  Neuell,  charges  at  Dublin  about  y«  comons,     .        .        .  16    0 

Hen.  Warner,  for  Crooks  for  barrell  and  bushell,  .  .  .  0  0  6 
Patrick  Freeman  for  straw  and  necessaries  about  securing  the 

prisoners, 006 

Charge  at  the  faires  &  Barons  dinner, 18    0 

M'  Raggett  for  horse  hire  collecting  a  rate,  .  .  .  0  10 
Laughlin  Cahill  &  another  for  carrying  the  distresses    of  the 

same,                020 

Paid  for  making  the  Ducking    Stool    k   the    materials,  2    7    8 

George  Butler  Esq  Sov'  his  salary, 25    0    0 

Rich.  Whitson,  candlelight  for  Guard, 1  10    0 

Firing  for  the  Guard, 10    0    0 

Total  amount        .    £63  12    0 

fin  his  list  of  receipts  (£52  17  5)  he  sets  down]  Received  of 

Laughlin  Cahill  for  bloodshed 0    3    4 

1669.    AUG.  16. 

|[0n  examining  these  accounts  of  M''  Nathaniel  Quame  the  Council  resolved  thatj 
falling  upon  the  examination  of  the  particular  disbursements  of  the  sayd  accompt 
(though  conceiving  them  necessary  yet)  in  regard  it  appeared  that  several  of  the  dis- 
bursements were  w^  out  order  of  the  C*^  and  contrary  to  the  uses  they  were  intended 
for,  the  sayd  M'  N.  Q.  was  therefore  by  mutual  consent  of  the  sayd  assembly  fined  in  v'^ 
to  the  use  of  the  Corp'.  [N.  B.  This  fine  was  ordered  7  July  1671  to  be  levied  but  was 
remitted  14  July  1671.  on  payment  of  thirty  shillings.] 

1671.    JUNE  6. 

[Bailiffs  ordered  to  provide  the  most  convenient  quarters  they  canlfor  the  Right 
Ho^i*  the  Erie  <rf  Desmonds  troup  of  horse  now  to  be  quartered  in  this  Town. 

1671.    NOV.  24. 

It  was  likewise  agreed  that  M'  John  Napper  should  bring  a  man  from  Wexford  for 
the  mending  of  the  clocks,  who  was  to  be  allowed  57«.  for  his  ioumey  and  if  the 
sayd  person  would  undertake  the  mending  of  it  the  Soveraigne  and  Burgesses  to  give 
it  at  the  reasonablest  rate  they  could  for  the  sayd  work. 


288         ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OP  IRELAND. 

1671.    DEC.  1. 

Agreed  on  that  M<^  Nath.  Steevens  be  justified  by  tbe  Corporation  for  issuing  a  war- 
rant to  Thos.  Blisse,  the  water  bayliffe  lor  seising  some  bags  of  wool  of  M'  Cliffes, 

who  refused  to  pay  the  Town  Customs  due  to  the  Corporation,  and  that  the (P) 

of  the  gold  remayning  in  the  Town  Clerks  hands  be  payed  to  M'  Cliffe  on  all  demands. 

1671.    DEC.  16. 

List  of  voluntary  contributions  to  the  fund  for  obtaining  a  renewal  of  their  Charter. 

JAN.  6. 

It  was  ordered  tbat  a  letter  be  written  to  the  freemen  of  this  Town  now  living  in 
Wexford  that  they  should  contribute  towards  the  Renewal  &  that  no  less  sum  than  40«. 
bestowed  on  the  £6  lent  should  be  received  from  each  &c  **  And  that  any  of  them 
refusing  to  contribute  as  aforesaid  to  be  disfranchised" 

1671.    DEC.  16. 

Thomas  Furlong  dismissed  from  keeping  the  Common  Pound. 

1*^.  For  letting  out  horses  impounded  by  Capt.  Cuffe. 

2*^,  For  keeping  six  horses  to  their  bellies  in  dirt  in  an  unlawful  Pound  whereby 
they  were  foundered. 

3^.  For  tbat  he  being  a  freeman  of  thu  Corporation  suffered  certain  cattle  impounde<i 
by  Capt.  John  Winckworth  for  damage  feasant  on  the  Comons  to  be  taken  out  of  the 
Pound  upon  a  Replevin  by  tbe  Sheriff  of  the  County  to  the  Great  infringement  of  the 
Libties  of  the  Corporation. 


1672.    JULY  6. 

[Petition  for  his  ireedom  of  Patrick  White  of  New  Ross.] 

"  That  Petitioner  is  a  borne  child  of  the  sayd  Towne  of  New  Ross  and  a  son  of  a 
Free  Burgess  thereof." 


1672.    JAN.  17. 

[Petition  of  Simion  White,  Merchant,  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant.] 
Tliat  being  the  son  of  Richard  White  a  freeman,  he  petitionea  Roger  Drake  Esq 

Sov"  to  be  admitted  to  hie  freedom  pussuant  to  an  Act  of  Council  dated  8  March  1671. 
Order  of  the  Lord  Lieut  (Essex)  &  Privy  Council  to  have  him  admitted  unless  cause 

showne.     Ordered  That  M'  OUiver  should  write  to  M'  Fleeper  concerning  the  same. 
They  shewed  for  cause  that  his  father  had  forfeited  his  freedom  by  frequently 

bearing  arms  against  the  king  and  especially  in  1643.] 


1674.     APRIL  24. 

Then  likewise  agreed  on  that  the  three  Bullets  sticking  in  the  wall  at  the  Bewley 
Gate  shall  be  taken  out. 

Cap.  Charles  Tolbots  foot  Company  now  quartered  in  this  Town 


1676.     MAY  1. 
**  Peter  Tye  appointed  Bedle,  Bellore,  and  Crier.*' 


1676.    AUG.  20. 

Ordered  that  all  Englishmen  inhabiting  wi^Mn  the  libties  of  this  Corporaoon,  and 
enlist  themselves  in  the  traine  band  of  this  Towne  and  pay  noe  duties  in  the  Market 
whereby  the  Corporacon  revenue  may  be  lessened  shall  be  made  free  gratis  taking  the 
oath  ot  Sup'macy  &  the  accustomed  freemans  oath  according  to  former  promise 
made  unto  Uaptaine  John  Winckworth  in  that  behalfe. 


1678.    JUNE  12. 

[Certificate  of  building  of  a  ship  in  Ross.] 

We  the  Sov'eign  and  nree  Burgesses  of  New  Ross  in  the  County  of  Wexford  in  his 
Ma^'**  Kingdom  of  Ireland  and  his  Ma^«*  officers  of  the  Custom  House  in  the  said  Port  of 


60M  BOOKS  OP  OLD  COBPOBATION  OP  BOSS. 

certify  that  the  good  BbipculU'd  the  Duke  of  Ormond  bi 
inea  w'"  thirty  picms  of  ordinance  {whereof  Edward  'V 
u  OaptiiDS  and  built  the  aaid  ebip)  wu  builded  heie  !□  the  uid  Towne,  ai 
litiiDched  oS  the  elocka  an  the  ttreWeth  day  of  April  lost  pused  into  the  river  ol 
[ionaforeaitid. 

In  testimony  whereof  lu  well  the  Sou'iugna  and  ffreo  BurgasBea  their  Comon 
u  also  hii  Ma""  said  ofEoers  of  the  CuBtom  House  ibeir  Sealo  of  office  have  i 
to  be  aet  unto  these  presents  the  iwelveth  day  of  Juno  in  the  yeare  o(  our  Lun 
one  thousand  sii  hundred  seventy  and  eight. 

Ex^  per  Eogorum  ficabant 

aegJ 


BT    THI    LOHD    LlIDTIHAnT    i 


]    Cor  NOB  LL. 


Ukmohi 

[After  reciting  an  Act  of  Parliament  of  the  Sesaion  beginning  IT  April  H  Gba«.  ji 
anihoriziag  the  Lord  Lieut  &c  &  Pnvy  Councell  with  the  apprubation  of  the  Arch- 
hiihap  of  the  Dioceee  &c  &c  to  unite  7  parishes  £  reciting  certificutea  [whiob  are 
giTen  in  eitenao)  of  Hiohael  Lord  Archbiahop  of  Dublin  ft  Primate  of  Ireland  £  of 
Richard  Lord  Biabop  of  Fema  and  Loigblin  and  also  of  Thomai  Tongo  Doctor  of 
Divinitie,  Incumbent  of  the  Pariahea  of  Xew  Ross,  Old  Ross,  Camagh,  Tullersght, 
Bnllyane,  Ballybrazetl  &  Clonleagh  and  alaa  oE  Uoi^an  Hayne,  Incumbent  of  the 
parish  of  Templeoudijun  witli  the  advii^e  &c  &  cnneent  &o.] 

Order  that  the  aforesaid  parishes  be  united  in  perpetuity  into  one  entire  parish  and 
he  for  ever  hereafter  deemed  reputed  and  eonalituted  one  parish  under  the  name  of  ihe 
Parish  and  Rectory  of  S'  Maries  New  Ross,  and  that  the  aaid  Church  of  S'  Mariea 
New  Boss  ha  tor  arer  hereafter  from  tymo  lo  (ymo  repaired  at  the  charge  of  the 
inhabitants  afthe  aaid  several  pariahea,  which  said  Union  ia  to  be  under  auth  oustams 
limitations  [4c,  4c.] 

Given  at  (be  Councell  Chamber  in  Dublin  the  Z7>»  day  of  June  167S. 

Miiih :  Dublin. 

Donegal.  Oranard,  Lanesborotigb,  Hen.  Midessia,  B,  Coole,  Char.  Meredith.  Bo. 
Booth,  Jo.  Biaie,  Wm.  Fflower,  Ca.  Dillon. 

Certified  as  a  true  copy  by  Roger  Brabant, 


1679.    JULY  26. 

Ordered  that  all  writings  belonging  to  the  Towne  that  were  in  Brubants  ci 
now  in  the  keeping  nf  M"  Anno  Coltrell  be  delivered  to  Nath,  Quame  Depr  Sov 
delivered  by  bim  lo  the  present  Town  Clerk  Mich  :  Wilkine, 

[N.B.  Brabants  last  appearance  was  as  a  witness  io  a  lease  1G  Sep.  I67S.] 


1679.     SEP.  29. 

[Thomas  Tonge  Qent  Bwom  in  as  Town  Clerk  vice  Brabant  deo'  He  had  been 
recommended  by  Richard  Aldwortb  Eeg.  the  Becorder  in  a  letter  addreaied  to  "  The 
Worshipful  the  Sou'aigne  of  Now  Roes,  dated  12  July  1679." 

The  Duke  of  Ormond  the  Lord  Lieut :  had  also  recommended  him  to  be  elected  aod 
in  Ihe  reply  of  the  Corporation  they  say  "  Likewise  in  gratitude  to  his  many  lorvii^es 
dune — those  he  may  hereafter  doe  for  us,  we  did  make  choice  "  etc  etc.] 


It  was  with  one  Gea'  consei 
a  Pttthend  be  endeavoured  to  bi 
this  Towne  over  4  above  Whili 
October,  8'  Lukos  day  ;  4  Eaal 
had  in   Patent  as  cheap  as  k 

■writt  by  the  Towne  CIke  to  Mi 


1679,    FEB,  27, 
t  agreed  &  ordered  that  pursuant  to 


Somncra  letter 
gott  att  the  Towno'a  charge  for  having  three  fairee  at 
Lin  faire  4  those  three  to  be  the  21  Aug.  Bar'  day.  IS 
'r  Tuesday  in  evv  yearo  provided  three  fairea  may  ha 
lac  otherwise  to  have  but  the  two  first  4  a  Ibttor  to  be 
Somoer  to  know  the  nuiie. 


290         EOYAL   SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES   OF   IRELAND. 

IBIg.     MARCH  19. 
Oriiered  that  Mnnnoduka  Devereui  doe  mend  the  defeoti  of  the  leada  of  S'  Marias 
Ofa»rch     ....     that  the  Ba^lifli  doe  take  core  tbat  there  be  a  watch  kept  during 
the  eajd  work  by  night  at  the  Church  to  keep  the  lead  from  bnng  Rolen. 

1680,     Oct.  S. 
"  Ordired  that  all  persona  keeping  ale  houees,  lavcmi,  and  braadj  shops  hune  out 
Iheir  lights  from  six  of  the  clock  till  nine  in  the  dark  nights  beginning  the  19">  of  thia 
instant  Octabei  sub  pisaa  aii  pence  for  ei'j  neglect  to  be  levied  upon  budy  or  goods." 

1680.     MARCH  10. 

At  a  Meeting  of  his  Hs""  Com"  of  the  Militia  &  array  at  New  Rose  in  the  Countia 
of  Wexford  the  lO"' day  of  March  16B0  putauant  to  instructioDS  from  the  1/  Lieut  & 
Council.  Upon  motion  of  Capt.  Jo°  Winckworth  Csptaino  of  the  Militia  Company- 
laised  in  and  about  the  To'wne  of  New  Roaie  desiring  that  the  TowneJclibliea  might  be 
excused  from  bearing  any  charge  with  the  Gre  companies  &  two  troopes  of  tbe  MJlitiH 
of  tbe  County  furmerl}  raised;  In  regnriltho  Towne  and  libties  of  New  Rosa  are  con- 
tented to  bear  the  charge  of  their  owoe  oonipany.  It  is  ordered  that  the  snid 
Towne  and  libties  beo  upon  that  cDnaidemtion  in  the  picnce  of  and  by  the  desire  & 
consent  of  the  Soveraigoe  at  Roaso  excused  from  bearing  or  paying  with  the  real  of 
the  enuntie  to  the  chnrgo  of  the  Milili4  of  tbe  Countie,  the  s*  Soveraigne  bming  now 
of  his  own  free  assent,  on  (hebebnUe  of  [he  sitid  Coiporacon  engaged  to  bear  the  (barge 
of  tbe  said  company  without  BnyobargB  to  the  Cmintio  at  large. 

Signed  Natbani  Quanno  8ov'  of  Rosao,  Cm.  Colclougb,  Bioh  Kenny,  Nich  i«ttus, 
Jo  Tench,  Math.  Fford  &  Const  Neala, 

Com"  psent  Jo°  CUtFe  Esq,  Sherr,  Sir  Cnsar  Calclough,  Bart :  Sir  Nioh :  Lofttia 
K"! ;  Natb.  Quarence  Esq  Sov'  of  Rosie ;  Jo>  Tench ;  Math  fford ;  W><>  Irorj ;  Rich 
Kenny;  &  Const  Neale  Esq"'. 

1680.  MARCH  14. 
Ordered  "  That  for  what  Gre  loukes  tbe  Mililla  or  this  Towne  ahaJl  have  oocasion 
(not  sending  twenty  foure)  that  y*  gunemitb  shall  be  secured  y*  eost  (being  10>.  a 
peece)  by  y  Coiporaoon  or  nti  w'''  other  rate  M'  Nalh  :  Stevens  shall  agree,  oi 
alsoe  what  amiuunilian  M'  Nalhaniel  Sleevena  sbsll  send  for  y  said  Militia  to  be 
reimbursed  by  y  Corporacon  Provided  it  exceud  not  y'  value  of  J  hundred  w'  of 
powder  £  ono  hundred  weiglit  of  BsUs  or  Sbott. 


1683.     Jin.Y  21. 
[Robert  Dojne  Esq  Councellorat  law  elected  Recorder  vice  Aldworth  who  resigned 


[Address  lo  the  king  drawn  by  R.  Doyne,  tiie  Recorder.] 
"To  ma  Kiho'b  M"'  Excr"  Matib." 
The  Hamblo   Addresse  of 
freemen  3:  Inhta  o(  y'^  Matlee 

May  it  pleoee  y'  Matie 

With  ibe   many   loyal   addresses  v'*'  have  been  by  y  Haties  most  gnciooA 
.: ^(«d  fr '    "-^--    "  ■-'-..   -t.....   ._  ,_  ..    .  _ 


condeseention  accepted  from  many  of    your   Maties   Dulifull   subjects  .._ 

of  their  byolty  and  Bllogionee  to  y'  sacred  Matie  we  y  Unties  mest  Dulyfull 
Liegemen  doe  from  the  bottom  of  our  beans  &  wilh  all  linceiily  desire  li>  beare  our 
part  &  to  offer  to  y  ascred  Matie  as  a  demonitmtiou  of  our  raole  &  affection  to  y 
Moties  service  the  due  sense  of  our  iurt  delcslalion  &  abhorrence  of  tbe  late  homd 
ploU  1  trailorous  conspiracy  intruded  a  design''  ag'  the  lives  of  your  saerod  MatlD 
&  y'  Royall  Brother  &  against  the  lives  of  many  '■!  y  Maties  (uthtull  Bubjccts  by 
factious  &  tmiloroiia  persons  whose  ingratitnde  and  traitorous  disIoyiJty  will  mnder 
them  infamous  to  all  ages.  We  therefore  with  weighty  lulonisLment  admire  the 
wondeitull  goodness  of  the  great  deliverer  of  man  (our  grauioua  God)  iu  the  early 
deliverance  of  y  aacrod  psoD  &  y  Royall  Bro. 


("291     ) 


iCtisicelliinea. 


Bheela>iia-6aira. — I  am  anxious  t^i  know  particulars  of  the  history  of 
this  individual,  at  wliat  time  she  liveJ,  Qutl  where  ?  There  is  a  caatle 
upon  the  top  o(  a  hill  about  two  miles  and  a-half  north  of  Borrisolcigh, 
io  the  territory  of  Ilcigh  ;  it  is  named  "  CuUahiU,"  and  is  said  to  have 
been  the  residence  of  "  Sheela-na-Guira  "  ;  that  her  name  was  Gillian 
Dnyer;  that  she  was  a  great  tyrant  and  oppressor  of  her  neighbours, 
and  had  killed  her  sister,  I  climbed  up  to  the  castle  lately.  It  is  oblong 
and  only  two  stories  high,  and  part  of  it  stems  to  have  been  blown  np 
with  gunpowder. — John  Batis  White,  Hun.  Fsllow ;  Hon.  Secretary  for 
South  Tippi-rary. 


Witchcraft  in  County  Limerick, — The  following  curious  outcome  of 
"  pishogucry"  appeared  not  long  since  in  the  newspapers : — At  New  Pallas 
Petty  Sessions,  Mrs.  Breen  prosecuteda  Mrs.  Bowles  for  breakingher  arm, 
under  the  following  peculiar  circumstance  : — It  appeared  that  Mrs.  Brcen 
went  to  drive  off  her  geese,  which  had  trespassed  on  the  defendant's  land ; 
but  Mrs.  Bowles,  either  believing  or  pretending  tu  believe  that  Mrs,  Breea 
wanted  to  steal  away  her  butter  by  pishogues,  got  in  a  passion,  assaulted 
the  intruder  and  threw  her  down,  her  arm  getting  broken  by  the  fall. 
The  magistrates,  believing  the  fracture  to  have  been  caused  by  accident, 
and  the  assault  by  the  prevailing  t<uperstilioii  about  "pishogues,"  titled 
the  BBBailflnt  £1  and  costs. — T.  Johnsuh  "WestkoI'F. 


Ballinamore  Coitle,  Chapel,  and  Bmying-gronnd,  County  Longford. 
— Last  week  I  visited  these  ruins ;  they  are  on  the  estate  of  James  Wilson, 
D.L.,  about  four  miles  from  Longford  and  one  from  Killashee,  lying  to  the 
south  of  these.  The  old  castle  has  a  wall  completely  encircling  it,  and 
at  one  comer  is  a  caponiere,  or  rounded  projecting  portion  of  the  wuU, 
which  enabled  the  defenders  to  enfilade  any  attacking  parties.  The  wall 
m^eras  of  an  early  date,  and  of  considerable  thickness  ;  only  two  walls  of 
the  old  castle  remain  standing,  and  are  now  in  a  dangerous  condition.  I 
found  the  traces  of  an  old  well  outsiile  the  walls,  and  further  than  this 
there  seemed  to  be  the  remains  of  an  old  moat,  in  which  a  little  stream 
at  present  runs.  The  castle  seems  to  me  to  deserve  further  investigation. 
Close  by  is  the  old  chapel,  or  rather  the  ruins  of  one,  almost  entirely 
concealtd  by  a  screen  of  thorns,  which  are  pluuted  in  a  circle  all  round, 
and  appear  very  old.     The  walls  of  the  chupel  are  rapidly  crumbling 


292 


ROYAL  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES   OF  lEELAND. 


away.  In  one  of  them,  however,  which  is  atill  about  10  feet  high,  I 
disuovered  a  atono  tablet  with  the  following  iuBcription  cut  on  it  in  a  very 
rough  manner : — 

16U. 


Needless  to  say  none  of  those  living  close  by  eould  give  me  any  cine  bb 
to  what  had  become  of  the  family.  I  ahould  presume  they  muat  hare 
owned  or  probnbly  lived  in  the  old  eastlc,  and  used  the  chapel  in  question 
for  their  religious  observances.  Any  light  that  could  be  thrown  on  the 
matter  will  be  much  appreciated. — J.  M.  "Wilson,  Mon.  Sterttary,  count)/ 
Longford. 


Aocount  of  the  disoovery  of  two  Btone  Graves  in  the  Caanty 
Donegal. — Near  the  town  of  Letterkenny,  and  not  far  from  the  banks  of 
the  Lough  Swilly,  a  farmer,  Mr.  Phileon,  was  ploughing  a  field  in  the 
month  of  May,  when  the  plough  struck  against  a  flag  which,  with  the 
force  of  the  blow,  was  turned  slightly  upwards.  He  at  oneo  saw  that 
there  was  a  cavity  underneath.  Clearing  away  the  clay,  which  was  about 
18  inches  deeper  than  the  usual  cultivation,  he  prized  up  the  flag  and 
discovered  an  ancient  stone  grave.  It  consisted  of  a  bottom  flog  with 
four  other  flags  set  on  their  edges,  and  so  forming  the  sides  and  ends. 
These  were  fimdy  wedged  on  the  outside  by  other  stoneB,  which  were 
quite  different  from  those  which  formed  the  grave,  and  had  the  appearance 
of  having  been  burnt.  The  grave  was  lying  east  and  west.  The  inside 
length  was  22  inches,  16  inches  wide,  and  IG  inches  deep.  The  grave 
contained  a  small  crock  or  ura  of  baked  clay,  of  a  dull  red  ordi'ah  colour, 
3  inches  high,  6  inches  in  diameter,  and  narrowing  in  to  5  inches  at  the 
top.  A.  pattern  runs  all  round,  covering  the  entire  outer  eurfaco  of  the 
urn,  giving  tlie  idea  that  Bomething  had  beeu  pressed  against  it  when 
Fioft  and  left  the  stamped  pattern  upon  it.  There  was  no  trace  of  any 
lid  or  cover,  and  the  urn  was  standing  upright  against  the  west  end  flag 
of  the  grave.  It  was  filled  with  ashes,  which  the  finder,  in  bis  haste  to 
discover  the  contents,  emptied  out  on  the  field. 

The  grave  contained  a  quantity  of  small  hones  and  ashes.  Upon 
visiting  this  interesting  find,  I  told  the  farmer  to  keep  a  careful  watch  in 
the  locality  of  the  grave,  ae  it  was  more  than  likely  another  was  in  the 
vicinity.  Having  acted  on  this  advice,  he  found  a  few  days  after  a  second 
grave  only  a  few  feet  away  from  the  first.  It  was  formed  exactly  like 
the  first,  hut  was  slightly  larger  throughout,  and  the  covering  flag 
was  very  much  larger  than  the  cover  of  the  first,  being  4  feet  long,  3  feet 


3  inches  brond,  and  7  incites  thick.  Upon  lifting  this  flag,  the  second 
grave  wns  found.  An  urn  a  littlu  larger  thau  the  first  was  also  found  in 
it,  standing  against  the  nest  end  ilag,  vhich  flag  waa  marked  with  a  white 
hard  subHtance  for  a  space  of  about  6  inches  against  the  spot  where  the 
side  of  the  nm  stood.  The  lip  of  the  um  also  on  that  side  was  on- 
crust-cd  with  the  same  white  Bubstouce  as  if  soraothing  had  efPervesoed 
over  the  um  upon  the  upright  flag.  This  um  also  contained  ashes,  bat 
on  attempting  to  lift  it,  although  done  with  extreme  care,  it  fell  to  pieces, 
being  of  an  exceedingly  friable  nature.  The  fragments  of  this  um  show 
an  ornament  of  an  entirely  different  pattern  from  that  on  the  first.  A 
quantity  of  fragments  of  bones  lay  in  the  bottom  of  the  grave  in  front  of 
theura — the  largest  about  4i  inches  long.  They  are  very  white  and 
porous,  hut  whether  they  have  been  subjected  to  the  action  of  fire  I  am 
unable  to  say  positively,  though  I  am  inclined  to  think  they  were.  Some 
crumbled  entirely  to  dust  on  being  handled,  while  others  remained  firm. 
About  a  gunshot  from  where  these  graves  were  found  there  is  an  ancient 
stan^g  stone.  It  is  only  four  feet  above  the  aui-face  now,  but  though 
ivatton  was  made  4  feet  deep  the  end  of  this  stone  was  not  reached, 
showing  that  it  must  be  at  leaat  8  feet  high.  It  is  a  very  hard  stone,  yet 
the  edges  are  smooth  by  the  nibbing  of  cattle.  Another  feature  pointed 
be  same  farm  is  that  in  the  field  adjoining  that  in  which  the 
graves  were  found  there  is  a  portion  occupying  about  half  an  acre  in  which 
the  olay  for  a  considerable  depth  is  quite  black  and  different  from  the 
surrounding  soil,  which  is  of  a  yellowish  colour.  When  I  visited  the 
place  the  field  was  sown  in  oats,  and  the  bright  lusnriant  green  of  this 
portion  was  remarkable  in  its  contrast  to  the  rest  of  the  field.  This  has 
probably  been  some  ancient  burying  place,  but  all  trace  of  when  it  was 
used  as  such  has  vanished,  though  further  investigations  in  the  place  may 
throw  some  light  upon  it.  Ifothing  in  the  shape  of  implements  or  orna- 
ments was  found  in  either  of  the  graves,  though  the  most  careful  search 
was  made  for  them. 

It  may  perhaps  he  worth  noticing  that  the  place  in  which  these  graves 

ere  found  lies  about  six  or  seven  miles  from  the  famous  Orianan  of 

Aileaeh,  and  that  in  the  country  lying  between,  I  am  informed  that  other 

finds  of  similar  nature  have  been  discovered  in  past  years,  though,  from 

the  sad  lack  of  interest  in  bygone  days  in  archseology,  no  account  waa 

taken  of  them.     There  are  also  places  around,  which  I  have  since  been 

shown,  that  appear  to  give  promise  of  much  interest  if  carefully  ex-  • 

^L       amined,  which  I  hope  to  do  (t>.  v.)  at  some  future  date. 

^H  While  engaged  in  examining  these  graves,  I  was  informed  of  the 

^H       existence  of  what  was  described  as  a  stone  anvil  in  a  distant  part  of  my 

^H      parish,  which  had  been  dug  up  some  years  ago,  and  which  the  people 

^H      called  a  "  Dane's  Anvil."     Soon  after,  I  went  to  seek  it,  and  found  it  in 

^H      a  garden  overgrown  with  weeds  as  a  thing  of  no  value.      It  is  now  in 

^H      my  possession.      It  is  of  very  hard  stone,  and  when  tapped  rings  almost 


I 


I 


294 


ROYAL   SOCIETY  OF    ANTIQUARIES   OF   IRELAND. 


equal  to  metal.  It  is  11  inches  high  ;  tho  foot  is  17  inchea  long;  the 
breadth  of  the  foot  at  hack  ib  13  inchea,  narrowing  in  the  front  to  ct 
point ;  tho  top  is  14  inches  long  by  6  inches  wide ;  the  waist  narrows 
in  at  the  middle  to  about  2  inches  thick,  and  10  inches  long.  It  weighs 
68  lbs.  I  have  never  met  anything  of  this  kind  before,  nor  can  I  find 
any  record  of  such  being  found,  and  shall  he  glad,  therefore,  if  any 
member  can  throw  light  upon  it. — Eev.  Casoit  Baillik,  m.a. 


Notes  on  Holed-atones. — With  reference  to  the  "hole-atone,"  or 
"  swearing-atone,"  in  the  churchyard  at  Castledermot,  deacribed  by  Lord 
"Walter  Fitz  Gerald  in  the  Society's  Journal  (pp.  68-69),  I  beg  to  aubjoin 
the  fallowing  notea  : — 

The  late  T.  S.  Muir'  refers  to  a  ccrtiiin  holed-stone  in  tho  extreme 
wnth-weat  of  Scotland  (Wigtownshire),  in  these  words; — "Continuing 
south-weaterly  for  a  couple  of  miles,  and  crossing  the  Bladenoch  at 
Salreagle  Fordj  we  came  to  another  pause  to  see  the  JTeU^-Uons,  on  the 
farm  of  Crows,  or  Croose  as  they  have  it  in  the  vernacular.  To  me  this 
was  rather  a  curiosity.  Pillars  bearing  inscribed  eroBses,  with  their  re- 
entering angles  circularly  perforated,  and  others,  themselves  cnicifonn, 
pierced  with  four  holes,  or  sometimes  with  three  only,  at  the  interaectioo 
of  the  limbs,  are  not  exactly  scarco  in  Scotland  ;  but  rude  granites,  or 
whins,  holed  in  any  way,  are  objects  which  I  cannot  say  I  have  more 
than  the  vaguest  remembrance  of  having  ever  before  seen,  though  I  should 
think  they  ought  to  be  found  here  and  there  if  specially  sought  out  for  in 
our  outlying  districts."  A  representation  given  of  this  stone  ahows  that 
it  differs  in  many  respects  from  the  one  at  Caatledermot,  being  very  much 
ruder,  and  devoid  of  any  inscribed  cross,  But  both  of  these,  and  the 
others  refeircd  to  by  Mr.  Muir,  clearly  belong  to  one  general  order,  though 
presenting  many  difCerencea.  Mr.  Muir  adda : — "In  Devonshire  and 
Cornwall,  where,  under  tho  name  of  Tolm^  or  Min-an-tol,  the  holed-stone 
is  of  frequent  occurrence,  story  almost  invariably  associates  it  with  the 
eocrificial  ritca  of  the  Bruids,  But  touching  Scotch  examples,  I  find  it 
here  and  there  stated  that  at  or  through  such  holes  compacts  and  vows 
were  made,  and,  accompanied  by  certain  extravagant  forma,  prayers 
tor  reatoration  of  health."  Beadera  of  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "  Pirate"  will  at 
once  recall  his  reference  to  the  "  Promise  of  Odin,"  with  regard  to  which 
he  Bays  (note  T) : — "  It  is  curious  to  obsorvo  that  the  rites  with  which 
such  attestations  are  still  made  in  Orkney  correspond  to  those  of  the 
ancient  Northmen.  It  appears  from  several  authorities  that  in  the 
Norso  ritual,  when  an  oath  was  imposed,  ho  by  whom  it  was  pledged 
passed  his  hand,  while  pi'onouncing  it,  through  a  massive  ring  of  silver 

0  of  the  laliuida  of  Scotland"  (Edinburgh,  I88S, 


I 

I 
I 


kept  for  that  ptirpoae.'  In  like  manner,  two  porEwna,  generally  lovers, 
deairoiiB  to  take  the  promiso  of  Odin,  which  they  considered  as  peculiarly 
binding,  joined  hands  through  a  circular  hole  in  a  Bacriflcial  stoue  which 
lies  in  the  Orcadian  Stonehenge,  calleJ  the  Circle  of  Stennis.  ,  .  ,  The 
ceremony  is  now  confined  to  the  troth- plighting  of  the  lower  classea." 

A  Comish  archieologist  has  also  the  following  noteworthy  remarks  : — 
"  Granite  slabs  from  3  to  6  feet  long,  each  perforated  with  a  hole  of  about 
5  inches  bore,  have  been  found  near  these  [so-called  Druidieal]  temples. 
Four  such,  including  a  broken  one,  are  lying  on  the  common,  about  a. 
qnarter  of  a  mile  north-eaat-by-eost  of  the  Tregeaeal  temple  [which  is 
close  to  St.  Just]  ;  and  two  may  bo  seen  near  the  Dawns  Myin,'  at  the 
gaps  or  entrancoB  into  fields,  one  on  th«  north  across  the  great  road,  the 
other  towards  the  east.  These  '  holed-Btones '  arc  supposed  to  have 
been  used  for  securing  the  victims.  And  Toland,  in  his  '  History  of  the 
Dmids,'  speaking  of  two  circular  temples  in  the  Orkney  Islands,  says : — 
'  Near  the  lesser  temple  stands  two  stones  .  .  .  through  the  middle 
of  which  is  a  large  hole,  to  which  criminals  and  victims  were  tied' 
(p.  91)."'  A  most  unusual  example  of  the  holed-stonc  is  further  described 
by  the  same  writer.  "  Two  fui'Iongs  west  of  the  Daanu  Myin  is 
the  ^i*n-iin-/o/ {' thcholod-stone,'  tol  signifying  'hole'),  which  consists 
of  three  stones  set  upright  in  a  straight  line  east  and  west  by  compass. 
The  central  one  is  3i  feet  high.  .  .  .  This  central  slab  is  something  like 
a  very  large  ancient  upper  millstone,  with  a  hole  through  it  of  four  times 
greater  diameter  than  usual.  It  is  rudely  convex  on  its  eastern,  and 
nearly  fiat  on  its  western  side.  The  hole,  too,  like  that  in  an  ancient 
upper  millstone,  is  considerably  larger  on  the  convex,  or  upper  side, 
than  on  the  opposite,  and  is  nearly  circular,  with  a  diameter  at  the  smaller 
end  of  about  17  inches.  This  hole  faces  each  of  the  outer  stones,  so 
that  the  circumference,  or  plane,  of  the  slab  through  which  it  is  bored,  is 
in  a  line  north  and  south  by  compass,  and  also  nearly  in  a  line  with 
Lanyon  Quoit.  Por  what  superstitioua  purpose  this  stone  was  used  it  is 
Toin  to  eonjecturo.  The  only  tradition  connected  therewith  is  that 
pOTBons  afflicted  with  the  crick,  or  rheumatism,  who  crawl  or  are  drawn 
through  it,  are  cured  by  this  operation.  Hence  it  is  called  by  the 
neighbouring  villagers  the  'Crick-atone,'"  This  stone,  of  which  an 
illuitration  is  given,  shows  a  manifest  departure  from  the  rule  ;  as  not 
only  one's  hand  but  the  whole  body  can  pass  through  it.  Tot  it  is  seen 
from  B  further  reference  of  this  writer's  that  this  mSn-an-lol  is  only 
exceptional  in  so  far  as  it  is  a  monolith  having  an  aperture  of  such  di- 
mensions;  because,    in  referring  to   another   tolmen,  he   says: — "The 


'  Ought  ono  not  lo  regard  batrottal  a^d  marmge  r 
dea?— D.  M'E. 

'  Slid  ta  mean  the  "  djtnce-stonea."     It  is  a  Comish  "Stonehpnge, 
ir  Btb  milea  S.W.  of  Ponimce.— D.  M'R. 


iga  u  modificatioiu  of  the  «Bni» 
lituBted  four 


296 


EOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  AMTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 


in  Dr.  "Willinm  Marshaira  "Historic  Scenes 
;   1880,  p.  313)  seems  clearly  to  relate  to  the 


'  hole '  from  which  the  Tolmin  deriTes  its  name,  and  through  which  a  man 
can  walk  in  a  stooping  posture,  is  not  in  the  rook  itseli,  but  between  the 
two  points  on  which  it  rests.'"  Thua,  ho  practically  leaves  us  to  inter 
that  the  term  toli/un,  or  dolmen  properly  denotes  one  or  more  stones, 
either  (in  the  case  of  a  monolith)  perforated  by  a  hole,  or  else  arranged 
in  such  a  manner  as  te  leave  an  aperture,  often  large  enough  for  a  person 
to  crawl  through. 

Among  the  "  holod-stones "  proper,  and  owning  the  same  ori^  aa 
the  others,  I  should  Include  the  now-prostrate  "  bore-stone "  on  the 
field  of  Sannockbum,  in  the  perforation  of  which  King  Robert  Bruce  is 
said  to  have  fixed  hia  standard  before  the  battle  (1314).  Also  another 
"  boro-stone  "  at  Momiugsldc,  Edinburgh,  in  which  James  IV.  is  said  to 
have  fixed  hit  standard  before  the  Battle  of  Flodden  (1513).  I  confess 
that  neither  of  these  traditions  reeommead  themselves  to  mo,  and  I  imagine 
the  easiest  and  surest  way  of  fixing  the  fiagstaS  would  be  to  plant  it 
firmly  in  the  earth.  There  ia  also  a  "  boro-stone  "  in  the  Pentlond-MIls, 
some  miles  to  the  south  of  Edinburgh.  And  I  should  further  anggest 
that  the  place-name  "  Thirlestane,"  which  occurs  once  or  twice  in  the 
south  of  Scotland,  owes  its  origin  to  a  "thiiled"  or  "drilled"  stone 
in  the  neighbourhood. 

The  following  passage 
in  Perthshire"  (Edinburgh 
same  order  of  atones : — 

"  On  the  high  ground,  about  a  mile  north-west  of  this  ruin  [Gmcom 
Sa,'  parish  of  Trinity-Gask],  is  the  'Boro-stone,'  a  most  singular- 
looking  block,  standing  about  Sj-  feet  high,  with  two  holes  through  it 
near  the  top.  It  had  once  an  inscription,  which  time  has  so  obliterated, 
that  not  a  word  of  it  can  now  be  deciphered.  It  was  also  covered  with 
rude  sculpture  in  animal  figures,  the  chief  of  which  may  yet  be  dis- 
tinguished as  those  of  the  bear,  the  stag,  aud  the  elephant.  There  is  no 
lore  extant  about  this  stone,  and  nothing  but  tlie  most  uncertain  con- 
jectures has  been  offered  concerning  it.  One  of  these  is  that  the  'Bore- 
stone'  was  a  place  of  meeting  for  hunting  the  wild  boar,'  in  those  days 
wben  it  disputed  with  our  ancestors  the  sovereignty  of  the  count^. 
Ajiother  ia  that  it  was  a  place  of  punishment  Cor  evil-doers ;  a  sort  of 
pillory  to  which  they  were  fastened,  their  arms  being  put  through  the 
holes  in  the  stones,  and  tied  together  on  the  other  side,  in  which  position 
they  stood  a  spectacle,  doing  penance  till  rude  justice  was  satisfied  for 
the  offences  which  they  had  committed." 

As  to  the  original  use  of  these  "  hole-fitones,"  or  "  holod-stones,"  it 
seems  at  least  clear  that  the  idea  of  their  being  "  used  for  securing  (Jis 
victims"  is  quite  erroneous.  The  Costledermot  term  of  "  the  swearing- 
stone  "  sgrecB  perfectly  with  the  statements  mode  by  Mr.  T.  S.  Uuir  and 

'  For  tbiwe  variouE  Corniah  referencea,  see  pp.  18,  19,  iinil  IBS  of  "The  I^nd'l 
Ecd  DletHi't,"  bj  Eidmrd  Edmoads  (LoDdon  and  PeuzLiai:?,  1BS2), 

'  ObviouBly  ou  the  nssuuiption  that  the  name  is  "  thu  ISoar  Stune  " — D.  M'R. 


MI8CELLABT1A. 


297 


Sir  Walter  Scott.  Evidently  an  important,  if  not  an  osBential  feature  of 
tho  ceremony  was  that  the  hand,  or  (whore  it  was  possible)  the  entire 
body,  should  pass  through  the  hole.  For  my  own  part,  I  am  disposed  to 
regard  all  such  holed-stones  and  ioltnini,  and  also  the  "massive  ring 
of  silver  kept  for  that  purpose,"  to  which  Scott  refers,  as  so  many  surti- 
toIb of  phollioism. — Batid  MAaRrrcHiB,  f.s.a.  (Scot.) 


I 
I 


A  Charm  Doctor  at  Work. — At  Lurgan,  in  July  of  this  year,  a  moa 
named  Owtn  M'llmurray  was  convicted  of  manslaughter  by  a  coroner's 
jury,  after  an  inquest  on  the  body  of  Mr.  Archer,  a  builder  in  that  town. 
Mr,  Archer  waa  sufiering  from  erysipelas,  and  was  being  treated  by  two 
physiciims,  uniler  whose  care  he  was  progressing  favourably,  when 
M'llmurray  undertook  to  "  charm"  the  disease  away.  Besides  mutter- 
ing his  spells,  be  removed  tho  doctor's  applications,  and  substituted  a 
composition  of  his  own,  which,  in  their  opinion  at  least,  accelerated  the 
patient's  death. 

The  Treaty  Stone  of  Limerick. — Tho  Limerick  Corporation  Com- 
mittee regards  this  interesting  relic  in  the  proper  liglit,  and  were  right- 
eously angry  on  hearing  recently  that  it  was  being  whittled  away 
under  tlie  very  noses  of  the  City  Fathers,  On  a  recent  occasion  Mr. 
Bonnelly  complained  that  people  were  seen  with  hammers  taking  away 
pieces  of  it,  and  Hi.  Bassctt  supplemented  ihe  intelligence  by  stating 
that  he  happened  te  pass  that  way  one  Sunday  and  saw  people  attacking 
the  venerable  mass  and  carrying  it  off  picce-meiil.  "  Nothing  {says  ono 
of  the  local  papers)  is  sacred  from  the  plundering  Saxon,  the  too- 
admiring  Celt,  or  the  iconoclastic  Yankee,  and  the  perpetrators  probably 
thought  the  better  the  day  the  better  the  deed."  Mr.  Crcgan,  deeply 
moved  by  the  recital  of  the  outrage,  expressed  the  hope  that  "  any 
citizen  passing  by  should  take  any  fellow  injuring  it  by  the  neck,"  but 
as  this  opinion  was  strong  ho  modified  it  by  stating  that  tho  irate  citiaen 
should  "  remonstrate  with  him  at  any  rate,"  an  advice  which,  if  not 
heroic,  is  at  least  prudent.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  such  acts  of  vandali-im. 
will  be  peremptorily  suppressod. 

Longevity, — In  the  late  Itlr.  Them's  very  amusing  and  interesting 
work  on  this  subject,  he  exposed  a  number  of  pretended  claims  to  cen- 
tenarianism,  and  concluded  his  labours,  which  were  indefatigable  and 
exhaustive,  by  saying  that  he  had  no  doubt  whatever  they  were  for  the 
most  part  vain,  and  that  those  claims  would  bo  again  and  again  set  up  in 
books  and  newspapers,  as  boldly  as  ever,  though  he  had  proved  them 
baseless.  One  of  the  deliberate  impostures  which  be  exposed  was  per- 
petrated by  an  old  man  a  native  of  Kerry  who  died  in  Brighton  several 
years  ago.     He  represented  himself  aa  over  100  years  of  age,  and  an 


298 


ROYAL  SOCIETT  OF  AHTIQ0AEIE8  OP  IHELAND. 


es-BoIdier  of  the  BrittBh  nnny,  who  had  served  in  the  Peninsuln  and  else- 
where, until  he  became  quite  a  celebrity  in  Sussex.  Mr.  Thom  hunted 
up  parish  regiatrieB,  army  liatfl,  and  every  trustworthy  source  of  informa- 
tion, until  he  succeeded  in  proving  this  old  man  was  an  arrant  impostor, 
in  every  flense  of  the  word,  that  ho  had  served  for  a  very  short  time  in  a 
British  infantry  regiment,  and  had  then  deserted,  never  having  been  in 
any  battle,  and  that  he  could  not  have  been  much  more  than  90,  if  so 
much,  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

It  is  too  much  forgotten  that  centenarianism  must  be  proved  by  legal 
or  at  least  very  trustworthy  evidence.  Just  as  middle-aged  or  elderly 
people  are  inchned  to  make  themselves  appear  younger  than  they  really 
are,  so  very  young  and  rery  old  people  are  inclined  to  make  them- 
selves appear  older.  Vanity  makes  all  alike  play  strange  tricks  on 
this  subject.  I  remember  when  I  was  not  more  than  13,  telling  people 
that  I  was  15,  the  only  time  in  my  life  I  ever  deceived  anyone  aa  to  my 
real  age.  lu  or  about  1876,  when  I  was  residing  in  Kerry,  on  old  gen- 
tleman named  William  Walker  Conuor,  died  near  Tralee,  and  was  gazetted 
in  all  the  local  newspapers  as  a  centenarian.  On  examining  the  parish 
registers  I  found  from  the  date  of  the  birth  of  his  elder  brother,  whom  I 
remember  well,  having  often  seen  him,  and  who  died  in  1849,  that  he,  the 
supposed  centenarian,  could  not  have  been  much  over  90.  As  regards  the 
Margaret  Irwin  mentioned  by  Miss  Howan  as  having  died  in  Brogue- 
lane,  Tralee,  a  few  months  ago  at  the  age  of  100,  or  more,  1  rather  suspect 
she  was  identical  with  a  woman  of  that  name  whom  I  remember  living  in 
Nelson-street  in  that  town  more  than  forty-five  years  ago,  in  or  about 
1845,  when  she  was  then  I  should  say,  about  40,  or,  at  most,  50.  Has 
Miss  Howan  looked  up  the  certificate  of  her  baptism  ?  Traditions  and 
reports  are  not  to  be  trusted.  And  even  parish  registers  alone  may  mis- 
lead us.  For,  as  Mr.  Thom  points  out,  nothing  is  more  coramon  than  for 
parents  to  give  a  child  the  Christian  name  of  an  elder  child  who  has  died 
half-a-dozen  years  before.  An  older  sister  of  mine,  bom  in  1811,  died 
in  1823  ;  and  when  I  was  bom  and  baptized  in  1825,  I  received  her 
Christian  name.  Now,  a  stranger  turning  over  the  leaves  of  Tralee  parish 
register,  and  lighting  on  the  entry  of  the  birth  and  baptism  of  my  elder 
sister  and  namesake  in  1811  (wlio  died  in  1823)  might  naturally  suppose 
it  referred  to  me.  In  all  such  searches  the  entries  for  years  and  years 
must  be  carefully  examined  or  mistakes  are  sure  to  be  made  ;  but  such  a 
careful  examination  requires  patience  as  great  as  Mr.  Tliom's.  Few 
searchers,  I  tliink,  possess  it,  and  little  wonder,  for  unless  one  was  in- 
spired by  the  hope  of  succeeding  to  an  estate,  or  fortune,  by  finding 
entries  of  certain  births,  deaths,  or  marriages,  the  most  wearisome  and 
dry-as-dust  work  iu  the  world  is  the  turning  over  the  pages  of  old  parish 
registers  to  look  for  them. 

Some  eight  or  ten  years  ago  I  showed  in  a  series  of  Papers  in  the 
Reliquary,  to  the  satisfaction   of  the  then   editor,    Llewellyn  Jewitt, 


MISCELLANEA.  299 

P.B.J..,  the  Sev.  Jbiucb  Qrares,  and  the  Rev.  8.  Hayman,  that  the 
whole  fltory  of  the  "  Old  Countess  of  Desmond,"  as  popularly  accepted, 
was  a  more  bundle  of  mythB,  contradicting  one  another,  and  more 
or  lesa  deliberately  false ;  hut  founded  on  a  most  commonplace  fraud. 
Raleigh  bad  obtained  his  immense  estates  wasted  by  war,  and  deserted, 
as  well  as  burdened  with  a  jointure  for  the  Countess,  and  he  made  leases 
to  several  tenants  of  lands  in  and  around  Youghal,  at  small  rents,  for  her 
life,  with  a  clause  that  on  her  death  those  rents  should  he  doubled  or 
trebled.  Those  tenants  joined  with  Sir  John  Fitz  Gerald  of  Cloyne,  who 
bad  old  claims  on  their  Youghal  lands,  and  was  an  unscrupulous  trickster 
in  such  matters,  to  persuade  Raleigh,  who  was  constantly  an  absentee, 
that  the  Old  Countess  was  living  long  after  she  had  been  gathered  to  hoi 
fathers.  But  when  Raleigh  sold  his  Youghal  lands  to  Sir  Richard  Boylo, 
that  able  and  not-to-be-deeeivcd  undertaker  soon  put  an  end  to  the  myth, 
and  raised  his  rents  accordingly,  without  making  any  fuss  over  it, 
because  he  desired  to  keep  on  good  terms,  as  far  as  possible,  with  the 
Cloyne  Fitz  Geralds  and  his  Irish  neighbours  generally.  The  rery  year 
in  which  Boyle  entered  into  possession  of  his  Youghal  lands  is  that 
always  assigned  as  the  date  of  the  death  of  the  Old  Countess.  Carew,  in 
his  USS.,  at  Lambeth,  says,  that  she  is  said  to  have  then  died  ;  but  it  ia 
noteworthy,  that  he  never  once  mentions  that  he  had  ever  seen  her  or 
beard  of  her  great  age,  although  he  had  resided  for  years  in  Munstcr.  In 
fact  no  English  ofRcial  or  undertaker  but  Raleigh  ever  tells  us  he  bad  seen 
ber,  nor  does  any  Irish  chronicler  of  the  Geraldine  family  history  notice 
ber  existence  at  all.  It  is  possible  that  she  was  living  in  1575,  and 
then  60  or  62,  but  we  have  not  a  particle  of  proof  before  us  that  she  was 
living  in  1604,  or  that  she  ever  lived  tcbe  even  100  years  old.  ThcleaseB 
and  other  documents  on  which  I  based  my  new  and  true  solution  of  this 
eld  puzzle  are  given  ot  length  in  tho  Jielijuary  for  1881-2,  published  by 
Messrs.  Bemrose  and  Son  :  London.— Makz  Hiceson. 

Eeport  of  Hon.  local  Secretary,  Co.  Kerry. — The  researcbeB  ol 
Archdeacon  Rowan,  Richard  Hitchcock,  and  others,  have  left  few 
"discoveries"  for  antiquaries  in  Kerry.  Even  Kilclton,  which  was 
virtually  unknown  to  all  but  Windcle  uud  myself  until  1B79-80,  woa 
bis  "  discovery,"  I  may  say,  not  mine.  Yet,  os  in  that  case,  many  very 
interesting  objects  after  their  discovery  years  ago,  or  recently,  have 
remained  unnoticed  and  forgotten.  I  therefore  beg  to  call  your  attention 
to  the  following ; — 

1.  Some  extremely  curious  caves,  wholly  or  partly  artificial,  on 
Kerry  Head,  near  Ballyheigue  Castle.  The  late  William  Maunsell 
Hennessy,  Assistant  Deputy  Keeper  of  the  Public  Records,  Dublin, 
traiuilator  of  the  "  Annuls  of  Locb  C4,"  in  the  Rolls  Series  of  Pub- 
lications,  told  me  several  years  ago  that  be  bad  examined  them  in 


300 


ROYAL   SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQDAEIES   OF   IRELAND. 


company  witb  Colonel  and  the  Misses  Crosbie,  of  Ballyheigae  Castle,  and 
that  th(^y  were  amongst  the  most  interostiiig  he  had  ever  seen.  They 
were  nnkoown  until  be  found  them,  and  have  never  been  noticed  in 
print. 

2.  A  "  Giant's  Qrave,"  as  it  is  called,  on  a  mountain  near  Enook- 
down,  or  Knockduin,  between  Scartaglen  and  Williamstown,  on  the  east 
side  ot  Kerry,  It  is  15  feet  long,  and  in  part  surrounded  by  a  row  of 
slanting  stones,  about  two  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  ground.  One  of 
those  stones  having  been  displaced  a  few  years  ago,  a  flag,  or  series  of 
flags,  covering  the  chamber  or  ciat  beneath,  was  revealed.  The  "  grave" 
is  covered  with  short,  green  grass,  while  all  around  is  the  heath  and  furze 
of  the  mountain.  Local  traditions  say  that  a  chief  named  Dormot  Duln, 
who  fled  from  Mayo,  after  a  great  battle  in  that  connty,  a.d.  101,  is 
buried  here,  and  that  the  mountain  was  called  after  him. 

3.  A  small  cave,  with  an  ^entrance  very  like  that  of  a  Mayo  Firholg 
dwelling  pitturcd  in  Wilde's  "  Lough  Corrib,"  lying  close  to  the  6eld 
path  leading  from  the  rend  between  Castle  Gregory  and  Connor  Hill  to 
the  picturesque  glen  of  Mahanuboe,  in  south-west  Kerry,  This  cave  ia, 
I  believe,  within  the  limits  of  a  townland  called  Glenahoo,  rtete  Qlen-tta- 
huamfia,  i.e.  T/if  glen  of  tht  Care,  which  would  indicate  that  in  ancient 
times  this  cave  and  its  neighbourLood  wcro  of  some  local  importance.  In 
support  of  this  theory  there  is  another  glen  close  by  called  Loughadoon; 
in  this  lough  is  n  small  island,  and  fifty -three  years  ago  my  brother  found 
traces  of  piles  or  stockade  fortifications  at  the  edge  of  the  lake  and  island.' 
Just  behind  Loughadoon  and  Glenahoo  is  a  mountain  and  ravine  called 
Coumanare,  i.e.  the  ravine  or  valley  of  slaughter  (vidt  Joyce,  Ist  aeries, 
"Names  of  Places,"  p.  108),  in  which  an  immense  number  ot  wooden 
arrowheads  hove  been  picked  out  of  the  bog  and  mountain  side.  Uaho- 
naboe  (the  glen  of  the  cows)  affords  fine  pasture  ground ;  and  with  Glena- 
hoo, Loughadoon,  and  Coumanare,  close  adjoining,  this  still  beautiful, 
but  now  scantily  peopled  rural  district,  in  old  times  was  a  populous  one, 
and  worth  contending  for  and  fortifying  by  the  western  tribes.  When  I 
visited  the  cave  in  1839,  it  appeared  to  extend  far  under  the  northern, 
slope  of  the  mountain  glen  of  Mahunaboe,  having  a  passage  with  two 
chambers  off  it,  but  further  exploration  may  discover  more.  My  visit 
was  a  short  and  hurried  one.  The  cave  had  never  before  been  entered 
in  modem  times. 

4.  A  curious  carved  stone,  probably  a  fragment  of  the  old  church  of 
St.  John,  or  Temnpull  a  Selait,  as  it  is  called,  which  before  1600,  8tood 
on  the  site  of  the  present  Protestant  Church  of  Tralee,  close  to  St.  John'a- 
lane,  the  ancient  possession  of  the  Knights  Hospitallers,  as  shown  by  me 

I  Dr,  £iut«ed,  vbo  exsmined  tbe  island  witliin  die  last  lirent;  fears,  lelli  me  ha 
Dould  not  find  any  (rates  of  Uie  aloctads  or  piles,  but  my  oldest  brother  ceilaiiiif  saw 
them  there  in  or  about  I83S-40,  and  the  Jnsh  name  of  the  jilnce,  Lmigli-a-doBn  {dun), 
points  to  a  fortreu  or  eraimose  having  exbled  there  in  ancient  timec. 


UISCELL&NEA. 


I 


in  the  Joumitl  tot  Salj,  1889.  This  carved  stono  was  picked  up  and  built 
into  the  south-east  corner  of  the  large  tomb  of  the  Day  familj-,  iu  or 
about  1804,  by  the  masona  who  made  the  tomb.  It  remained  there  un- 
noticed until  the  late  Mr.  Henderson,  churchwarden  of  Traleo  pariah, 
showed  it  to  mo  in  1880.  I  called  Mr.  Lynch's  attention  to  it  last  year, 
and  he  kindly  took  a  rubbing  of  the  sculpture,  which  he  thinks  dates  from 
the  16th  or  17th  century.  I  thought  it  looked  of  earlier  date  than  1500, 
but  defer  to  the  opinion  of  a  better  judge  than  myself.  The  old  church 
was  destroyed  in  the  Desmond  wars  of  1679-1600,  and  the  restored  one 
was  again  demolished  in  1641  and  in  1691.  But  tho  inscribed  font  of 
1630,  and  tho  old  black  letter  Bible,  with  metal  clasps  and  perforated 
metal  plates,  to  permit  of  its  being  chained  to  the  lectern,  are  still  pre- 
served in  the  church  and  rectory.  It  is,  I  thick,  the  oldest  Protestant 
Church  Bible  in  Ireland. 

5.  A  tombstone  from  the  old  Dominican  church  or  graveyard  once 
around  it,  which  stone  is  now  built  into  the  lower  part  of  tho  north  end 
of  the  west  wall  of  Abbey- street,  Tralee.  It  was  seen  by  De  Burgo  in  the 
mined  abbey  of  his  time,  and  is  noticed  in  his  "  Hibemia  Dominicana." 
The  following  is  an  esact  copy  of  the  inscription  as  it  appeared  in  1847, 
and  for  some  twenty  years  afterwards,  but  when  I  saw  it  in  1879  it  was 
much  defaced  but  still  legible : — 


USED  IK   T8B  TUft   I6S5. 

Sominiok  Roche  forfeited  lands  near  Castle  Island  in  1649,  and  he  ta 
a  namesake  of  his  forfeited  Tarbert,  and  is  described  in  tho  Survey  Books 
ol  Sir  "William  Petty,  as  "  a  Pretetlani,  bul  terving  in  th»  Irith  Army." 
Jordan  Hoche,  Esq.,  is  set  down  in  a  List  of  Boman  Catholic  Proprietors 
of  lands  in  Kerry  taken  in  1656,  as  owner  of  portions  of  Iraghticonnor,  in 
the  north  of  the  county.  Ho  was  probably  the  descendant  of  Alderman 
Jordan  Roche,  executed  by  Ireton  after  the  taking  of  Limerick.  James  II. 
after  his  abdication  created  Dominick  Roche  of  Limerick  Yiscount  Tarbert 
in  1691.  A  Jordan  R^che,  probably  the  last  of  this  family,  lived  in  Tralee 
in  the  present  century,  about  forty -five  yoars  since.  Ho  was  a  lespectablo 
solicitor,  and,  I  thiidi,  a  Protestant. 

Those  two  old  stones  ought  to  be  removed  to  their  fitting  places,  which 
might  be  done  without  injury  to  the  tomb  or  the  wall  where  they  an  nov 
misplaced.— Ma ar  Aqkes  Hicisoif. 


303        EOTAL  90CTETT  OP  ANTIQUABIEa  OP  lEELAND. 

Tinnebiscli  Castle. — This  caetle  was  biiilt  in  tlie  16tli  century  by  the 
Mountgarrett  ButlerB  to  overawe  the  Kavanagbs.  From  a  document 
still  preserved,  it  appears  that  in  1581 — 

"Tho  I^rd  Deputy,  out  of  his  bounty, 
Built  anotiicr  Bt  tho  eipooBe  o(  the  county  " 

at  St.  Mullins,  to  guard  the  navigation  of  the  Barrow  agwnst  the  Eava* 
naghB,  and  prevent  them  taking  "  excessive  customeB  of  all  such  boatea 
83  gocth  to  Carlow  and  Athy  with  wares  and  merchandizes  of  ye  men  of 
ye  towne  of  Rosso." 

"  Spayne'B  wyno  "  (Spanish  wine),  "  figgCB,"  raisins,  and  a  famous 
drink  called  "  Robbe  Davye  "  (probably  the  John  Jameson  of  that  time), 
were  frequently  laid  violent  bands  on  ;  oven  tbe  boat  itself  on  one  occasion 
was  taken  "  wholia  polls,"  and  John  Loynagh  (Lyng),  the  owner  thereof, 
BO  sore  wounded  that  tbe  healing  cost  16«. 

Tinnehinch  Castle  also  guarded  a  wooden  bridge,  tbe  first  ncrosa  the 
river  at  tbie  place.  We  find,  in  December  of  the  year  1549,  a  project 
was  sent  to  Government  for  making  a  bridge  over  the  Barrow  between 
*'  Buiske  Abbey  "  and  the  "  Kavonaghs'  Country."  At  tbe  building  of 
tbe  present  lock  about  seventy  years  ago  some  of  the  old  oak  piles  of  this 
bridge  were  taken  up. 

In  1642  this  castle  was  occupied  by  James  Butler,  brother  of  Lady 
Anna  of  the  Abbey,  and  son  of  the  2nd  Lord  Mountgarrett.  He  was  a 
great  politician,  maintained  a  correspondence  with  Spain,  and  took  a 
prominent  part  in  tbe  rebellion.  He  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for 
tbe  Governorship  of  county  Carlow  with  the  Supreme  Council,  which 
gave  it  to  Colonel  "Walter  Bagenal  of  Dunlcckny.'  In  the  Cromwelliaa 
wars  tbia  castle  was  held  by  tbe  Confederate  troops,  and  tbe  bridge  here 
was  used  by  the  Marquis  of  Ormond  to  throw  succours  into  Wexford 
County,  then  threatened  by  Cromwell.  Here  tbe  "  armie,"  under 
command  of  the  Lord  Marquis  of  Ormond,  encamped  on  the  night  of  the 
lOtb  March,  1642,  after  a  battle  with  Mountgarrett' s  forces,  the  bttor 
being  driven  back  on  Kilkenny.  An  English  drummer  who  was  captured 
broke  away  from  the  Irish,  swam  the  river,  and  came  to  tbe  "  armie," 
where  ho  gave  information  regarding  Lieut. -Colonel  Butler,  who  was  a 
prisoner  in  Lord  Ormond's  camp. 

From  here,  also,  tbe  Marquis,  with  the  consent  of  tbe  Commissioners 
of  Trust,  sent  through  Scollagb  Pass,  under  the  command  of  Incbiquin, 
tho  unfortunate  Glasearrig  Expedition.' 

The  castle  is  built  on  a  rock  ;  the  present  entrance  is  broken  through 
the  large  kitchen  fireplace,  to  tbe  right  of  which  may  be  seen  tbe  remains 
of  an  ancient  oven  built  round  with  fircstone,  and  arched  with  flags ;  to 
the  loft  is  a  hollowed  stone  used  for  conveying  water  through  tbe  wall 


MISCELLANEA.  303 

into  the  caatle.  The  original  entrance  was  a  small  door  in  an  angle 
at  the  west  eide,  which  was  defended  by  a  "  murdering  hole "  at 
the  top  of  tho  huilding.  On  the  eaatem  comer,  next  the  river,  are 
the  remains  of  a  barbican  or  watch-tower,  well  constructed  on  corbels 
projecting  from  the  walla,  by  which  the  northern  and  eastern  sides  of  the 
castle  were  defended.  On  the  top  of  this  tower  a  short  time  ago  waa  a 
very  loose  stone  projecting,  which  endangered  the  life  of  anyone  passing 
below.  As  there  was  no  way  of  reaching  where  it  was  pweed — a  ladder 
of  sufficient  length  not  being  obtainable — Mr.  Deane,  who  holds  the 
premises,  charged  at  it  with  powder  and  ball,  and  after  a  few  ahota 
succeeded  ia  dislodging  the  stone,  when  it  fell  without  doing  further 

Many  tales  and  stories  of  wild  romance,  in  which  the  owners  of  this 
castle  bore  a  leading  part,  are  etill  told  by  the  old  people  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood, and  hare  bceu  published  in  a  little  book  on  QraignamBnagh 
and  St.  UuUins.— P.  O'Leabt. 


Fowlke  Family  (Journal,  page  178  present  volume). — My  ancestor, 
John  White,  of  Eilbyrne,  Donerailc,  married,  in  1725,  Ann,  daughter  of 
John  Fowlke,  of  Ballinbrittick  (now  Cecilatown),  parish  of  Castlemagner, 
diocese  of  Cloyne,  county  Cork.  Her  mother's  name  was  Ann.  Her 
brotherfl  were  named  Robert,  Tolverton,  and  Joseph.  Robert's  will  is  in 
the  Record  Office,  Dublin,  dated  1741,  He  is  buried  in  Castlemagner 
churchyard. 

I  also  find  that  Elizabeth  ffowlke,  of  Ballinbrittig,  widow,  married 
Mateon  Andrews,  of  Cork,  in  1683 ;  also  John  Wilkinson,  of  Limerick, 
married  EUenor  ffowlke,  of  pariah  of  Castlemagner,  in  same  year. 

The  Fowlko  family  appear  to  have  left  Castlemagner,  county  Cork, 
as  I  have  made  iuijuiries,  and  hear  there  is  no  person  of  that  name  there 
now.     I  should  be  glad  to  know  where  they  have  gone  to. 

The  marriage  settlement  of  John  White,  of  Kilbyme,  and  Afin 
Fowike,  was  witnessed  by  Christian  Grove,  Isabelle  Hely,  Rob.  Fowke, 
and  John  Fowke. — J.  Grotb  White,  Major,  57th  Regiment,  Doneraile, 
county  Cork,  20th  July,  1892. 

CongreH  of  Archeeologlcal  Societies. — The  fourth  congress  of 
ArchiEological  Societies  in  union  with  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  was 
hold  on  Wednesday,  July  20th,  in  the  rooms  of  the  Society  at  Burlington 
House.  Representatives  from  the  following  Associations  were  present ; — 
Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Ireland,  British  Archsologicol  Assoeia- 
tion,  Boyal  ArohsBoiogical  Institute,  Oiford  Architectural  and  Historical 
Society,  Oxford  Archieological  Society,  Norfolk  and  Norwich  Antiquarian 
Society,  Kent  Arch  Biological  Society,  Bucks  Archieologioal  Society,  Mid- 
land  Institute    (Birmingham),   Lancashire    and    Cheshire    Antiquarian 


304        ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  AMTIQUARIE8  OF  IRELAND. 

Society,  Shropshire  Archteologjcitl  Society,  Subsos  Archffiological  Associa- 
tion, Surrey  AjchDEologioal  Society,  Derbyshire  Aichffiologioal  and  Natu- 
ral History  Society,  Berks  Arch»ological  Society,  Yorkshire  A  rchroological 
and  Topographical  Society,  Woolhope  Field  Club  (Hereford),  Bomerset- 
ahire  Archieological  and  Natural  Hiatory  Society,  Biistol  and  Gloucea- 
teFshiro  Archceological  AssociHtion,  St.  Albon's  Archteological  and 
Arehitectural  Society,  "Wiltshire  Antiquarian  Society,  the  Huguenot 
Society,  Society  for  Preaeivation  of  Memorials  o£  the  Dead,  and  Society 
for  the  Protection  of  Ancient  Buildings.  The  Chair  was  to  have  been 
taken  by  Mr.  A.  W.  Franks,  Co.,  President  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
but  ia  hia  unaroidable  absence  it  was  ably  filled  by  Sir  John  Erana, 
the  late  President,  and  Bubsequently  by  Dr.  Drury  Fortnum,  Vice- 
President. 

The  firat  subject  for  discussion  was  tho  Archaeological  Snrvcy  of 
England.  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope  introduced  the  Bubj'oct,  explaining 
that  OS  yet  only  three  counties  were  completed — namely,  Kent,  Hertford- 
shire, and  Cumberland — but  that  several  others  were  now  in  progress. 
There  was  a  brisk,  but  technical,  debate  as  to  tho  best  marks  njid 
diTisions  to  use  in  drawing  up  such  maps,  in  which  Messrs.  Oomme, 
Parker,  Sparrow,  and  Ferguson  took  the  chief  part.  Mr.  Brassington,  of 
Birmingham,  drow  attention  to  photographic  surveys  of  antiquities,  and 
pointed  out  how  the  Midland  Institute  had  procured  valuable  series  of 
antiquarian  photographs  by  enlis-ting  the  aid  of  amateur  photogrnphio 
societies,  and  directing  their  work. 

The  second  topic  was  tho  Classified  Index  of  Archseological  Papers. 
Mr.  Gomme  announced  that  he  had  just  completed  the  full  index  of  all 
tho  Papers  issued  by  the  local  societies  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  from 
their  origin  down  to  1890,  which  will  shortly  be  published.  In  addition 
to  this,  Messrs.  Oonuno  and  Hope  have  just  completed  for  the  societies  in 
union  an  index  of  the  Archteological  Papers  published  in  1891.  Mr.  Hope 
said  that  it  was  amusing  to  note  the  difference  in  the  requirements  of  tho 
Associated  Societies  for  this  index:  one  Society  applied  for  1,200  copies, 
and  another  for  only  four ! 

Tho  third  subject  on  the  agenda  was  the  "  Restoration"  of  Ancient 
Buildings,  upon  which  Mr.  Mieklethwaite  read  an  ineiaivo  and  vigorous 
Paper  that  bristled  with  good  points,  and  yet  was  reasonable  in  its  advice 
and  conclusions.  Mr.  Parker  spoko  especially  against  the  habit  of  scrap- 
ing tho  old  masonry,  thereby  obliterating  masons'  marks  and  other  historic 
evidence.  The  Chairman  thought  that  three  things  combined  brought 
about  the  mischievous  renewing  of  churches — (1)  a  young  and  enthusi- 
astic High  Church  parson;  (2)  an  ill-instmctcd  architect;  and  (3)  an  old 
lady  witli  a  long  purse.  The  Uev.  W-  Greeny,  of  Norwich,  drew  the 
attention  of  the  Congress  to  tho  mischief  threatened  by  tho  Dean  of  Nor- 
wich to  the  old  stalls  and  ohoir  fittings  of  tho  cathedral  church,  which  he 
desirca  to  turn  into  a  "  great  preaching  place."    The  Rev.  Dr.  Cox  raised 


MISCELLANEA. 


305 


a  timely  protest  against  the  spoiling  of  old  chancels  by  needless  organ 
chambers,  and  instimced  a  caae  in  which  this  hud  recently  been  proposed 
by  an  "  f.b.a."  architect,  but  the  proposition  had  happily  been  overruled, 
Ut.  Brassingtoa  proposed  tlie  printing  of  a  good  pamphlet  on  true  and 
improper  restoration,  but  Mr.  Ralph  fl" evill  aoid  that  that  had  been  already 
done  by  the  Institute  of  Arcbitecte.  Several  speakers  laid  the  chief  blame 
of  mischievous  church  restorations  on  the  architects ;  but  Mr.  Mickle- 
thwaite,  in  reply,  pointed  out  that  no  architect  had  any  Igciu  ttandi  to 
destroy  or  otherwise  until  he  was  called  in  by  tho  clergyman. 

A  fourth  subject  was  tho  "  Desirability  of  a  New  Skeleton  Map  of 
Uomnn  Britain,"  introduced  by  Mr.  Milman,  Director  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  but  the  project  did  not  receive  much 'support. 

"  The  Desirability  of  compiling  a  list  of  all  Benefaction  Tables  previous 
to  1800  in  Parish  Churches"  was  brought  forward  hy  Mr.  Gomme,  and 
met,  on  the  whole,  with  favourable  consideration.  It  was  stated  by  some 
that  the  work  had  been  already  done  in  tho  old  Charity  Commisaion 
Eeports;  but  the  Eev.  Dr.  Cox  said  that,  so  far  as  Derbyshire  was  con- 
cerned, those  reports  were  caprieioua,  fitful,  and  unreliable.  Mr,  8.  W. 
Kershaw  thought  that  the  matter  ought  to  bo  accomplished  by  the  authori- 
ties of  the  Church. 

A  Paper  on  "  Local  Museums,"  -written  by  Mr.  Payne,  and  read  by 
the  Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  was  full  of  good  suggestions. 
It  was  decided,  after  an  interesting  and  practical  discussion,  to  refer  the 
Paper  to  the  Standing  Committee  for  its  revision  and  enlargement,  so  that 
it  might  be  issued  as  a  guide  to  the  due  arrangement  and  carrying  on  of 
provincial  museums.  Allusion  was  made  to  the  series  of  Papers,  now 
appearing  in  the  Antiquary,  on  local  museums,  showing  up  their 
deficiencies  and  commenting  on  all  good  arrangements. 

The  Members  of  tho  Congress  dined  together  in  the  evening  at  the 
"Criterion,"  Mr.  Franks,  c,a,,  in  tbo  Chair.  Afterwards  the  President 
held  a  reception  of  the  Fellows  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  at  Burling- 
ton House  to  meet  the  Congress  members.  The  suite  of  rooms  contained 
a  great  variety  of  objecta  of  intoKst  specially  displayed.  The  most  im- 
portant of  these  was  the  splendid  collection  of  finger-rings,  the  property 
of  Dr.  Drury  Fortnum,  f.s.a. 


Vandalism. — Mr.  Patrick  O'Leary,  Oraigue,  wrote  to  the  local  Board 
of  Guardians  : — "  On  the  day  of  the  late  excursion  of  the  "  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries of  Ireland"  to  St,  Mulltns,  the  Hon.  Secretary,  Mr.  Cochrane, 
and  Fiithcr  Murphy,  s.j.,  of  Dublin,  discovered  a  stone  having  an  Ogam 
inscription  in  a  heap  drawn  by  your  contractor,  M.  Clear,  to  repair 
the  boundary  wall.  On  their  asking  him  not  to  build  this  stone  into  the 
wall,  he  (contradictijig  the  proverbial  courtesy  of  tbo  Irish  to  strangers) 
replied  by  a  very  ill-mannered  refusal  to  their  request.      Being  guide  on 


306  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  AKTIQUAHIES  OF   IRELAND. 

the  occasion,  I  was  culled  on  to  interfere  to  prcBerre  the  stone,  anij 
tlioufjh  I  offered  to  supply  Clear  with  as  good  a  stone  for  liis  purpose, 
lie,  thinking  it  was  the  proper  time  and  place  to  exhibit  the  bridf  outho- 
rity  he  wns  clothed  in,  most  uncivilly  refused  my  offer.  On  learning 
that  ho  has  since  huilt  the  stone  into  the  wall,  I  sent  word  to  him  that 
I  would  pay  the  cost  of  having  it  taken  out,  as  Mr,  Cochrane  has  written 
to  me  to  have  it  sent  to  Kilkenny  lor  inspection,  and  Clear  has  replied 
to  me  porBOcally  that  though  the  stone  was  of  no  more  raluo  to  him  than 
any  other  stone,  he  '  would  not  gire  me  the  satisfaction  of  it.'  I  need 
hardly  say  that  I  was  thoroughly  ashamed  of  this  man's  incivility  to 
the  visitors,  and  not  wishing  to  give  the  people  of  St.  Mullins  a  bad 
nanio,  I  informed  the  strangers  that  ho  was  not  from  the  place,  I  wish, 
gentlemen,  to  ask  your  authority  or  permission  to  have  this  stone  pre- 
served as  the  Society  desires.  Trusting  that  I  have  not  intruded  too 
much  on  your  time  hy  this  rather  long  letter." 

The  Chairman  said  he  had  heard  of  the  excursion  to  which  Mr, 
O'Leary  alluded.  The  gentleman  who  wrote  the  letter  was  a  local  antiqua- 
rian, and  a  very  intelligent  and  respectable  man,  and  ho  (the  Chairman) 
was  sorry  to  say  that  their  representative  at  St.  Mullins,  if  he  could  be 
called  their  representative,  had  conducted  himself  towards  the  strangers 
in  a  way  that  if  his  conduct  could  be  taken  as  the  conduct  of  the  Board, 
the  Guardians  would  come  out  of  the  aflair  very  badly. 

Mr.  Hnnt  asked  did  the  Board  intend  giving  the  permission  to  Mr. 
O'Leary, 

Chairman — Wo'll  give  him  any  authority  ho  likes  in  that  way. 

Mr.  Hunt — The  onler  we  ought  to  make  then  is  that  wo  facilitate 
tho  mutter  us  much  as  possible. 

Choirnian — It's  ttin  to  one  if  that  fellow  didn't  spoil  the  stone. 

It  was  then  stated  that  the  contract  was  not  being  carried  ont  in  a 
tradesman -like  manner,  and  after  some  further  discussion  it  was  resolved 
that  the  Guardians  should  not  interfere  until  the  work  was  completed. 
— if»w  Son  Standard.  23rd  July,  1892. 

On  Crosaea  made  of  Twigs,  with  Interlaced  Straw  or  Anehes. — 

I  published  a  notice  in  the  last  Pfirt  of  the  Journal,  p.  185,  on  crosses 
of  this  description  used  in  county  Donegal.  I  had  reason  to  believe  the 
employment  of  similar  crosses  waa  onco  widespread  in  country  districts, 
but  had  fallen  into  disuse.  It  was  therefore  of  interest  to  find  in  the 
poges  of  the  Ultter  Journal  of  Arehicology  a  confirmation,  at  least  to  some 
extent,  of  my  eonjecturc.  It  appeared  in  vol.  t.,  p.  166,  and  is  an 
estract  from  an  old  pamphlet  published  in  the  year  1691,  to  which 
a  further  reference  is  giren  : — 

"  I  wnt  abroad  into  the  country  (near  Newry],  wliere  I  found  the  hoascs  deserted 
for  sevural  miles.  Most  ol  Ibem  that  I  obeeryed  hid  cruesoe  on  the  inside,  abore  the 
doon  upon  llie  thatch,  some  nmda  of  wood,  md  others  of  atraw  or  TueheB,  finely 


MISCELLANEA. 


I  uked  a  reason  fc 


ihey  have  lived 
I,  but  the  cuatom  ' 


3or 

Dme  leu.  I  understood  afterirarda  thnt  it  ia 
t  up  a  new  cross  every  Corpui  Chriali  Dayj 
1  Bucb  n  house  as  many  croeseB  you  may  find, 
as  all  they  pretended  Ui." 


It  will  be  noticed  that  my  informant  in  Donegal  stated  these  crosBea 
were  prepared  on  St.  Brigid'a  Day,  or  its  eve  (February  1st).  The 
autbor  of  the  extract  now  quoted  giyce  Corpu*  Chriiti  Day  aa  the 
date  of  tbeir  fabrication — it  would  require  additional  eyidonco  to  be 
Batiafled  on  this  point.  Possibly  there  may  have  been  variations  in 
different  localities  as  to  the  period  for  making  them.  It  ia,  however, 
important  to  aacertaia  that  aucb  diatant  places  as  Donegal  and  Down 
employ  a  similar  eustom  for  house  decoration. — W.  Fb*zkh,  f.b.c.s.i., 
Ftlhw. 


I  abould  be  glad  to  get  any  information  about  the  career,  birfB,  death, 
and  especially  the  marriage  of  Col.  Agmondasbam  Muscbamp,  of  Cork, 
who  commanded  the  Fort  of  Cork  during  tbe  wara  of  Charles  the  First's 
time,  beaides  what  appears  in  Carte's  "  Life  of  Ormond."  I  have  got 
bis  pedigree  for  many  generations  from  !M!SS.  in  the  British  lHuseum  ;  but 
I  cannot  make  outwbom  ho  married.  His  sou,  Denny  Muachamp  of  Dublin, 
who  died  1699,  was  Muster-Master- General  for  Ireland,  and  married  the 
daughter  of  Dr.  Michael  Boyle,  Archbisliop  of  Armagh  ;  he  married 
secondly  tbe  Yiscoontcss  Lonesboroagh ;  be  was  made  a  D.  C.  L,  at 
Oxford  by  the  Duke  of  Ormonde  in  1675,  Anne,  sister  of  Denny  Mus- 
cbamp, married  my  ancestor  John  Vos*y,  Dean  of  Cork,  about  1668.  Ho 
was  afterwards  Archbishop  of  Tuam.  Denny  Musehamp's  only  daughter 
and  child  married  the  ancestor  of  the  present  Lord  de  Vesci.  Denny 
Muscbamp  was  granted  a  coat  of  arms  by  Carney,  Dlstcr,  in  1685. — 

DoMISICK  BEOWlfE, 


Coireotion  {Report  of  the  Local  Seerttary  for  South  Eildart, 
"Journal,"  p.  188,  present  volume). — Tbe  girth  of  the  big  ash-tree 
in  Kildare   Cathedral  grounds  is  IftJ   feet,  not   as  printed. — Walter 


(     308     ) 


Notices  of  33006$. 


[Note.— T^OJf  maried  •   an  ijr  Mfinbtri  of  tht  Saeittg."^ 

The  Letters  of  Philip  Dormer  Stanhope,  Sari  of  Chetterfield.  Edited, 
vith  Introduction,  Notes,  and  Indent.  By  John  Brodshaw,  U/.v. 
(London;   Swan,  Sonnensehein,  &.  Co.,  1892.) 

In  these  days  when  most  readers  are  eatisficd  to  tako  tbeii  knowledge 
of  the  hiatorioal  literature  of  the  past  from  such  notices  as  current 
magazine  articles  may  supply,  it  is  a  hopeful  sign  of  a  healthier  appetite 
to  find  that  puhlishers  can  venture  on  producing  a  nev  edition  of  the 
celebrated  letters  of  Lord  Chesterfield. 

To  the  student  of  the  manners,  customs,  and  social  life  of  past  ages, 
no  form  of  writing  is  more  valuable  than  series  of  private  letters.  No 
such  series  is  mora  celebrated  than  that  of  Lord  Chesterfield.  They  have 
a  special  interest  too  for  Irishmen.  For  Chesterfield  was  a  model  Irish 
viceroy — impartial,  firm,  good  humoured,  actively  interested  in  every- 
thing tending  to  the  good  of  Ireland.  His  term  of  government  was  all 
too  short,  and  his  extant  letters  while  viceroy  are,  unhappily,  very  few, 
though  Dr.  Bradshaw  has  used  every  effort  to  discover  them.  But  all 
through  the  remaining  quarter  of  a  century  of  his  life,  he  preserved  a 
warm  interest  in  Ireland,  and  kept  up  a  correspondence  with  the 
friends  he  had  made  there.  He  was  especially  anxious  to  encourage 
Irish  industry,  The  manufacture  of  glass  and  paper,  and  the  growth  of 
flax  form  the  subject  of  several  letters.  He  was  instrumental  in 
obtaining  a  charter  for  the  Dublin  Society,  chiefly  in  the  hope  that  it 
would  promote  snch  objects.  It  is  with  real  sorrow  that  he  repeatedly 
speaks  of  the  dangers  which  threatened  Ireland  from  the  drinking 
customs,  especially  of  the  gentry.  He  could  snggest  no  safeguard 
against  these  dangers,  and  could  only  sadly  wish  that  "  every  man  in 
Ireland  were  obliged  to  make  aa  many  bottles  as  he  emptied,  and  your 
manufacture  would  he  in  a  flourishing  state."  Among  his  opinions  on 
Irish  affairs,  it  is  just  now  interesting  to  note  that  Chesterfield  declared 
that  "the  Irish  schools  and  universities  are  indisputably  better  than 

The  present  edition  is  in  three  very  neat  volumes.  It  is  edited  by 
Dr.  Bradshuw,  who  proves  himself  all  that  an  editor  should  be,  ever  at 
hand  when  needed  to  explain  real  difficulties,  yet  never  thrusting  hia 
own  personality  upon  the  reader.     He  had  a  grave  difBculty  to  face  a 


few  of  the  letters,  ChcBterfield,  as  a  man  of  the  world,  aometiinea  wrote 
in  plain  spoken  language  advice  which  he  helir'Ted  to  be  needed,  and 
which  he  never  imagined  would  he  Been  except  by  the  person  to  whom  it 
was  addressed.  In  some  such  cases  Dr.  Bradshaw  has  found  it  necessary 
to  slightly  alter  or  omit  a  few  passages.  This  seems  to  have  been  done 
very  judiciously,  and  with  little  loss  to  the  accuracy  of  the  teit.  Perhaps 
any  objection  on  this  score  might  have  been  removed  hy  appending  to 
the  work  a  list  (stating  page  and  lino  merely)  of  tho  passages  affected. 
A  most  valuable  addition  to  the  work  (tor  which  the  editor  acknowledges 
his  obligation  to  Mr.  Gilbert)  is  the  letter  of  Lord  Charlemont,  giving 
his  opinion  of  the  letters,  and  enclosing  anecdotes  of  the  son  to  whom  bo 
many  were  addressed.  Lord  Charlemont's  strong  good  sense,  and  his 
personal  acquaintance  with  Chesterfield  and  his  son,  enabled  him  to 
throw  most  valuable  light  apon  the  subject,  and  his  remarks  form  the 
heat  possible  explanation  of  the  principal  difflculties  in  tho  letters. 


*  Student  Lift  in  Trinity  College,  BiihUn.    By  H.  A.  Hinkson.     (Dublin : 
5.  Charles  &  Son,  61,  Middle  Abbey-street,  1892.) 

This  little  book  deserves  notice  on  account  of  the  sketch  given  of  the 
College  Historical  Society,  in  which  so  many  Irishmen,  whose  eloquence 
subsequently  adorned  the  pulpit,  the  senate,  and  the  bar,  received  their 
first  training  in  oratory.  It  is  not  the  case,  however,  as  stated,  that  the 
first  vohime  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Society  is  lost.  The  Society 
poasesscB  a  complete  set  of  records,  extending  from  tho  foundation  in 
1770,  to  the  suspension  of  the  Society  in  1815.  These  records  furnish 
materials  for  a  history  of  the  Society,  which  would  prove  of  surpassing 
interest,  and  which  we  hope  may  soon  be  taken  in  hand. 


•  An  Enquiry  into  ih«  Hitiory  and  A.tiihentiei{y  of  the  Bdfatt  Arms : 

teith  additional  Notet   and    Corraipvndenee  rflaling  to  the  grant  of 

Arms  to  the  City  of  Selfail,  1890.     By  John  Vinycomh,  y.a.s.A.i., 

President  of  the  Belfast  Naturalists*  Field  Club ;  President  of  the 

Belfast  Art  Society.     (Belfast:  OUey  &  Company,  Limited,  1892.) 

Price  1#.  plain  ;  with  Prontispiece  in  colours,  It.  6rf. 

Mb.  Visycomd's  valuable  pamphlet  throws  much  light  on  the  darkness 

that  hitherto  surrounded  the  history  of  the  Corporate  Arms  of  Belfast, 

and  he  has  done  good  service  to  the  community  by  placing  on  record,  in 

a  clear  and   reliable  manner,   alt  the  circumstances,   as  far  as  can  bo 

ascertained,  relating  to  the  first  adoption  of  the  armorial  bearings,  and 

their  continued  use  down  to  the  time  of  their  confirmalion,  as  the  City 

Arms  hy  Sir  Bernard  Burke,  TJIatcr  King  of  Arms  of  all  Ireland,  in  1890, 


310         KOYAL  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIES  JN  IRELAND. 

a  copy  of  which  grant  (or  eonfirmationy  as  Mr.  Yinyoomh  insists  it  ought 
properly  to  have  heen)  is  given  in  fac-simile,  reduced  one  quarter  of 
original  size,  as  a  frontispiece  of  the. pamphlet.  Mr.  Yinyoomh  also  notes 
in  detail  instances  of  the  incorrect  use  of  the  Arms,  and  he  gives  illustra- 
tions showing  wherein  the  departure  from  the  true  hlazoning  consists. 

Belfast  had  from  an  early  period  home  the  Arms  as  hlazoned  in  the 
Grant  [without  tho  mural  coronet  on  the  sea-horse].  The  earliest  refer- 
ence is  contained  in  the  **Town  Book  of  Belfast,"  under  date  October, 
1640,  as  follows  : — **  To  Maces,  Armas,  and  Town  Scale  for  the  Town, 
£26."  Mr.  Vinycomb  holds  the  opinion  that  the  so-called  Grant  of 
Arms  of  1890  ought  to  have  been  called  a  confirmation,  and  the  evidence 
he  adduces  in  favour  of  this  view  is  conclusive,  the  crest  and  sinister 
supporter  gorged  with  a  mural  coronet  being  merely  an  augmentation 
introduced  on  Belfast  becoming  a  city.  Mr.  Vinycomb  shows  that  the 
old  silver  Seal  of  the  Corporation,  dating  about  1640,  is  the  work  of 
someone  well  versed  in  heraldic  law,  being  at  once  simple,  appropriate, 
and  historic.  The  pile  vaire  in  chief  is  derived  from  the  chief  vaire,  in 
the  arms  of  Sir  Arthur  Chichester  (who  was  the  founder  of  the  town). 
The  bell  on  the  canton,  and  the  ship  in  base,  the  wolf  for  dexter,  and 
sea-horse  for  sinister  supporter  and  crest,  are  heraldically  correct,  and 
in  good  taste.  The  work  displays  Mr.  Yinycomb's  intimate  acquaintance 
with  the  most  difficult  points  in  the  laws  of  heraldry.  His  painstaking 
method,  and  artistic  ability,  are  evidenced  in  its  pages. 


Dublin  Street  Names  dated  and  explained.     By  the  Rev.  C.  T.  M'Cready, 
D.D.     (Dublin:  Hodges,  Figgis,  &  Co.     1892.) 

The  work  of  tracing  the  origin  of  the  Street  Names  of  Dublin,  under- 
taken by  Dr.  M'Cready,  is  one  involving  no  small  amount  of  research. 
The  book  is  a  model  of  conciseness  and  methodical  arrangement,  and 
supplies  in  a  convenient  form  a  mass  of  interesting  information.  Excep- 
tion might  be  taken  to  some  of  the  explanations  offered,  but  the  compiler 
docs  not  profess  to  put  forward  his  work  as  final  or  exhaustive,  and 
invites  corrections  and  suggestions  from  his  readers. 


The  party  left  Dublin  at  9  a 
at  EellBRt  11.30. 

The  commaoding  position  of  Kells  on  tte  siilc  of  a  hill  in  the  midst  of 
the  rich  plains  of  Sleath  must  hare  marked  it  out  at  a  very  early  period 
as  the  site  of  a  town.  In  the  middle  of  the  sixth  century  it  was  the 
"Dun"  of  Dcrmot,  son  of  Cervail,  and  was  grunted  hy  him  to  St. 
Culumkill  as  the  site  of  a  monastery,  the  saint  at  the  time  blessing  the 
place,  and  promising  that  it  would  be  the  most  illustrious  of  all 
Dermut'e  poseeBsiocs.  In  the  early  years  of  the  ninth  century  the  monks 
of  lona,  being  expulsod  by  the  Banes,  fled  to  Kells,  and  founded  there 
V  city  of  Hy-Columkill."  It  is  from  this  time  that  the  building 
known  aa  St.  CoIumkiU's  House  dates.  In  later  years  Kells  is  famous 
for  the  great  Synod  (a.b.  1152)  at  which  palls  were  distributed  to  the 
Irish  archbishops.  It  became  after  the  Anglo-Norman  invasion  a  strong- 
hold of  the  Pale,  and  being  a  frontier  town  it  witnessed  many  a  hard- 
fought  bnttle.  Indeed  wo  may  say  that  it  was  identified  with  every 
great  movement  in  Irish  history. 

The  antiquities  of  Kells  arc  not  what  would  be  called  magnificent  or 
imposing.  There  are  no  medieval  abbeys  or  great  castles,  but  they  are, 
perhaps,  the  more  interesting  for  this  rery  reason,  for  they  nearly  all 
belong  to  the  period  anterior  to  the  coming  of  the  Anglo-Normans,  and 
are  of  a  kind  that  is  not  to  be  found  in  any  country  but  Ireland,  it 
needs  only  to  mention  the  sculptured  crosses,  the  round  tower,  the  stone- 
roofed  oratory,  the  ecclesiastical  "  tennon,"  the  Cyclopean  masonry.  AU 
these  are  objects  peculiar  to  Ireland,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  there  is  any 
other  locality — certainly  there  is  none  within  cosy  reach  of  the  metro- 
polis— where  so  many  difCoreut  specimens  are  gathered  together  in  the 

The  first  point  of  interest  is  a  portion  of  the  old  wall  built  by  Hugh 
de  Lacy.  This  consists  merely  of  a  tower,  the  only  one  remaining  of 
many  placed  at  Intervals  all  round  the  town. 

Passing  on  a  halt  was  made  beside  the  Street  Cross ;  and  the  interest- 
ing sculptures — many  of  them  in  escellcnt  preservation — were  minutely 
explained  by  Hev.  Dr.  Healy,  JTon.  Lo^al  Secritari/.  This  is  the  erosa 
Ta 


313 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUABIES   Of   IHELAND. 


referred  to  in  the  Annals  (i.n.  1156)  aa  '*  the  Cross  of  Doras  TJrdoimh" 
(the  Gate,  or  Door  of  the  Portico).  Other  interesting  historical  aBsooia- 
tions  of  this  cross  were  related. 


KclJi. 


Next,  the  churchjorJ  v 
base  of  a  fourth  (all  of  the: 
One  of  these  is  inscribed : 
are  only  five  inBcriptions  i 
of  which  this  is  one.     Another  stoiie  woe,  however,  sliown,  which  must 


IB  visited,  where  three  other  crosses  and  the 
intereatiog  in  their  way}  invited  attention. 
iTBica  &  coLrrM  .  .  .  Petrie  says  that  therd 
.  Latin   found   on   Irish  sculptured  stones, 


have  escaped  Petrie's  notice,  the  LnBcription  on  which  seems  also  to  be  in 
Latin.  Another  of  the  crosses  is  in  an  unfinished  state,  and  has  lately 
been  described  in  the  Journal  (1891,  p.  450).  The  two  fragments  (for- 
merly separate)  were  a  short  time  ago  put  together  by  the  Board  of 
Works. 

The  Bound  Tower  of  Kells  is  a  very  ezcellent  and  wcil-prcsorred 


I 


PROCEEDINGS. 

specimen,  between  ninety  and  one  hundred  tcet  high,  and  qnite  perfect, 
vith  the  exception  of  the  conical  roof,  which  is  missing.  Uoet  of  the 
round  towers  have  four  windows  at  the  top.  facing  the  four  cardinal 
points.  That  at  Kells  differs  from  the  normal  type  by  having  five  sach 
apertures.  The  doorway  ehowe  signs  of  carving,  and  ie  of  different  stone 
and  a  different  stylo  of  building  from  the  rest.  This  tower  is  referred  to 
by  the  Annalists  under  the  year  1076,  when  Murrogh,  son  of  Flonn 
O'Melaghlin,  three  days  after  having  assumed  the  supremacy  of  Tara, 
was  treacherously  killed  in  the  Round  Tower  of  Kells  by  Aolifl,  son  of 
Moylan,  Prince  ot  Gaileunga.  He  (Auliff)  was  sliun  immediately, 
through  the  miracle  of  St.  Columliill,  by  Mclaughlin  Mac  Connor. 

The  lower  part  of  the  church  steeple  formed  part  of  the  mediteval 
church.  There  is  a  curious  black-letter  inscription  recording  how  it  wa« 
"  re-edified  "  in  the  year  1678  by  John  Garvey,  who  was  at  that  time 
Dean  of  Christ  Church,  Archdeacon  of  Meath.  Rector  of  Eelli,  and  a 
member  of  Her  Majesty's  Privy  Council.  Around  the  steeple  ore  several 
minor  objects  of  interest — monumental  slabs,  old  dial,  &c. 

Sr.  CoLOu kill's  House. 
Leaving  the  churchyard,   the    stone-rooted   oratory   known   as  St. 
Columkill's  House  was  visited.     It  is  a  remarkable  structure,  exhibiting 
the  transition  from  the  old  method  of  forming  on  arch  by  overlapping 


■tones,  to  the  more  modem  use  of  a  keystone.     Between  the  barrel  vniilt 
and  tie  high-pitched  roof  is  a  croft  divided  into   three   apartments. 


314        ROTAL  S0CIET7  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 

imposed  tor  htfve  bje^n  used  as  a  donbitory;  Tht  otiginal  4(>ot  .was  eight 
leiet  from  the  floor  ;  and  the  chapel  seiBms  to  have  been  a  kind  of  t^zjrpfci 
the  upper  story  being  used  as  a  refectory.  "  :  .'        :• 

Luncheon. 

After  all  these  objects  had  been  Tisited  and  explained,  the  party 
adjourned  to  the  Court  House,  where  the  large  company  waa  most  hos- 
pitably entertained  at  a  very  excellent  and  profuse  luncheon  by  some 
friends  in  KeUs. 

Exhibitions  of  Antiquixies. 

After  luncheon  a  yariety  of  interesting  objects  were  exhibited.  A 
selection  from  the  valuable  and  interesting  Museum  of  Sir  Montague 
Chapman,  Bart.,  were  shown  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Healy.  Dr.  Moran,  of 
Trim,  exhibited  several  ^^  finds"  from  the  county  Meath  and  elsewhere. 
A  figure  of  Buddha,  found  in  a  bog  near  Oldcastle,  was  exhibited  by 
Mr.  M.  Weld  O'Connor.  Mr.  Barnes,  of  Tatestown,  Navan,  th]K>ugh  Dr. 
Healy,  exhibited  several  "finds"  procured  from  various  places. 

The  vote  of  thanks  to  the  generous  friends  at  Kells,  proposed  by  T. 
Drew,  R.H.A.,  Vice- President f  was  carried  by  acclamation. 

A  vote  of  welcome  to  the  Society  and  guests,  proposed  by  Dr.  Bingr 
wood,  was  responded  to  by  the  Very  Rev.  the  Dean  of  Canterbury  and 
Rev.  D.  Murphy,  s.j.    The  latter  read  a  Paper  on  Termon  Crosses. 

It  had  been  arranged  that  the  afternoon  should  have  been  occupied 
by  a  drive  to  the  Church  of  St.  Keiran,  where  several  Termon  Crosses 
remain  in  situ ;  and  to  the  ancient  church  of  Dulone,  with  its  cyclopean 
doorway,  described  by  Lord  Dunraven  as  **  the  finest  he  had  seen."  The 
persistent  rain,  however,  rendered  this  impracticable,  and  obliged  the 
party  to  return  to  Dublin  by  the  afternoon  train.  A  few,  however, 
attempted  to  continue  the  expedition.  Taking  the  road  by  the  Hill  of 
Loyd — the  limit  on  one  side  to  which  the  Fair  of  Teltown  used  to 
extend — a  pause  was  made  to  visit  a  recently  discovered  cist.  Remains 
of  this  kind  are  by  no  means  uncommon ;  but  they  have  been  so  generally 
destroyed  that  an  opportunity  of  examining  a  specimen  in  situ  is  rarely 
met. 

A  little  further  on,  in  a  field,  an  underground  chamber  was  visited, 
the  entrance  to  which  is  by  a  long  passage.  There  is  no  coveriug  mound, 
nor  anything  to  indicate  on  the  surface  that  such  a  structure  exists. 
8outerrains  of  this  kind  are  not  uncommon  in  the  county  Meath. 
Several  are  found  near  Navan,  and  one  at  Clady,  near  Bective,  has  been 
fully  described  in  a  recent  number  of  the  Journal,  and  is  also  men- 
tioned in  Wilde's  *'  Boyne  and  Blackwater." 

The  rain  now  descended  in  still  heavier  torrents,  and  it  was  therefore 
decided  to  proceed  no  farther,  leaving  the  Termon  Crosses  of  St.  Keiran's 
and  the  ancient  Church  of  Dulane  unvisited. 


PROCEEDINGS.  '  315 

The  following  is  from  an  article  by  Professor  Stokes  which  appourod 
in  the  Daily  Expreii  of  Julj  8  : — 

"  Everybodr  wifli  any  kiod  of  Ittenry  odiication  knowi  that  the  Book  of  EhIIs  is 
a  copy  ot  the  Four  Gci>|ji'U  in  Latin.  A  great  mnnr  penpla  think  of  it  aimplj  hi  a 
Biblical  manuscript.  But  I  hare  is  aomethiag  «lte  in  the  Book  of  Eelli  besides  iho  Four 
Go«pel>.  The  Book  of  EdU  wai  written  shoul  Lhe  eighth  centurj.  Two  hundred  rears 
vUpMd,  hnwever,  and  by  thnt  time,  the  Jpax  1000,  it  hod  become  lo  utrcd  in  the  uyen 
of  the  Eells  people  that  it  voa  selected  ai  the  aecurcet  place  vhere  they  could  enter 
Turious  GoTenants.  deeds,  lenses,  &c.,  made  about  Kelts  and  its  neigh bourbood.  These 
cheiters  alt  deal  with  Eclli,  its  history,  its  social  stnt«,  and  ore  good  hiiloriool  evidenoe 
that  about  lhe  year  1 100  the  BiHik  of  Kella  muet  have  been  located  in  Kclls.  TbOM 
charteit  are  very  litlle  known,  though  a"  dislinguished  schoUr  of  nur  own,  Mr.  Oilb^, 
hjis  dune  his  Lest  lo  make  ihu  oulaide  world  know  something  of  them,  ai  ha  has  sivea 
Gupiea  of  diree  at  least  of  IhsM  chartera  in  his  '  Fac-similes  of  Inxh  Xalional  Hanu- 
at'ripts,'  Tol.  ii.,  Nos.  lii.,  li.,  Ixi.  2'hew  chariors  are  of  raat  hiiloiiciJ  importJiuL-e. 
They  ore  all  dated,  and  Tsry  in  date  from  iLo  year  1020  to  1170,  and  are,  Ihen^fore, 
all  at  them  prior  to  tbe  conquest  of  this  country  by  the  Anglo-Normans.  As  such  thoy 
are  simply  luvalushle  recotds  of  the  hahils  and  customs,  the  methods  if  Isnd  tenure, 
tbe  trades,  and  civilization  of  Ireland  at  that  linie.  Une  of  them — the  earliest  in  date 
— ^gOiB  back  lo  ■  time,  fifty  years  at  least,  before  the  Noimati  conqiirst  of  England, 
una  is  (ontemporancous  with  Brian  Boru  and  the  Battle  of  Clontarf.  This  is  the  oldest 
Irish  legal  deed  now  in  existence,  and  it  is  full  ot  historical  nDtivcs — thnl  is,  if  a  man 
ha*  only  eyes  fitted  lo  read  ihem^ot  the  state  of  goeiety  at  that  early  time.  It  is  quite 
cleat  tiiat  writing  was  not  on  unknown  art  among  the  Irish  chiefs  of  that  limo.  and 
that  they  were  well  ncquninted  with  legal  forms  and  their  vnlur.  This  deed  tolls  of 
the  hiads  of  Eildiilke^,  a  district  near  Kells,  and  their  transference  to  the  Golumban 
Monastery  ot  Kells.  in  atonement  of  s  violent  assault— blinding  in  (act — made  by  the 
King  of  Heath  upon  a  vbifl  whom  the  Columban  Monastery  bad  intion  under  il£  pro- 
tection. It  teminates  with  gii-ing  us  a  list  of  the  aecuritirs  which  the  community 
took  in  ordiir  to  swure  their  properly,  and  ends  with  a  warning  to  the  King  »f  Hrrath, 
that  '  though  il  is  dangerous  for  every  kiikg  to  violate  Culumkill,  it  is  particularly 
dangerous  to  (he  King  of  Tarn,  for  he  is  the  rclatiTe  of  Colunikill,'  alluding  to  the 
fact  that  Si.  Columba  was  descended  fiom  Niall  of  the  Nine  noilni^Ga,  who  lived  in 
tbe  fourth  century,  and  gave  the  Boman  Empire  much  trouble,  as  Ammisnus  Mareel- 
linus  tells,  from  whom  also  Uelagblin,  King  of  Tan,  was  desrended.  The  fifth  charter 
t\ie*  USB  glimpse  into  the  town  history  nf  Kells  end  the  organisation  of  tbe  monsstery. 
There  we  find  the  Abbot  or  Cotnharb  of  Eelle,  tbe  Erenagh  of  the  nosiiilal,  the  Lector 
of  Kells:  and  we  read  in  this  charter  of  the  bouse  of  a  MncAedha,  the  artificer  and 
worker  in  brass,  silver,  and  gold,  tbe  ailvereiuilh  and  jewpller.  in  fact  ot  Kells  of  that 
time.  Wo  very  mu<:b  fear  that  the  visitors  to  Kells  will  now  look  in  vain  for  this 
jeweller  or  bis  succeasois.  The  local  blacksmith  will  be  the  nearest  Hppioacb  to  the 
worker  in  silver,  brass,  and  gold  who  lived  tbom  in  the  days  of  Ininr  111.,  King  of  the 
Dublin  Danes,  about  a.n.  lOSO.  We  give  thew  instances  out  ot  the  charters  to  idir 
up  an  interest  in  them,  printed,  a*  they  are,  in  the  '  Irish  An^sological  Society's  Mis- 
oulany,*  vol.  i.,  of  the  year  ISifl,  ss  well  as  reproduted  by  Mr.  Gilbert  in  bis  magnifi- 
— It  (ae-iimil«,  which  wery  viiitor  ought  to  consult,  open  for  inspeotion,  m  they  are. 


naUoi 


'  Dublin  libraries. 


916         BOTAL  80GIBT7  OF  AHTIQUAXIES  OF  IBXLhMD. 


BELFAST  KEETHra, 
TvssDAT,    leth  August^   1893. 

Thb  TmD  OnmAL  Mnxnra  of  the  Society  for  tbe  jmr  IM 
lidd  in  tbe  Hnseiim  BuildingB,  CoUege^uaxei  Belfast  (by  paaa 
ol  the  Coimoil  of  the  Belfut  Natural  Sstoirjr  and  Pbiloaophioal  Soi 
on  Toeaday.  16th  Angnat,  at  12  o'dock  noon : 

The  BoT.  Obob0>  B.  Bvicki  ir.^.,  m.x.x.a.|  Tioe-PieadflB 

in  the  Chair. 

The  following  took  part  in  the  prooeedinga :— - 

JWmm .•— 8ir  DaniaL  Dixott,  y.p.,  Lord  Hajor  of  Belfut;  John  Bfliloa  fi 
»3.A«.  luuzjL.,  D.L.,  F%c$^^r§$idmi  ;  fnUiam  GraT,  iLB.i.A.y  Fw»-JVwiMwrf|  I 
X.  Bwarti  M.m.i.A.,  Vki^JPirttUmt ;  Bobert  Cocuaiie,  o.a.,  F.i.A.,  ii.B.t^ 
#mgni<  AiMvCary  Mil  lSnM9mr§r;  Saaton  F.  Ifflligaii,  m.b.iju,  JTmi.  iViafaMlal 
imiffir  XntUr;  Bobert  X.  Toimg,  b.a.,  K.m.i.A.,  fim.  Zeeel  StcrtUnrif  ftr  § 
«/  Jtii(^  ;  W.  J.  Knowlet,  mjuz.a.,  Mm.  Xm»I  fiiwfvtaiy,  ^SphM  .ifllrfai 
Dames  Buitchae]],  m.a.,  M.B.t.A.»  8$er4Utr9  mtd  lUtmur^r;  W.  J.  ftowai 
x.B.t.A.,  Afi.  XmcI SuffTitofy,  ITief  f)frmu>:  8.  K. KIrker,  O.B..  Am. Zeesl Ai 
Ommi;  Yerj  Bar.  Bdwaid  Magniia,  d.d..  Dean  of  Down;  WiUiaoi  B.  MoOffR 
M.m.i.A. :  BsT.  Denis  Xunhr.  s.7.,  11.R.1.A. ;  Hiehael  IL  Mnxphy  ;  Bar.  M 
O'LoD^uiii,  n.D. ;  Josepli  Dmith,  m.b.zjl.  ;  Xii|or-Qeiieral  Stnbbi^  j.». 
TisyeoBib ;  F.  D.  Wud,  k.b.i.a.,  i.p.  ;  Bobert  zonng^  aa. ;  Stewart  OU 
Ohuks  Howdeo ;  Bobert  Pttoeral-KaxwdL  D.L. 

ifMiAfrt :— Ber.  H.  W.  Lett,  k.a.,  ^011.  Provimei&l  SterHargfir  UUUr; 
PatterBon,  ic.r.i.a.  ;  Hon,  Local  Secretary ^  North  Down  ;   Rer.  S.  Arthur  \ 
B.A.,  Hon.  Local  Secretary,  North  Antrim ;  William  A.  Traill,  k.a.,   c.b 
Local  Secretary,  Mid  Antrim;  Bev.  John  K.  Barklie,   b.a.  ;  Rot.  Naiei 
Batt,   K.  A.,   Hon,  Local  Secretary,   South  Donegal ;  Rev.   A.   H.   Beattie ; 
Bigger;  Miss  Edith  Brown;  F.  J.  Beckly ;  Rev.  John  H.  Bernard,  d.d.,  i 
G^.  Burrowes  Browne ;   W.  H.  Caldwell,   m.d.  ;   Bev.   W.  W.   Campbell 
M.  Edward  Conway;  Rev.  Geo.  W.   S.   Coulter,   m.a.,  John  Cooke,  b.a« 
Samuel  A.   Cox,  b.a.;  James  Crawford;  Bev.  J.  Crowe;  Rev.  R.  Guna 
B.A. ;  Samuel  Cunningham ;  Rev.  E.  A.  Cooper,  b.d.  ;  William  Costigan ; 
Clements;  Rev.  H.  W.  Davidson,  b.a.  ;  Rev.  Humphrey  Davy,  b.a.  :  Yen.  » 
Dawson,  k.a.  ;  Archdeacon  of  Dromore;  Rev.  W.  A.  Dickson;   John  DO 
Re^nald  M*C.  Dix ;  Rev.  J.  J.  Dwan,  c.c. ;  George  Fawcett ;  P.  Fits  Patrick 
Gh>ugh;  Francis  Guilhride ;  Thomas  Greene,  ll.h  ,  j.p.  ;  Rev.  David  Gordo 
.\.  Uanna;  Veiy  Rev.  Thomas  Hare,  d.d.,  Dean  of  Ossory;  Granby  Higin 
Rev.  Michael  Higgins,  c.c. ;  Rev.  W.  Hodgson,  m.a.  ;  H.  A.  Hinkson,  m.a. 
Jackman ;  Rev.  Richard  A.  Keman,  b.d.  ;  Patrick  Kenny ;  Rev.  William 
Lindesay,  M.A. ;  Rev.  John  W.  Lindsay,  d.d.  ;  F.  W.   Lockwood,  c.b.  ;  ] 
Lowry ;  Rev.  W.  T.  Latimer,  b.a.  ;  R.  W.  Leslie,  m.d.  ;  Daniel  de  Courcy  M 
cuddy;  Very  Rev.  A.   MacMulIan,  p.p.,  y.g.  ;  Bryan  MacSheehy,  ll.d. 
M'Cbesney;  H.  M*Neile  M'Cormick ;  Francis  M'Glade ;  JohnM'Loughlin; 
Mathews ;  Miss  Alice  Million ;  James  Mills,  m.r.i.a.  ;  John  Moran,  m.a. 
John  Morton ;  Rev.  D.  B.  Mulcahy,  p.p.  ;  Miss  M.  F.  Mulholland ;  Charlee 
Rev.  Eugene  Mac  Cartan,  p.p.  ;  J.  W.  Montgomery ;  John  M 'Bride ;  S. 
Mullin;  Rev.  S.  W.  Nesbitt;  ConoUy  Norman,  p.r.c.8.i.  ;  Rev.  James  0' 
p.p.,  m.b.i.a.  ;  William  P.  O'Neill,  m.r.i.a.  ;  Rev.  R.  C.  Oulton,  d.d.  ;  i 
Patton,  M.D. ;  James  J.  Phillips ;  W.  H.  Phillips ;  R.  Jjloyd  Praeger,  b.b.,  : 
Rev.  L.  A.  Pooler,  m.a.  ;  William  E.  Rogers ;  Rev.  Charles  Scott,  m.a.  ;  W 
Simpson ;  Alexander  T.  Smith,  m.d.  ;  Rev.  John  W.  Stubbs,  d.d.,  s.p.t.c.d.  ; 
Scott,  B.Sc,  M.  1K8T.  o.B. ;  Jamee  Thompson,  j.p.  ;  H.  Pomeroy  Truell,  m 


PKOCEEDINOS. 


I 


Wniiam  J.  TreUord ;  Robert  Welch  ;  J.  K.  Wilwm  ;  Bo».  Rob»rt  Workman ;  W,  J, 
Woodride  ;  W.  Lftw  Bros  ;  Rev.  H.  F.  Karker,  h.a.  ;  John  B.  O'ConnoU,  LI,.B.: 
■|'.  P.   O'Connor,   n.*. ;  Edwntd  AUworthr ;  T.  J.  Bmytli,  ll,.li.,  40. 

Tbb  Chaibuan's  Address. 

The  Chainnan,  in  opening  the  proceedinga,  aaid : — The  Council  of  our  Society,  h«»e 
done  me  the  honour  of  uldug  me  to  prpside  on  the  pnwent  occasion.  1  accede  to  the 
requeit  with  pleaauie,  mindful  a*  1  am  of  knowledge  increued.  and  friendahipi  fonnod, 
and  pleatuiea  derived,  and  palriotiim  inlensified  and  hroadened  through  m;  conneiion 
with  the  AtBodation  Ihef  bo  wiirthilf  manage,  and  wishful  above  oil  tbingi  lo  prove 
mtwif  not  uiigrilcful.  At  the  tame  time,  in  doins  so,  I  "  ligh  for  the  touch  of  a 
vanished  hnnd,  and  the  Euuud  of  h  voice  thil  in  Blill.'  When  it  wiu  Brat  pnipoaed  10 
hold  this  meeting — now  more  than  a  year  ago — in  tommon  with  yourselvfls,  1  had 
hoped  tbnt  Birbop  Reeves  would  he  here  lo  grnco  the  Ksthering  and  guide  our  delibe- 
rations and  stimiilate  and  enrich  us  with  his  ripe  and  rare  eiperieni'es  in  those  fruitful 
fields  of  anliquarian  lore  which  be  so  long  sndso  sucresiftJlT  cultivated.  The  hnpe  has 
not  heen  realiied.  It  has  been  othemite  ordered.  "  God's  finger  touchi-d  hioi,  and 
ho  slept."  Wo  mourn  hii  absence,  jot  feel  somewhat  as  Xonophon  fell  when  the 
tidings  came  lo  him  of  his  son's  death.  He  wiu  sucritidnB  at  the  time,  and  heariog 
what  had  happened  at  Mnntiaea  lore  off  Ibe  garland.  "But."  said  the  messenger, 
"  before  hii  ilcaih  he  billed  a  leader  of  the  enemj  with  his  own  hand."  Instantly  the 
father  resumed  the  garland  and  the  sarrifiue,  nobly  saying,  "  Mv  eon's  glory  consule* 
ine  foe  his  death."  Bitbnp  Reeves'  glory  consolea  us  not  a  little  for  bis  <leatb.  It  i* 
Ibe  glory  of  one  who  wben  he  died  was  our  gt«alcil  Irish  seholar.  It  is  the  glorj'  of 
one  who  stood  head  and  shoiihleis  above  hia  fcllowi  u  an  eccloiiulical  arcbiBijIogist. 
Itii  the  glory  of  on.^  who  has  stain  the  enemies  of  his  country's  reputation  with  the 
blaodleaa  weapon  of  historical  truth,  and  has  died  tnumphant  guarding  herbonoiu*,  and 
g  of  her  gr«staess,  and  feeling  to  the  loat 


funhering  her  interests,  and  telling  o< 


"She's 


This 


adtillai 


Korishis  the  only  presence  we  miss  to-day.  Canon  Grainger.  ■  man  with  whom  "  ihe 
elements  were  so  linely  mixed  "  that  he  was  an  enthusioslic  natumllst,  able  orctueiilo- 
gist,  learned  divine,  delightful  cumpanion  and  friend  all  in  one,  has  no  longer  a  plore 
on  cur  muster-ioll.  The  blank  left  by  his  ^lecease  is  a  large  and  diptroiiing  one.  Il 
will  not  toon  be  filled.  Never,  indeed,  to  some  of  us.  This  his  iiaiive  city  honours 
his  memory  as  one  of  her  most  dislinguiiJied  and  Inrec-hearted  eoni.  Wc  honour  it  not 
len,  hut  more.  Ilia  partiait  hangs  upon  ihe  wall  of  one  of  her  Uncel  piihlio  b'litdingi, 
It  has  a  belter  enahrinement  still  in  our  hearts.  Uembers  die,  but  the  uoik  of  the 
eociely  goes  on,  and  that,  tuo,  with  marked  success.  We  may  well  be  proud  of  our 
numerical  pontion,  numbenng,  as  we  do,  over  a  thousimd  niemben.  And  vre  bare 
■till  greater  reasou  lo  he  proud  of  oui  Jonrmil,  replete  aa  ilii  withalliat,-live  and  «rudit« 
papeia  OH  almost  all  suhjecti  direcllv  connected  with  th*  Ireland  of  the  olden  limo,  and 
leeming  with  illustrations  alike  beautiful  and  Iruthful,  as  adminihly  deaignid  to 
perpetuate  Ihe  exact  outlines  of  the  objects  described  as  to  aid  ihe  mind  in  giaspiug 
quickly  and  accurately  the  facts  recorded  or  Ihe  coniJuaions  reached.  The  results  of 
our  labours  thus  embodied  in  fact  and  figure  are  vnluahle  in  a  high  desree.  We  are 
doing  a  work  fascionting  and  useful,  tt  is  true,  l"  ourselves,  but  none  the  less  on  this 
account  a  wurk  fraught  with  immense  importance  to  the  nation  at  large.  We  are  re- 
writing ihe  annals  of  our  country — and  glorious  annals  they  are,  dMpite  the  many 
atnini  which  adiuiilcdiy  sully  their  pag« — rewriting  them,  not  with  the  quill  of  fancy 
or  of  B(mliment-<1  ddetEantisMi :  hut,  il  I  may  so  put  it.  indol<-rence  to  more  modem  and 
much  better  method),  wiiii  the  steal  pen'  of  rigid  investigatian  and  in  tlis  ink  of 
indui'livB,  and,  thrisfim,  truly  scientiflc.  oceurocy.  Itocuotly.  when  we  were  holdiaa 
■  meeting  elsewhere,  a  peaasnt  woman  of  the  district  visitod,  with  oovert  soraaam,  said 
lo  one  of  our  nioro  prominent  memhers,  a  neighbour  of  her  own.  "  Theae  are  cleTur 
men,  sir  :  are  they  not  f"  ;  "Very  clovormen."  "Well,  it's  inighly  simple  businesa 
thcy'ic  about."  Wo  can  afford  to  smile  at  the  innuendo — an  touunula,  by  the  way, 
all  loo  common.     Wa  ara  iaing  a  wuk  at  nalional  iuportanoa — a  work  whiidi  ia» 


318  ROYAL   SOCIETY.  OP  ANTIQUARIES   OF  IRELAND. 

State  diould  do,  but  doesn't,  and  whidi  in'realitj  is  worth  miUionB' to  the  State, 
ore  considering  what,  after  all,  is  part  and  parcel  of  our  country's  greatest  wndt 
knowledge  ol  her  early  condition,  her  arts  and  arcliitecture,  her  litera^re  and  let 
her  customs  and  colonizations.    We  are  throwing  a  Hood  of  light  upon  her  past, 
helping  to  mould  her  future,     We  are  clearing  the  ground,  and  laying  down  land 
t»ure  and  certain,  for  the  guidance  of  our  coming  historians,  artists,  politiciaj 
pliilanthropists.     In  short,  we  are  accumulating  a  mass  of  reliable  facts  explnnt 
the  making  of  this  Ireland  of  ours,  and  at  the  same  time  illustrative  in  no  small 
of  primitive  culture  periods  elsewhere.     And,  to  use  the  words  of  Petrie,  tb 
pioneer  of  the  work  in  which  we  are  engaged,  we  are  doing  all  this  in  '*  a  sn 
tinctured  by  the  slightest  admixture  of  prejudices,  either  political  or  sectarian.  ' 
will  pardon  me,  I  am  sure,  if  I  add,  in  words  not  less  familiar  although  slightly 
the  better  to  suit  my  purpose — 

*•  Oh,  long  mny  last  the  friendship  fast, 
Wbich  binds  us  all  tog«'ther  ; 
When  all  agree,  old  ilU  shall  flee 
Like  clouds  in  stormy  weather." 

No  doubt  we  have  not  accompb'shed  as  miich  as  we  mi^tht  have  accomplishe 
a  great  deal  has  been  done,  and  well  done.       What  a  different  aspet  t  the  earl] 
of  Ireland  presents  to-day  to  what  it  did,  say,  in  the  days  of  Keating  and  Wa 
Valiancy  and  Molyneux !     How  mauy  knotty  problems  have  been  solved  sim 
and  0' Donovan,  0*CuiTy  and  Dunraven,  Reeves  and  Wakeman  began  their 
What  a  rolling  back  there  has  been,  of  mists  and  vapours  from  about  not  a  fe 
epoch-making  events  of  our  distant  past !     How  steadily  we  have  pushed  ouri 
from  the  known  to  the  unknown,  widening  at  evci7  stfp  the  boundaries  of  our 
and  increasing  the  sum  total  of  our  knowledge.     SVe  now  know,  for  instance, 
round  towers  were  belfries  and  keeps  attacited  to  Christian  churches,  and  erected  8 
periods  between  the  sixth  and  thirteenth  centuries ;  that  the  crannogs,  or  lake  d 
reached  their  point  of  highest  development  about  the  time  of  the  Danish  invasii 
the  marvellous  art  of  the  illuminated  manuscripts,  such  as  the  **  Book  of  Eells,'* 
beautiful  book  in  the  world,  and  the  **  Book  of  Durrow,"  of  the  metal  work  ( 
such  antiques  as  the  chalice  of  Ardagh  and  the  Tara  Brooch,  of  the  sculptured  si 
the  standing  crosses,  is  an  art  of  purely  native  growih,  covering  a  perio<l  e: 
roughly  speaking,  from  tlio  sixth  to  the  twelfth  century  inclusive  ;  that  th< 
from  the  use  of  bronze  to  that  <>f  iron,  as  proved  by  the  Lisnaer-'ghcra  fin- 
Grainger  Museum,  took  place  about  the  time  of  the  introduction  of  Christian 
the   peculiar   method   of   writing,    known   as    Ogam,    belongs   for  the  most 
the    early   Christian   times;    that  the   cromleachs   are   not    Druida*   altars, 
stone  circles    Drnidioal   temples,   but  both    alike   sepiilchral    monuments  ; 
majority   of   our   raths,    though   popularly   styled    Danish    forts,    were  no 
by  the  Danes  at  all,   but  by  early  colonists,   probaMy  those  known  as  th 
Do  Danaans ;  and  that  the  fc^tone   Ape  in  this  part  "f  the  world — if  eve: 
there  M'ns  a  Stone  Age,    pure   and   simple,   in  Ireland,    which,   in   my    o] 
very  questionable — came   down   to   compaiatively    recent   times.      These 
may  be  taken  as  finally  established,  or  at  any  ra!e  if  any  of  them  should 
tioned  they  are  yet  near  enough  the  truth  to  afford  us  reliable  and  helj 
marks  in  threading  our  way  backwards,  first  from  historic  times  to  what  th< 
appropriately  call  protohistoric  tinu  s,  and,  then,  from  protohistoric  to  prehist 
They  are  the  salient  feature  of  our  country's  earlier  story.     They  give  a 
amount  of  definiteness,  where  so  much  is  mythical  and  misleading  to  our  c 
of  the  p(  ople's  life  and  the  progress  of  their  culture  in  those  far-off  times, 
are  a  standing  testimony  to  the  value  of  that  '*  true  antiquarianism  which  b( 
tory  and  tradition  to  be  tested  by  fact."     But  if  much  has  been  done  in  t; 
rewriting  our  annals  much  still  remains  to  be  done.     Despite  the  fact  th( 
prominent  and  specially  attractive  subjects  have  been  practically  settled  a  gr 
awaits  the  Irish  antiquarian.     **  There  is  much  land  yet  to  be  possessed." 
perhaps,  of  the  relics  of  the  past  remaining  to  us,  many  of  them  in  great 
soon  and  for  ever  disappearing,  have  still  to  bo  a<  curately  figured   and 
Information  is  still  required  about  the  men  and  manners  and  momentous  ev 
centuiies  which  lie  nearest  to  us.     The  earlier  days  of  Christianity  suggest  a 
titude  of  intensely  interesting  questions,  for  the  solution  of  which  more  light 
Our  folklore  presents  a  fascinating  and  productive  field  of  research  hithe 


PROCEEnEKOS' 


U9 


entirelT  ignored.  If  not  loon  entered  upon  tlie  iilr<-«il;r  ripened  hHrveet  viilt>e  Iwt 
beyond  recall,  and  wlint  a  «i>bero  for  notile  nnd  necdeil  Jaipur  there  is  in  tlie  quarry 
of  pnliiBturic  inTealigation.  ^^')lO  w^te  the  tlnl  inbabituDts  of  oui  island?  wlicre 
did  ibey  come  liom,  and  about  wbat  timo  ?  What  vat  their  condition  eociallj'  and 
M)ionri«e?'  ^Vh■I  elcmenta  have  ihey  conttibuled  to  tbs  diiliiation  we  ourselvea 
enjoy  F  With  work  aiiah  u  this  lo  he  done,  and  quMliona  iiioli  u  these  to  answer, 
who  tliot  will  may  "win  his  Epura."     There  ia  room  tor  nil  and  renorJs  for  all, 


"  For  we  I 
And  in  t 


of  (he  earth 
>t  the  timea/' 


t  the  bell  upon  h 


Mnv  I  eipren  on  behalf  of  ibe  Royal  Saiioty  nf  Antiauariea  the  bope  that  Ihia  Atbena 
of  the  North  will  contril>ute  its  ahnri'.  and  av<!ii  mole  than  in  ibare,  of  willing  and  able 
Korken.  The  Uliter  founial of  Aichrology,  b  perfect  mine  of  antiquarian  wealth,  and 
for  which  we  can  never  ba  aufficienily  thankful  to  iti  editor,  Hr.  M'Adam ;  Benn'i 
"  Hiatory  of  lieUaat,"  the  Gnide-hook  prepared  by  the  NatiitiJiata'  Field  Club  ;  Mr. 
Hilb'^'a  "Glimpaea  of  Erin";  the  Bev.  Mr.  O'Laverty'a  able  volumes,  replBl« 
with  lafi'rmalJon ;  and  last,  but  by  no  Dienna  least,  Ur.  U.  M.  Yotmg'a  eiquiaila 
reprint  of  the  "Town  Book,"  encourage  me  not  only  to  do  so,  but  to  believB  that  the 
hope  will  be  amply  reatiicd.  It  has  always  aeenied  to  n 
gmu  nuBconee]ition  of  the  city's  pnrition  and  spirit  I 
escutcheon  ea  held  hard  and  fast.  The  piciure  moat  aesureilly  is  n 
OS  the  love  of  ontiquniian  pursuila  is  concerned.  This  bell,  at  any  rule,  has  been  | 
kept  going  tunefully  aiid  usefully.  M'Adam  and  Carruthi'rs  and  Getty  and  Hume  and 
Oulton  and  Reeves  held  the  ropes  for  long.  And  now  that  they  bave  stepped  u ' ' 
not  Icsa  entbusiaalic  and  skilful  are  tlie  men  who  supply  their  places.  B'lt  more  ara 
needed  that  ibo  work  to  be  done  may  be  uvertuki'n  and  "the  melodies  aliide."  And 
what  a  work  it  is  !  How  attruolivu  in  itself  I  flow  bracing  to  the  intellectual  and 
moral  pawtrs  of  those  who  engage  in  it  \  flow  well  adapted  to  fit  for  every-day  lifs 
by  increasing  business  capability,  and  developing  that  judicial  calmness  and  nioderution 
of  aetttimonl  ■□  essi-ntial  to  comfort  and  suicess  \  How  full  it  ia  of  the  promise  of 
fuiare  good  in  other  direotions— as  tor  emmple,  tho  cultivation  of  artistic  tastes,  ihe 
training  of  the  memory,  the  litibt  useof  the  scientific  imagination,  the  appreciation 
of  tbe  inestimable  value  of  truth  \  How  suited  to  old  and  young,  to  rich  and  poor, 
va  those  who  are  in  search  of  a  pleasant  and  profitable  hobby,  and  lo  those  who  would 
love  tha  laiid  that  gave  tlieni  birth  (and  who  would  not  f),  as  Tennyann  would  hare 
them  love  it,  "With  a  \o\e  fur  brought  from  out  the  storied  past  and  used  witlitn 
the  present ";  and  who,  in  the  strength  of  this  enlightened  and  patriotic  olfeetion, 
would  do  at  least  something  to 

"  Bing  out  tho  thouMUid  wars  of  old," 
and  to 

"  Eing  in  tha  thousand  years  of  peace." 

But  I  may  not  wait  to  dwell  on  Ibi*.      Our  time  ii  limited,   and  v 


s  long 


e  'rom 

_ 0  bave  thia  opportunity  of  meeting  our  fellow -members  of  Bi:lfsst  ia 

Ibeir  own  nugniScent  city,  and  in  this  ball,  lundly  granted  lo  us  by  tbo  Belfast 
Natural  History  and  Fbilosophieal  Socii-ty.  Assutedly  it  would  not  be  thtir  fault,  nor 
the  fault  of  Mr.  Uilligan— if  we  do  not  have  a  pleasant  and  pioGlable  meeting,  and 
1  am  DO  le«a  sure  that  it  will  not  be  to  our  credit  as  visiton  if,  when  all  ii  over. 
and  wo  come  to  say  good-bye,  we  do  not  And  ouiselves  making  their  motto  our 
motto,  and  saying  wiSi  all  our  heIa1^  "ji™  tanU  qmd  rtlHhwimai." 

The  Minutes  of  the  previoua  Meeting  were  then  read  and  confirmed. 

The  Secretary  announced  that  letters  of  apology  for  non-attendance 
had  been  received  from  the  President,  Lord  James  Wandesforde  Cutler, 
who  regretted  that  tho  state  of  htH  health  did  not  enable  bim  to  bo 
present;  Right  Hon.  Lord  Arthur  Hi!],  w.P,,  Seni^  Vict-Pretident  ft/r 
VUttr,  who  was  obliged  to  bo  in  London  during  tho  week  ;  Hev.  CanoB 
Crozier,  of  Holywood ;  and  Hev.  John  EUiutt,  of  Armagh. 


320         BOTAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUABIES  OF  IBELAND* 

The  following  Fellow  and  Members  were  elected : — 

Fbllow. 

Kobert  Peroeyal-Maxwell,  j.f.,  d.l.,  Finnebrogae,  Downpatriok :  propoi 
Henry  Smyth,  c.b.,  j.f.,  Hon.  Local  SeereUtry^  South  JDoum, 

Members. 

Bigbt  Hon.  Lord  Dunsany,  Dunsany  Castle,  Nayan ;  Sir  John  Fox  DilloQ« 
J.F.,  D.L.,  Lismullen,  Navan  :  proposed  by  Bev.  GliTer  Brigbton,  m.a. 

Alexander  Qoodman  More,  f.l.s.,  m.r.i.a.,  74,  Leinster-road,  Dublin:  pi 
by  Bobert  Day,  f.s.a.,  Viee^Freiident, 

Very  Bey.  Edward  M'Eenna,  f.f.,  y.F.,  Cumber  Claudy,  Co.  Londonderry ;  1 
Oilmore,  The  Diamond,  Coleraine  ;  Bear- Admiral  Henry  M*Clintock  Alexandi 
Dundoan,  Coleraine  ;  Be  v.  David  Gordon,  Downpatrick ;  Anthony  Thomas  Ji 
Architect,  6,  Com  Market,  Belfast :  proposed  by  William  Gray,  m.illa.,  Vim 
dent. 

Bey.  John  H.  Moran,  11,  St.  Lawrence-road,  Clontarf;   William  T.  CI 
Assistant  Inspector  of  National  Schools,  1,  Aginoourt- terrace,  Bugby-road,  I 
John  M*Bride,  1,  Cameron-street,  Belfast ;  Thomas  George  Morrow,  Kells,  Co. 
proposed  by  Seaton  F.  Milligan,  m.b.i.a.,  Hon.  Provincial  Secretary  fw  VU 

Horace  W.  Whayman,  Castle-terrace,  Orford,  Suffolk ;  James  G.  Alcorn,  Be 
at-Law,  24,  Corng- avenue,  Kingstown  ;  Marcus  Purcell,  Solicitor,  47,  B 
square,  Dublin;  Henry  A.  Hinkson,  m.a.,  7,  Trinity  College,  Dublin:  prop 
G.  D.  Burtohaell,  m.a.,  m.b.i.a..  Fellow. 

Frederick  David  Swan,  Diamond,  Monaghan:  proposed  by  D.  Carolan 
B.A.,  FeUoWy  Hon.  Local  Secretary,  Co.  Monaghan. 

William  J.  Simpson,  4,  Bridge-stroet,  Belfast:  proposed  by  Bobert  M. 
B.B.,  M.B.X.A.,  Fellow,  Hon.  Local  Secretary,  City  of  Belfast. 

John  D.  C.  Hurly,  j.f.,  Fenit  House,  The  Spa,  Tralee;  Bey.  John  0*Let] 
Kilmalohe^or,  Ballyferriter,  Dingle,  Co.  Kerry :  proposed  by  Bey.  Denis  O'Do 
F.F.,  Hon.  Local  Secretary,  North  Kerry. 

P.  Fits  Patrick,  District  Inspector  of  National  Schools,  Melbourne 
Armagh :  proposed  by  Bev.  John  Elliott,  Hon.  Local  Secretary ^  Armagh. 

Thomas  P.  Sherard  Crosthwait,  b.a.,  m.  inst.  c.k.,  Clare  View,  Limerii 
posed  by  Robert  Fogerty,  c.b. 

Rev.  George  S.  Mayers,  b.a.,  Vicar's  Hill,  Tubrid,  Cahir :  proposed  by  B 
fessor  Stokes,  d.d.,  m.b.i.a. 

Rev.  Euseby  Digby  Cleaver,  m.a.,  Dolgelly,  Wales:  proposed  by  M.  J.  C. 

William  Ernest  Roe,  Mountrath  ;  Benjamin  H.  Mullen,  m.a.,  Cui-ator,  &• 
Museum,  Peel  Ptirk,  Salford  :  proposed  by  John  Cooke,  b.a. 

William  J.  Trellord,  23,  Lincoln-avenue,  Belfast :  proposed  by  F.  J.  Bigg 

Edward  P.  O'Fnrrell,  l.b.c.h.e.,  21,  Rutland-square,  Dublin:  proposed 
L.  Robinson,  Hon.  Provtncial  Secretary,  Leinster. 

Arthur  Gethin  Creagh,  j.p.,  Carrahane,  Uuin,  Co.  Clare :  proposed  by  H.  I 

Rev.  Samuel  Musgrave  Harris,  m.a.,  3,  Cowper  Villas,  Rathmines :  pn 
Rev.  James  B.  Keene,  m.a. 

Mervyn  S.  Pattei-son,  Deputy  County  Surveyor,  TuUyard,  Tullyhogue,  Co. 
proposed  by  Charles  Mullin. 

Frederick  Morley,  a.u.i.b.a.,  c.e.,  Architect,  Commercial  Buildings, 
Charles  William  Harrison,  178,  Great  BrunsM'ick-street,  Dublin:  proposed 
Charles. 

Denis  J.  Coffey,  b.a.,  m.m.,  m.  ch.  (r.u.i.),  Professor  of  Physiology, 
Medicine,  Cecilia- street,  Dublin  :  proposed  by  P.  King  Joyce.,  b.a. 

Mrs.  Leonard,  Warrenstown,  Dunsany,  Co.  Meath :  proposed  by  the  B 
the  Abbot  of  Mount  Melleray. 

John  V.  Legge,  26,  Elgin-road,  Dublin  :  proposed  by  John  0.  Overond. 

The  Librarian,  Newberry  Library,  Chicago,  Illinois,  U.S.A.  :  proposed 
Stevens,  4,  Trafalgar- square,  London,  W.C. 

J.  S.  Cussen,  b.a.,  Inspector  of  National  Schools,  Education  Office, 
proposed  by  A.  P.  Morgan,  b.a.,  Hon.  Local  Secretary,  JFest  Galway. 


I 


PROOEEDINGS.  321 


Mn,  MacMohoa-Creagh,  Dangau,  Eillcisheii,  Co.  Clare;  prapoieil bj  Thonuu  J. 
Westropp,  H.A. 

Edward  M'Fadden,  Solicitor,  Letterkennf ;  proposed  bj  Jamei  Simmi. 

Willifltn  J.  Anderson,  o.«.,  ArcluMct,  Harbour  Viow,  ColeniinB  :  propo>ad  bj 
John  If 'Lough  lin. 

irenrr  Davv ,  H.B.,  u.cB.,  Kimmin  LadK«,  TsreDure,  Co.  Dublin  :  propowd  br 
F.  FrankUn. 

Mr«.  Brien,  6*,  Sih.  Richinond-Bt.,  Dublin:  propoaed  by  Ber.  A.  9. Woodward,  h.a. 

P.  Edward  Word,  a.k.i.b.a.,  31,  Donpgall- place,  Belfatt  ;  Snmuel  Shannon  Millin, 
UlEtariille-aveaue,  Belfast ;  Mm.  Arabella  Qrei-r,  Hatfield  Beclory,  Great  Grimiby, 
Lincoln :  proposed  by  John  Vin jconib.  Fellow . 

Est.  Matbew  Conaorr,  c.c,  Dungiven,  Co.  Derry  :  proposed  by  Francis  H'QIade, 

The  Secretary  brought  forward  a  Seport  in  aceordance  with  Low  6 
ot  the  Genenil  Riilea,  and  asked  permisBion  not  to  read  it,  vhich  was 
grunted. 

The  following  Papers  were  read,  and  referred  to  the  Coiineil  for 
publication: — 

"Notes  on  the  Ancient  Becorda  of  CBrHokrergui,"  by  Bobert  M.  Young,  b.a., 

c.a.,  H.H.I.I.,  FiUeie,  Bon.  Loral  SrerKarg,  BilfaH. 
"Notes  on  the  old  Mnyor'a  Seal  of  Canickfergus,"  by  Jobn  Vinjcorob,  FMm. 
"  Irish  Stone  Axes  and  Chisels."  by  William  J.  KnowlM,  u.R.i.it.,  Ftllev, 
"Notes  on  some  County  Down  Soutenains,"  by  William  Gray,  h.b.i.a.,  Ftet- 


The  Secretary  auDounced  that  Ur.  B.  £.  Ward,  u.i.,  uf  Bangor  Castlr, 
had  kindly  invited  the  Society  to  luncheon,  and  that  Mr.  W.  J,  Pirrie 
had  also  kindly  invited  the  Society  to  visit  Messrs.  Horland  and  Wolff's 
ship-building  establishment  on  Queen's  Island,  and  to  partake  of  luncheon, 
but  that  both  invitations  had  to  be  declined  with  regret  as  time  would  not 
permit  of  their  acceptance. 

Mr.  Milligan,  h.r.i.a.,  Mon.  Provincial  Secretarp  for  Uliler,  explained 
the  arrangements  that  had  been  made  for  the  various  excursions  in 
connexion  with  the  meeting. 

The  Meeting  then  adjourned  nntil  9  o'clock,  p.m. 

GAsnxK  Pabtt  at  thb  Lobd  Mavob'b. 

In  the  afternoon  the  Lord  Mayor  of  Belfast,  Sir  Daniel  Dixon, /'e/Zoii', 
and  Lady  Dixon,  entertained  the  Society  at  a  ganlcn  party  at  their 
residence,  Ballymenoch  House.  The  Lord  Mayor  kindly  permitted  the 
Charters,  Chains  of  Office,  and  Official  Insignia  to  be  exhibited. 

Thb  Dinneb. 
At  7  o'clock,  p.m.,   the  Society  dined  at  Thompson's  Restaurant, 
Done  gall -place,  Wiluam  Ouai,  m.b.i.a.,  Pt'«-i'/'Mi'itei(,  in  the  Chair. 


322        ROTAL  SOCIETT  OF  JlHTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 


Evening  Meetino. 

The  Society  again  met  in  the  Mosenm  Buildings,  GoUege-squt 
9  o'clock,  p.m.,  Layens  M.  Ewart,  ic.b.i.a.,  j.p.,   Vice-PreMmt^ 
Chsdr. 

The  Chairman  said  he  wished  to  take  that  opportunity  of  th( 
the  Members  for  the  high  honour  they  had  done  him  in  electing 
Vice-President  for  UUter.  He  was  afraid  that  his  qualifications  < 
entitle  him  to  the  position,  and  that  it  was  entirely  by  their  &1Y01) 
he  found  himself  placed  in  it. 

The  following  Papers  were  read,   and  referred  to  the  Couz 
publication  : — 

**  The  Moylarg  Ciannog,   CuUybackey,  Go.  Antrim,"  by  Bey.  Geo.  B. 
M.A.,  M.B,.i.A.,  Viee' President, 

**The  Anglo-Norman  Castles  of  Co.  Down,"  by  F.  W.  Lockwood,  c.b. 

"  Vestiges  of  Mediseval  Sculptured  Foliage  and  other  Art  Work  in  the  ( 
and  Abbey  precincts  of  the  United  Diocese  of  Down  and  Con 
Dromore,**  by  James  J.  Phillips,  Architect. 

'*  The  true  cause  at  last  discovered  why  the  Irish  buried  their  Batta 
Banks,'*  by  Bev.  J.  O'Laverty,  f.f.,  m.b.x.a. 

The  remaining  Papers  on  the  list  were  taken  as  read,  and  ref< 
the  Council,  viz. : — 

"The  ancient  Earthworks  known  as  the  Dane's  Cast  and  the  Dorsej 
Counties  of  Down  and  Armagh,"  by  Rev.  H.  W.  Lett,  m. 
Trovincial  Secretary  for  Ulster. 

**  The  Diary  of  Dr.  Jones,    Scoutmaster-General  of  the  Army  of  the 
wealth,  from   13th   March,   1649,   to  2l8t  June,    1650,"    by  J. 
0' Meagher,  m.r.i.a..  Fellow. 

''Members  for  Ireland  in  the  Parliaments  of  the  Protectorate,"  by  "\^ 
Scott,  B.A.,  Fellow. 

'*  Notes  on  the  Round  Towers  of  Cloyne,  Roscam,  and  Iniskean,"  by  "V 
Wakeman,  Hon.  F'ellow. 

"Some  ancient  Ecclesiastical  Bronze  Bells  in  Ulster,"  by  Seaton  F. 
M.K.I.  A.,  FclloWy  Hon.  Provincial  Secretary  for  Ulster. 

'*The  Geraldine's  Throw  "  (identification  of  the  spot  referred  to  in  a 
century  legend  related  by  Holinshed),  by  Lord  Walter  Fi 
M.U.I. A.,  Fellow, 

"  Ecclesiastical  uses  of  some  Caves  in  Ireland  suggested  by  the  disc 
month  of  a  similar  structure  in  Thessalonica,"  by  Rev.  J.  O'La^ 

M.K.I. A. 

'*  A  Note  for  record  on  the  Books  of  the  Society  that  *  Brugh-na-Boinne, 
of  the  place  where  were  interred  the  ragan  Elings  of  Ireland,  i 
as  a  name  for  its  site,"  by  Rev.  J.  O'Laverty,  p.p.,  m.r.i.a. 

'*  Irish  Medals  "  (Part  5),  by  William  Frazer,  p.h.c.s.i.,  m.r.i.a.,  Fellc 
The  Meeting  then  adjourned. 


FBOCEEDmOS. 


HI8T0RICAL  AND  DESCIIIPTIVK  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CITY 
OP  BELFAST.* 

Br  JOHN  VINYCOMB,  Fkiow. 

A  LTHOUDE  "Biilfust,  asB  town,  bos  no  ancient  liistoiy,"  as  has  been  statt.'d 
-^*-  by  the  historian  of  the  town  (Br'nn,  1877),  a  reference  to  certnin 
CTi'nts  wMuli  took  place  centuries  ago  on  the  spot  wborc  the  citr  now  stands 
may  be  deemed  of  coDsiderable  hiBtoric  importance  to  memborB  of  the 
R.  S.  A.  of  Inland.  The  Ford,  or  rather  the  Fearsot  (which  was  tho 
nume  then  given  to  the  place  from  the  sand-bonk  formed  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  bj  thu  opposiog  currents  of  tide  and  stream),  was  the  scene  of 
a  battle  in  66G.  It  is  tlius  mcnlioncd  in  the  "AnnaU  ot  the  Four 
MasterB,"  and  a  foot-note,  "  The  battle  of  Fearsat,  between  tho  Ulidians 
and  the  Cruilbni,  where  Cathasacb,  son  of  Laircine,  waa  slain.  The 
Fearsat  bcru  alluded  to  was  evidently  at  Bel-Fearsnt,  now  Belfast,  on 

•  B«lful  [Ii«l  or  Beul.  n  mauth,  an  entrance,  a  ford,  and  Peitrsnd,  t,  csnd-bsnk. 
In  BecTBa'  '■  Ki.'claiuticnl  Aniiqiiitiea  "  (p.   181),  he  layi : — "  The  name  appeara  in 
th«  Txiaiion  in  tbe  I^tin  form  l'adnm;  anil  a^a  la  1333,  ai  Ui«  pUc>  vhara  ■  euU* 
of  Ihn  Earl  of  UIiMt  (tood,  snil  wb«te  Williaio  de  Burgo  wa«  auauiiMted.     Ot 
aay ■  he  uas  alais  inlrr  CanlrEm  it  Sa-tUi  tt  Qiif  Fargut,  which  SandUa  Bppeui  IC    .  _ 
a  corruption  of  Sliankitl  (reAn-cill,  "old  Dbunh"  ),  the panokial  name  of  BsUuk   1 
Accordios  lo  the  "  Dlit«r  laquiiitiuDB,"  tha  pxiuad  occupied  b;  the  pratent  town  wm  4 
called  lliul}'ietoo1e^a]gie."  * 


894        BOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUABIES  OF  IRELAJSm. 

the  river  Lagan,  in  the  county  of  Antrim."     In  1177  Jolrn  de  Courcj 
held  possession  of  what  was  the  first  Castle  of  Belfast  of  which  there  is 
any  mention,  and  which  he  prohably  erected  at  this  place  to  command 
the  ford.    King  John  (1210)  passed  through  Belfast  on  his  way  to  Carriek- 
fergus.     It  is  impossible  to  trace  the  history  of  the  place,  at  least  as  a 
town,  until  the  reign  of  Edward  II.,  at  which  period  the  native  Irish, 
galled  by  the  oppression  of  the  English,  invited  the  Scots,  under  Edward 
Bruce  (1316),  brother  of  the  Scottish  King,  to  invade  Ireland  for  the 
complete  expulsion  of  the  English  colonists  and  the  erection  of  a  new 
monarchy.     Landing  near  Lame  with   6000  men,   and   having  been 
joined  by  the  Irish  chiefs,  Bruce  "  fell  with  the  fury  of  a  devouring 
tempest  upon  the  English  settlements,"  and  the  town  and  castle  were 
destroyed.      In  the  distraction  consequent  upon  this  defeat  the  Irish 
clans  rose  in  arms,  and  with  exception  of  the  stout  fortress  of  Carrick- 
fergus  this  portion  of  Ulster  remained  for  a  long  period  in  the  hands  of 
the  native  Irish.     In  1503  Gerald  Earl  of  Kildare,  Lord  Deputy,  made 
an  expedition  into  Ulster  and  destroyed  the  Castle  of  Belfast.     In  1512 
Kildare  mnde  a  second  incursion  into  the  north,  and  again  destroyed  the 
Castle,  which  had  in  the  meantime  been  fully  restored  and  reoccupied 
by  the  O'Neills.     This  fortress  seems  to  have  been  the  scene  of  many  a 
sanguinary  encounter,  and  was  frequently  taken  and  retaken  during  tliis 
troublesome  period. 

In  1604  there  was  a  grant  of  the  town,  manor,  and  castle  of  Belfast, 
with  much  of  the  adjacent  territory  forfeited  by  the  O'Neills  of  Claneboye, 
to  Sir  Arthur  Chichester,  Lord  Deputy  of  Ireland.  At  this  time  it  was 
a  mere  village  of  a  few  scattered  huts  on  the  margin  of  the  Lough, 
clustered  near  the  Ford,  under  the  protection  of  the  Castle,  and  with  a 
population  of  only  500  ;  the  Ford,  the  Castle,  and  the  Church,  forming  the 
three  distinguishing  objects  which  made  the  locality  known  in  early  times. 

On  Ist  August,  1604,  the  Belfast  fair  was  first  held  ;  regular 
markets  were  only  established  in  1611,  to  which  commodities  also  came 
from  Scotland  in  small  boats.  A  Market-house  is  mentioned  in  1632,  and 
twenty-two  years  later  we  read  of  it  being  used  as  a  military  barracks 
or  guard-house,  for  which  use  the  old  church  was  also  appropriated. 

Sir  Arthur  Chichester,  who  may  be  truly  called  the  founder  of  the 
town,  was  created,  in  1612,  Baron  Chichester  of  Belfast.  A  number  of 
English  and  Scotch  settlers  were  introduced  about  this  time,  and  being 
for  the  most  part  industrious,  the  town  began  its  course  of  prosperity. 
On  the  27th  April,  1613,  the  town  was  constituted  a  corporation  by 
Charter  of  King  James  I.,  to  consist  of  a  sovereign  or  chief  magistrate, 
and  twelve  burgesses,  and  commonalty,  with  the  right  of  sending  two 
members  to  Parliament.  This  Charter  was  annulled,  and  a  new  one 
issued  in  1688,  but  the  original  one  was  restored  in  1690.  In  1647 
the  first  Viscount  Chichester's  eldest  son  was  created  Earl  of  Donegall, 
and  subsequently  a  descendant  was  raised  to  the  dignity  of  Marquis  of 


PROCEEDINGB. 


I 


I 


Doncgall  and  Earl  of  Belfast.  The  first  stimulus  to  tbe  tradv  of  tlie  port 
was  given  tditbyThomasWcntwortb,  Earl  of  Strafford,  Lord  Deputy,  who 
purchased  from  the  Corporation  of  Carrickfcrgus  the  right  of  importing 
certaia  commodities  at  one-t!iird  of  the  duties  payahle  at  other  plueoB. 
The  town  suffered  greatly  during  the  great  civil  war.  The  Seotcli  troops, 
under  General  Munroe,  occupied  the  town  from  1644  till  1648,  when  it 
wuB  retaken  by  General  Monk  for  the  Parliament.  In  1690  William  III, 
visited  the  town.  The  formation  of  volunteer  corps  in  1715,  1745,  1760 
(the  ilato  of  Thurot's  landing  at  Kilroot.  near  CarrickfergUH),  and  1778  for 
the  better  defence  of  the  country,  is  thenextcTciitof  historical  importance 
before  the  Union.  In  conformity  with  the  passing  of  tho  Municipal  Corpo- 
rations  Act  in  1841,  the  mode  of  government  was  changed,  and  connsted 
of  a  Mayor,  Aldermen,  and  Town  Councillors,  to  tho  number  of  forty 
altogether,  as  at  present.  During  the  interval  in  ivhich  these  civic 
changes  occurred,  there  were  formed  at  different  periods  the  Boai-d  of 
Harbour  CommissioncrB,  a  Board  of  Water  Commissionera,  a  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  and  various  other  public  bodies  and  institutions,  such  as  wet« 
rendered  necessary  by  the  rapidly  increasing  requirements  of  the  town. 
In  1888  the  rank  of  i  citt  was,  by  Royal  Charter,  conferred  upon  Belfast, 
and  by  a  subsequent  Charter  a  grant  (or  confirmation)  of  arms  was  made 
by  Ulfitcr  Eing  of  Anns,  uf  tho  ensigns  borne  by  tho  town  since  1640, 
with  some  slight  honourable  augmentations  to  denote  the  accession  of 
dignity  ;  and  within  the  past  few  wceke 
Her  Uajesty  has  been  graciously  pleased 
to  confer  upon  the  Chief  Magistrate  the 
style  and  title  of  The  Lord  Mayor  of  the 
City  of  Belfast. 

Since  the  time  when  aa  the  first  Baron 
of  Belfast,  Sir  Arthur  Chichester  became 
Ion!  of  tho  soil,  the  Donegall  family  have 
been  closely  identifitd  with  the  intt^rcsts  of 
the  town,  and  liavi!  always  maintained  a 
residence  here.  The  present  noble  owner 
of  the  ealate,  the  Right  Hon.  tho  CountcH 
of  Shaftesbury,  only  daughter  of  George 
Hamilton,  third  Marquis  of  Donegall.  on  the  occasion  of  the  coming  of 
age  of  her  son  Anthony,  ninth  Earl  of  ShoftcBbury,  in  1890,  gave  u 
«  free  gift  to  the  people  o!  Belfast,  the  site  of  the  Royal  Hospital,  an 
act  of  munificence  which  sufficiently  attests  the  cordial  relations  stiU 
subsisting  between  town  and  castle. 

Thb  L*sr  CisTLS  w  BELrisr. 
Upon  or  near  to  the  site   occupied  by  former  caatles.   Sir  Arthur 
Chichester,  in  1611,  built  "n  dainty  etatcly  palace  wliith  is  indeed  the 
glory  uid  beauty  (rf  the  town."     So  wrote  Sir  W.  Brurcton,  who  visited 


826        SOTAL  SOCIETY  OP  AWnQnARIES  OT  IREIAND. 

Belfast  in  1635.  "The  very  end  of  the  Lough  toncheth  upon  his 
garden,"  he  adds,  as  if  to  picture  the  beauties  of  the  place,  aitd  judging 
the  old  plan  of  the  town  of  about  that  time,  it  does  appear  to  have  been 
very  pleasantly  situated.  This,  tho  last  of  the  castles  erected  to  hold 
and  control  the  pass  of  the  ford,  was  burned  April  24,  1706,  tliroagh  the 
carelcssnesB  of  a  servant,  by  which  accident  three  daughters  of  Arthur, 
Srd  Earl  of  Donegall,  were  unfortunately  bumed  to  death.  Tho  coBtlo 
stood  in  the  middle  of  on  extensive  garden,  between  what  is  now  DoncgaH- 
place  and  Castle-market :  many  names  in  the  locality,  as  Castle- street, 
Castle-plftce,  Castle-lane,  4e.,  sufficiently  indicate  its  near  proximity. 

An  eitenaive  mansion  in  the  Tudor  style  of  architecture  waa  after- 
wards erected  at  Omieau  {now  one  of  the  public  parks  of  the  city)  on  the 
east  aide  of  the  River  Lagan,  as  the  country  residence  of  the  Uarquis  oi 


l^ 


BelfMl  Csjllc,  Cave  Hill. 

Donegall,  while  hia  town  house  was  the  present  Royal  Hotel  in  Donegall- 
place,  a  street  then  entirely  inhabited  by  the  aristocracy  of  the  district, 
but  now  solely  occupied  by  some  of  tho  finest  shops  and  places  of  business 
in  the  city. 

Tho  third  Marquis  of  Donegall,  who  took  a  strong  personal  interest  in 
Reifast,  erected  a  magnificent  castle  in  the  Scotch  Baronial  style  (of 
which  Messrs,  Lauyon  were  the  architects)  on  the  eastern  slope  of  tho 
Cave  Hill  (so  called  from  the  caves  on  the  (nee  of  the  cliffs),  almost 
under  the  crowning  height  of  Mac  Art's  fort.  It  is  occupied  for  sevoial 
months  in  the  year  by  iiis  daughter,  the  wiilowed  Countess  of  Shaftesbury, 
her  daughters,  and  her  son,  the  present  Earl.  The  site  is  a  most  com- 
manding one,  overlooking  the  entire  district,  the  panoramic  views  of  the 
Lough,  the  open  sea,  and  the  Scottish  coast  beyond  on  one  hand,  and  over 


PEOCEEDIMQS. 


33T 


the  city  ot  Belfast  and  far  up  the  valley  oi  tbe  Lagan  on  the  other,  while 
Strangford  Lough,  with  the  distajit  Slieve  Bonnrd  and  the  Uourne  reoge 
of  mountains  in  county  Down,  appear  directly  opposite.  "  Ben  Mndighan" 
(tbe  mountain  of  the  little  dog),  the  ancient  same  of  Cave  Hill — cloM 
upon  a  thousand  feet  iu  height— is  a  place  of  considerable  historicul  inte- 
rest. Here  on  the  loftiest  peak  the  outlawed  Brian  SIacArt,  erected  hia 
mountain  fortress,  and  his  name,  "MacArt's  fort,"  it  still  retains.  The 
county  Down  portion  of  Belfast  which,  if  separated  from  the  city,  would 
form  the  fourth  largest  town  in  Ireland,  also  takes  its  name,  "Bally 
MacArt,"  from  the  same  redouhtahlc  Brian.  It  was  along  the  base  of  the 
frowning  cliffs  of  Ben  Madighan  that  a  great  battle  took  place  in  1-108 
between  the  Irish  chief,  UacGilmore,  and  the  Anglo-Irish  Savage,  ot 
the  Ards,  the  party  of  the  former  being  finally  routed  with  great  lose. 
These  incidents  form  the  basis  of  a  story,  entitled  "Corby  MacQllmore," 
by  the  late  Sir  Samuel  Ferguson  :  see  "  Uibernian  Nights'  Entertain- 
ment," edited  by  Lady  Ferguson. 

Belfast  is  situated  at  the  head  of  what  ia  now  called  Belfast  Lough 
(formerly  Carrickfergus  Bay),  an  estuary  of  the  sea  about  twelve  miles  in 
length ;  the  breadth  at  the  entrance,  which  is  about  6ve  miles,  decreases 
gradually  toward  the  extremity,  where  the  River  Lagan  joins  it.  Here 
anciently  a  ford  existed,  from  which  the  town  derives  its  name  {B«t  or 
S«ul,  a  mouth,  an  entrance,  a  ford,  and  Ftarsad,  a  sand-bank).  The 
shores  ou  either  side  of  the  Lough  are  extremely  picturesque  :  extensive 
ranges  of  hills  close  in  the  valley  of  the  Lagan.  The  Cave  Hill  (tl6U 
feet),  St^ulre's  Hill,  Black  Mountain,  Divis  (1462  feet)  overlook  the 
city  on  county  Antrim  side,  while  the  Custlereagh  range  of  hills  keep  a 
nearly  parallel  course  on  the  county  Down  side.  The  Irish  word  Losan 
signifies,  according  to  O'Uouovan,  a  hollow  or  narrow  district,  between 
hills  or  movintains.  The  river,  which  takes  its  rise  on  Sliebh  Crooi  in 
county  Down,  separates  Antrim  from  Down  ;  its  course  ia  now  mainly  a 
cauul.  The  inland  triido  by  water  is  carried  on  by  the  Lagan  Naviga- 
tion Company ;  also  by  the  Inland  Navigation  Company,  which  connects 
TBB  ctTt  with  Locon  Keaoh,  and  by  the  1Ji£ieb  Cakal,  which  connects 
LoDon  Neaoh  with  Uffkb  and  Lower  Lodoh  Fbite. 

Four  bridges  span  the  river  within  the  limits  of  the  town.     TAe 
^utm'i  Bridge,  a  handsome  structure,  built  in  1S41,  and  recently  con- 
Bidcrably  widened,  joins  the  city  to  BallyMacArt  (corrupted  to  Bally- 
macairett) ;  it  occupies  the  position  of  the  old  long  bridge  (near  the 
ancient  ford),  a  rambling  structure  of  twenty^one   arches,    erected  in 
1689.     The  heavy  artillery  brought  over  it  in  the   same  year  by  thv 
Duke  ot  Schomberg,   when,  witli  his  army  he  passed  over  this  bridge, 
canned  such  irreparable  damage  that  a  large  portion  ot  it  collapsed  aboot  j 
three   years  afterwards.     Further  up   the  river  is  the  Ali»rt  Bridf*,.] 
newly -built  in  place  of  the  old  one,  which  fell  down  a  few  years  ago  ;  4  | 
joins  the  west  cud  of  the  town  to  the  suburb  of  Mount  Pottinger,  callt 
Z2 


*»  !niw=    nt  -..    «- 

*■»«  out    ml    r.ir;-- iTiIJtaa  iB*  ^ 

.i^iw  1KVTK2  :iA'^::  i: 

jli^  V  inr<>>iw>il  irr-m  "tic  ^£  'iiac  Tu^diLi'  -vidi  tha  <3i^iiu 
jtiMTtm    i"to-    -ti^   ■iiT'w  Mart*  ifty  htm  ;  -iie  tniithwi 

4f  4bwnw^n    -uult    1^  ]ii?i«9.   ^''^—*— ^    mi  VulE.    Liiiriterf 
.« ■y.Hitrtni'' '  Mwt   '  Kiiesdj'- *  *«»*■-• 


[^ifjKl    wMl  yUnmirt.  )tir  r-lTTtne  md  JtCail 


A 


I  i.nx 


ill  •^■'.•5  '.-.iiaTrT  L'^Ta.  oiis  rf  ^ae  oarbc 
^  ^..  J  v-T-j-^x  -.na.^     .-f~-.il J  IWl  tiitti  -    lire  it  'Jie 

V.r.'     '.  '.^>».  V'''''''  '^*w-i  ■■■*.■  :yjj  I.^+j.^W  v.hj. 

^  flr.,lr,r  n.-  Mm/:   t^:ri.yl  >*in?  1,M1,IT7  tons.     Ttere 
"^       M  ,  '.s.?!.?..    '.*   ■<■■">  mil':^,  from   »t->->»   «*rt»  »  ^^5 

*  hW.  M  ■»"  '<'7  »'"'  *ri-w«'!kly  lailiiiga  to  many  otber  Br 
I '"■       '»iK'il"f  t"T':ip»-K"inK  frt/^amsn  trading  to  the  Continenl 

'I  h«  "fn-"  "'  t'"i  Z/'*^*""''  '■-'«"""*«««'■*  (°«*  undergoing c. 

tj„*l"iii  i»«it.""t"'l  ni-nr  Uio  lowiT  cod  of  the  quay.  TheCus 

V<'l  |'m1»""1  ll"v"»""  om-**,a  noWcbuildiDg,  w  at  the  foot  of  B 


/^ 


PROCGEDIHOB. 

facing  the  quay.  On  the  Esplanade  are  mounted  two  46-pounder  Bugeim 
guns,  captured  at  Sebustopol.  A  range  of  capnuious  Bhtds  cxtenda  from 
the  Queen's  Bridge  along  the  whole  length  of  Donegall-quay.  Quccn'a 
Quay,  on  the  county  Down  side,  is  almost  exclusively  occupied  by  coal 
Tesaela  discharging  their  cargoes. 

Buch  have  beeu  the  rapid  stridca  with  which  Belfnat  lias  advanced 
wiUiin  the  present  century,  not  only  in  its  home  but  in  it«  foreign  trade, 
that  if  we  take  the  Surveyor- General' 8  revenue  returns  as  our  guide,  we 
find  that  from  being  the  fourth  port  in  Ireland  in  1709  in  respect  to  the 
amount  of  duty  collected,  Belfast  has  advanced  to  the  dignity  of  being 
the  third  port  in  the  United  Kingdom,  London  and  Liverpool  alone  being 
ahead  of  it.  The  Customs  duties  received  in  1891  were  close  upon  two 
and  a-hal/ Btillion  pounds  titrling,  while  we  have  no  record  of  the  amount 
paid  by  four  large  establish ments  whose  revenue  does  not  go  through  ttie 
Customs,  but  the  Inland  Keveniie  Department,  and  one  of  them  is  the 
most  extensive  distillery  in  Belfast. 

Belfast,  unlike  so  many  towns  in  Ireland,  does  not  lay  claim  to  a  very 
remote  origin,  nor  docs  there  exist  within  its  boundaries  any  monument 
nf  antiquity,  or  building  of  importance,  to  indicate  a  period  of  former 
greatness,  no  lingering  relics  of  the  past  to  awaken  regretful  memories  of 
other  days ;  its  record  is  simply  one  of  industrial  prosperity,  dating  no 
further  back  than  the  beginning  of  the  present  century.  From  compara- 
tive insignificance  the  town  has,  within  living  memory,  grown  to  vast 
proportions.  As  the  capital  of  Ulster  and  the  manufacturing  and  com- 
mercial metropolis  of  Ireland,  Belfast  occnpics  the  unique  position  of 
being  the  most  progressive  city  in  the  country  (probably  of  the  United 
Kingdom).  In  1757  it  contaiaed  only  1779  bouses,  mostly  straw- 
thatehed.  and  a  population  of  8549.  The  rapid  intrease  within  the 
mnnieipal  area  may  bo  traced,  through  the  various  years  up  to  the 
present,  from  the  following  Table: — 


Ymt, 

t,U. 

ai6. 

""■ 

1831. 

-■■" 

.»S1. 

'».777 

18;.. 
■  74.*" 

•<>S.>» 

>s»>. 

[The  last  voluma  includes  the  PBrUMUi-ntnry  atea.) 

In  16B0  Belfast  boasted  but  of  five  streets,  viz. :— High-street, 
Bridge-street,  North-street,  Skipper-street,  and  Waring -street.  TIio 
houses  were  small,  the  streets  dirty,  ill  made,  and  badly  lighted ;  and 
yet  we  find  it  described  it  as  "  a  very  Inrgu  town,  and  the  greatest  for 
trade  in  the  North  of  Ireland."  The  few  streets  which  formwl  the 
nucleus  of  the  present  city  arc,  however,  fast  disappearing  under  the 
nmrcb  of  city  improvements,  in  the  formation  of  new  streets  and  the 
widening  of  others,  A  general  improvement  lias  taken  place  cverywheie 
within  the  city  bounds,  in  the  erection  of  new  and   handsome  sbops, 


330        ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OP   IRELASi 

warehouses,  factories,  and  public  buildings  of  Tarious  kindB — college 
edticatdonal  institutions,  churches,  hospitals,  bocks,  General  Post-t 
cli'bs,  &c, — while  new  diBtricts  nre  opened  up  whose  lengthening  8 
kpi'p  pace  with  the  prcr- in  creasing  influx  of  the  population. 

Ilelfuet  is  the  centre  of  tho  great  linen  manulacturo  trade,  an 
chief  ship-building  station  in  Ireland.  It  ia  also  the  eeat  of  nam 
manufuctures,  well-known  and  in  large  demand  both  at  honn 
abroad. 

Of  the  numerous  public  buildings  in  Belfast  none  are  of  very  old 
or  possess  much  interest  for  the  antiquary,  Tho  city  is  remarkable 
particularly  for  its  spacions  nnd  well-kept  streets  and  handsome  sh 


T  H  igh'Slreet'.Beirast 

\    .    kitfioDom  1786    _      ' 


the  central  part  of  the  town,  many  palatial  warihouscs  and  office 
staple  manufacture,  linen,  graco  the  leading  thoroughfares,  'w) 
spinning,  weaving,  and  bleaching  factories  are  more  to  the  outt 
the  city,  many  of  them  carrying  on  sonic  part  of  their  operati 
distance  in  the  country.  Numerous  joint-stock  and  private  eo 
exist  for  the  carrying  on   of  various  other  manufactures,  on 

Ad  excellent  tram  service,  having  its  centre  in  Castle-plac 
junction  with  Koyal-avenue  and  Done  gall-place,  has   a   five 
service  through  the  leading  thoroughfares  to  the  outskirts  in 
directions,  whoro  lie  the   suburban  residences  of  so  many  enf 


DINGi 


331 


buRinesn  in  the  city  during  the  day.  Three  BAiLwir  Tehuiki  abut 
upon  the  town,  traina  running  at  short  intervals  Along  both  shores  of 
the  Lough,  and  up  the  vnlley  of  the  Lagan  ;  each  supply  their  daily 
qnoUi  of  those  who  prefer  living  at  the  sea-side,  or  in  t)ie  heart  of  the 
country.  Belfast  is  fortunate  in  possest^ing  Six  PcBUC  Fakks,  though 
not  of  any  great  extent,  for  the  healthful  recreation  of  the  people.  There 
is  aUo  TaR  Rotal  Botanic  G*BDiJi8  at  the  west  end  of  the  town. 

Tbb  MoNieiPAL  OpyicEs  are  situated  in  Victoria-strett,  a  handsome 
pile  ot  buildings,  which  have  already  become  too  email  for  the  busincM 
ol  the  thriving  community.  The  Corporation  has  recently  purchased 
the  site  of  the  White  Linen  Hall,  Doncgall -square,  covering  five  ncrea 


li. 


'r 


of  ground,  where  in  the  near  future  it  is  proposed  to  cwct  a  fine  Town 
Hull  euit«d  to  the  requirements  of  the  growing  city.  The  Itoyal 
Chnrt«ra  of  King  James  I.,  and  others  ot  later  dflt«,  the  silver  maceo, 
corporate  seals  and  other  insignia  of  office  in  possession  of  the  Corpora- 
tion nre  worthy  of  inspection.  Standing  at  the  foot  of  High-struet  ia 
the  Albert  Memorial  Clock  Tower,  erected  to  the  memory  of  Prince 
Albert,  by  the  citiiens.  The  only  other  public  monument  is  that  of 
Dr.  Cooke,  opposite  the  Itoyal  Academical  Institution. 

TaB  Fbkb  Public  Libhaht  and  Abt  Qallrbv  ahd  Mossuii,  Boyal- 
avenue,  containing  the  magnificent  collection  of  antiquities  prcsentc-d  by 


332  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 

the  late  Canon  Grainger,  is  certain  to  attract  the  attention  of  Men 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries.  A  bronze  statue  of  the  late  £f 
Belfast,  by  M'Dowall  (a  native  of  Belfast,  who  executed  the  figun 
William  Pitt,  Lord  Chatham,  and  Yiscount  Exmouth,  in  St.  Stepl 
Hall),  adorns  the  large  hall  of  the  reference  library. 

The  Museum  of  the  Natural  Histort  and  Philosophical  Soc 
CoUege-sqaare,  North,  founded  in  1821,  possesses  a  good  collectic 
objects.  The  antiquity  room  contains  a  large  series  of  examples,  m 
from*  the  North  of  Ireland,  gathered  by  the  late  Mr.  Benn. 
Archseology  is  also  illustrated  by  collections  by  many  other  antiqn 
students.  The  geological  collections  embrace  an  excellent  series  of  th 
fossils  and  minerals,  which,  together  with  the  departments  of  Conchc 
Entomology,  &c.,  have  lately  been  arranged  by  Members  of  the  "B 
Naturalists'  Field  Club,"  whose  contributions  of  specimens  have 
added  to  the  collection.  Scientific  meetings  are  held  here,  and  I 
read  by  members  of  above,  as  well  as  other  societies. 

The  Belfast  Natubalists'  Field  Club,  now  in  the  dOth  year 
existence,  has  on  the  roll  a  membership  of  326.      The  efforts  o 
active  organization  are  intended,  in  the  first  place,  to  excite  greatei 
rest  in  natural  history  and  archaeological  studies ;  and  2ndly,  to  in 
our  knowledge  of  Qeology,  Botany,  Zoology,  and  antiquities  of  the 
of  Lrcland.   These  objects  are  sought  to  be  attained  by  the  summer  < 
nons  and  by  Papers  read  before  the  Members,  by  the  published  Pt 
ings,  and  more  especially  by  authentic  Usts  of  the  local  species, : 
local  antiquities  compiled  by  Members  conversant  with  special  su 
The  President  is  Mr.  John  Vinycomb,  Fellow,  and  the  joint  Hon. 
taiies,  R.  L.  Praeger,  b.e.,  m.b.i.a.,  and  Francis  J.  Bigger,  both  of 
are  Members  of  the  b.s.a.i. 

The  Linen  Hall,  a  quadrangular  building,  was  erected  by  tl 
scrip tions  of  the  inhabitants  in  1784,  at  an  expense  of  £10,00 
in  the  following  year  the  sale  of  White  Cloth  commenced  there, 
have  already  stated,  the  Linen  Hall  has  been  purchased  by  the  Corp 
for  the  site  of  a  City  Hall.  It  was  from  an  exhibition  of  linen  goods 
Linen  Hall  during  Her  Majesty's  only  visit  to  Belfast  in  August 
that  the  late  Prince  Consort  received  the  idea  which  resulted 
great  International  Exhibition  in  London  in  1851, 

The  Linkn  Hall  Libbary,  or  more  accurately  speaking,  the 
Library  and  Society  for  Promoting  Knowledge,  was  established  ii 
Until  recently  the  library  was  kept,  and  the  meetings  of  the  Socic 
in  the  central  building,  under  the  clock  tower  of  the  Linen  Hall, 
the  name  which  it  has  so  long  borne.  Since  the  purchase  of  th 
Hall  by  the  Corporation,  the  library  has  been  removed  to  a  fi 
building  close  by,  and  is  at  present  being  worked  with  great 
In  the  library  there  are  close  upon  30,000  volumes,  and  the  soci 
about  850  members. 


PBOCEEDINOS.  333 

There  are  two  Colleges  situated  in  Belfast — Queen* 9  College  and  the 
Preehyterian  College:  also  the  Eoyal  Academical  Institution;  the  Royal 
Academy,  Cliftonyille  ;  and  the  Methodist  College.  The  Campholl  College 
in  course  of  erection  at  Belmont,  in  the  vicinity  of  Belfast,  adds  another 
to  the  list,  £200,000  having  heen  hequeathed  for  its  erection  and  endow- 
ment; the  Victoria  College  (for  ladies)  ;  and  many  other  educational 
estahlishments  and  intermediate  schools  of  high  repute  testify  that  the 
city  is  not  lacking  in  educational  advantages.  The  School  of  Art  occupies 
a  wing  of  the  Eoyul  Academical  Institution,  while  several  centres  of 
Science  and  Art  Classes  and  technical  schools  are  in  active  work  in  the 
city. 

Numerous  churches  of  the  various  denominations,  many  of  them  fine 
examples  of  aixhitecture,  grace  the  principal  streets,  particularly  towards 
the  suburbs.  In  High-street  stands  St.  George's  Church,  erected  on  the 
site  of  a  former  edifice  called  the  "  Corporation  Church,"  which  was 
built  on  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  fort.  A  cathedral,  however,  is  wanting 
to  the  dignity  of  the  city.  The  banks  and  public  offices,  hospitals  and 
institutions  of  various  kinds,  while  most  useful  and  valuable,  possess 
little  interest  for  the  antiquary.  Full  information  regarding  these  and 
other  matters  may  be  obtained  in  any  of  the  local  g^ide  books. 

In  the  '*  Town  Book  of  Belfast,"  recently  published,  will  be  found  a 
chronological  list  of  notable  events  connected  with  the  history  of  Belfast, 
from  the  earliest  to  the  present  time,  and  in  the  notes  and  appendix,  the 
editor,  R.  M.  Young,  b.a.,  c.e.,  m.u.i.a..  Fellow,  has  given  fresh  informa- 
tion from  sources  not  hitherto  accessible,  supplementing  Benn's  and  other 
well-known  Histories. 


334        BOTAL  SOCIETY  OF  AHTIQUARIES  OF  IBKLAXD. 


SECOND  DAY. 

Wednesday,  August  17th, 

From  9  a.m.  to  10  a.m.  the  Society  visited  the  Grainger  Coll 
of  Antiquities,  by  permission  of  the  Public  Library  Committee,  t 
City  Museum,  Boyal-avcnue ;  and  at  10.15  a.m.  left  by  special  tra 
Carrickfergus. 

After  leaving  Belfast  by  the  Northern  Counties  Kailway,  the  first  i 
is  Grebkcastle.     It  is  so  called  from  an  old  Norman  keep  that  fox 
stood  on  a  slightly  raised  eminence  close  to  the  old  strand,  no^ 
Shore  Koad,   and  at  the  foot  of    '*  Gray's   Loaning."     Above  o 
summit  of  Ben  Madighan  (Cave  Hill)  towers  the  huge  Mac-Art's 
The  next  station,  WnrrEHousB,  is  close  by  the  ruins  of  a  casti 
bawn  of  plantation  times  in  good  preservation.     King  William  I 
his  march  to  Belfast  is  said  to  have  tarried  here.     Not  far  fro 
next  station,  Whiteabbet,  are  the  remains  of  the  abbey  chm 
fair  preservation.     This  was  probably  the  Druin-la-Croix  of  Ap 
and  was  founded  for  White  Canons,  being  a  daughter  of  the 
of  Dryburgh  in   Scotland.      Silver  coins  of  the  Edwards,  a  i 
quern,  some  bones,  and  carved  stones,  and  a  bronze  crucifix  hav 
found   here.      Near  the   Shore  Koad,   close  by   Jordanstown, 
one  wall  of  an  ancient  castle  called  Cloch-na-harty.    Little  or  x 
is  recorded  of  its  history  except  that  in  De  B urge's  time  it  fo: 
conntcting   link  between  Carrickfergus   and  Belfast.      On  the  : 
the  Knockagh  are  the  ruins    of   a  small   chapel  at  Monkstown 
Bling  Fergus,  who   was   drowned  at  Carrickfergus,  is  buried, 
entering  Carrickfergus  the  site  of  the  ancient  Abbey  of  Holy  ( 
Woodburn  is  passed.    Fourteen  churches  and  chapels  were  attachec 
priory;  it  was  of  great  extent,  although  now  no  vestige  of  it  remaii 
founder  is  not  known,  but  is  believed  to  have  been  one  of  the  B^ 
family  which  came  from  Scotland  in  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  c 
It  was  near  this  that  William  Orr  was  executed  in  1798. 

Cahuickfkkgus  is  so  called  from  Carrig,  a  rock,   and  King 
who,  when  coming  here  in  320  b.c.  to  visit  the  well,  now  wit 
castle,  for  the  cure  of  leprosy,  was  shipwrecked  and  buried  at 
town   adjoining.      The  castle,   one  of  the  most  perfect   and  i 
Norman  structures  in  Ireland,  was  built  by  de  Courcy  at  the  en 
twelfth  century,  probably  on  the  site  of  an  ancient  building, 
the  town  are  two  towers,  half  moons,  and  between  them  the  re: 
the  barbican  entrance  strongly  guarded  with  embrasures  for  shoot: 
which   originally   defended  the   drawbridge.     Inside  is  the  gr 
or  donjon  ninety  feet  high  ;  its  walls  are  nine  feet  thick.     Wi 
keep  was  a  draw-well  celebrated  for  its  medicinal  qualities.     T 
was    besieged    and   taken   by    the    French    under    General 


I 


Thurot  in  1760,  and  held  b^  him  for  some  time.  Tliis  event  gare 
rifte  to  the  Irish  Volunteers. 

Near  the  centre  of  tho  town  is  the  fine  old  cliurch  formerly  attached  to 
the  Franciscan  Monastery,  bnt  now  dtdiented  to  St.  Nicholus.  The  most 
interesting  feature  in  it  is  the  fine  monumental  tomb  of  the  Chiohesten 

T  their  vault  in  the  north  transept. 

The  old  north  gate  of  the  town  and  a  portion  of  the  walls  are  still 
in  good  condition. 

Clone  by  Killroot,  which  adjoins  CniTickfergue,  and  near  the  reaidcnoe 
of  Mr.  Dobbs  of  Castle  Dobbs,  is  a  square  keep  in  ^ood  condition.  A 
short  distance  off  is  thv  site  of  tlio  ancient  church  of  KilURuaid,  where 
Desn  Swift  was  placed  for  i^omc  time.  Adjoining  it  is  a  fine  fortified 
house  and  curious  walls,  with  colutobariea  at  the  angles. 

To  the  light  at  While  Head  stands  Castle  Chichester,  a  square  castle 
in  good  repair.  To  the  noi-th  extends  the  fertile  district  of  Island  Mug:ee, 
where  occurred  the  unfortunate  massacre  in  the  wars  of  1G41,  when 
some  of  the  natives  were  kilted  at  the  Slaughter  Ford,  and  others 
driven  over  the  rocks  into  the  sea  at  the  Gobbins  by  the  soldiers  of 
Carrickfergus.  Here  is  also  a  very  fine  cromleac,  and  the  salley-port  of 
the  old  stronghold  of  Portmuck.  At  Glynnc  are  the  remains  of  a  very  in* 
teresting  church  founded  by  St.  Patrick.  The  navo  and  chancel  (of  nearly 
equal  size)  are  quit*  distinct  in  style,  the  nave  being  much  the  older. 

LtBVB,  whose  ancient  name  was  Inver  (the  mouth  of  a  river),  has  & 
fine  old  church.  There  are  many  sculptured  armorial  bearings  on  the  grave- 
stones, principally  of  thu  Scottish  settlers,  also  some  architectural  details  of 
interest.  The  residence  of  Mr.  Smiley,  j.p., /V/foio,  isknown  asDrumalia, 
the  ancient  name  of  an  ohi  church  which  once  stood  near  his  house  j 
whilst  on  "The  Curron"  (Corann,  a  sickle)  stands  the  interesting  Cuttle 
of  Oldcrfleet,  where  Edwaid  Bruce  lunded  with  his  6000  followers  in 
1315.  This  place,  as  tho  name  indicates,  was  a  settlement  of  the  Daneci, 
but  the  present  castle  was  doubtless  built  by  the  Byfctts.  The  Cumin 
at  Lame  is  celebrated  for  the  flint  flakes  abounding  there.  Aft<T 
luncheon  at  Larne  at  2  p.m.,  the  party  proceeded  on  cars  along  the 
coa.it  road  as  far  as  Sallygally  Castle.  A  fort  on  the  road  to  Glenarm, 
overhanging  the  sea,  called  Waterloo  Fort,  liaa  been  chosen  as  a  burial- 
place  for  the  late  James  Chaine,  u.p.,  and  a  round  tower  has  beea 
erected  to  his  memory  on  Ihe  shore  bcneatli.  Coiracaatle  is  a  romantic 
ruin  on  a  spike  of  rock  surrounded  by  the  sea,  and  was  built  by  the 
O'Gneeves,  the  bards  of  the  O'Neills  of  Clannaboy.  Further  on  is  Bally- 
gally  Castle,  lately  occupied  by  the  distinguished  antiquarian,  K«v. 
Classon  Porter.  It  was  originally  built  by  the  Shaws,  and  is  a  fine 
specimen  of  an  Elizabethan  stronghold. 

Htewart  Clark,  j.r.,  ftllow,  and  Urs.  Clark,  entertained  the  Society 
at  afternoon  tea  at  their  residence,  Caimdue,  after  which  the  party 
returned  by  car  to  Lame,  and  from  thence  by  special  train  to  Belfast. 


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PBOCEEDINOS. 


Dublin 


U  750  years  ol 


e  conoeptiaa  of  the  great  antiquity  of  thii  place,  if 


I 

I 


G  foundation  of  St.  Patrick'!  Cuthedi-al, 
■e  than  SDO  yean  older  than  Chriit  Church  Calliedial,  Dublin— 
!s  older  tliim  WesiminBter  Abbey,  and  more  tluui  a  tentuty  and 
a-haU  older  thiin  the  foundation  of  the  See  of  Canterbury. 

The  beat  Huthvnticated  records  of  liiih  nnti<]ulty  inform  ui  that  (he  rarlitu  and  the 
latetl  periods  of  St.  Patrick'!  miuionary  life  were  Bpent  in  Ibia  imniedinte  neighbour- 
hood— that  hia  death  occuired  at  Saul,  and  ibat  he  vaa  buried  within  tlie  precini^ta  of 
the  church  of  hia  own  foundation  htrt.  You  will  preiently  have  an  opportunity  o( 
vinting  St.  Patiick'a  reputed  grave — an  object  which  vill  surely  diuppoint  you  for 
two  aufficiect  reaaont,  via.  (1),  because  there  le  no  cnlain  proof  that  out  Saint  wa* 
buried  in  that  particular  ipot  at  all,  and  (£)  beouuss  of  the  unaglillinesK  of  (be  spot 
itwlf. 

Three  curious  comparisona  (coincidencea,  ralher)  have  been  instituted  belween 
St.  Patrick  and  Mom — one  irith  respect  to  the  age  to  which  both  are  said  to  hava 
attained ;  anelher  wilb  respect  to  the  Braien  Serpent  of  the  one  and  the  Croaier  of  the 
other  r  and  Iht  third  with  reipect  to  the  unknown  places  of  their  sepulture.  Of  Moses 
It  was  said  (Deut.  ixzv.  6),  "  no  man  knoweth  of  his  sepulchre  unio  ihis  day,"  and 
of  St.  Patiick,  one  of  his  earliest  biographers  (Tiriciau,  as  found  in  the  "  Book  of 
Armagh")  writes,  "  ubi  aunt  ossa  ejus  nomonovil."  Granting,  hoieier,  ihnl  lliia  is 
ao,  it  does  not  follow  that  we  must  remnin  in  ignorance  of  tlie  immediate  neigb- 
hoxrhood  of  St.  Patrick's  grave.  "  The  confcrmily  with  Uoaes  (writes  Dr.  Lanigan) 
requires  no  more  than  this,  viz.,  that  allhough  lie/tic/iel  afgrotuiJ  which  contained 
the  body  of  Moses  were  not  known,  yet  Ihe  plan  in  fitttral  icat,  being  a  valley  in 
the  land  of  Moab  over  against  Bclh-pcor," 

Ifow,  in  like  nianner,  history  and  tradition  huTJDg  pcdnled  out  Ihi  place  in 
ffntrai  where  St.  Patrick  was  inteiTed,  we  need  not  —  we  cnanot  —  attempt  to 
delonnine  (Ac  /tw  fr/l  <•/  grmnul  in  which  his  ashea  lie.  Seeing  we  cannot  identify 
his  actual  grave,  may  we  not  consider  tliis  place  id  general  as  sacred  to  the 
memory  of  so  great  a  man  ;  but  if  some  apeciol  memorial  should  be  called  far  aa 
the  ou1i:onie  of  modern  inquiry  and  demand,  Ibon  it  would  have  to  be  detennined 
whether  such  memoriiil  should  take  llie  form  of  a  monument  over  our  Saint's  reputed 
grave,  oi  of  some  equally  suitable  structure  either  within  or  without  these  Cathedral 

From  Ihe  denth  of  St.  Patrick  (a.d.  193)  to  the  commencement  of  the  Danish 
iuvasion,  i.e.  during  a  period  of  3Q0  years,  there  is  no  recoid  M'butioever  bearing 
upon  the  history  of  this  Cathedral,  except  Ihe  niero  names  ot  the  bishops  who  sue. 
cesaivcly  occupied  ibe  See  of  Down.  This  long  silence  U  oil  the  more  remarkable 
when  we  call  to  mind  that,  in  other  parts  ot  Itelaad,  this  was  the  period  when  her 
most  emiuent  pauits  lived  and  flourished — such  men  aa  Sainta  ComgaU,  Columba, 
Aidao.  Culumbanus,  and  Callus. 

From  the  year  1..11.  800  to  a.d.  1100  [the  next  300  years),  the  history  of  our 
Cathediil  was  one  continued  lole  of  woe.  The  ancient  annals  inform  us  thai  in  the 
ytBrs  S33,  94l>,  DS8,  I01S,  1069,  aud  1111,  the  invadeia  plundered,  bunieil,  and  de- 
■ttojed  this  town  and  its  Cathedral  Church,  leaving  but  scant  time  for  lestoratioo 
belween  the  intervals  of  these  respective  dates. 

In  1137,  Ualachi  O'Morgair,  Bishop  of  Down,  rebuilt  the  ediSce.  *o  aubstan- 
tially  aooomplishing  his  work  that  much  ol  it  remains  (a  this  day. 

Forty  yaan  afterwards  (1176),  Sir  John  de  Cunrcy  greatly  enlarged  and  beau- 
liBod  the  building — endowed  it  with  valuable  possesaians,  and  chsnged  its  original 
dedication  (that,  via.,  of  the  Holy  and  Undivided  Trinity)  to  that  of  "St.  Pairick," 
the  original  Founder  of  the  Church. 

Forty-six  years   after  De  Couruy'a   restoration  («.  n.  1320),  wo  find  a  memorial 


PHOCEEDTNOS. 


I 


I 


(1692)  conatituteJ  bj'  Rojal  Charter  the  Parish  Chun^h  of  Liabum,  in  Ibe  Oioeeae  of 
Comior,  the  Cithedrsl  Church  of  Doora  and  Connor  htlA,  one  of  hii  rooioiiB  far  m 
doing  being  that  tbs  old  Cathedrali  of  both  Diocosei  were  thuo  "ruiuoiu  ami  laid 

la  1744  IlHrris  described  the  Cathedral  of  Down,  M  "  yet  Tencrable  in  ita  mini." 
In  1T90  (Utile  more  Uian  a  ccnturj  ago],  a  picture  of  the  Cathedral,  as  it  then  appeared, 
wu  drawn  by  Hr.  Chnrlei  Lill)*,  arohitect,  a  copy  of  vhich,  the  property  of  the  Oou) 
and  Chapter,  may  be  seen  in  the  Chapter  Room  of  thii  Cathedral.  Tou  will  oliBerre. 
in  this  picture,  not  only  the  "  ruined  walls,"  but  alM  "iho  five  hsadnoroe  arehes,"  ihe 
(■at  window  "bo  lofty  and  augiut,"  and  "  (he  three  handsome  ancient  niches"  m  re- 
ferred to  by  Qarria.  llerc  alio  is  aeen  the  Round  Tower  of  former  dsya.  It  stood  at 
the  S.  W.  angle  of  the  Cathedral.  Its  much  deplored  destruction  was  not  brought 
about  by  the  decay  of  time,  but  was  rather  the  outcome  of  a  quarrel  between  two 
contending  landlords.  One  of  them,  to  piova  hia  title  to  the  property,  threw  it  down, 
and  earted  away  the  stonea  for  huildiog  purposes  elsewhere. 

About  this  time  (1780-60),  public  spirit  seema  tohnve  awakened  from  its  long  and 
death-like  torpor.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Dean  and  Chapter,  held  on  the  t3th  July, 
1789,  a  declaration  was  drawn  up  in  the  fallowing  terms: — "We  the  Dean  and 
Chapter,  having  taken  into  aerious  consideration  the  ruinous  ataleof  our  Catliedrol,  and 
having  long  hoped  and  wished,  from  the  aaaistance  of  well -disposed  men.  that  the  aauie 
might  be  repaired  so  far  as  to  show  a  convenient  Church,  without  expecting  ever  to 
rsatore  the  splendour  and  magnificence  of  the  ancient  building,  haTO  until  lately 
despaired  of  carrying;  our  wiihea  into  execution." 

Through  the  liberality  or  Dean  Anncaley  who  gave  up,  f  or  himiolf  and  his  successors, 
£300  a  year  of  the  Deanery  income,  olao  by  the  help  of  a  Parliamentary  grant  of 
£tODD,  and  also  by  means  of  private  subscriplioni,  the  sum  of  £11,000  was  ereotuallr 
expended  in  brining  the  Cathedral  to  its  present  structural  condition,  but,  however, 
interesting  and  worthy  of  admiration  its  present  coridilion  may  be,  we  must  still 
respectfully  keep  in  mind  that  it  comes  far  short  of  "  the  splendour  aud  magniScenee 
of  the  ancient  building,"  that  the  glory  of  this  latter  house  is  far  inferior  to  the  Rlory 
of  the  former,  and  that,  in  all  probability,  there  shall  yet  be  discovered  and  eiposod  to 
view  the  ancient  foundations  of  the  Cathedral  aa  it  stood  in  the  palmy  days  of  Ualachy 
DeCoarcy  and  Tiberiui. 

We,  the  Hembeis  of  the  Royal  Boriety  of  Anliijuaries.  may  liut  many  places  of 
deep  and  absorbing  interest.  Wo  may  examine  many  buildings,  and  even  many 
ruins,  where  the  atchitectunil  fealurej  of  Lygone  aj^es  niny  be  more  distinctly  marked 
than  we  find  them  hero  ;  but  where  =haM  WB  find  a  building,  or  on  environment, 
more  interesting  from  a  Chiistian  point  of  view  than  this,  for  hrri  we  eland  bvsida 
the  cradle  of  Irish  Christianity,  and  above  the  grave  of  Ireland's  first  and  great 
Apostle. 

Previous  to  the  times  of  John  de  Courcj  there  existed  a  liou4c  ot 
Csnone  Begular  on  this  site.  lu  1183  John  de  Courcj  disposscsst:^ 
ihem,  and  introducL-d  u  budy  of  fientjdictino  Monks  from  St.  Werbnrgh's, 
Chester. 

Down  had  sevoral  religious  foundations  in  addition  to  the  Abbey  of 
Btmedictioe  Monks.  Tliere  was  a  priory  of  Canons  Regular  founded  iu 
113tl  by  Malachy  O'Morguir,  Bishop  of  Down,  dedicated  to  St.  Thomas; 
ft  priory  of  St.  John,  for  Cross -bearers,  founded  by  de  Courcy,  and  a 
Franciscan  friary  founded  in  12-10.  The  latter  boildtog  is  said  to  havo 
stood  on  or  near  the  site  of  the  present  parish  church  and  graveyard. 

In  a  M3.  tract  preserved  in  the  Bui'gundian  Library  at  Brussels,  the 


340 


ROYAL  80a 


foUowiDg  notice  appears: — ''That  little  hill  called  Dun-da -lcth-( 
from  wliich  Down  takes  its  name,  is  outside  the  city  on  tlie  S.  E.  I 
TsUcy  Leneutli,  towards  the  N.  E.,  is  tho  Monastery  of  St.  Francis 
had  and  inconvenient  aituntion,  built  in  aedgy  and  marshy  ground 
ie  eaid  to  have  been  founded  by  the  moat  illuatrious  heroine  Lady  Ai 
daugbtei'  of  the  Lord  of  the  Isle  of  Man  and  t!ie  HRbridcs,  wife  of  the 
John  Curscus  [Sir  John  do  Courcy),  and  relict  of  the  Prince  of  Uli' 
Tho  famous  schoolmun  Duus  Scutua  is  sutd  to  have  been  a  native  v 
town,  and  perhaps  he  was  a  member  of  thia  community  of  Franeisci 
The  shaft  of  a  fine  Celtic  cross,  which  long  stood  in  one  of  the 
atrceta,  now  lies  behind  the  chancel  of  the  Boman  Catholic  Church,  i 
the  head  is  in  possession  of  Mr.  Wallace.  The  Belfast  Naturalista* 
Club  are  at  prcsL-nt  taking  steps  for  the  restoration  uf  this  cross 
the  graveyard  of  the  parish  church  8arauel  Neilson,  of  1798  fai 
interred.  ^^^ 


^flS^'^Z. 


'Within  the  last  few  years  a  haudsome  Catholic  Church  has  been 
on  the  west  aide  of  the  town  by  tho  exertions  of  the  Very  Eev.  P.  ( 
p.p.  and  v.G.  Close  to  it  is  a  Convent  of  the  Sisters  of  Mercy,  whc 
themaclveB  assiduously  to  the  teaching  of  the  children  of  the  p< 
visiting  of  the  sick,  and  the  other  duties  of  their  institute:. 

The  ancient  Rodnd  Towke  formerly  stood  near  the  cathedral 
tower  was  taken  down  in  1 789,  as  it  was  leaning  over,  and  was  coj 
likely  to  fall  and  injure  the  cathedral  adjoining.  The  tower 
feet  high  at  the  time  it  was  taken  down,  and  8  feet  internal  di 
there  are  several  views  of  it  still  extant. 

Close  to  the  cathedral  is  Dowkpatbick  Fobt,  the  great  Dun- 
ghlas,  oue  of  the  fineat  duns  in  Ireland.     In  the  first  century  Ce! 


I 


the  BatUcB,  one  of  the  Red  itronch  heroee,  acil  companion  of  King  Connor 
Mac  Ncssa,  resided  here.  The  name  means  the  dun  of  the  broken  fetters, 
.Irom  a  legend  that  relates  the  miraculous  rc-lease  of  the  eons  of  Dichn, 
Hrho  were  retained  hero  as  hostages  by  King  Looghai: 

Leaving  Downpatrick  about  noon  the  party  drove  to  Inch  Abbey. 
These  eeclesinBtieal  remains  are  situated  on  the  banks  oC  the  Quoilo 
Biver,  opposite  Diin-da-leth-ghlas,  and  are  well  worthy  of  inspection.  At 
present  tbey  are  undergoing  conservation  at  the  hands  of  the  owner, 
R.  Perceval -Mas  well,  of  Finnebrogue,  Fellow,  who  has  had  the  ivy 
irbich  aimost  concealed  the  east  window  removed,  the  walls  pointed, 
and  the  rubbish  surroundiug  the  building  i  Ic^ircd  iiway.  The  site  of  the 
Abbey  was  anciently  i-allcil  !,i     i    i   .i      ■     ■       r.„,.|.,v  rai.T  oiif  of  the 


sons  of  King  Connor  Mac  Tfessn,  who  succeeded  bis  father  in  the  first 
century.  The' original  settlement  was  plundered  by  the  Danes,  1002.  A 
new  abbey  was  built  by  John  de  Courcy,  in  1180,  and  calleil  after  hira 
lni»-Courcy.  The  choir  and  east  window  of  the  Church  still  show  the 
former  extent  and  beauty  of  this  Cistercian  A.bbey,  which  was  a  cell  of 
Fomeas  Abbey  in  Lancashire.  Tho  east  window  bears  a  striking 
i«Bomblance  to  that  of  St.  Canioe's  Cathedral,  Kilkenny. 

In  the  Registry  of  Fumess  there  is  a  History  of  the  Feundation  o( 
this  Abbey  giving  the  date : — 

"Anno  miUeoo  cooteno  bU  quivlrKgQDO 
Coun;  luiiJavit  lavi,  boclca  binn  nipenvit." 
J0I7K.  R.R.ji-t.,  VOL.  II.,  rr.  III.,  6tk  iik.  2  A 


■^^»-   — 


liTf-: 


idisr     rv' 


-'    ■   I: -I 


.  -    M  A 


-L  **^'^"     ^. 


•  '  •  ...  Z        .        m  ■        . 

y^    *  '  ■ ..-     .-.     L  •_   -.1   .*- — •  _.  Zj^^aT\  11., 

7;-    .'///.v.-     V.-.   .v..  t  ;.'.';..ri-:r  ."-vriiL^d  at  I^m-.heon  by  R. 

f'./'».  //..•.  f.tx\  ■,,:-.♦//«.     7;.]..  rh^fh  TI&5  the  first  fouoded  by  St. 

I'uhi'U,  A  h  r.v/.,  jf  r  r.i\t  \,t,'iir/^  fhr;  oihnhp;  of  Dichu,  the  first  conTert  to 

M.MihiiiJiJy  ill  i;ij/|jii.   7*.«;iiftrij<:KaUiaIJHgiiifieBabani.  A  small  portion 

of  fill  tiU\  I'luMifif/  fi  rniiifjn  dow:  to  Ihrj  prf;8fcnt  parish  church.     There  is 


PROCEEDINGS. 


343 


I 

I 
I 


a  Bmnll  cell  in  the  churchyard.  This  is  densely  crowded,  and  doubt- 
less covers  coQsiderahle  remaina  of  buildingB  and  foundittions.  Into  the 
gate  wall  has  hoen  inserted  a  fine  sepulchral  slab  with  a  beautifully 
incised  cross,  and  one  or  two  rude  crosses  are  seen  amongst  the  graves. 
Numerous  stone  coffins  were  recently  exposed  at  the  building  of  a  new 
vaalt,  but  were  not  disturbed.  The  Pour  Masters  record  the  death  of 
MaoImaodLoc  mac  Bubradin,  Abbot  of  Babhall,  in  1166  ;  aad  in  1170 
they  relate  "  that  the  Convent  of  Regular  Monks,  with  tlio  Abbot  whom 
Ualachi  O'Morgoir.  Legato  of  the  Vicar  of  Peter,  had  placed  in  Sabhall 
Patroic,  were  driven  from  the  monastery  which  they  had  built  and 
adorned,  and  were  spoiled  of  thetr  books,  their  sacred  furniture,  cowa, 
horses,  sheep,  and  all  things  which  they  hud  coUcctcd  in  the  time  of  the 
Boid  Legate."  This  was  done  by  Magnus  O'Eochadha,  King  of  UUdia,  at 
the  instigation  of  Awlave,  a  monk  who  had  been  expi^llcd  from  Brogheda 
for  his  crimes. 

Time  did  not  admit  of  a  visit,  as  originally  arranged,  to  Stbveu, 
Wells.  These  celebrated  holy  wells  of  St.  Patrick  were  formerly  much 
frequented  by  devotees,  especially  on  Midsummer  Eve  and  the  Friday 
before  Lammas.  The  name  has  been  changed  from  the  Celtic  Sratoir, 
which  BJgnifiea  a  stream.  A  rivulet  flowing  down  a  pretty  valley  with 
rocky  hillocks  on  either  hand  is  diverted,  and  passes  through  a  number 
of  "  wells  "  protected  by  cells  woll-built  and  roofed  with  stone.  Passing 
from  Tobar-Patraic  the  water  flows  through  four  other  wells,  called  respec- 
tively the  Body  Well,  the  Limb  Well,  the  Eye  Well,  and  the  Well  of  Life. 
The  Body  Well,  or  Well  of  Sins,  is  sufficiently  large  to  admit  of  bathing, 
and  large  dressing-rooms  adjoin  it.  The  buildings  are  not  of  any  great 
age,  and  the  adjoining  ruined  chapel  is  quite  modern.  The  whole  place 
has  now  an  air  of  decay  and  disuse. 

At  LEOiiMiDDT,  close  to  the  new  railway  from  Ardglass  to  Down- 
patriek,  about  three  miles  from  the  latter,  is  the  largest  and  best  stone 
circle  in  the  county  Down.  This  very  remarkable  monument  consists  of 
two  circles;  the  inner  one  about  19  yards  in  diameter,  having  twenty- 
two  stones ;  and  the  outer,  35  yards  in  diameter,  formed  of  forty-nine 
stones.  Both  circles  are  very  clearly  defined,  and  many  of  the  stones  are 
very  targe,  standing  from  6  to  7  feet  high.  In  addition  to  the  stones 
forming  the  circles,  there  are  other  stones  io  various  directions  around  the 
group,  within  a  distance  of  about  200  yards,  one  of  which  measures  6  ft. 
by  4  ft.  and  7  ft.  high. 

On  returning  to  Downpatrick  a  special  train,  kindly  placed  at  tbe 
disposal  of  the  Society  by  the  Manager  of  the  County  Bown  Bailway, 
WBa^''a waiting  to  convey  the  party  to  AitneLUs.  There  are  several 
Anglo-Norman  castles  here,  all  in  fair  preservation;  one,  Jordan'e 
Castle,  is  called  after  Jordan  de  Saukvill,  or  Sackville,  who  settled 
here  in  1217.  The  modem  Ardglass  Castle  occupies  the  site  of  the 
ancient   King's    and   Queen's  Castles — two  Norman    keeps   built    dose 


S44        BOTAL  SOCIETY  OF  AHnQnARUiB  OF  IBELAKD. 

togeChery  wliioh  w«ve  xemaved  at  tlie  beginning  of  ihii  Qentnxy. 
az6  dewribed  at  aome  length  in  Lewis's  '' Tepognphical  IKotiflB 
and  in  the  *'  Parliamentary  Gasetteer."    Hay  not  the  castlai  ha;Te 
like  thoae  at  Dalkey,  fortified  hoases  and  stores  of  the  mard 
rendered  necessary  by  the  presence  of  Talnable  goods  in  an  mi 
town  ?    Hiams  says  (with  some  reason)  that  Aidglass  was  as  a  ti 
port  in  Ulster  only  second  in  importance  to    Carriokfergna.     j 
halt-a-mile  from  Ardglass  is  the  ancient  Chnrch  of  Ardtole;  ita 
east  window  overlooks  the  sea.    The  Macartans,  a  neigjibooring 
fell   upon   the   inhabitants  of   Ardglass  whilst  hearing  Masi 
and  killed  them  alL     The  graveyard  is  now  disnsed.    Qoae  I 
western  end  of  the  church  in  a  neighbonring  field  is  the  entn 
a  remarkably  fine  souterrain  over  100  feet  long  and  carefully  boil 
large  stones.    No  inscriptions  have  been  found  in  it. 
From  Ardglass  the  party  returned  by  train  to  Belfast. 


PROCEEDIN08. 


FOURTH     DAY. 


Fridat,  Augmt  19th. 

The  Members  left  Belfast  at  9,10  a.m.  in  special  carrioges  attached  to 
the  ordinary  train  for  Dimdrum  nnd  Kewcastle. 

DuNiiBtm  Castle,  between  Down  and  Newcastle,  coramandB  a  magni- 
ficent view-  It  was  built  on  Dun  Budhraidbe  (Kiiry's  Fort),  the  site 
on  which  was  held  tlie  Feast  of  Bricrind,  as  grophically  described  in  the 
"Book  of  the  Dun  Cow."  The  eonstrucUon  upon  this  Dun  of  the 
Anglo-Nonnon  fortress  for  the  Enigbts  Templars  is  attributed  to  de 
Courcy.  It  is  one  of  tbe  rare  instancce  in  Ireland  of  a  circular  donjon, 
although  this  typo  of  castle-building  is  common  enough  in  Wales.  It  is 
surrounded  by  enclosing  walls,  now  in  a  ruinous  condition,  and  has  the 
remains  of  the  barbieun  entrance.  The  castle  is  45  ft.  in  diameter  and  the 
walls  are  8  ft.  thick,  with  a  batter  in  the  lower  storey.  It  is  about  43  ft. 
high.  The  upper  chambers  were  reached  by  stone  circular  stairs ;  all  the 
floors  have  disappeared.  The  fortress  was  dismantled  by  Cromwell's  com- 
mand in  1652. 

A  detailed  description  of  the  donjon,  &c.,  is  given  in  a  Paper  published 
in  the  Society's  Journal,  December,  1BB3,  from  the  pen  of  J.  J.  Phillips, 
architect. 

NxwCASTLS,  a  pretty  watering-place,  is  at  the  foot  of  Sliere  Donard. 
This  hill  is  2796  feet  high.  On  its  summit  are  some  rude  remains  of  cells, 
erected  by  St.  Domangord  in  the  sisth  century.  Close  to  Kcwcastle  in 
the  townland  of  BuUughancry,  are  the  ruins  of  St  Mary's  Church.  The 
building  consisted  of  u  nave  and  chancel,  the  arch  of  which  is  still 
standing. 

The  Maqkkis  Cattle,  Newcastle,  was  built  by  Felix  Magonis,  in  the 
year  15S8,  as  inscribed  on  a  stone  formerly  over  the  &ont  entrance. 
Every  vestige  of  it  has  disappeared  ;  it  was  built  near  where  the  Shimna 
river  discharges  itself  into  the  sea,  in  the  bay  of  Dundrum,  and  occupied 
part  of  the  site  of  The  Annesley  Anns  Hotel.  There  must  have  been  a 
castle  here  previously,  as  in  "  The  Attnals  of  the  Four  Masters  "  mention 
is  made  of  a  castle  existing  in  the  year  1433. 

Mr.  H.  Smyth,  c.e.,  i.t.,  Hon.  Local  S«erelary  /or  South  Doicn,  was 
fortunate  enough  lately  to  come  across  an  old  water-colour  drawing  (not 
dated,  hut  which  must  be  nt  least  one  hundred  years  old)  showing  the 
Magenis  Castle,  &c,,  and  got  permission  to  copy  it.  The  drawing 
■hovs  the  appearance  that  Newcastle  must  have  presented  before  it 
passed  into  the  bands  o(  the  Anncaley  family,  and  before  the  thurch 
or  Donard  Lodge  were  built,  and  while  the  castle  was  still  standing. 


PROCEEDINGS. 

The  old  bridge  over  the  Shimna  river,  FKiEB*T  an  Chusleik  Nci, 
"  The  Fobb  oh  Pass  of  thk  Newcastlk,"  which  formed  the  approach  to 
the  Magenis  Castle,  and  which  was  called  "  The  Castle  Bridge,"  has  just 
been  taken  down,  to  make  way  for  a  new  bridge.  Tho  old  bridge  was 
most  picturesque  in  appearance,  but  very  inconvenient,  being  both 
narrow  and  crooked  ;  it  was  originally  only  about  7  feet  wide,  hut  was 
subsequently  widened  to  17  feet.  The  ancient  name  of  Kcwcastle  was 
Ballagh  Beg,  bealachbbo,  "The  little  road  or  highway,"  The  town- 
laud  in  which  Newcastle  is  situated  still  hears  that  name.  The  town 
and  caatlo  belonged  to  Sir  Con  Slagenia,  prior  to  1641.  It  was  then  con- 
fiscftted,  and  passed  to  tho  Hawkins  family,  who  subsequently  assumed 
the  suraame  of  Magill.  It  passed  then  to  the  Mathews  family,  and  is  at 
present  the  property  of  the  Eiirl  Annesley. 

About  nine  miles  south-west  of  Downpatrick  are  tho  remains  of  the 
ancient  Church  of  Rath-Murbuilg,  now  Maoheka.  The  patron  was  St. 
Domangard,  or  Donard,  who  was  also  its  founder,  and  who  garo  the  name 
to  the  adjoining  mountain  Slieve  Donard.  The  remains  of  the  ancient 
church  adjoin  the  present  parish  church,  and  the  ancient  rath  is  clearly 
distinguishable.  Close  by  stands  the  base  of  a  round  tower  15  or 
16  feet  high. 

There  is  a  perfect  cromloac  at  Si,inDEBy  Fobd,  in  the  townland  of 
Wateresk,  near  Dundrum.  The  top  af  granite  measures  7  feet  6  inches, 
and  in  girth  19  feet  6  inches.  It  rests  on  three  other  stones,  one  of 
granite,  and  two  of  slate  rock.     The  group  of  stones  is  eight  feot  high. 

After  luncheon,  nt  Newcastle,  the  party  started  on  cars  for  Ros- 
trevor,  visiting  on  the  road  Eilkeel  and  Oreencaatle. 

Tile  parish  of  Kileeel,  Cillhiaol  [narrow  church),  is  co-extensive  with 
the  Barony  of  Monme,  by  which  name  it  was  often  called.  The  old  church 
lies  Eonth-west  of  the  present  parish  church  in  the  townland  of  Maghera- 
moTphy.  Close  to  the  town  is  a  very  fine  cromleac  in  excellent  preserva- 
tion ;  the  top  is  of  granite  about  nine  feet  square,  and  is  supported  by 
several  stones  forming  a  rude  chamber. 

The  fine  castle  of  Gheekca^tle  waa  built  by  the  English  soon  afttT 
the  invasion,  and  was  a  very  important  post  in  the  Irish  Wars.  Tho 
Earls  of  Ulster  held  it  for  the  English  in  the  fourteenth  century.  On 
the  16th  August,  1312,  Thomas,  second  Earl  of  Kildare,  was  here  married 
to  Joan  de  Bargo.  Bruce  took  the  costlo  in  1315.  To  the  south  aro  the 
ruins  of  the  ancient  chapel. 

KostrevoT  was  reached  about  8  p.m. 


348      BOTAL  socmn  of  abtiquabies  of  ibelahd. 


FIFTH  DAY. 


At  10  a.iii«  the  paitj  left  Bostreror  bjr  Bteam-Iannoli  and  boiti 
OiBLnraioBD. 

King  John's  Castle,  Carlingtord,  a  most  impoamgndii,  aJtaatedi^ 
high  iock|  was  elected  by  some  of  the  foUowen  of  that  monaroh  in  tha^ 
1210.  The  building  was  necessarily  adapted  to  its  sitoatioii,  and  iad 
TBiions  banmial  halls  and  apartmentsy  and  a  oouityazd,  witiii  the  ica 
of  galleries,  recesses,  &o.  The  walls  are  in  some  places  11  ieet  ti 
The  castle,  being  situated  on  the  frontier  of  the  Pale,  was  exposed  to 
tinnal  dangers.  In  1696  Henry  Oge  O'Neill  sorpxised  the  casQe^  ai 
1043  Sir  Ihelim  O'Neill  burned  the  town.  In  1049  Loid  XncU 
stormed  the  castle,  and  deliyered  it  in  1050  to  Sir  Charles  Coota 
Colonel  Yenables.  On  the  southern  side  of  the  town  are  flie  rains  o 
Dominican  Monastery,  which  was  once  a  most  eztensiTe  building. 
Abbey  was  founded  by  Bichard  de  Burgo,  Bad  of  Ulster,  A.n.  180ft 
dedicated  to  St.  Ifalachi.  Its  long  aisles  and  central  belfry  still  «i 
traces  of  the  pointed  architecture  of  an  early  date. 

Near  to  the  Abbey,  on  a  hill,  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  church,  ai 
which  there  is  a  large  burial  ground.  In  this  there  is  a  finely-o 
stone,  also  some  monuments  of  the  families  of  Moore  and  Millar. 


THE   JOURNAL 


OF 


THE  EOYAL  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUAEIES 

OF  IRELAND, 
FOR  THE  YEAR  1892. 


PAPERS  AND  PR0CEEDINGS-P.VI1T  IV.    FOURTU  QUARTER,  1892. 


^apet$ 


ON  THE  ORNAMENTATION  OF  THE  LOUGH  ERNE  SHRINE. 
By  rev.  DENIS  MURPHY,  S.J.,  M.R.I.A.,  Fellow. 

A  HONG  the  objects  set  down  for  exhibition  at  tbc  meeting  of  the  Royal 
"^  Society  of  Antiquaries  at  Killarnoy  in  August  last  year  was  this 
shrine.  The  owner  had  kindly  allowed  it  to  be  taken  down  for  the  pur- 
pose ;  but  the  Council,  considering  the  danger  of  injury  to  it,  wisely 
thought  it  best  to  keep  the  shrine  in  Dublin,  and  to  exliibit  there  only 
a  fine  photograph  of  it  taken  for  this  purpose.  This  I  showed  at  the 
meeting,  stating  briefly  at  the  same  time  the  way  in  which  the  shrine  was 
found,  and  pointing  out  its  chiif  characteristics. 

The  number  of  shrines  is  so  small,  and  the  interest  attaching  to  each 
of  them  is  so  great,  arising  partly  from  their  historical  associations  and 
partly  from  their  intrinsic  merits  as  specimens  of  Irish  art,  that  any 
addition  to  their  number  is  well  worthy  of  a  record  in  the  pages  of  this 
Journal. 

In  the  summer  of  1891  some  fishermen  were  engaged  in  plying  their 
trade  in  the  waters  of  Lower  Lough  Erne,  about  midway  between  Ennis- 
killen  and  Belleek.  There,  on  the  western  side  of  the  lake,  is  a  small 
bay;  close  by,  on  a  projecting  point,  are  the  remains  of  a  stone  structure, 
surrounded  by  a  square  fosse  which  encloses  about  twenty  perches  of 
ground.  Possibly  this  was  the  site  of  the  religious  house  to  which  the 
shrine,  found  close  by,  belonged.     Archdall,  however,  makes  no  mention 

JOUB.  B.t.A.I.,  TOL.  ZI.,  PT.  FF.,  6tH  SIS.  2  B 


350 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAB1E8  OF  IE! 


of  any  such  building.  All  tradition  about  it  seetns  to  have  died  o 
indeed  it  ever  existed.  One  of  the  fishermen  hooked  a  fish.  It  we 
the  bottom  of  the  deep  water  ond  remained  there  for  some  time,  mi 
about  when  stirred  by  the  gentle  pressure  of  the  hook.  Somehoi 
line  got  entangled  in  what  the  fisherman  thought  was  a  stump 
when  the  fish  roao  to  the  surface,  what  was  supposed  to  be  a  a 
turned  out  to  bo  the  shrine.  Doth  fish  and  shrine  were  safely  la 
The  latter  was  brought  a  day  or  two  Inter  to  one  of  our  men 
T.  Plunkett.  Esq.,  Chairman  of  the  Town  CommisBionors  of  Ennisk 
and  purchased  by  him.     He  is  now  the  fortunate  owner  of  this  tna 


Fio.  1.— touch  Eros  ShfiDe.    (Reduced  Due-half,) 

This  shrine,  as  may  he  seen  at  a  glance,  belongs  to  that  class 
resembles  in  shape  some  of  our  ancient  churches,  with  this  difl 
however,  that  their  gables  are  perpendicular  not  hipped.  Of  the  so 
of  such  a  form  we  have  a  proof  in  the  "Book  of  Kells,"  where 
tiiis  shape  is  set  down  among  the  omoments  of  that  famous  work 
drawing  given  hero  is  tnken  from  Petrie's  "  Chris tion  Inscri] 
Tol.  ii.,  p.  163,  the  Annual  Volume  of  our  Society  for  1877. 

The  exact  measurements  of  the  Lough  Erne  Shrine  are  tl 
length,  7  inches;  width,  3J  ;  height,  5|.  It  consists  of  two 
parts,  an  inner  shrine  and  on  outer  shell.  The  inner  shrine  is  ver 
very  probably  it  is  the  older  part.  The  sides,  roof,  and  the  lower 
the  two  ends  still  remain.     There  is  no  ornament  on  anj  p 


OM  THE  ORNAMENTATION  OF  LODGH  EBHE  SHSINB.   851 

any  mark  or  opening  to  show  that  anything  of  the  kind  waa  ever  attached 
to  it.  It  has,  however,  at  each  end  an  ansa,  or  a  portion  of  one,  not  un- 
like one  hell  of  a  hinge.   The  outer  ahell  has  a  lining  of  yew-wood  in  two 


Fio.  1.— Ark,  rtom  *'  book  ol  Kelli." 

distinct  pieces,  one  in  the  upper  part,  tbo  other  in  the  lower,  each  of  one 

solid  piece  roughly  scooped  out.     This  lining  serves  ae  a  backing  for  the 

plaques  of  metal  forming  the  outer  shell.  The  greater  part  of  the  exterior 

is  without  any  ornament ;  but  elearly 

this  was  not  its  origioal  state  ;  for  we 

have  still  on  one  side  of  the  roof  a 

highly  decorated    bosa.     This  alono 

remains  of  six;  for  most   probably 

there  was  this  number  of  bosses,  as 

we   may  fairly   infer  from  the  fact 

that  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  roof 

at  the  eonesponding  part  there  is  a 

hole  through  which    such    another 

would  be  fastened  on,  and  below  on 

both  udes  we  have  evident  remains  of 

fourothers.     The  interlacing  on  this 

bou  ia  of  the  very   highest  typo  of 

naoient  Irish  art,  calling  to  mind  the  finest  portions  of  the  iUustraUons 

of  the  "  Book  of  Kells." 


I—noH,  loach  Enx 


B^^A 

ON  THB  OBNAUENTATION  OF  LOUOB  ERNE  BHBINE. 

The  joiniDg  where  the  root  meets  the  eiden  was  covered  by  plaques. 
0(  these  only  one  remains.  It  is  ornamented  with  interlaced  work  of  a 
lozenge-pattern.  The  lines  in  this  are  not  always  regular  in  their  order 
of  seqiicnce,  a  very  unuaunl  thing  in  such  work,  especially  of  on  esirly 
date ;  that  this  is  such  we  may  readily  infer  from  the  heautif  ul  design  on 
the  boss.  The  ridge  of  the  roof  is,  as  we  might  well  eipvct  from  the 
prominent  poaiUon  which  it  occupies,  not  the  least  omamcntii!  portion  of 
the  work.  It  contains  several  fine  patterns  of  interlacing,  the  rounded 
ends  being  the  portions  most  carefully  elaborated ;  tho  outer  pattern  is 
of  the  same  character  os  that  of  the  boss. 

The  ansa  is  alEo  a  fine  specimen  of  ornamentation  ;  it  contains  two 
patterns  of  opus  Hihemlcum,  ono  of  a  very  elaborate  kiml  filliDg  the 
centra]  semicircle;  the  other  simpler,  forming  the  framewuik.  On  the 
top  are  ihree  projections  pierced  through,  Bomowhat  like  one  hall  of  a 
hinge,  as  on  the  inner  shrine. 


Dr.  Anderson  has  given  an  account  in  the  "  Proceedings  of  the  Soot- 
tish  Society  of  Antiquaries,  "of  a  shrine  bearing  a  very  close  resemblance  to 
this  which  I  have  just  described.  It  is  known  as  the  Uoncymusk  S^hrin^, 
and  IS  the  property  of  Sir  Archibald  Qraut,  It  is  much  smQllcr,  but  its 
present  condition  is  much  more  complete,  for  the  side  plaques  and  four  of 
the  boBses  are  still  remaining.  The  drawing  of  it  given  hero  will  show 
how  closely  the  two  shrines  resemble  each  other,  not  merely  in  their 
general  outlines,  but  even  in  the  details  of  their  omamtntation.  We 
reproduce  it  here  by  the  kind  peruiission  of  the  Society, 

Mr.  Longfield  has  kindly  drawn  for  me  the  ornamental  scroll-work  on 
two  of  thu  boBsea  of  the  lloucymusk  Shrine.     I  give  thcni  here  eulurgcd, 


ON  1 


S  OBNAMENTATIOS  OP  LOUGH  ERNB  BHRINE. 


355 


boBseB  are  in  the  same  position  as  in  our  shrine.  The  roof,  too,  is  hipped, 
but  with  this  difference  that  it  ie  slightly  curved.  Wliere  in  our  shrine 
there  is  a  plate  covering  the  joining  of  the  eidcs  and  roof,  there  are  in 
this  two  hinges  to  allow  it  to  be  opened.  The  scroll-work  on  the  side, 
roof,  and  bosaea,  shows  distinctly  that  it,  too,  is   of  Irish   workman- 


(    356     ) 


THE  TRTTE  REASON  WHY  THE  IRISH  BURIED  THEIR  BXJTT 

IN  BOG-BANKS. 

By  thb  rev.  JAMES  O'LAVERTY,  P.P.,  M.R.I.A. 

Tt  is  well  known  to    eveiy  person  engaged  in  inyestigatmg  L 
"^    antiquities  that  butter  is  frequently  found  buried  in  the  turf  \m 
of  our  bogs,  and  many  specimens  of  it,  with  the  wooden  vessels  in  wl 
they  have  been  found,  arc  preserved  in  all  our  museums.     Lump 
butter  rolled  up  in  cloths  are  also  frequently  found  in  our  bogs.     I  h 
in  my  collection  one  of  those  lumps  of  butter.     It  was  found  rolled  u; 
a  coarse  cloth  at  the  depth  of  12  feet  in  the  bog  of  Gbrtgole,  i 
Portglenone.     It  still  retains  the  marks  of  the  hand  and  fingers  of 
ancient  dame  who  pressed  it  into  its  present  shape.    The  butter  itse 
in  a  good  state  of  preservation,  and  tastes  somewhat  like  cheese.    ] 
other  bog  butter  it  contains  no  salt.     Hitherto  it  was  generally  supp 
that  the  butter  was  deposited  in  the  bog-banks  by  the  Irish  in  tim< 
war,  in  order  to  conceal  it  from  their  enemies ;  while  others  supp 
that  it  was  so  buried  in  order  to  preserve  it  when  it  was  difficuJ 
procure  salt.     Sir  William  Petty,   among  the  various  articles  of 
used  by  the  Irish  about  the  year  1650,   enumerates:    ''Butter  i 
rancid    by   keeping    in    a    bog " ;    and   the  well-known   lampoon, 
"Irish  Hudibras,"  printed  in   1689,    describes   an   Irish  feast  w 
among  other  things,  had  '*  Pottados  and  a  spole  of  pork  "  : — 

**  And  butter  to  eat  with  their  hog 
Was  seven  years  buried  in  a  bog.*' 

A  valuable  and  interesting  Paper  on  Bog-butter  by  W.  Frazer, 
P.R.C.8.I.,  appeared  recently  in  the  publications  of  our  Society. 
Mr.  Frazer  mentions  that  finds  of  butter  similar  to  those  in  Irelar 
occasionally  obtained  in  Scotland,  and  even  in  Iceland,  and  he  sup 
that  those  countries,  with  which  the  Irish  had  great  intercourse,  ad 
from  them  the  peculiar  mode  of  preserving  their  butter. 

A  few  years  ago  Mr.  Graham,  a  gentleman  now  deceased,  wh 
spent  a  lifetime  in  India,  employed  in  collecting  the  salt  duties,  ca 
reside  in  Holywood.  In  describing  to  me  the  various  customs  h 
observed  in  India,  he  mentioned  the  mode  of  preserving  butter  pre 
in,  I  think,  the  Assam  district.  The  butter,  which  is  churned  as  wi 
after  the  milk  has  been  carefully  removed  from  it  is  firmly  pi 
without  receiving  any  salt,  into  an  un glazed  earthenware  vase,  wl 
closed  with  a  well-titting  cover  of  the  same  material.  Over  the 
paper  is  pasted  with  flour  and  water,  so  as  to  exclude  the  air  as 


possible.  The  vase  is  then  buried  in  a  diy  bank  of  earth,  wlicro  it 
remains  for  six  months,  when  the  butter  has  become  mutureil  for  use. 
Butter  BO  treated  ia  supposed  to  be  much  more  nutritive  thon  fresh 
butter.  Such  butter  is  not  spread  on  bread,  as  is  done  by  us,  but  is  used 
in  their  rice  ;  and  Europeans  purchase  it  at  a  price  nearly  double  that  of 
fresh  butter,  in  order  to  use  it  in  cooking  fowl  and  flesh  meat.  1  askod 
him  did  the  notives  preserve  their  butter  so,  in  order  to  avoid  purchasing 
Bait  at  a  dear  rate,  and  he  aaaured  me  that  their  principal  motive  was  to 
obtain  a  more  nutritive  article  of  diet.  I  tried  the  eiperimcnt  of  burying 
for  six  months  in  a  dry  bank  of  earth  butter  treated  after  the  Indian 
manner,  and  I  also  buried  for  eight  months  in  a  bog-bank  a  'woodon 
vessfil  contaiuing  twelve  pounds  of  butter ;  both  butters  hud  arrived  at 
the  same  state  in  the  respective  periods,  and  both  butters  had  asaumod 
the  tasto  more  of  cheese  than  of  butter.'  For  my  own  taste  I  would 
prefer  butter  cured  in  the  modem  wny,  but  I  have  no  doubt  that  usage 
would  confer  an  acquiit-d  taste,  that  would  prefer  what  I  may  denominate 
the  patriarchal  mode  of  butter- curing.  Of  the  branch  of  the  human 
race  that  speaks  the  Indo-European  languages,  we  have  the  extreme 
eastern  and  the  extreme  western  tribes  using  n  common  mode  of 
preserving  their  butter,  and  to  seek  the  origin  of  that  custom  we  must 
go  buck  to  the  day  when  the  Hindoo  and  the  Irishman  were  brothers, 
pai-tuking  of  the  food  prepared  by  the  common  mother  of  both — a 
research  which  carries  us  back  to  the  early  patriarchs.  Science  and 
experience  teach  us  that  many  substances  after  passing  through  a  stale 
of  fermentation  become  much  more  nutritive.  The  German  subjects  his 
cabbage,  and  the  scientific  farmer  his  gross  to  that  process,  and  the 
cattle-feeder  knows  what  fattening  powers  barley  when  malted  acquires. 
Many  of  the  discoveries  c&ected  by  science  seem  after  all  to  be  only 
lecovcries  of  lost  knowledge  once  freely  bestowed  on  man,  and  it  would 
appear  that  the  Hindoo  and  Iiishman  have  preserved  a  portion  of  early 
knowledge,  of  which  wars  and  other  disturbances  deprived  the  inter- 
mediate tribea. 


UUM 


e  pnrt«  of  En^snd  they  bnij  la  tlia  Mith  d 


(     358    ) 


THE   GBRALDINES  OF  COUNTT  EILKENNT.     Piu  L 

BABONS  OF  BUBKCHUBCH. 

Bt  GEO.  DAMES  BITRTCHAELL,  M.A.,  LL.B.,  M.E.I.A.,  Fnab 

A  MOire  the  proprietors  who  lost  their  estates  in  the  county  S 
"^^  by  forleitare,  consequent  upon  the  political  morements 
seventeenth  century,  were  scTen  gentlemen  bearing  the  a 
Fits  Gerald.^  Three  of  them  who  possessed  the  largest  este 
their  principal  seats  at  Brownstord,  Ghirteens,  and  Bumchuroh 
tively.  Of  these  the  family  of  Bumchuroh,  or  more  properly 
churchi  was  the  most  imp<nt«nt,  that  of  Brownsford  coming  : 
rank.  The  heads  of  both  these  houses  had  at  one  time  borne  tlu 
designation  of  "  baron,"  which  was  discontinued  as  a  title  du 
latterhalf  of  the  preceding  century.  The  name  of  "Baron,''  or  "] 
was,  however,  still  used  as  a  surname,  generally  attached  to  Fib 
as  an  «/t(M,  a  practice  which  has  tended  to  increase  the  diffli 
tracing  these  families.  That  the  designation  of  ''  baron"  was  s 
all  has  been  called  in  question,  and  the  right  of  these  familial 
name  of  Fits  Oerald  has  also  been  disputed.  But  while  such  ai 
have  been  made,  there  has  been  no  regular  attempt  hitherto  md 
to  trace  their  origin  and  history.  As  a  necessary  consequence  mo 
references  to  them,  scattered  throughout  the  publications  of  thif 
and  elsewhere,  are  yague  and  often  altogether  misleading. 

The  statement  of  their  origin,  which  has  been  repeated 
comment  or  inquiry,  until,  by  force  of  repetition,  it  appears 
acquired  a  certain  amount  of  weight,  rests  upon  what  seems  to  I 
obiter  dictum  of  Lodge.  In  his  account  of  the  great  Geraldin* 
Maurice,  the  first  Knight  of  Kerry,  otherwise  the  Black  Kni 
Rit)ipe  t)ub),  is  stated  to  have  been  the  progenitor  of  many  fi 
the  name,  among  them  that  ''  of  the  Gurteenes  in  the  county  1 
styled  Barons  of  Burnt  Church.*'*     Not  only  is  there  no  groui 

^  Edmund  Fitz  Gerald,  of  Brownsford,  1876  acres ;  John  Fitz  Gerald,  o 
1865  acres  1  rood  ;  Richard  Fitz  Gerald,  of  Bumchurch,  1196  acres  1  rood 
William  Fitz  Gerald,  of  Bumchurch,  225  acres  ;   Peter  Fitz  Gerald,  of  Gt 
178  acres  1  rood;   Toby  Fitz  Gerald,  of  NicholastoM^,  126  acres;   Peter 
of  Kilkenny,  104  acres  1  rood  22  perches.    There  was  also  a  lady,  Mary 
of  Nashstown,  181  acres.    The  acreage  is  plantation  measure. 


moners 

vol.  i.,  pp.  174,   176,  488;   Graves  and  Prim's   "History 

Oanice's  Cathedral,*'  p.  238  {note).    I  plead  giiilty  to  foUowin^  the  same 

(''Genealogical  Memoirs  of  the  Members  of  Parliament  for  Kilkenny,  12 

p.  5).   The  unsatisfactory  nature  of  the  references  led  me  to  the  present  I 

— G.  D.  B. 


Joi'm.  R.S.  A.I^  yoL.n^  Pamt  nr.,  jn  Sim.] 


THE   GERALD 


I.— PEDIGREE   OF  THE   BARONS   OF   BURNCHURCH 


oi: 


WmUm  fits  G«raldp  d,  1171 ; 
M.  AcBM,  dan.  of  Adam  de 


Relmmd  (le  GrM)i  d,  X184 ; 
BarooofOdrone:  M.  1x74, 
BaiUia,  daa.  of  Gilbert 
Earl  of  Pembroke,  and 
si«tar  of  Stroncbow. 


^1,1  I  I 
Srlverter* 
HeDxy* 
William,  M. 
John,  M. 


Gnfinfits'^MmUam, 


MaUUa.  ai. 
N.deCaiiK 
titu* 


If  attbew  fiu  Grifia, 

Baroa  of  Knodtopberi 

ftc.  (XMO). 


Gnma 


fits  GriffiB. 


Rflimand  fits  Griffin,  Baron 
ofKiiocktqpher  aiidNoTa 
Villa  (de  Jeripoat),  1147. 


en. 


Gilbert  fitsGriffin. 


Claricia*  m.  John 
fiUDermot. 


Maurice,  m.  1326,  Marfan 
Walter  fits  Maurice. 


William  Fits  Gerald,  alia*  Baron ;  Baron  of 
Bnmchurch ;  Vicar  of  Bumchurch,  1545. 


Rowland  1 
Richard. 

■  ;> 

Richard, 
Rowland 


John  Fitz  Gerald,  alieu  Baron 
Baron  of  Bumchurch ;  J.  P. 

I 


Richard  Fits  Gerald ;  d,  1602 ;  Baron  of  Bumchurch ;  High  SheriflP,  1^7 

I.  Z8t, ;      and,  1576,  Ismay,  dau.  of  Patrick  Browne  of  Mulranai 

Co.  Wexford. 


Rowland  Fits  Gerald,  Baron  of  Bumchurch  ;«n.  circa  1590,  Anstace, 
dan.  of  Robert  Kothe,  M.  P.  for  Co.  Kilkenny,  X585. 


William  Fits  Gei 
Constab 


Richard  Fits  Gerald  [Barvn  of  Bumchurch  ;  will       Edward  FiH  Gerald, 
dated  July  Tt  1645 ;  m.  dau.  0/ Robert  Forstall.^ 

Richard  Fits  Gerald  of  Bumchurch ;  trans-  Capt.  James  Fits  Gerald  of  Bum- 

planted  1653.  church,  x66o. 

\Ancett0r  of  the  Famify  of  Barren  of  ( 
Waterfi^l 


ICatthe 


[T0  /ac€  pag€  ^, 


i'HE    COUNTY    KILKENNY. 


,    THE    BARONS    OF    OVERK,    AND  THE   BARONS    OF   KNOCKTOPHER. 


AXTBR,  Constable  of 
;  mu  circaf  xo95»  Netta, 
~*    ?,  Ftince  of  Soath 


d,  Sept.  1,  XZ77; 
id  Wicklow;  m, 
.olpb  de  Montgo- 


Anghared,  m.  William  de  Barri. 


David  fits  Gerald,  d.  1x76 ; 

Bishop  of  St.  David's, 

XX48. 


16; 
de 


G«rald  fits  Maurice  : 
d.  1205 ;  Baron  of 
Offaly :  m.  Cathe- 
rine,  dau.  of  Hamo 
dc  Valoigns. 


Tha  Earls  of  Kildare,  and 
Dnke  of  Leinster.] 


Thomas  fitz  Maurice ; 

d.  1 215  ;  Baron  of 

Ogonnclloe ; 

m.  Eleanor,   dau.   of 

Jordan  de  Marisco. 


[The  Earls  of  Desmond, 
extinct.] 


Alexander  fits 
Maurice. 


Maurice  fitz 
Maurice. 
Baron  ot 
Kiltrany 

(X2l8). 

^1 


I 


Nesta,  m, 
Herv^de 
Marisco. 


Milo  fits  David, 

or  fits  Bishop 

Baron  of  Overk 

(IX70-X2XS). 


William  fitz  Maurice,        David  fitz  Milo,  Baron 


Baron  of  Kiltrany 

("47). 


of  Overk  (1239). 


Henry  fits 
MUo  (xsxx). 


Milo  fitz  David, 
Baron  of  Overk  (1247). 


Maurice  fits  David 
of  Dunkitt. 


Milo  fitz  Milo ;  d.  before  131 1 ; 
Baron  of  Overk ;  m.  Mabilla 


Roger  fitz  Milo.  Baron  of  Overk 
(1311);  sold  the  Barony  to  Le 
Botiller,  13 19. 


C 


] 


William  fitz  Maurice ;  d.  X375 ;  Baron  of  Burnchurch ; 
m.  Margaret 


cb  (X374-X448). 


David  fits  Milo 


.     Philip 


fits  MUo. 


John. 


David. 


The  Barons  of  BrownsfordC?). 


mm  of  Bnmcburch ;  M.  P.  for  Co.  Kilkenny,  1532 ; 
dan.  of  —  St.  Leger  (of  TuUaghanbroge). 


Id,«/<4U 

:-iS8z). 


James  Fitz  Gerald,  alias 
Baron,  1578. 


Peter  Fitz  Gerald,  alias  Baron  of 
Dangenmore  (i545-i557)' 


Walter  Barron  of  Goslings- 
ton  (X594). 


William  Fits  Gerald ;  d,  Dec.  30.  X633 ;  of  Kil- 
lesk,  Co.  Wexford ;  m.  Bllen,  dau.  of 
Devereuz. 


Rowland  Fits  Gerald,  alia*  Baron 
d.  Oct.  s8,  1561 ;  Archbishop  of 
Cashel,  X553. 


Uam  Fitz  Gerald,  b.  x634.     Katberine. 

Maiy. 


Patrick  Fits  Gerald  of  Killesk ; 
attainted  X69X. 


MaariceFiU Gerald;  in 
Fraac*  ia  1665. 


Richard  Fits  G«ra]d. 
PiaraFitiGwald. 
Tbomas  FiuOarald. 


AattaM;  m.  ist.  Williaa  llanhall. 
•■d,  Fraads  Don. 


I 

I 


aflsertion  that  the  honse  of  Gurtccna  vaa  the  parent  etem  ol  tbo  Eilkeimy 
OeraldineB,  but  we  hare  now  ayailable  fairly  conclusive  evidence  that 
that  family  was  originally  "more  Irish,"  ami  did  not  adopt  the  Ueraldlne 
name  until  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century.  It  is  to  be  oljH(?rved  also 
that  the  Fitz  Geralds  of  GurttcnB  were  neyer  described  by  the  alia*  of 
"  Baron." 

The  suggestion  has  been  made  that  the  title  of  baron  borne  by  the 
houses  of  Bumchurch  and  Brownaford  was  their  originul  patronymic,  and 
not  a  title,  and  that  the  name  of  Fitz  Gerald  was  aHBumod  by  tbem  at  a 
later  period.'  That  "  Baron  "  was  in  their  case  originally  a  title  can  be 
clearly  established.  Among  the  royal  privileges  exercised  by  ihe  lords 
of  counties  palatine  was  that  of  creating  barons-  In  Ireland  three 
palatinates  were  created  in  the  time  of  Henry  II. :  the  first  in  Lcinat«r, 
which  was  granted  to  Earl  Strongbow  ;  the  second  in  Ueatli,  granted  to 
Ilugh  de  Lacy  the  elder ;  and  the  third  in  Ulster,  granted  to  Hugh  de  Lacy 
tlie  younger.'  Afterwards  William  tlie  lUarshal  of  England,  having 
married  the  daughter  and  heir  of  Strongbow,  hod  is^ue  five  sons  and  five 
daughters,  and  the  sons  haring  died  witliout  issue,  the  seigniory  of  LcinetOT 
descended  to  the  five  daughters.  On  a  partition  raadc  between  them 
«ach  had  an  entire  county  allotted  to  her,  via,  Calhirlagh  to  the  eldest, 
Wexford  to  the  second,  Kilkenny  to  the  third,  Kildnre  to  the  fourth,  the 
territory  of  I«ix,  now  the  Queen's  County,  to  the  fifth  ;  "und  thereupon 
each  had  a  sepiirate  county  palatinp,  and  all  the  liberties  and  prerogatives 
in  her  separate  purpariy,  as  Strongbow  and  the  Maj  shall  had  in  the 
entire  seigniorio  of  Leinstcr.  As,  if  there  are  three  parceners  of  a  manor, 
each  of  them  will  have  a  manor  and  court  baron  in  his  puipurty.'"  Two 
other  palatinates  with  royat  libertii-s  were  subsequently  created,  the 
county  of  £ernr  and  Desmond  grunted  by  Edward  I.,  to  Thomas 
fitK  Anthony,  and  the  county  of  Tipperary  granted  to  the  Earl  of 
Ormonde  by  Edward  III. 

If  we  examine  the  sub-grants  made  by  Strongbow  in  Lcinster,  and 
Hugh  de  Lacy  in  Meath,  we  find  that  the  title  of  baron  became  in 
nearly  every  instance  associated  with  the  holders  of  these  fit^fs,*  although 
many  uf  them  never  became  peers,  or  were  even  summoned  to  Parliament 

>  Jtarnal,  vol.  L,  6th  Ser.,  p.  lia. 

■  Ilavyi'  "  Reporlt,"  p.  60 :— [I^  Primer  Report  dea  Cues  et  matter*  en  Ley 
TMoloes  rt  adjudges  en  lea  Courti  del  Kof  en  Ireland.  Collecl  et  digeat  per  Sr  John 
Dauyi  chiualer,  Altumey  tienerall  del  Roy  en  ctM  Kealme.  Dvblin.  rriiilcd  by  Jubn 
Fnuickton  Ptinter  to  the  King**  Moat  excellent  Haiettie.  Anno  16i!>.]  "  Le  Com 
del  Countie  Palaline  de  ^^'eIla^i."  The  Earldom  of  Dliler  i*  atid  lo  biTe  been 
nrigintll;  granted  by  Henry  II.  to  John  de  Courcj  in  11T2;  but  thii  i*  allogelfaar 
douLtlul  (ler  Dictiomu-y  of  Xntional  Biography,  "Cuurei").  Iii  Muy,  tL>05,  Kin^ 
John  beetowed  Ulilei  on  Hugh  du  Lacy  Ibv  younger.  Profeseor  Stokei  U  in  enor  in- 
ataling  that  Kilkenny  and  Waterford  were  Cunalatnled  Palatiiutea  by  Henry  II-  ["Ire- 
land and  the  Anglo-Norman  Church,"  p.  ISe) ;  ulberirue  Lla  iccouatof  the  Palatinate* 
ii  faii^y  aoourate. 

'  "  Le  Caae  del  Countie  Palatine  do  Weiford."     Davyi'  Iteporti.  p.  60. 

•  Bt  '•  The  Song  of  Cennot  and  the  Eatl"  (pp.  123--J3I},  edited  b;  Goddard  Henij 
Orpen.     Oxford,  Clarendon  Prew,  1893. 


360        ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUABIES  OF  IR£Liin>. 

amosg  the  magnates  of  Ireland.  In  England  a  similar  privil6( 
exercised.  In  the  county  of  Chester  were  the  Barons  of  Haltoni 
Alto,  Wich-Malbank,  Shipbroke,  Malpas,  Dunham-Massy,  Sam 
and  Stockport.^  In  Durham,  the  Prior  of  Durham  ranked  as  a 
and  there  were  the  lay  Barons  Hilton  of  Hilton,  Conyers  of 
bum,  Balmer  of  Brancepeth,  Surresse  of  Dimsdale,  and  Ham 
E  wen  wood.'  There  was  also  the  Baron  of  Walton  in  Lancashii 
the  "  Case  of  the  County  Palatine  of  Wexford"  are  cited  ''those 
gentlemen  as  well  in  Meath  as  in  other  territories  which  haTi 
royal  liberties,  who  have  the  title  of  Barons,  as  the  Baron  of  Skze 
Baron  of  Navan,  the  Baron  of  Galtrim  in  Meath,  the  Baron  of 
(Narragh),  and  the  Baron  of  Khcbane  in  Kildare,  the  Baron  of  Id 
Catherlagh,  the  Baron  of  Burnchurch  in  Kilkenny,  the  Baron  of 
in  Wexford,  the  Baron  of  Loughmo  in  Tipperary,  the  Baron  Miaa 
the  Baron  Savage  in  Ulster." ' 

These  barons  being  inferior  to  peers  were  sometimes  distinguis 
the  diminutive  title  of  '*  Baronet."  In  a  list  of  the  temporal  nob 
Ireland,  as  placed  by  Sir  Henry  Sydney,  we  find  immediately  fcU 
the  actual  peers,  and  without  any  line  of  distinction  drawn  b 
them,  the  names  of  ''Sentleger,  Baron  of  Slcmarge,  now  quite  Irial 
Baron  of  Pormanston,  waxing  Irish  ;  Fytz  Gerald^  Baron  9f 
Choirge :  Wellisley,  Baronet  of  the  Narraghe,  M'Costylaghe, 
Wangle,  whom  Sir  Henry  Sydney  calleth  de  Angulo,  now  verj 
Hussey,  Baronet  of  Galtrim  ;  St.  MychcU,  Baronet  of  Baban  (Bl 
Marward,  Baronet  of  Scrync  ;  M* William  Bourkc,  Lord  of 
Connaght,  very  Irish;  Nanglc,  Baronet  of  Navant."* 

Stanihurst  gives  a  similar   list  of    '*  certain  gentlemen   of  i 
commonly  called  Baronets,  whom  the  ruder  sort  doth  register  am< 
nobility  by  terming  them  corruptly  Barons ;  whereas  in  very  dec 
are  to  be  named  neither  Barons,  nor  Baronets,  but   Banrets. 
properly  culled  a  Banret  whose  fatlier  was  no  carpet  knight,  but 
in  the  field  under  the  banner  or  ensign.    And  because  it  is  not  u 
any  to  be  a  knight  by  birth,  the  eldest  son  of  such  a  knight,  "^ 
heirs  is  named  a  Banneret  or  Banret.     Such  are  they  that  here  < 
Sentleger,  Banret  of  Slemarge,  mecr  Irish  ;  Den,  Banret  of  Porma 
waxing  Irish  ;  Fiiz  Gerald,  Banret  of  Burnechurch  ;  Welleslie,  B 
Norragh  ;  Huseie,  Banret  of  Galtrim  ;  Saint  Mighell,  Banret  of 
and  Nangle,  Banret  of  the  !Navan."  *     This   explanation   of  tl 
however,  cannot  be  accepted. 

*  Camden's   ♦'Cheshire,"   p.    464;    Banks'    "  Extmet  and  Dormant   Ba 
England,"  p.  198. 

'-*  Banks'  "  Extinct  and  Dormant  Baronage  of  England,"  p.  208. 
3  Davys'  "  Reports,"  p.  65. 

*  Cal.  Carew  MSJS. ;   *'  Book  of  Howth  ;  "  ♦*  The  Temporal  Nobility,"  ca 

*  *'  The  Description  of  Ireland,"  by  Richard  Stanihurst,  chap.  vi.     He  is 
astray  in  giving  the  tide  of  Serine  to  St.  Michell,  who  was  Baron  of  Rheb 
ttio  foregoing    lists  contain  a  curious  misprint,  viz.  Pormanstown  for  The 


THE  0ERALDINE8   OF  CODSTT  KILKENNY. 


Among  the  Corew  MSS.'  is  a  documont  cntitletl  "Notes  of  Ancient 
BecorJs  and  Rolls  for  tho  Lord  of  Kerry,  Lord  of  Slune,  &o.," 
which  gives  some  further  particulars  of  "divers  gentlemen  who  had 
tho  appellations  of  Barons  of  as  ancient  date  as  tho  Baron  of  31ane 
pretcoJeth  him  to  be  a  Lord,  and  yet  never  was  any  ot  thtm  Lord 
Baron  or  ever  Bummoaed  to  any  Parliament,  whose  posterity  to  this 
day  have  Uieir  denominations  Barons,  as  for  insamplo: — divers  of 
the  Huaseys  were  called  Barons  of  Galtrim  in  the  years,  via, 
18  Ed.  I.,  4  Ri.  II.,  9  M.  3  M.  fl  :  Hugh  Fitz  Owen  Baron  of  Birr 
4  Ed.  111.  ;  divora  of  the  Fipoes  Baroaa  of  Skrine  6  Ed.  HI.,  22  Ri.  II. 
Uarward  Barons  ot  the  Skrine,  19  Ri.  II.  Na(«)gles  Bnrons  of  the 
Navano  Ed.  III.  22  Ri.  II.  Hugh  Terrell,  Baron  of  Castel  Cnocke 
39  Ed.  III.  Roger  fitz  Mela  Baron  of  Auverck  31  Ed.  III.  ThnraaB 
St.  Lcger,  Boron  of  Bargie,  5  Ri.  II.  Thomas  Daniel  Bnron  of 
Rathwiro,  15  Ed.  IV.'  To  whom  may  be  added  these  ensuing  gent. 
who  daily  are  called  Burons  and  yet  no  Lords,  Barons  by  appelatii)n,  and 
not  iAi.  Barons  at  all,  via.  —  FU*  Gerald  llaron  of  Btimrhurch : 
Fits  Oeriild  Baron  of  Browntford ;  Pureell  Baron  of  Loughmoe  ;  Powt-r 
Baron  of  Donail  and  Ruthcormacke ;  Sutler,  Baron  of  Balynoa,  witli 
7  others.  Yea  and  in  England  tho  Baron  of  Biirronl,  the  Baron  of 
Sindcrton  with  divers  in  Ch(>shlre,  all  which  in  their  common  appela- 
I  tions  charters  and  evidences  are  culled  Borons  yet  not  Lords." 

In  the  foregoing  list  is  one  name  which  does  not  appear  in  tho  others. 

oger  fitz  Kilo,  Baron  of  Overk,  was  nndonbtcdly  sprung  from  t)ie 

I   Geraldinc  stock,  and  represented  a  family  once  holding  very  extenaire 

,   possesions  in  Kilkenny,  an  account  of  which  will  he  given  later  on.     A 

I   few  other  names  not  included  in  IIjcsc  lists  might  canly  be  added,'  and 

I   it  would  probably  be  fonud  that  all  the  tenants  holding  by  kniglit  service 

m  the  counties  palatine  were  originolly  designated  Botoub,  but  that  the 

beads  of  some  families  were  moro  particular  than  others   in  insisting 

Upon  being  addressed  by  that  title. 

Lodge  most  probably  conjectured  that  tho  first  person  he  found 
described  in  tho  Patent  Itolls  as  "  Baron  of  Bumclmrch,"  viz. — William 
£tz  Maurice,  whose  death  occuried  some  time  in  or  before  the  year  1375,* 

Among  the  mm.  io  TKn.  Coll.  Dublin,  are  two  very  similar  luU,  G.  1.  33  (prolwblf  br 
Obristophvr  Cnhei.  UI>tor  King  of  Amu.  I5S8-1&9T),  and  B.  S.  IT  (probably  by 
DuiicI  Uolvnetui,  Uliter  King  of  Arms,  lA97-ie33j. 

■  Cot.  Corew  HSS.,  ri.  Hi. 

*  Bir  Tho&uu  Daniel  wu,  boweTer,  created  Baron  of  Italhwlra  by  lettera  patont 
IStll  Juno,  1176,  and  5th  Auguit,  UTS:  "  A  View  of  Ihe  Lrgol  tnititutione,  Ilonanij 
'^""-t,  and  Feudal  Baroniea  eatablialied  in  Irrlund  during  the  niga  of  Humy  the 

1"      Rv  WilliMin  I.vnrh     v.a  1.      I>m.tnn.  1  S.tn. 


S.  1.  )3) ;  Walili,  Boron  of  Sbancah(-r  (Cm vea  and  Prim's  "  Ulatort  ofi}.  Canioa  ")  ; 

Swpotniaii,  Baron  ofErley  {J»iirn«l,  rol.  ri.,  K.  8.,  p.  6).    The  Iwu'lait  are  doubtful. 
^      See  oUo  ■' Tha  liarldom and  Baroni of  tJlatcr"  [■  ■  Tbe CUtor  Jounial  of  ArvhvotoeT," 
^L    ToL  i..  p.  38). 
^H  «  JW.  19  Ed.  in.,  83 :  Fat.  et  Ctatia.  Rot.  Cano.  Uib,  CoL 


rg-  ZZH^ASB. 


vuiild  idiidt of 


wu 


^ 


r       I  .--   . 

r  -   •    1. 

-—      --^  — 

died 
cown 


':=   mi  ix:r.  2f 


iz 


rhi-ont 
iclele 

rK-iried 


■.. 


.1.  i"-rya  an: 


-     V 


_     1 


k  _ 


.    * 

1 

>..■• 

m 

/ 
> 

/  . 

.•• 

'/'. 

7/..-. 

i 

',.. 

.  L. 


JTUJ 


■  '.'.  /..'.  /..n  *'..f,  t'.^u  *ji  0'.',  >>:'.',r:i  :.-.*■  h^.^T.  &s  111^.     Frcm  other  cluuten  in 
»».. '  i' V''' '  »■'  ■.  1,1^.-1  IK  ♦//  i.a-.h  ry;*:;,  I^*  i:-  1:-  '.r.t  tiiLe  cf  BUhop  Hugh  de  Bout,  who 

*  ••'  i.-i».H-,  I'iivili;^i4  «:t  /f/if/,iiM'aUH."     Enrolled  Pat.  1  Eliz.  21. 


THE  GERALDINES  OF  COUNTT  KILKENNY.  863 

held  the  five  Knights'  fees  in  the  Manor  of  Morice  Cafltell,  in  Othojgh- 
fynglasy  lying  in  length  from  the  sea  to  the  summit  of  the  mountain  of 
Croghan,  claimed  by  his  descendant  in  the  reign  of  Henry  YI.^  At  the 
end  of  the  Register  the  pedigree  is  given,  among  those  of  various  other 
benefactors  of  the  monastery,  as  follows : — 

Maur.  f  Maur.  BaroniB  e  Mil  dedit  ter  e  c  Mon.  de  Eenlis  T{empore)  H.  ep.  os. 

Wm.  Haer. 

Maur. 

Maur. 


W, 


I 


Maur 

I  Bol. 

Walt  I 

Rich. 


William  fitz  Maurice,  son  and  heir  of  Maurice  fitz  Maurice,  succeeded 
his  father;  and  in  the  extent  of  the  services  due  to  Richard,  Earl  of 
Oloucester  and  Hertford,  in  the  county  Kilkenny,  taken  in  the  year  1247, 
we  find  him  holding  half  of  one  knight's  fee  in  '^  Kiltrasthy. "'  His  son 
and  successor,  Maurice,  is  possibly  identical  with  Maurice  fitz  William 
who  held  land  in  Ballyleni,  of  Miles  fitz  Miles,  in  the  Barony  of  Overk.' 
To  Maurice,  the  next  in  the  line  of  descent,  we  have  no  reference ;  and 
this  brings  us  to  his  son  William. 

On  the  death  of  Gilbert,  last  Earl  of  Oloucester  and  Hertford,  of  the 
de  Clare  family,  who  fell  at  the  Battle  of  Bannockbum  in  1313,  leaving 
no  issue,  his  three  sisters,  the  Ladies  Alienore,  wife  of  Hugh  de  Spencer, 
junior ;  Margaret,  wife  of  Hugh  de  Audley ;  and  Elizabeth,  widow  of  John 
de  Burgh,  became  co-parceners  of  his  inheritance,  including  the  Lordship 
of  Kilkenny.  A  partition  was  soon  afterwards  made  between  them  ;  and 
in  the  extent  made  upon  this  occasion,^  the  portion  allotted  to  Sir  Hugh 
de  Spencer,  junior,  and  Alienore,  his  wife,  includes  '^  half  of  one  knight's 
fee  in  Kiltranyn,  which  William  fitz  Maurice  holds."  Shortly  afterwards 
we  find  William  fitz  Maurice  entering  into  a  matrimonial  alliance  with 
the  ^unous  William  Outlawe,  the  wealthy  banker  of  Kilkenny,  son  of 
Dame  Alice  Kyteler,  the  supposed  witch.  In  1326  a  deed  was  enrolled 
in  Chancery^  made  between  William  fitz  Maurice  and  William  Outlawe, 

^  Exchequer  Roll  {Hot.  Mem,  24  Hen.  YI.),  quoted  by  Herbert  Francis  Here. 
"  The  Bental  Book  of  Gerald  Fitz  Gerald,  Ninth  Earl  of  Eudare."— /owma/,  vol.  ii., 
N.  8.,  p.  269. 

*  So  Sweetman  has  printed  it  ('*  Cal.  Doc.  relating  to  Ireland").  Mr.  Gilbert  has 
it  *«  Kiltrash  '*  ("  Chartulary  of  St.  Mary's  Abbey,"  vol.  ii.  p.  406). 

'Extent  of  the  Barony  of  0?erk:  Cal.  Carew  MSS.  <*Book  of  Howth,"  &c., 
p.  867. 

^  I  am  indebted  for  a  copy  to  Mr.  James  Mills,  m.r.i.a.,  Fellow, 

*  Cal.  Bot.  Pat.  et  Clau.  Hib.  C7.,  20  £d.  II.  63. 


864         ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 

by  which  it  was  agreed  that  Maurice,  son  and  heir  of  William  fitz  Mw 
should  marry  Margaret,  daughter  of  William  Outlaw,  Outlaw  p 
to  William  fitz Maurice  100  marks  of  silver;  while  William  fitzMi 
bound  himself  in  1000  marks  of  silver  not  to  alienate  any  of  his  land 
tenements,  which  he  gave  on  that  day  to  the  said  Maurice  and  Max 
while  they  lived,  except  one  messuage  and  sixteen  acres  of  land,  n 
the  said  William  fitz  Maurice  held  in  capite  from  the  house  of  S.  Jo] 
Jerusalem  in  Ireland  in  Hamundsboly. 

The  name  Bumchurch  first  occurs  fifty  years  after  this  period, '' 
it  appears  to  have  been  firmly  established  in  place  of  Kiltrany. 
name  obviously  means  the  "  Burnt  Church,"  and  while  Irish  wai 
spoken  language  of  the  peasantry  they  invariably  used  the  Lrish  eq 
lent  Ceampall  loipgice.*     O'Donovan  could  make  no  suggestion 
its  origin,  but  the  name,  almost  certainly,  appears  to  commemorati 
march  of  tbe  Scots'  Amiy  under  King  Robert  Bnice  through  the  cc 
Kilkenny  in  the  year  1316.     The  Scots  destroyed  several  churches  d 
the  war  in  Ireland  ;  and  while  the  destruction  of  a  small  parish  d 
would  be  sufficient  to  originate  a  local  name,  in  the  general  devastatic 
chronicler  thought  the  incident  important  enough  to  be  worthy  of  a; 
mention.     From  Castle  Bermot  in  the  second  week  in  Lent  the 
marched  to  Gowran,  and  without  attempting  an  assault  on  the  strc 
fortified  and  garrisoned  town  of  Kilkenny,  marched  across  the  com 
Callan.     Burnchurch  lies  on  the  road  from  Gowran  to  Callan,  ri; 
the  line  of  their  march  ;  and  Clyn  records  that  **  they  went  through  i 
country  burning,  slaying,  depredating,  spoiling  towns,  castles,  and 
churches  as  tlicy  went  and  returned."     On  the  return  of  the  Scoti 
Limerick,  they  passed  south  of  Burnchurch  by  Kells,  where  th( 
camped  on  Palm  Sunday.     It  is  strange  that  the  position  of  Bumc 
on  the  road  taken  by  the  Scots  has  not  before  suggested  so  obvi( 
explanation  of  the  name. 

Accordiug  to  the  pedigree  in  the  Kells  Register,  the  last-men 
Maurice  had  a  son  AV alter  who  did  not  continue  tlic  line,  and  a 
branch  succeeded.  In  the  pedigree  there  is  a  gap,  and  certain 
generations  must  have  intervened  between  William  fitz  Maurice, 
eldest  son  was  married  in  1326,  and  llowland,  who  was  a  mi 
the  time  of  his  father's  death  in  1375.  We  can  supply  . 
these  generations  in  llowland's  father,  William,  whose  name  is  c 
from  the  pedigree  of  the  Register.  It  is  quite  possible  from  this  "V 
being  called  fitz  Maurice  that  he  was  a  younger  son  of  Mauri( 
married  the  daugliter  of  William  Outlaw.     He  is  the  first  we  fii 

*  Ordnance  Survey  Letters,  Co.  Kilkenny,  vol.  ii.,  p.  30,  MSS.,  Eoy 
Academy.  There  was  a  place  of  the  same  name  in  Co.  Tipperary.  A  gra 
the  Commission  of  Grace  made  to  James  Mandeville,  16th  June,  1686,  incl 
lands  of  Tami)leloskie  (ilias  Burnchurch,  in  the  Barony  of  Ilfa  and  Offa,  and 
perary.  Here  M'e  have  the  origin  of  the  statement  that  the  Mandevilles  wer 
of  Burnchurch,  in  liilkenny. 


365 


I 
I 


is  actually  styled  Baroa  of  Bumchurch.  Can  it  bo  that  he  assnined  that 
title  in  consequence  of  having  extinguished  the  interest  of  the  heir  ot 
Do  Spencer,  and  so  become  tenant  to  the  king  ?  In  a  grant  enrolled  in 
49  Edw.  in.'  the  King,  reciting  that  he  had  by  letters  patent  of  10th 
Uay,  in  the  48th  year  of  his  reign,  granted  to  William  Wcmme  the  custody 
of  all  lands  which  belonged  to  "William  fifcj  Morice,  late  Baron  of  Barao- 
church"  [<ic],  deceased  who  held  of  the  King  in  capite,  with  the  wardship 
and  marriage  of  Rowland  hia  son  and  heir,  modifies  and  extends  the  grant. 
This  grant  was  afterwards  revoked,  or  perhaps  WiUiam  Wemme  died,  for 
John  de  Earlell,  clerk,  held  the  wardship  and  marriage  of  "  Ralph  fits 
Morice,  Baron  of  Bamechurche"  fftc]  in  1388.' 

Before  1405  the  Baron  had  come  of  age,  for  by  patent  dated  at  Triatle* 
dormot,  13th  October  in  that  year,  "Roland  fitz  Morice,  Baron  of 
Brantchierch,"  Bobert  Shortals,  John  BlancheWlle,  and  Nicholas  Sweet* 
man,  were  assigned  as  Keepers  of  the  Peace  in  the  coimty  Kilkenny.' 
The  office  of  Keeper  of  the  Peace  was  no  sinecure,  for  Kilkenny  was 
invaded  in  1407  by  O'Carroll  and  Walter  de  Burgh,  who  devastated  m 
groat  part  of  the  county,  overcame  the  resistance  of  Rowland  fit*  Maurice, 
and  imposed  a  fine  upon  him  of  o5  marks,  which  ho  was  subsequently 
authorized  to  levy  off  the  county.*  In  1410  he  was  named  in  a  fresh 
commission  as  Keeper  of  the  Peaee,^  and  in  1413  had  licence  to  absent 
himself  from  Ireland  for  one  year." 

King  Henry  VI.,  in  a  writ  directed  to  the  mayor  and  bailiffs  of  the 
city  of  Dublin,  recites  a  petition  presented  by  "  our  beloved  and  faithful 
liegeman,  Roland  fitz  Monrc  knight  lawful  heir  descended  in  right  line 
from  Maurice  fitz  Gcrod  knight  who  laboured  in  the  conquest  of  Ireland," 
complaining  that  he  and  all  his  anccstora,  heirs  of  the  said  Maurice,  from 
the  time  of  the  conquest,  posseGsed  five  knights'  fees  in  the  Manor  ot 
Morice  Castell  in  the  territory  of  Otboyghfynglas,  but  that  in  consequence 
of  these  lands  being  wasted  by  the  Irish  enemy  he  had  no  means  of  living 
except  a  grant  of  £12  a-year  made  to  him  by  the  King's  grandfather, 
Henry  IV.     The  King  accordingly  confixws  this  pension  to  him  for  his 

life' 

Aft«r  this  we  have  no  reference  to  the  family  until  the  commencement 
of  tho  sixteenth  century. 

The  pedigree  in  the  Kells  Register  makes  Rowland  the  father  of 
Richard  ;  but  from  the  length  ot  time  which  elapsed,  the  next  Baron  of 
Bumohurch  whose  name  we  meet  with  must  have  been  at  least  the 
grandson  of  this  Rowland. 

I  Fat.  IS  Ed.  III.  S3.    I'M.  et  Claua.  BoL  Cano.  Htb.  Cil. 

»  P-f.  liRi.  IX.  247.     ». 

»  Pal.  7  Hen.  IV.,2jart  141  den. 

*  fat.  10II«ii.lV.,3p>r>187if>r(. 

*  "  '   ■  1  Hen.  rv..  So  Art.     " 


The  Chroiudei  of  Iniluiii,''  SUuiliDnl. 


•frt.l  Una.  v..  lj«r.9.    li. 
■>  StI.  Mm.  U  Usn.  VI.  (Publto  Bocord  Offiw) ;  Joamal,  Tol.  ii,,  tt.  8.,  p.  209. 
i>  oUo  mentimicd  m  the  £»(.  ir»p.  6  Hen.IY.,  13  Hen.  IV.,  1  naD.V.,2  H«n.V. 
jonu  B.8.I.I.,  VOL.  tt.,  n.  it.,  ixu  uul  2  C 


866       B0T4L  aoonnnr  or  AwnqaAXOB  of  naauxD. 

At  ft  Tintitioii  hdd  bj  Waltor,  AxehUdiop  of  DaUin,  ia  tha  pa 
dnixoh  of  Oowiuiy  in  fhe  dioceie  of  Oflsory,  on  8fh  Angogt,  150S, 
Pien  BvUer,  aftenraida  Earl  of  Qnnonde  and  Oaaory,  proved  the  inl 
Ua  fither,  Sir  Jamea  Bxttler,  who  died  in  1487 ;  and  the  teatimony  ol 
iritnaaaealmTingbeenredueedto  writrngwaa  pnlJiahed  and  anthenliar 
in  the  preaenoe  of  Biohatd,  Bazon  of  Bnmchnieh ;  Patrick  St  Lager, 
Jdin  Bowland,  Ticar  of  Bomdhuioh.^  The  baron  here  mentioned 
piobaUy  father  of  the  next  we  find  bearing  the  name.  Althon^  ] 
Banm,  «2mm  Vita  Gerald,  who  waa  raiaed  to  the  See  of  Oaaoiy  in  h 
haa  been  atated  to  belong  to  '*  that  branch  of  the  Fiti  Geralda  who  i 
palatine  Barona  of  Bomoharoh/'*  it  aeema  more  likely  that  prelate 

of  the  fkuQodlyof  Brownafozd,  we  therefore  deter  noticing  him  for  the  prei 
Abont  the  aame  period  the  then  Baron  of  Bnmchnroh,  bearing 
funily  name  of  Bowlandi  began  to  take  an  actiye  part  in  pnblio  aflai 
Aa  inatmment  made  by  the  freeholdera  of  the  county  Kilkenny,  d 
9fh  Angost  18  Henry  Till.  (1626),  protesting  againat  increasing 
toree  of  horaemen  and  kerns,  or  ceasing  them  upon  the  ooonty,  ia  ai 
by  **  Bdand  Barron."*    He  was  elected  M.P.  for  the  connty  KUke 
to  a  pariiament  the  exact  date  of  which  is  not  well  ascertained,  but  n 
ftppeara  to  haTe]|been  held  while  Sir  "WiUiam  Skeflbigton  was  LordDe] 
The  **  Baron  of  Brant  Chnrche,  Knight  for  the  shire  of  Kilkenny,"  i 
on  bis  way  to  Dublin  to  discharge  his  parliamentary  duties,  while  pa 
throng^  tiie  county  Kildare,  was  seized  by  an  emissary  of  the  Bi 
Kildare,  and  kept  in  durance  and  in  irons  for  a  considerable  period 
deprived  of  his  horse,  money,  and  apparel.^    In  1535  he  was  appo 
sheriff  of  the  county,^  and  held  that  office  for  some  years.    In  con 
with  the  other  gentry  of  the  county,  he  was  guilty  of  the  oppn 
exactions  of    coyne  and  livery  from  his  tenants.     The  jury  ol 
commoners  of  the  town  of  Kilkenny,  sworn  before  the  commissi 
appointed  to  inquire  into  the  state  of  the  country  in  1537,  pres 
"  Eouland,  Baron  of  Bumechurche,  Sheryf  of  Kilkeny,"  as  making 
charges ;  and  further,  that  the  Baron  of  Bumchurch  was  in  the  ha 
compelling  his  tenants  to  sell  their  victuals,  com,  and  other  things,  i 
they  had  to  sell,  to  one  person  only,  who  had  paid  for  this  right 
would  not  suffer  them  to  sell  to  any  other  person.'    The  corpoi 
of  the  town  of  Irishtown,  likewise,  presented  the  Baron  of  Bumcl: 

1  Ormonde  Archiyes.    *<HiBt.  and  Antiq.  of  S.  Canice's  Cathedral"  (Giav 
Prim),  p.  190,  note. 

*  "Ware,"  ed.  HaniB,  vol.  i.,  p.  416. 

'  Ormonde  Archiyes.     "  Hiat.  and  Antiq.  of  S.  Canice's  Cathedral,"  p 
note  {a)," 

*  Cal.  Carew  MSS.,  yol  i.  36.    State  Papers  (Hen.  VIII.),  vol.  ii.,  pt.  iii.,  ] 
<*  (Genealogical  Memoirs  of  the  Members  of  Parliament  for  Kilkenny,  1272  to 
By  G.  D.  Burtchaell. 

*  nth  May,  1636.    Fat.  26,  26,  27  Hen.  VIII.,  37. 

^  **  The  Social  State  of  the  Southern  and  Eastern  Counties  in  the  16th  Cen 
p.  119.    By  Herbert  F.  Hore  and  Eev.  James  Graves.    1868. 


THE  GEHALDINE8  OP  COmTTT  KILKENNY. 


367 


together  with  tho  other  frerholdere  of  the  county,  as  charging  their 
tenants  and  "  all  other  the  King's  subjecta  withia  the  said  county  with 
cojTic  and  livery  "  ;  while  the  commoners  of  the  county  of  Waterford 
presented  that  the  Earl  of  Ossory  "  lettoth  the  '  bcoIofb  ' '  and  others 
coming  hither  with  linen  cloth,  and  taketh  them  to  fine  and  tasketb 
(taxeth)  them  by  the  Boron  of  Bumchurch,  his  fanner." 

The  Earl  of  Ossory  here  mentioned,  Sir  Piers  Butler,  who  in  1537 
was  restored  as  8th  Earl  of  Ormonde,  appointed  the  Saron  one  of  the 
executors  of  his  will.'  In  1543  he  was  appointed  a  commisBiaaer  to 
take  evidence  in  the  suit  by  Milo,  Bishop  of  Oesory,  and  David, 
Baron  of  Browaaford,  against  the  inhabitants  of  Inistioge  to  eatabliah 
their  right  to  tho  fishing  in  the  Nore  adjoining  their  respective  lands, 
and  was  on  that  occasion  described  as  "  Rowlande  Baron,  Baron  of  Bum- 
church.'  Tliis  boron  married  Anastasia  St.  Leger,  daughter,  no  doubt, 
of  his  neighbour  St.  Leger,  of  TuUaghanbroge,  and  dying  in  1545  waa 
buried  in  Sumchurch,  where  his  t«mb  was  formerly  to  bo  seen  hearing 
the  following  inscription  : — 

"  Hio  :  Jacbt  ....  Tm  Gh&u-d  :  ixus  :  Bakdit  :  Dombtus  :  db  :  Bukiv- 
CBiTBOH  :  BT  :  Akastuu  :  SiHi :  Liooia :  Uxor  :  mnm  :  Qvi :  obut  :  fumo  :  biB  : 
Fbbkcaxu  h 


He  left  tons,  some  of  whom  we  can  with  certainty  identify.  From  tho 
timilarity  of  the  name  one  of  his  sons  was  most  likely  Bowland  Baron, 
aliiu  'Bitx  Oerald,  who  was  appointed  Archbishop  of  Casbel  by  Queen 
Mary,  by  conge  d'filire,  dated  20th  November,  in  the  first  year  of  her 
reign.'  On  tho  29th  November  the  temporalities  of  the  see  were  restored 
to  him,  and  he  was  consecrated  shortly  afterwards  in  December.  On  the 
31st  December  he  was  named  one  of  the  prelates  eommissioncd  to  conse- 
crate John  Thonory  Bishop  of  Ossory.*  Ware  states  that  he  was  descended 
from  the  ancient  family  of  the  Oeraldines,  who  wore  Barons  of  Bumchurch 
in  the  county  of  Kilkenny,  although  cot  parliamentary  barons.  Ho  died 
on  tho  28th  October,  1561.^     His  appointment,  being  by  conge  d'elire, 

1  "  The  Social  Stata  of  the  Soutboni  anil  £«a1«m  Couoties  in  the  16Lh  Century," 
p.  192.  By  Herbert  F.  Hare  and  Bev.  Junu  Gnvei.  1SH3.  Piobablv  ■'■elleri." 
The  expUnation  "poor  •choUri"  ii  muuierily  wrong.  "  Poor »cliol»r»  would  not 
tnrtl  with  nich  an  sbundanM  of  linen  that  tho  tax  upon  it  would  be  worth  lerying, 
to  aay  nothing  of  fnrming  it. 

*  (Benald  buone  de  bamechurcb-]  Omonde  AnbiTet.  "  Hirt.  sad  Antiq.  8. 
Canice'i  Calhodral."  p.  216. 

'  Chancery  Berne,  3S  lien. TUT.  The  other  Commiuionen  were — Nicbolna,  Bishop 
of  Wateifotd ;  Pelet  Doben,  late  Major  of  Watorfoitl ;  and  Wallor  Cowley,  the  King'* 
SolidlOT. 

■  Burke'a  "Uiitory  of  the  Commonera"  <I83&),  vol.  it.,  p.  IBS.  I  waa  unable  lo 
diaooTei  any  trice  of  this  monuTnent  at  Bumchurnh.  but  I  bave  ainco  bmo  inlormod 
that  it  i>  DOW  cavFred  over  with  earth.^G.  T>.  B.  The  Bot.  Jamea  Giaiea  appean  to 
baTeiecnit.     "The  Social  State  of  the  Southern  and  EaatemCoiutia,"  p.  IIS,  mttt. 

■  Pat.  I  Murj-,  13. 


*Paf.  1_ 


Biihope,  vol.  i,  p.  483. 


BCTiL.  aacBBT  or 


Thtt  ^oddsaK.  «n  if  Sdwtimd  3fliniL  4f  BnnirfnireiL  was  aZao  «b  cecle> 
On.  IK  XorJi.  Li4a.  WuIxbh  Bstm^  «&«■  Fxtx  Gcnld,  ckrk, 
«ui  loii  lexr  ic  3*rviaiiii  Wsx  <i«seaid  Bspiil  if  Bozi&c&ixrck,  wsb  pifiwated 
1^  <jia  ^uacase  if  Bnnrhmrfl.  'iium  KHfirmy.^    !&  t&e  s^k  tcbt apndon 
wv  smiosfi    lita.  F^ihnarj  ^  P-sfisfitxGsraUrOC&crvise  called 
Bumo,  if  DoasaixnfiZR.  ioil  if  ftiiianrt  T±z  Gczald,  oc&^rwiie  "P^^^***^  Banii, 
IdSft  if  Bmi'Jiixr*!!.  ixL  '±»t  ifinnrj  if  HLkennj.  bcvaeiiuuL.'     This  Peter 
Yxz  QiaauL  g^iitt  Bang,  ia  iLao  TifllniiiHi  in.  a.pgpfaL  ia.  I»i9   I2tli  April),* 
ami  'TIS  leain  zrant^  i  parinn.  in  Ii^7    14^  ^K^;*'     S^  ^*s  probably 
£i9du!r  if  Wtlttf  Eamn,  if  GnalincstaB.    m*?T»i«M^  m.  a  pardon  <rf  6t]i 
A-urvt.  I SM  .^  uu!i!ii&ir  if  ihe  ^unfTy  ieatad  at  Goafinetfavn  until  1653. 
^tfMUk  wriSftn  sspear  ^i  Iia7.»  a«en.  miaiai  by  a  r^eraice  to  thia  Peter 
FiCJ  ^jfnald.  4imii  BarrTHL,  of  DruLzinmiire.  mto  »tj«fc^g  the  statement 
thaZ  the  Coizii»rfi;rij.  wai;  -v-irs  <iih(ietpi3itiy  resdent  at  Danginaiore, 
r/iT^  the  title  sf  barin   rimiLirlj  to  tbe  Bszova  of  Bomcharch  and 
BrowTuf'^rL'     S'^  <v;iidr3Litii:a  f^r  tnia  ^tar^'mi^t  can  be  found.     The 
Comer&rla'  Vjiae^n  witL  iMJiTTmrore  v^aa  tanpuiaiy,  and  they  were 
C0t,  M  a  mats^r  of  ibit,  ftrLeti  boniu  <^  that  place. 

Tbb  next  holder  of  the  tiile  *'A  Baron  of  BarxLcharch  was  probably  also 
a  y>a  of  hiywliouL  John  Fit2  Gerald,  a/i'«t  Barron,  of  Bomchorch,  was 
^Ejanted  a  po^rdr^n,  dat«ed  12th.  April,  1549,  whi^ih'also  incloded  the  names 
f,i  V^^^T  T'^JL  Oerili,  ^M^  Barr-iu  of  "  Deyrz^Lyi-nore  "  ;  William  Fita- 
Gerilri,  «'■*'«  BiTT'n,  of  Billvc'izriiie;  ini  Thomas  Fitz  Gerald,  n/ioi 
Barron,  of  tr.^';  -ane,  3i-:i:tl-:ii.'-i:.^  Johr.  Fitz  Gerald  here  mentioned  was 
a  ja*tic^:  of  the  p^:a':e  for  thf;  -.oiL^ty,  ani  list  his  life  ••  in  the  prosecution 
of  r^;W;li^/'*  In  the  vear  lo.S2  he  was  attackeii  by  a  band  of  kem  of  the 
Ora/j^;^  at  Maliard.-town,  an-l  there  nmrl-Lred  bv  one  Edmond  More  O'Clery. 
Home  of  the  same  band  the  f /ilowing  year  burned  ^\e  houses  and  four 
Bta^;k3  of  com  value  £100,  at  Danrlnmore  the  residence  of  Peter  Fitz- 
(ierald,,  b<;lonjnng  to  *•  clivers  faitLiol  subjects."  Presumably  some  of 
the  i*<frj>*;trator3  were  brought  to  justice,  but  some  who  were  concerned 
got  off ;  an  Peter  Grace  fitz  John,  late  of  Grace  Court  in  the  county 
Kilkenny,  k^m,  who  was  indicted  for  both  these  outrages,  and  William 

'  **  Th*;  Kpin^opal  hucc^jssion  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  a.d.  1400  to  1876/* 
Ijy  W.  Mazi^ro  lirady.     Itomc,  1876.     Vol.  iL,  p.  5. 
^  J'fit.  :j7  l^n.  VIII.,  73. 
'  I'at.  :i7  Hon.  VIII.,  03. 
♦  Fiantu  Kdw.  VI.,  275. 

»  FinniM  I'hil.  ftnd  Mary,  137  ;  Pat.  3  and  4  Phil,  and  Mary,  8. 
«  FiantM  Kli/..,  r,H70;  I'at.  30  Eliz.,  16. 


»  Fiamt  Thil.  and  Mary,  102 ;  Cal.  Carcw  MSB.,  vol.  ii.,  297. 


DINES  OF  COUSTY  En.EEKNY. 


369 


I 
I 


Grace  fitzJolm  of  the  same  plnce,  kern,  who  was  aMUsed  of  taking  part 
in  the  burning,  received  pardon  6th  Octuber,  I5S7.' 

The  murdered  Banin'fl  eldest  son  appears  to  have  beott  a  minor  at  thu 
time  of  his  father's  death.  Hence  'we  find  that  between  the  years  1557 
and  1671  Patrick  Sherlock  is  described  as  "of  Burnchurch."  He  was 
probably  guardian  to  the  minor,  but  the  grant  of  the  wardship  to  Sherlock 
ia  not  on  record.' 

A  letter  forwarded  to  the  Queen  in  1569,  certifying  the  quiet- 
ness of  the  counties  of  Kilkenny  and  Tipperary  since  the  coming 
of  the  Earl  of  Ormonde,  and  his  pood  services  in  effecting  that  con- 
dition, has  attached  to  it  the  signature  of  Eichard  Baron  of  Bum- 
churoh.'  A  return  made  about  the  same  time  of  the  names  of  alt 
the  gentlemen  inhabiting  the  county  of  Kilkenny,  with  the  value 
of  their  lands,  gives  the  value  of  "  Richard  Baron's  lands"  at  £30, 
But  it  is  incorrect  to  place  them  in  the  barony  of  Kclls,  and  ei]ually 
to  describe  them  as  "  holden  of  tlie  Manor  of  Callan."  *  The  same  docu- 
ment mentions  Patrick  Fitz  Gerald's  lands  in  the  barony  of  Gowran  valned 
at  £4.  Panlons  were  issued  in  the  year  1571  to  all  the  principal  gentrj-of 
Kilkenny,  no  doubt  to  protect  them  from  implication  in  the  rebellion  of 
James  of  Desmond,  in  which  he  had  been  joined  by  Sir  Edmund  and 
Piers  Butler,  brothers  of  the  Earl  of  Ormonde.  Among  these  pardons  is 
one  to  Eichard  Baron  of  "  Bornechurch,"  county  Kilkenny,  gont.,  for  a 
fine  of  £3,  dated  2nd  January,  1571;'  and  on  11th  January  follow- 
ing a  similar  pardon  was  granted  to  Milo  Barron,  brother  to  Richard 
Barron,  of  Burnchurch.'  In  1578  a  pardon  to  Lord  Upper  Ossory 
and  several  of  the  Fitz  Patricks,  includes  also  Richard  Baron,  alia* 
Fitz  Gerald,  of  "the  Bumte  Church,"  and  Uyles  and  James  Baron 
aliat  Fitz  Gerald  of  the  same  gentlemen.'  For  the  year  1578-79  the 
Baron  of  Burnchurch  served  as  High  Sheriff  of  the  county.  In  that 
year  a  Commission  was  issued  to  him  by  the  name  of  Eichard  Fitz 
Gerald,  gent..  Sheriff  of  the  county  of  Kilkenny,  in  the  usual  terms,  to 
exeoate  martial  law  in  the  county  while  he  continued  Sheriff.*  While 
acting  in  that  capacity  ho  appears  to  have  got  into   trouble   through 

1  fiaitU  Phil.  Bad  ^iar<f,  162 ;  J^l.  1  and  6  Phil,  and  Marj-,  3. 

*  A  PwJoo  to  Pilridb  Sberlokc  of  Buraecburche,  Co.  Kilkenny,  gmt.,  Sheriff  of 
th«  CouDly  (25th  Feb.  1661),  includes  OeraJd  fitz  Tbomu  Fiu  Genld,  of  the  Mma 
Mat.  {FiaM,  £lii.  40e;  Fol.  4  Elii.  IS).  Ai.other  Pardoa  (31st  May  1666)  to 
Pabrick  Sbnloks  of  Burncchurche.  gent.,  includes  John  Bunm,  of  Bumecharche 
Tooman  IFianlt  Eliz.  874).  John  Bfunm  of  BurnDchurche,  jeomoa,  i*  alio  included 
m  a  Pardon  in  1^02  (/'■and  Elii.  STOfi  ;  Pal.  46  Elii.  18). 

>  "Account  o(  Foc-similea  of  Nalionsl  MSS.of  Ireland."  p.  167.  By  J>T.Oilb»rl, 
*.•.>.,  M.E.1.L     1884. 

*  Cul.  Corvw  HSS.,  vol  i.  373. 

*  Fimli  £tit.  IUdS. 

■  Finntt  Eliz.  2032.  Bich.  Baron  and  Uilo  Baron,  of  Crmas,  borsenieD.  ar« 
inoluded  in  a  Pardon  cf  18Ui  SqileiDbei',  1676  (FianU  Elui.  2699);  but  thej  najr 
have  belonged  to  the  Bromuford  fuiilj.* 

I  FifHli  EliE.  UU. 

*.Fia>K>£lii.  361)1. 


370       BOTAL  BOaDBTT  QT  AHnQUASDBI  OT  IBXLAn>. 

■Uowing  a  ocmviot  to  eici^e  fmn  his  oiutody,  lor  wbioh  an  tttaehn 
iflsoed  agtinrt  him.    Lord  Deputy  PeDuun  wrote  from  Waterfoid, 
Tebnuay,  1579,  tooching  the  attaohment  of  the  Bazon  of  Bumdin 
late  Bhfirifl  of  the  county  of  TCilfcenny,  for  saflermg  a  condemned  pewc 
eeoape,  who,  however,  at  the  last  asnaes  atEilkenny,  being  there 
damned  for  bnri^ary,  was  appointed  to  be  the  executioner  and  hang 
tor  such  as  were  hanged,  drawn,  and  quartered  for  treason.    The  h 
alao  mentiona  that  last  year  the  Baron  was  the  taker  of  the  ClCorea 
were  ezeonted  at  Kilkenny,  and  that  his  father  had  died  in  the  pi 
GUtion  of  rebeb.^ 

In  1581  a  pardon  was  granted  to  him  on  18th  August,  whidb 
duded  also  ICyles  Fits  Gerald  Baron,  of  Enissnage,  horseman.* 
1588  it  again  became  necessary  for  him  to  obtain  a  pardon,  which 
accordingly  granted  on  22nd  June  to  Bichard  Fits  Gerald,  Mm  Baros 
Bumdhurdi,  and  twenty-three  other  persons,  among  whom  are  ^'Kcl 
fits  Thomas  Geraldine  of  the  Gurtines,  and  Walter  flta  Thomas  Geral 
of  thesame.'^  This  is  the  only  instance  in  which  the  Fits  Geralds  of  S 
church  and  the  Gurteens  are  mentioned  in  the  same  connexion.  Tfa 
the  last  mention  of  him  in  the  Fiants  or  Patent  Bolls.  In  a  desori] 
ct  Ireland,  written  towards  the  end  of  the  century,  **  (jtarrett,  Bartm 
Bumchuroh/'  is. mentioned  as  one  of  the  principal  gentry  of  the  cot 
and  Bumchuroh  is  set  down  among  the  chief  towns.^  He  died  b 
19th  April,  1602,  on  which  date  an  inquisition  was  taken  at  Wea 
before  Kidiolas  Kenny,  Esq.,  Escheator-General,  which  found 
Bichard  Fitz  Gerald,  late  of  Bumchurch,  in  the  county  of  Kilkenny,  ] 
was  seised  in  fee  of  1  castle,  40  acres  of  arable  land,  12  of  meadow,  2< 
pasture,  40  of  wood,  and  40  of  bog  in  Elilleske,  Knockagh,  Ballyne 
nanagh,  Drilestown  and  Ballykingacry,  and  all  the  land  in  Ballyene: 
the  said  county  (Wexford),  all  which  were  held  of  the  Queen  in  capi 
knight  service ;  William  Fitz  Gerald,  of  Killesk,  was  his  son  and  hei] 
his  second  marriage  with  Ism  ay  Browne) ;  was  twenty-one  yeara 
at  the  time  of  his  father's  death  and  unmarried,  and  Ismay  Browne 
still  surviying/  By  his  first  marriage  he  had  a  son,  Eowland, 
succeeded  to  Bumchurch. 

Bowland  Baron  of  Bumchurch  is  named  a  Commissioner  on  the 


1  Cal.  Carew  MSS.,  vol.  ii.  297. 

*  Fiantt  Eliz.  3738. 
>  Fiantt  Eliz.  6203. 

«  *<  The  Description  of  Ireland  in  Anno  1698."    Ed.  by  Edmund  Hogan,  s.j. 

*  Inquisition  (Exchequer) :  IHiblic  Record  Office.  The  Barron  family  had 
viously  owned  Killesk.  By  Inquisition  (Exchequer)  taken  16th  May,  36  Eliz.  (] 
it  was  found  that  William  Barron,  of  Killesk,  Co.  Wexford,  gent.,  died  14th  . 
1668 ;  Eoland  Barron,  his  son  and  heir,  was  then  aged  30,  and  died  26th 
16  EliE. ;  Richard  Barron,  son  and  heir  of  Roland,  was  aged  26  at  his  father's  c 
and  enfeoffed  Richard  fitz  John,  now  Baron  of  Bumchunm,  of  the  lands,  26th 
1681.  The  chronology  of  the  fore^ing  does  not  hang  together,  as  it  makes  B 
nine  years  old  when  his  son  and  heir  was  bom.  For  Uie  subsequent  Une  of  Ej 
see  Genealogical  Chart. 


THE  0ERALDINE8  OF  COUNTY   KILKENNY. 


371 


November  following  (1602),  together  with  Patrick  Archer,  Henry  Sbee, 
and  Edward  Rothe,  to  take  a  surrender  from  Robert  Kotbe,  of  Kilkcnuy, 
of  his  interest  in  certain  rectorieB  with  a  view  to  obtaining  a  new  lease 
from  the  crown,'  Rowland  6tz  Richard  Gerald,  of  Kilkenny  county, 
gent.,  is  included  in  a  general  pardon  to  several  pereons  dated  14th 
February,  1605.'  Livery  of  seisin  of  his  estate  and  pardon  of  intrusion 
were  not  granted  till  I5th  Juae,  1607,  when  he  is  described  as  "Rowland 
Fitz  Gerald,  of  Kiltranyheyn,  aliai  Bumchurch,  in  the  county  of  Kil- 
kenny, Esq.,  son  and  heir  of  Richard  Fitz  Gerald,  late  of  the  same, 
deceased."  The  fine  aesessed  was  SOt.  Irish.  "Hia  name  stands  first 
of  the  jurors  for  the  barony  of  Shillclogher,  Bummoncd  to  the  summer 
aseizeB,  9th  July,  1606,'  and  his  name  frequently  appears  among  the 
jurors  Bwom  before  the  Esc  heater- General  at  the  inquisitions  taken  is 
the  reigns  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I. 

The  extent  of  the  lands  of  Bumchurch  was  found  by  an  inquisition 
taken  at  Thomaatown,  18th  August,  1623,  by  Edwanl  Yorke,  Esq., 
eschoator,  and  Wal tor  Cottle,  feodury.  The  jury*  found  that  Rowland 
Fitu  Gerald,  altai  Barron,  of  Rurnchurch,  and  Robert  Forstall,  Peter 
Fitz  Gerald,  and  Peter  Butler,  of  Danginspiddogy,  Thady  Donogho, 
Riuhard  and  Philip  Walsh,  and  Patrick  St.  Leger,  were  seised  in  fee  of 
I  castle,  2  mills,  and  24  acres  of  land,  arable,  wood,  underwood,  and 
pasture,  great  measure,  in  KiltranjTi,  aliai  Bumchurch,  Bwolyo  altat 
Lif&rgill,  Graigo  alia$  Croker's  Graige,  Hcberdstown  and  Athytibbott, 
and  12f.  issuing  &om  the  lands  of  William  FitzGerald  in  Bumchurch  ;* 
that  they  had  alienated  the  premises  by  levying  a  fine  in  Michaelmae  term, 
IB  James  I.  (1622),  and  that  the  premises  were  held  of  the  king  in  capita 
by  knight  service.*  On  the  2nd  December  following  a  pardon  of  alien- 
ation in  consideration  of  a  fine  of  £30  Irish  was  passed  to  Rowland  and 
the  rest.' 

After  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion  in  1641  Rowland  Fits  Gerald, 
who  must  then  have  been  about  seventy  years  of  age,  took  no  part  in  thu 
stirring  times  which  followed  ;  hia  death  took  place  probably  soon  after. 

'  A(.  44  EUi,  21,  23. 

■P«f.  S  Ju.  I.,  apart.,  124. 

>Cal.  Cnrcw  HSS.,  vat.  v.,  10;  State  rspm,  Ju.  I.,  vol.ii.,  789. 

*  Nicholu  Wilihc,  or  CloDvmoi^,  Eaq. ;  Thomu  Shortsll,  of  Rathiirdnioro,  Esq. ' 

I]  Forstall,  o(  Kilferagh;  [  1  Gnuntp,  of  Corloddj;  Wm.  Sveetman,  ol 
Uomi:  Thmbold  tiaixM,  o(  SSIksAiU;  Ednxmd  RjKa,  of  Bohetquili  Bichard 
Purcell,  of  Lj'iniajn:  Edmaod  Forslall,  o-f  Kilbrydy ;  Edward  Waton,  of  Grave; 
Robert  Walnhi:,  of  fiyltovn ;  John  Tobyn,  of  Caherleik ;  and  Pelcr  Aylirard,  ol 
AytTarditovm.  Gentldmen. 

'  Wiltiam  Fiti  (iernld,  of  Bumcburcb,  vai  a  feoffM  to  dhb  of  WilUam  Gtmeo,  of 
Boweitown,  -24tli  October.  1697  [Inqauiiion,  Chai.  I.,  Co.  EiUcpnnj',  39) ;  be  had  a 
I'srdon  in  1002  {Fianlt  Eliz.  0706  ;  Fat.  4B  Eliz.  IS} ;  wai  Cunitable  of  ihe  Barativ 
of  ShilleloghGimlBUS  (Cal.  Carer  U8S.,  vol.  v.,  10:  State  Fapen.  Ju.  I.,  vol.  ii., 
7S9).  In  1617  Thomoa  Atcber  11  ti  Walter  vat  uiaiid  of  H  aeroa,  enull  lueamrw.  parm 
of  Garripbillybine.in  the  burgage  of  Erl«atown,  which  b«bdd  of  WiJliam  Pilt  UuroU 
(/uuMKwn,  Jbs.  t.,  Co.  KiUannj;^,  20). 


372         ROYAL  80CIET7  OF  ANTIQUASIES  OF  IRELAND. 

His  wife  was  Anstace,  eldest  daughter  of  Robert  Eothe,  of  Eilkenn j,  1 
for  the  couiity,  1585-86.^   He  appears  to  have  had  at  least  two  dangli 
— Joan,  who  married  in  1613  Peter  Butler,  of  Danginespidogy, 
Ellice,  married  in  1621  Richard  Serment,  of  Lismacteige' — and  two  s 
Richard,  his  heir,  and  Edward,  father  of  Captain  James  Fitz  Gerald. 

Cromwell  fixed  his  headquarters  at  Bumchurch  during  the  sieg 
Kilkenny,  and,  on  account  of  the  plague,  continued  there  after  the 
render  of  the  city  until  he  withdrew  the  army  to  Fethard  in  the  en 
llarch,  1650.' 

In  1653  Richard  Fitz  Gerald,  of  Bumchurch,  was  ordered  to  ti 
plant  to  Connaught,  being  an  Irish  Papist,  and  had  his  certificate,  si] 
26th  December  in  that  year  for  17  persons  with  64  acres  of  winter  ( 
20  cows,  16  garrans,  20  goats,  and  34  swine.  His  estate,  accordin 
the  Down  Survey,  comprised  the  lands  of  Bumchurch,  Bueper, 
Rowley,  lying  in  the  parish  of  Bumchurch  and  barony  of  Shillelo§ 
containing  in  the  whole  1196a.  1b.  8p.  plantation  measure,  all  profit 
except  24a.  3b.  of  bog  in  Bueper.^  At  the  same  time  William  Fitz  Gera 
Bumchurch  had  his  certificate  dated  2nd  January,  1653,  to  transplant 
6  persons,  50  acres  of  winter  com,  6  cows,  8  garrans,  40  sheep,  an 
swine.  The  Down  surveyors  found  that  he  was  the  proprietor  of 
lands  of  Oldtown,  197a.,  and  part  of  the  lands  of  Bumchurch,  13a.  1b. 
all  profitable. 

At  this  point  the  history  of  the  family,  like  many  another  during 
same  period,  falls  into  hopeless  confusion.  In  Burke's  '*  History  oi 
Commoners  "  *  wc  find  it  stated  that  **  Richard  Fitz  Gerald,  alias  Bj 
of  Bumchurch,  who  lost  his  estates  under  Cromwell's  forfeitures, 
pointed  at  his  decease  his  fatlier-in-law,  llobert  Forstall,  guardian  o 
two  children,  who  both  died,  s.  p."  Aud  there  is  added  in  a  footnot 
**  The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  will  dated  7th  July,  1645,  of 
llobert  Forstall,  now  in  being: — *My  will  is  that  my  grandchilc 
Garrett  and  Oner  Barron,  alias  Fitz  Gerald  is  goods  and  chattels 
household  stuff  which  lyeth  in  my  hands,  my  wife  to  have  the  mana 
of  them  during  her  life.' ''  In  Burke's  *' Peerage"®  wo  have  it 
*'  Richard  Fitz  Gerald,  alias  Baron,  of  Bumchurch,  who  was 
deprived  of  his  lands,  appointed  (by  his  will  dated  7th  July,  1645 
father-in-law,  Robert  Forstall,  guardian  to  his  two  children ;  1 
having  died  without  issue  the  representation  of  the  family  devc 
upon  his  nephew  (son  of  his  brother  Edward)."  Neither  of  the  ' 
mentioned  (which  so  strangely  appear  to  have  been  made  upon  the  i 
day)  arc  now  to  be  found  in  the  Public  Record  Office,  nor  is  there 
trace  there  of  their  existence. 


»  Will  of  Kobert  llothe,  1^21— Journal,  vol.  vii.,  4th  Ser.,  p.  614. 

2  Inquisitions,  Public  Record  OflBce. 

3  "  History  of  the  Rebellion.''     Dublin :  1743.     App,y  20. 
*  Down  Survey,  Public  Record  OflBce. 

«  Vol.  ii.,  p.  498.     "  Barron  of  Glenana.'' 
«  Latest  Edition,  1892.     »*  Barron,  Baronet." 


THE  GEBALDDJTS  OF   COUNTY  KILKENNY. 


373 


I 
I 


According  to  a  list  of  the  gentry  of  the  county  Kilkenny,  epecifying 
their  respective  conduct  during  tbe  troubled  jwriod,  1641-61  (probably 
prepared  in  view  of  obtaining  compensation  for  the  loss  of  their  property),' 
Richard  fitz  Gerald,  of  Bumchurch,  who  in  described  as  grandaou  of 
Rowland,  is  classed  among  "those  who,  by  their  early  repentance, 
redeemed  their  former  failings  by  submitting  to  the  Cessation  in  '43,  to 
the  Peace  in  '46,  to  the  Cessation  with  the  Earl  of  Inchiquin,  and  upon 
oU  other  occasions  manifcBted  their  good  aficctiona  to  his  Majesty's  serrico ; 
who  constantly  upon  all  occasions  opposed  tho  Nuncio  and  his  party  and 
laboured  to  induce  the  people  to  returo  to  their  former  obedience  to  his 
Mfljcsty's  government;  and  who  constantly  adhered  to  the  Peace  of  '48." 
The  names  of  Garrett  und  "William  Fitz  Gerald  of  fiumchurch  appear  in 
the  same  list,  but  are  not  classed  among  those  who  opposed  the  Nuncio 
and  his  party.  These  representations  wore  not  productive  of  any  re- 
dress, and  what  became  of  the  persons  named  does  not  appear. 

Sy  an  inquisition  taken  at  Gowroii  on  tho  13tb  April,  1664,°  it  was 
found  that  Richard  Fitz  Gerald,  late  of  Bumchuroh,  was,  on  the  23rd 
October,  1641,  seised  in  bis  demesne  as  of  fee  of  the  town  and  lands  of 
Bowlcy,  and  that  23  acres  3  roods  and  8  perches  were  retrencled, 
valued  at  2d.  per  acre  per  annum  over  and  above  the  King's  quit  rent. 

The  name  of  Garret  or  Gerald  Fitz  Gerald,  of  Bumchurch,  appears 
occasionally  as  a  juror  in  the  inquisitiens  taken  before  lG4t.  An  inquisi- 
tion taken  at  the  Black  Abbey  (then  used  as  the  county  court  house),  on 
22nd  March,  1664,'  found  that  Gerald  Fitz  Gerald,  gent.,  was,  on  tho 
22Dd  October,  1641,  seised  in  his  demesne  as  of  fee-farm  of  lands  of 
"Naahestowne,"  parcel  of  the  manor  of  fiishopslogb  in  tho  parish  of 
TuUaherin  and  barony  of  Gowran,  held  from  tho  Bishop  of  Oasory  by  a 
chief  rent  of  20s.  per  annum  and  suit  of  court ;  and  thot  the  lauds  were 
set  out  and  allotted  in  the  year  1655  to  Thomas  Evans,  Esq.,  and  Godfrey 
Porte,  gent.,  for  the  arrears  for  services  by  them  done  in  Ireland,  and  were 
then  in  their  posseedoo.  According  to  the  Down  survey,  the  owner  of 
"Nashtowne"  was  "Marie"  Fitz  GJerald.  The  lands  comprised  181 
arTes,  profitable,  and  upon  thcra  a  castle,  "  but  not  in  good  repaire," 

'CiMcMSS.,  R.B.,  lol.  68. 

»  Before  Pstrick  Lambtrt,  Gral.,  Deputy  E«chmtor  of  the  County ;  Hugh  Dris- 
dale,  CLk.  ;  Brian  Hanseieh.  Uent. ;  and  Fruwia  Rowlege,  Oent.,  GommiMioiMni 
and  the  {otlowing  Jury— John  Broadstreete,  of  fikncliGeldl  Farke,  ^*^:  Baon 
Bradufa,  of  Brlckinclaragh ;  Matthina  Beflie,  of  Ballinmacb; ;  Tbomss  Holden,  Ot 
Bennebbrid)^ ;    Harcua  Kellf .  of  Gowrui ;    Hrar;  Woaher,  oil  Biunchnrch  ;   John 


inge,  of  Euhcaue,  GeDtleuen. 

^ ,  DepolT  Eachcator  of  Leinetct:  Peter  Goodwin, 

Bobert  Giace,  and  Bichard  Dsniell,  EM|n.,  Commisiioacn :  sod  the  following  Jury — 
Chhito|iher Huetson, ot  ThoioastowD :  Gearg«Bar1on,otG<Mliiigetowiii  WalterNoue, 
of  Ballrraggfltt ;  Aleiander  Booth,  of  Gowmo  ;  John  Drew,  of  Philburkalown ;  John 
Booth,  ot  Dnunurrin :  Thomu  LawBon,  of  Rathnrron :  John  Clarke,  of  Ballioonra ; 
KranciaJonee,  of  Mullinebroe;  Vincent  lknaIahbiill,of  Baltirsncke;  Jeronimus  Oreaoa, 
ofCurilovn;  and  George  Andrevi,  of  Thamailowii,  Gentlemen. 


374        EOTAL  SOCTETT  OF  ANTIQUAEIES  OP  IBELAMD. 

Among  those  to  ■whom  tranBplaiitfrs'  certifientes  were  granted  -wet 
Uatthew  Fitz  Gerfdd,  of  Goslingatown,  and  four  others  described  as  faaTin 
no  "  substance, "  and  Ptter  Fitz  Gerald,  ol  GoHlingBtown,  and  three  otfiej 
likewiBe  having  no  subatance.  According  to  the  Down  Survey,  Pett 
FitzGemld  was  the  owner  of  the  lands  of  "  Goseingstown  "  in  the  paria 
of  "Inshewlaghan"  and  harony  of  "  Shelleloher,"  containing  178  acn 
1  rood  profitable  land.  Whether  he  ever  actually  went  to  Connaught  ( 
not,  he  died  in  Kilkenny  in  1665,  having  made  his  will  on  16th  Augui 
(proved  18tb  September)  in  that  year.  He  desired  to  he  buried  in  h 
monument  in  St,  Patrick's  Church  of  Kilkenny.  Having  been  dispo 
scEsed  of  hie  real  and  persona]  estate  by  the  late  usurped  power,  be  wi 
then  in  possession  only  of  a  farm  of  the  village  and  lands  of  "  Gorwaine ' 
in  the  county  Kilkenny,  held  from  the  Bishop  of  Ossory  at  £16  a-yea 
which  he  left  to  his  three  younger  sons,  Richard,  Pierce,  and  Thoma 
and  his  son-in-law,  Francis  Dun,  and  an  interest  in  o  house  in  Castl' 
street  in  Kilkenny,  called  Mothell'a  House,  left  to  his  son  Maurice,  thi 
in  France.  His  real  estate,  "when  the  same  shall  be  recovered  (Qi 
willing),"  he  devised  to  his  eldest  son  Matthew  Fitz  Gerald. 

Another  Peter  Fitz  Gerald,  "of  the  city  of  Kilkenny,"  had  his  oe 
tificate  on  26th  January,  1653,  for  eight  persona,  12  acres  of  winter  ai 
8  acres  of  summer  com,  6  cows,  6  garrans,  and  60  aheep.  In  the  Day 
Survey  of  the  Liberties  of  Kilkenny,  Peter  Fitz  Gerald  and  Mr.  Bam 
appear  as  owners  of  Downhowbeg  and  Downhowmore,  26  acres  2  rooc 
and  Peter  Fitz  Gerald  as  owner  of  84  acres  1  rood  28  perches  in  Houldin[ 
Rath  in  the  parish  of  St.  Patrick.  "  The  Book  of  Distribution,"  f. 
John's  Parish,  has  a  memorandum  of  "  surrounds  set  forth  by  t 
Comrs.  to  yo  Disbanded  Soldiers  in  1655  in  satiafacon  of  theire  arree 
notwithstanding  ye  sd  parceila  were  not  returned  by  ye  Adventurers 
which  ineludoa  Knoekhouse,  held  by  Peter  Fitz  Gerald,  containing  19  aei 
3  roods  34  perches.  Possibly,  Peter  Fitz  Gerald  of  Rathartmore,  coun 
Kilkenny,  farmer,  who  paid  4».  hearth-money  in  1664,  and  died  in  163 
belonged  to  this  branch  of  the  family,  if  he  be  not  identical  with  t 
last-named  Peter  FitzGerald.  Ho  made  his  will  on  2nd  April,  161 
with  additions  on  4th  and  6th  April,  and  it  was  proved  on  1st  Janus 
following.  He  desires  to  be  buried  at  8t.  Mary's  "  quire  "  in  hia  oi 
monument  in  St.  John  the  Evangelist's  Abbey.  He  mentions  no  soi 
but  two  daughters :  Margaret,  married  to  Itamaby  Shce,  and  £lli 
married  to  Walter  Cowley.  His  former  mansion-house  in  Kilkenny 
devised  to  his  cousin  Richard  Fitz  Gerald,  perhaps  the  same  as  Richt 
Fitz  Gerald  of  Baliyflugh,  gent.,  whom  he  appointed  one  of  hia  oieeutoi 
In  the  year  1660  "the  humble  Petition  of  Coll.  James  Dcmpsie  in  1 

'  GnnKwyno  (Down  Survey),  now  OrevinB,  in  Ihe  TariEii  of  Outrath.  Thoi 
Fiti  Gtiuld,  of  OutratL,  paid  2>i.  hearth-moucy  in  1661. 

*  BiUyflugh  is  in  Cooloiglimoro  PnriBh,  Barony  of  Eells.  Williun  Fiti  Gerald 
Coolagbmore.  paid  it.  heartJi- money  in  166-1.  Tbe  following,  who  are  returned  in 
Heartti-moDey  Bulls  of  that  year,  may  hnve  been  coanectod  with  the  Bumchu 


THE  0EEALDIME8  OF  COUSTY  KILKENNT. 


b«half  of  himself,  officers,  and  soldrs.,"  was  received  ond  read  in  Conncil, 
the  28th  November,  as  follows : — 

"  Seeweth — 

"  Whereas  yo'  Pett"  upon  theire  laying  dovno  Armes  in  Ireland  and 
betakeiog  themselves  into  foroigne  parts  for  Imploym',  and  p'sent  suh- 
mstence  engaged  under  the  coiiiand  of  the  Prince  of  Conde  not w "standing 
did  make  offer  to  yo'  sacred  Yajt'*  to  quitt  that  service  &  to  engage 
theireselvoa  under  yo'  ITajt"*  comand. 

"  The  Pot"  most  humhly  praye  To'  Sacred  Mat''  may  hee  graciously 
pleased  in  relacon  to  theire  great  snffcrings  &  approved  fidcllity  to  grant 
them  respectively  tlio  benefitt  of  theire  Estates  in  Ireland,  and  to  that 
efEect  provision  may  hee  made  in  the  General  Decloracon  for  Bcttlem'.  of 
that  Nation.     And  they  shall  ever  praye,  &c. 

"A  Ijst  of  the  officers  and  eouldiers  of  Coll.  James  Dempsey's 
Hegiment "  is  appended,  and  among  them  is  the  name  of  "  Cap".  James 
FitzOcrald  of  Bumchurch.'" 

From  this  it  would  appear  that  Captain  James  Fitz  Gerald  then 
claimed  to  be  the  proprietor  of  Bumchurch.  This  gentleman  may  bo 
identical  with  Captain  James  Fitz  Gerald,  a  captain  in  Colonel  William 
Warren's  regiment  in  the  Confederate  Army  in  1646.  In  a  list  of 
prisoners  taken  8th  August,  1647,  there  ore  the  names  of  Captain  James 
Fitz  Gerald,  and  Lieutenant  James  Barron,  aliai  Fitz  Gerald. 

According  to  the  pedigree  of  the  Barron  family,  certified  by  Ulster 
King-of-Arms,  this  Captain  James  Fitz  Gerald,  of  Bumchorch,  sub- 
sequently settled  in  the  county  Waterford,  and  there  married  Slany 
ny  Bricn,  daughter  o(  Donald  More  O'Brien,  of  Curacragh,  by  whom  ho 
had  issue,  which  spread  ovor  the  county  Waterford,  and  relinquishing 
the  name  of  Fitz  Gerald,  assumed  that  of  Barron  only.'  It  is.  however, 
worthy  of  observation  that  a  family  of  the  name  of  Barron  had,  prior  to 
this  period,  been  settled  in  the  county  Waterford.  William  Barron,  of 
Stradbally,  county  Waterford,  gent.,  made  his  will'  on  3rd  January, 
1620,  which  was  proved  8th  July,  1623,  and  in  which  ho  mentions  his 
wife  Joan  Briver,  his  sons  Laurence,  Stephen,  and  Peter,  three  daughters, 
and  Catherine  Barron,  daughter  of  his  son  Howland  Barron,  deceased. 
The  name  "  Rowland  "  seems  to  indicate  a  connexion  with  the  Bum- 


L 


funOy :— Richard  PiUOerBld,  Forequlll,  2i. :  Ui^orj'  PitzGecnld,  Dunmore,  21.; 
John  Fiti  Gerald,  Laiulown,  2i.  ;  Richard  FiU  Oereld,  Ejlmac  Oliier.  2f. ;  Jnmej 
Witt  Gerald,  Oueoitovn.  3i.  ;  and  John  Fiti  Gerald,  of  aame,  2f.  The  namm  of 
liftecn  other  Fitz  Geralds  ura  relumed  in  the  Hesrth-Honej  Bolla  for  the  count; 
Kilkmm;.  The;  vill  be  noticed  ia  Uw  account  of  the  families  of  Broirnatunl  and 
Ouiteeiu. 

'  UBS.  Tol.,  Act  of  SotllemcQl,  Lib.  D.,  p.  isa ;  Public  Record  Office. 

*  Burke's  "  Peerafe  and  Baronetage,"  1B92.  "  Barron,  Barnnrl."  James  Barron 
Mid  4i.  hearth-mooej  for  bis  houee  id  BBlliho7le  (Ballrhale)  in  le64.  Alio  (be 
loUeiriDg : — Richard  Barron,  Kiloianagh.  liJ.  ;  Eedmoad  Barron,  Ballikoelc,  Zi. : 
John  Barron,  Vinga  Qrove,  1m.  ;  and  Jamea  Bamm,  Qrann  Bulevan,  2t,  Nine  oilier 
peraons  named  Banon  paid  b(«rth-nioney  in  the  i^untf  Kilkunnj  in  16St.  but  thoy 
were  all  more  probahlj  connected  vjth  the  Brownifoi^  family,  and  will  bo  noticed 
under  that  head.— Hearth -Money  RolU,  Public  Record  OiBce. 

•  PrerogativB  Wills,  Public  Record  Uffic*. 


376  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OP  IRELAND. 

church  family.  A  family  named  Barron  was  also  long  established  iz 
Clonmel.  Laurence  Barron,  of  Clonmel,  by  his  first  wife,  Mariai 
"Wadding,  was  father  of  Geoffrey  Barron,  a  prominent  member  of  th< 
Catholic  Confederation,  executed  at  Limerick  in  1 65 1  ,^  and  of  Bartholomew 
(in  religion  Bonayentura)  Barron,  a  volaminous  ecclesiastical  writer 
who  died  at  Rome,  18th  March,  1696. 

The  following  opinion  was  expressed  by  O'Donovan,  no  meai 
authority  upon  Kilkenny  families,  but  who  considered  the  Fitz  Gerald 
of  Bumchurch  and  of  Brownsford  to  be  of  the  same  stock.  Writing  c 
them  (in  1839),  he  says : — **  Henry  "Winston  Barron,  m.p.,  is  the  suppose 
representatiye  of  this  ancient  family,  but  as  his  family  have  sprung  u 
into  respectability  at  a  comparatively  recent  period  their  pedigree  i 
unknown  or  uncertain,  and  it  is,  perhaps,  now  impossible  to  show  how 
i.e,  whether  legitimately  or  illegitimately,  they  descend  from  th 
Barons  of  Bumchurch.  Mr.  Philip  Fitz  Gerald  Baron  told  me  that  Si 
"William*  offered  him  a  pedigree,  but  that  as  he  himself  knew  more  abot 
it  than  Sir  "William,  he  did  not  wish  to  put  him  to  useless  trouble."' 

The   estate  of  Bumchurch   was  included  in  the  grant  to  Colom 
"William  Warden,  who  took  up  his  residence  there ;  and  was  confirmed  1 
him  under  the  Act  of  Settlement.     By  the  marriage  of  his  granddaughti 
to  Major  Francis  Flood,  it  passed  to  that  family ;  and  the  eldest  son  of  th 
marriage.  Warden  Flood,  afterwards  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  Ireland,  i 
accordance  with  the  questionable  taste  of  the  period,  changed  the  nan 
of  his  place  to  Farm  ley,  by  which  it  is  still  known.     The  Castle  • 
Bumchurch  stands  within  one  of  the  entrance  gates  of  Farmley  demesn 
It  is  a  square  castle,  and  contained  originally  five  stories.     The  thi] 
floor  is  of  stone,  and  still  remains.     On  this  floor  was  the  principal  rooi 
which  has  a  large  fire-place  and  cut  stone  chimney-piece.     The  cast 
is  said  to  have  ten  windows  and  thirty-two  loop-holes,*  but  it  is  no 
entirely  enveloped  in  ivy,  which  in  the  course  of  a  few  years  must  coi 
plete  its  ruin.     There  are  the  remains  of  plaster  and  whitewash  on  tl 
lower  walls  of  the  interior,  and  it  is  said  that  up  to  the  beginning  of  tl 
present  century  it  was  occupied  by  the  parish  priest.     At  a  distance 
about  twenty  yards,  at  the  other  side  of  the  avenue  leading  to  FarmL 
House,  is  a  small  round  tower,  evidently  a  flanking  tower,  with  wa 
originally  running  from  each  side  of  the  doorway.     The  churchyard 
separated  from  the  castle  by  the  high  road,  and  contains  some  old  tom 
stones.     The  old  church,  which  was  in  ruins  at  the  commencement 
this  century,*  was  finally  demolished  some  sixty  years  ago,  the  materia 
being  utilized  in  building  the  present  structure. 

*  Geoffrey  Barron,  of  Clonmel,  made  his  will  at  Limerick,  8tli  Nov.,  1661 ;  pro> 
ISth  April,   1674.     He  mentions  his  cousin-gorman  Thomas  Barron  fitz  Richard, 
grandfather  Geoffrey  Barron,  and  his  cousin  Geoffrey  Barron  fitz  Nicholas. — Wat 
ford  Wills,  PubUc  Record  Office. 

^  Sir  William  Betham,  Ulster  King-of-Arms. 

'  Ordnance  Survey  Letters,  Kilkenny,  vol.  ii.,  p.  337,  R.  I.  A. 

*  Ordnance  Survey  Letters,  Kilkenny,  vol.  ii.,  p.  32,  R.  I.  A. 
«  Tighe*8  "  Survey  of  the  Co.  Kilkenny,"  p.  604. 


{     ST-T     ) 


ST.  MULLINS,  CO.  CAELOW. 


rpHB  ruins  of  the  ancient  monastic  establishment  at  St.  llullinB  ore 
beautifully  situated  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  river  Barrow,  and 
stand  on  a  site  of  great  historic  interest,  which  is  assoc^ted  in  the 
ancient  atiuala  of  our  country  with  oventB  in  the  lives  of  two  great  men 
who  have  no  deeply  impressed  their  personalities  on  the  lund  wo  live  in, 
that  after  the  lapse  of  centuries  their  names  are  still  as  familiar  to  us  as 
"  household  words  " ;  one  of  these  was  Fin  Mac  Cumhaill,  popularly 
called  Fin  Mac  Cool,  the  Commander  of  the  Uilitia  in  Ireland  known  to 
UB  as  the  Finnions  i  the  other  was  the  great  ecclesioatic,  who  was  at  once 
a  prince,  a  patriot,  an  artist,  and  a  poet,  St.  Moling- 

Histoiy  tells  ua  that  both  these  great  men  sueceaafully  resisted  on 
oppressive  peipetual  tribute  that  was  charged  on  the  province  of  Leinster 
hy  Tuathal,  chief  King  of  Ireland,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  106.  Tliis 
tribute  was  colled  the  Borromean  tribute,  because  of  the  great  number  of 
cows  payable  under  its  provisions,  and  wae  charged  on  the  province  as  a 
pniushmeat  for  the  misconduct  of  her  King  Eochaidh,  who,  by  feigning 
himself  to  be  a  widower,  succeeded  in  marrying  the  chief  king's  two 
daughters  at  the  same  time,  and  thia  tribute  was  tho  source  of  repeated 
sanguinary  conflicts  between  eueceastve  chief  kings  and  the  Leinater 
princes  until  it  was  abolished  through  the  influence  of  St.  Moling.  St. 
Mullius  is  closely  connected  with  one  of  these  coDflicta :  tho  battle  of 
CnamhroB,  when  Cairbr6  Lifleochair,  who  was  chief  king  from  t.n.  368 
to  i.B.  284,  assumed  the  reins  of  government.  He  at  once  demanded  tho 
Borromcon  tribute  from  Brea*al  Belaeh,  King  of  Leinster,  who  with  equal 
promptness  refused  to  pay  it ;  but  although  he  did  so  he  knew  that  ho 
was  unable  to  resist  the  chief  king  unaided,  and  conseijuently  he  made 
use  of  hie  own  personal  influence  and  private  friendship  with  Finn  (who 
was  himself  a  Leinster  man)  to  detuoh  him  and  his  troops  from  the  chief 
king's  service,  and  to  enlist  him,  at  bU  events  for  the  time  being,  on  his 
own  bL'half,  and  this  ho  was  so  successful  In  doing,  that  Finn  marchixl  at 
once  to  his  aid  with  the  small  body  of  the  militia  (about  fifteen  hundred 
men)  that  he  had  then  with  him,  for  the  greater  part  of  his  troops  were 
disbanded ;  bnt  when  he  arrived  at  St.  Mullins,  then  called  Kos  Broo,  or 
the  Badgers'  Wood,  he  found  residing  there  three  of  hie  old  companions 
in  anna,  who  induced  him  to  temper  bravery  with  discretion  and  not  to 
make  a  rash  effort  to  oppose  the  chiel  king  until  be  had  a  eufficieut  body 
of  his  troops  gathered  around  him.     Acting  in  accordance  with  their 


378        ROYAL  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIES  OP  IRELAND. 

advice,  lie  remained  encamped  at  St.  Mullins  until  his  weU-train< 
yeterans  were  called  in  from  the  yarious  provinces  of  Ireland  throaf 
which  they  were  dispersed,  and  then  marching  at  their  head  he  complete 
yanqoished  the  chief  king  at  Cnamhros,  and  thus  delivered  his  nati 
province  for  a  period  from  the  hated  penal  tax. 

Is  it  too  much  to  suppose  that  the  St.  Mullins'  Dun,  or  tumuli 
which  is  such  a  conspicuous  object,  was  thrown  up  as  a  stronghold  1 
Finn  and  his  fifteen  hundred  men  during  their  enforced  sojourn  whi 
waiting  for  reinforcements  ? 

St.  Moling,  from  which  the  place  derives  its  name,  was  a  prince  of  t 
royal  race  of  Kavanagh,  seventh  in  descent  from  a  brother  of  Crimtha 
Gas,  the  first  Christian  King  of  Leinster,  one  who  had  laid  aside  t 
raiment  of  brilliant  colours  and  the  embroidered  cloak,  with  its  brooch 
gold  suitable  to  his  rank,  in  order  to  assume  the  sombre  garments  of 
ecclesiastic  ;  such  a  one  was  the  great  bishop  who,  with  the  cultured  € 
of  an  artist,  selected  Achadh-Cainidh,  ''  Kennedy's  field  "  (the  name 
which,  in  his  day,  St.  Mullins  was  known),  as  a  suitable  place  to  gatl 
a  monastic  community  around  him.     There  were  many  reasons  why  i 
banks  of  a  river  would  be  a  desirable  place  for  a  monastic  community 
reside,  one  of  the  chief  of  which  was  the  facilities  it  afforded  for  co 
munication  with  other  places  at  a  time  when  the  only  roads  were  pas 
cut  through  the  woods,  "which  the  law  required  to  be  periodica 
cleared  of  the  brushwood  and  undergrowth  which  tended  to  close  th 
up  again,"  a  law,  the  observance  of  which  doubtless  was  often  neglect 
"We  can  well  imagine  St.  Moling,  who,  according  to  tradition,  wa! 
skilled  manager  of  a  boat,  getting  into  his  light  curragh  and  pass: 
quickly  up  the  river  to  commune  with  his  friend  St.  Lazerian,  at  Leigh] 
or  down  the  river  to  Ros-mic-treoin  (now  New  Ross),  where,  accord: 
to  Colgan,  as  early  as  the  sixth  century,  St.  Abbanus  had  founde 
monastery.    St.  Moling  having  decided  on  the  site,  called  to  his  assista: 
Celtic  Ireland's  most  notable  builder,  a  man  whose  name  and  reputat 
has  lasted  to  the  present  day,  the  celebrated  Gobban  Saer,  and  he  direc 
him  to  erect  an  oratory.    We  are  told  that  the  Gobban,  who  could  constr 
equally  well  in  wood  and  stone,  erected  tliis  oratory  of  wood,  and  that 
shingles  which  roofed  it  were  made  from  the  wood  of  a  very  remarka 
tree.     When  the  celebrated  yew  tree  the  '*Eo  Rossa,"  one  of  the  i 
famous  trees  mentioned  in  the  "  Book  of  Leinster,"  fell  or  was  cut  doi 
St.  Molaisse,  or  Lazcrian,  divided  it  among  the  saints  of  Ireland,  and 
Moling  utilised  the  portion  given  to  him  hi  making  shingles  to  roof  1 
very  oratory,  and  thus  consecrated  to  the  service  of  God  that  which  ] 
been  previously  an  object  of  Pagan  tree  worship.     Here  we  have  one 
the  recorded  instances  of  a  church  built  of  wood.     There  can  be  no  do 
that  where  wood  abounded  oratories  were  constantly  constructed  of  t 
material ;  and  from  a  passage  in  St.  Bernard's  Life  of  Malachy  we  le 
that  "the  custom  of  building  oratories  of  wood  was  continued  in  Irel; 


9T.  BnTLLTNS,    CO.   CARLOW. 


S79 


even  to  the  twelfth  century."  Knowing  as  we  do  that  St.  Moling'a  oratory 
was  of  wood  we  cannot  hope  to  find  in  any  of  the  existing  ruina  the 
remiuns  of  that  venerahle  place  of  worship.  The  only  building  that  can 
have  any  pretensions  to  date  from  his  time  is,  I  believe,  the  shrine  of  the 
well,  the  little  confltruction  through  which  the  water  from  St.  Moling'a 
wcU  passes.  And  even  to  that  most  interesting  relic,  the  carved  cross,  I 
would  ascribe  a  much  later  date  than  the  period  at  which  St.  Moling  lived, 
for  Petrie  tells  us  that  he  knew  of  no  example  of  the  representation  of  our 
Baviour  crucified  on  stone  crosses  anterior  to  the  ninth  century.  As  might 
naturally  be  supposed,  a  community  under  the  rule  of  a  man  of  such 
ability  as  St.  Moling  speedily  grew  into  importance,  and  occlesioatica 
from  other  places,  such  as  Olendalough  (where  the  saint  was  induced  at 
times  to  reside),  sought  his  guidance.  Nor  was  he  allowed  to  remain  in 
the  comparative  obscurity  of  monastic  life,  for  on  the  death  of  St.  Maidoe, 
or  Aiden,  in  the  year  A.n.  691,  he  was  made  Archbishop  of  Perns.'  At 
that  time  the  bishops  of  Penis  still  retained  the  right  of  presiding  over 
all  the  bishops  of  tho  Leinstermon,'  which  had  been  conferred  on  St. 
Aiden  through  the  infiuonue  of  King  Brau  Dubh  as  a  recognition  of  tho 
aid  and  assistance  be  gave  him  in  the  successful  resistance  which  be  was 
able  to  oSer  to  an  attempted  levy  of  tho  Borromean  tribute  which  was 
made  in  his  time.  We  are  told  that  St.  Moling  laid  down  the  Archi- 
episcopal  office  before  his  death,  and  retired  to  his  beloved  Teach  Moling, 
where  he  died,  and  was  buried,  acconliiig  to  "Tho  Four  Masters,"  ou  the 
13th  of  May.  696. 

His  greatest  political  achievement  was  his  successful  embassy  to  Fio- 
nachta,  who  was  induced  by  him  to  remit  the  hated  and  dreaded 
Borromean  tribute  ;  and  although  he  lived  tii  see  an  attempt  made  by  a 
succeeding  monarch  to  reimpose  that  tax,  be  was  able  to  successfully 
resist  it ;  in  fact,  he  delivered  Leinster  from  it  until  the  days  of  Brian 
Bommho,  who  acquired  his  name  of  Borumha  because  ho  succeeded  in 
reimposing  thb  tribute  on  Leinster.'  Some  of  the  saint's  works  as  an 
artist  ore  believed  to  be  still  in  existence.  A  set  of  water-coloured 
drawings  of  the  Apostles,  said  to  have  been  executed  by  him,  are  de- 
posited in  a  shrine  or  box  of  brass  cased  with  silver,  which  was  preserved 
for  many  centuries  in  the  family  of  Kavanagh  of  Borns,  and  is  now  to  be 
seen  in  the  Library  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  This  shrine  is  called  the 
"Liath  Meisiith,"  and  contains   also  extracts   from  the   gospels  niiil 

1  CBiher  and  Wan  mako  St.  Moling  the  immcdiito  lucceaaor  of  St.  Maidoe  or 
Aiden,  but  batli  Cotgan  and  Lanigan  reckon  MTetal  bichopB  bettroon  tiiem.  I'oeaibly 
■onie  of  thvM  biihopa  nuy  bave  been  cnDtemporuiea. 

'Tbe  Rvv.  K.  King,  in  his  "Church  Hiitory,"  uya  the  dignity  enjoyed  tppetua 
to  have  been  somewhsC  of  an  honorary  one  in  iU  cbaratter,  attachnl  to  the  person  ot  an 
iodiridual  bisbop,  and  not  lo  the  See. 

'TheRer.  T.  UUen.  in  his  "  Church  History,"  tell*  ua  that  he  believes  that  King 
Brian  wua  known  ai  Borumha  (or  Buru)  "  because  he  belonged  to  the  division  of  the 
Dal  Cai*,  known  aa  Dal  Caia  Borumha,  so  called  apparantlj  from  a  village  of  thai  name 
■itoated  in  their  lerrihTrjr." 


380         ROTAL  80CIETT  OF  ▲NTIQUAfilES  OF  IRELAND. 

prayers  for  the  sick  in  the  Latin  language,  but  in  the  Lish  chaiBot 
St.  Moling's  works  as  a  poet  also  remain  with  us  to  the  present  day ;  u 
0' Curry  says  that  with  the  exception  of  St.  Colum  Cille  there  are  nu 
poems  ascribed  to  him  than  to  any  other  Lish  saint.  Both  the  '*  Marb 
ology  of  Donegal"  and  '^Giraldus  Cambrensis"  tell  us  that  he  was  one 
the  four  Irish  saints  who  were  said  to  possess  the  gift  of  prophecy.^  li 
must  we  forget  the  great  engineering  skill  displayed  by  him  in  the  oc 
struction  of  the  watercourse  nearly  a  mile  long,  which  he  is  said  to  ha 
made  with  his  own  hands,'  to  bring  water  to  his  miU,  and  which  to  i 
present  day  can  be  plainly  traced.  Those  who  desire  further  inf ormati 
about  St.  Moling  than  this  mere  outline  sketch  can  afford  should  consr 
the  lives  of  that  saint  which  have  been  written  by  the  Very  Rev.  Jc 
Canon  O'Hanlon,  the  Rev.  T.  Olden,  and  Mr.  Patrick  O'Leary,  our  go 
on  the  excursion  to  St.  Mullins. 

Although  the  monastic  buildings  of  St.  Moling's  foundation  (wh 
in  a  neighbourhood  that  abounded  in  wood,  were,  as  a  matter  of  cou* 
erected  of  that  material)  have  long  since  passed  away,  yet  records 
similar  institutions  will  readily  enough  enable  us,  to  a  certain  extent 
reconstruct  his  monastery,  and  to  see  that  the  residence  of  an  ecclcsiast 
chief  resembled  in  a  general  way  the  residence  of  a  secular  chieftaii 
the  same  period.    The  site  was  marked  out  by  a  circular  entrenchmen 
earth  and  stones,  which  served  both  for  shelter  and  protection,  and  wl 
could  be  made  still  stronger  as  a  fortification  by  being  stockaded  on 
top.     Many  of  these  entrenchments  can  still  be  traced  in  the  outline 
existing  churchyards  around  monastic  ruins.     Within  this  entrcnchn 
were  grouped  the  cells  of  the  monks  and  the  public  buildings.     **At 
the  number  of  buildings  were  six — the  church,  refectory,  kitchen,  gi 
house,  library,  and  workshop." 

**  The  monastery  thus  founded  with  its  appropriate  buildings 
known  as  the  City  of  the  Saint " ;  and  wonderful  are  the  marvel 
penmanship  and  gold  and  silver  work  that  we  have  even  now  from  t 
libraries  and  workshops  of  ancient  days.  To  those  public  building! 
may  add  the  mill,  which,  although  not  so  important  as  the  others, 
occupied  a  prominent  place ;  and  at  St.  Mullins  we  have  not  onlj 
watercourse,  but  even  one  of  the  mill  stones  remains  to  the  present  1 

The  importance  of  St.  Moling- s  foundation  must  not  at  all  be 
posed  to  have  passed  away  with  his  death.     The  little  oratory  of  ' 
was  soon  replaced  by  the  church  of  stone   doubtless  erected  ove: 
tomb,  and  that  church  of  stone  became  the  nucleus  around  which  « 

'  '*  The  Irish  may  be  said  to  have  lour  prophets :  Molingus,  Braccanus,  Patric 
Columbkill.*' — *'  Girakius  Cambrensis.'* 

**The  Martyrology  of  Donegal"  gives  the  four  prophets,  but  makes  a  chai 
one  of  those  named;  "  Columcille,  Moiling  the  perfect,  Brenainn  of  Birr 
lierchan." 

2  **  Molingus,  the  successor  of  St.  Madoc,  being  bishop,  tooke  himself e  to  voh 
labour,  and  with  his  owne  hands  drived  a  running  spring  to  his  monastery,  enc 
that  travaile  dayly,  after  prayer  and  study,  eight  yeares  together." — *'  Campion. 


ST.    HtlLLllfS,    CO.    CABLOW. 


381 


dmrohea  were  constructed.  It  is  not  qnito  ccrtoin  liow  many  chnrchca 
existed  here ;  "  Lewis  "  profesBcd  to  be  able  to  traoo  seren,  which  would 
be  by  no  means  an  unlikely  number,  seeing  how  often  aeren  churches 
were  erected  in  the  holy  places  of  Ireland. 

The  Most  Kev.  Dr.  Comerford  conriders  that  only  the  traces  of  fonr 
mined  churches  can  be  found,  and  the  niins  of  a  email  cell,  believed  by 
some  to  be  the  identical  Teach  Uoling,  or  house  of  St.  Moling;,  io  which  he 
lived  in  solitude,  and  from  which  he  ruled  his  monastic  community.  The 
difficulty  of  ascertaining  the  number  of  ruined  churches  nt  St.  MuUics 
uises  from  its  being  doubtful  as  to  whether  certain  ruins  which  are  to 


ri^-i 


lbs  OrdiuDCP  Sonvf  Id 


he  found  there  are  the  ruins  of  churches  or  of  other  ecclesiastical  buildings, 
for  if  we  are  willing  to  admit  that  nil  the  existing  ruins,  including  tbo 
little  oratory,  are  churches,  we  hove  six  churches,  oud  if  wo  add  to  them 
the  church  said  to  have  existed  on  the  site  of  the  new  Protestant  Church, 
WB  have  seven  churches. 

The  Ordnance  Survey  MSS.,  lo  the  Library  of  the  Boyal  Iri^^h 
Aoademy,  agree  with  the  Host  Rct.  Dr.  Oomcrford's  statement,  that  only 
tlie  traces  of  four  mined  churches  can  now  bo  found,  and  from  them  I 
take  the  following  description ; — "  These  four  mins  lie  in  a  straight  lino 


.,  Sthu 


ID 


39      BOUL  nciBT  €r 


T^  SMC  suracn  il  ^iBK  s  tift  J  &«S  ^btast  frtm  tlw  Mr 
C&37!a:  I3e  mn  x  1^  fait  froom  fttft;  tte  ttnd  is  M  IbK 

friBLtu  KosBii:  nii&e  iTCl^  $  kctiriBL  1^  liird.'*     The  OrdmBce 


tfaii 
siui  ^  3BeMss<eaB»EK&i  m  h  faaskad  vrer  Vr  Mr.  OXearr,  of 

.  :  ^  <ijp  faec  im  ^ogSt, 


-nZ  IT  jaes  frnn.  tze  ▼«&  giiiu*,  iz.  -w^j^.  dia«  is  m  lirpE*  psmted  arch 
nrv  bx£i:  TZ.  7^  srre  ii  ^  &«&  zl  Imsz:  '^k*  rhiT>^  IS  feet 
4  3t!2i£»  w^kfu.  T^jtst  ii  az.  caraffc:  dutriai  ix  I2ii»  vaf&aa  gaiUe  'see 
Ix.  =...  Bii  iIk  &  vi=fi:v  m  tbt  eatt  ^uLs  wsst  ££.  z.'. 

'  G«  2x33  3^ 'A.  2  cd  7  aR  70  leec  ix  >Tr.r:r,  azid  dzrided  hy  a 
-nZ  T7  5sae:  fnoL  Uie  -refiec  e=>i :  tzis  brlrrr  if  23  &K  3  inches  Wide 
c  :2jt  TFSsCdzx  «BiL  isti  i2r.T^  iz£  mZ  d.  ^oztZiinL  it  if  19  feet  3  incBes 
-vnfe.  I  iirrE  zm^ssL  zzjizit  V>  ^vtms  txj  tnoe  of  a  5>jr  or  pinfii|T 
"TLrni^  "iif  ^*—>-'-»y  Az  fa  StXtTiTi  sgcziS'  lirfs*  art  th-e  remsms  of 
L  "wTnciLr  fCic^aae  oserfd  frnn  I2r*  f^iffr  icasu&al.  aad  also  a  small 
lamiL-isr  zl  ^itt  -nZ-*"    Hi*  Wi^r  wif  jnoaiir  s:  e&£  tne  used  as  a 

'  Txtf  i.i=i  5:.  3  is  24  feet  'iar^  sai  16  Isec  ^soad,  aad  l&as  as 

f  Tiimw^"      Tiisr*  i*  a  sqwrt  iasmr  ir  li,*  -rsstsss  gai-k   see  fig.  m.)." 

•  Tilt  irir  y:.  4  i§  S5  fc«  S  ixtdiw  Inix.  cii  13  fet  9  inches Ixroad. 

i~:j    .'7'  Tbsr*  if  i  -^irii?^  in  tie  eastern 

CLilr  li.ir:  *  :e=:  fr:-=  tie  erijiniJ, 
:f  i  -■L-:-i  finz  :  eaih  of  the 
J  r:.:.-T*  ::rTT'=iiz  tlf  siie^  of  tie 
"BiLiiiT  ii.-f-A5:r^  iho-:  2  feet  in 
l5Lr:i-  irm  '  izilrs  ir  l-Kadth, 
ini  3  ii.lri  iz  tliitrrs?.  The 
:i:::=.-?ir.Tiz.::   siriJ:  :f   this  sin- 

£.<«•  iVNCon  !v  ^^^4         StCTlDS    Cxlnnr    «^  zz.  rr.'.     Thtre  i* 
^■^  ^'^c       ^  c.         5.  f -^  e^f  irrjliiir  ill  tlr  ni'itheiT. 

Ti^   ;:    :iii    ::ii-i:zr.    and  there 

••    ^  »   <.    ■  ~        '  'VfT  II.  vif  "^i-fi-r::  r-' Ir  .i  "sliii:  lirtlr  rr::r.ain5  but 

•  \  .     '^  :     :.   :*  4    :  xt    4    :- :lrf   iz.  ltr.r±,    azi  iViut   7  inches 

V 

'^     ■    "^       -      V .  .>  ..•-■.:    :r.  -  7^  i-  :z1t  7  f-i^t  !>  iz:!:-:-?  lone  bv 

*  -^     ■         '    v^"-.'       -.:;:>  ::>;-.-: -:l7 -t-.-  ^ziillTr  tLjiz  the  oratory 

^     V  '     \.  ...  V     t:.  1  n-f— .5  ::  f.^t  e  inh-s  bv  6  feet 

*  '  >•  '  » ^  ,  •  \  •>  J.T  TV  ,'.rs^.  i  : :  CT:  i:  izit: : :Lirr.  ir. i  il . ns  with  the 
"*-•  \v  •  V  ^\  ;  s.\rr>  :.  x  TiT  tlr  ^.ft  iriirii:  i-irdon  ol  the 
V —     v      N^".   ,K  ,^,  vCJhC  ":.....-:::.;*  wir^  T:::^i:■lT  rtb^iilt  from  time 


_v_  . 


■I 


I 


m 


III 


^g '  J I 


riik 


to  time,  and  adapted  to  various  usee.    This  litUo  building  haa  a  traditio] 
dedication  to  St.  James. 

The  measurement  of  the  ehurcli  whick  we  have  called  Church  If* 
(in  which  the  saint  ia  believed  to  be  buried  under  a  plain  slab  viHsj 
inacription),  marks  it  out  as  aTeompnl  Mor.  "In  the  ancient  onnotati' 
by  Tierchan  on  the  life  of  St.  Patrick,  in  the  'Book  of  Armagh,'  60  fee 
mentioned  aa  the  measurement  of  the  '  Ecclesia  Fatricii  magna,'  or  Tei 
pol  Hot  at  Tailtean,  the  site  of  which  was  given  to  the  Baiot  hy  K 
Conall"  ;  but  few  of  these  early  great  churches  remain  to  ua.  The  et 
OTosB  which  is  at  the  east  end  of  the  largest  of  the  churches  ha 
atunted  appearance  that  leaves  little  doubt  that  a  considerable  portioi 
the  shaft  has  been  broken  off  and  lost.  Ou  it  there  is  in  low  relit 
representation  of  the  Saviour  crucified,  with  extended  arms,  clot 
almost  down  to  the  feet.  There  are  also  the  remains  of  six  other  figi 
depicted  on  the  Cross  ;  three  over  the  Saviour's  head  ;  two  on  a  si 
panel  beneath  his  feet,  and  one  at  either  side  towards  the  terminatio: 
the  anna  of  the  crosa.  These  figures  have  been  much  injured  and  defai 
the  sidea  of  the  crass  are  decorated  with  a  kind  of  lozcngc-pattem, 
some  quaint  markings  adorn  its  base. 

At  a  short  distance  from  the  Churches  a  still  more  interesting  ol 
is  to  be  found,  St.  Moling'a  WoU,  of  which  the  accompanying  Plate,  f 
a  sketch  by  Mr.  O'Leary,  which  was  prepared  by  Mr.  Wakoman  for 
engraver,  gives  an  excellont  representation.      PLtssing  down  into 
valley  beneath  the  elevated  ground  on  which  the  Churches  are  sitci 
and  having  crossed  a  little  stream,  we  come  to  a  small  stone  buil 
which  has  been  erected  in  a  hollow  in  the  ground,  so  that  it  is  pos 
for  the   waters   of  the    woll,    which    is   situated  immediately  be 
it,  to  pour  into  the  little  building  through  two  openings  cut  thr 
large  stones  in  the  wall.     The  water  flows  down  on  the  floor,  w 
is  roughly  flagged,  and  passes  out  through  the  doorway.     Tbia 
building,  which  seems  to  be  a  very  eorly  oratory,  or  baptistry,  for  ' 
oan  be  no  doubt  that  the   early  Christian  missionaries  baptized 
converts  in  wells  or  springs  which  had  been  the  objects  of  venerati 
Pagan  times,  and  thus  coneecrated  them  to  Christian  uses ;  both  U 
and  the  Abb6  Mactieoghcgon  state  that  St.  Patrick  baptized  his  I) 
converts  in  this  manner.'     This  little  building  measures  in  the  inti 
12  feet  4  inches  by  7  feet  10  inches;  and  is  consequently  almos 
same  size  as  Leabba  Molagga,  which,  according  to  the  late  Rev.  J 
Graves,  measures  in  the  interior  12  feet  by  8  ;  the  walla  are  7  feet 
and  incline  inwards  a  little  ;  there  are  no  remains  of  a  roof.     The 
way  has  the  inclioing  jambs  which  are  always  to  be  found  in  very 
Celtic  buildinga.     This  doorway  measures  5  feet  2  inches  in  heigh' 

'  "  He  baplixed  them  nil,  with  Alphin,  boq  of  Boclmid,  who  was  at  that  tim 
king.  TliB  ceremony  was  porfonued  in  a  fountnm  neur  the  city,  colled,  line 
time,  the  foimtiin  of  St.  Patrick."—"  The  Abbf  Mao  Geoghegan." 


»"l'_  .'     '■  ^ 


^flf  -  ^  >*    "O^ 


.AJfT, 


•     ^     » 


i     -1*    » •■-  xf;  -" 


-t^-^ 


r*»  T^r"-  '  ^  -   L5 


-^ir    -.   l._liii 


.  •  • 


— »-— "    I' 


--i  -.^  "' 


■  I  i,. 


_^  ^^  -  m'  .  *^  .*■«>  ^ta^^  T^^      ^^    .  w  T        m^^^^^^      A 


«  _ 


•".  i     ■■« 


f 


T 1  -z.   : 


.  ~      ■"  ^      ;  '   ^     "      •      i"^  .  *  _;     _  ^  »   "  .  __  _   m  •  3^ ;    ,1     ^  '  ~   y 


._i.      '1-1 


"_1 :    .  '.  —"Si     r_   -^r    :'«r.  li    & 


■¥  . 


ST.    MULLINS,   CO.   CABLOW.  387 

Dermot'B  mortal  enemy,  Donall  Uac  GiU-Fatniic,  £ing  of  Ossoiy  ;  and 
baring  fought  his  way  through  the  paBa  of  Paulmounty,  which  was  held 
agamst  him  by  Dermot'a  son,  Donal  Kavonagh,  ho  Temoined  here  for 
three  days  UD til  the  King  of  Ossory  came  to  meet  him,  and  then  before 
the  altar  and  on  the  shrine  of  St.  Moling  thoy  swore  an  oath  of  fidelity  to 
one  another.  The  shrine  of  precious  workmanship  that  contained  tbe 
relics  of  St.  Moling — the  great  hi&hop  and  patron  of  tbe  Earanaghs, 
tbe  MutphyB,  and  the  K-inshellas,  while  it  escaped  the  raids  of  the  Pagan 
Bsnes  and  the  devastations  of  tbe  conquering  Normans,  yet  perished  at 
tbe  hands  of  a  militant  ecclesiastic,  one  Edmund  Butler,  Sector  of 
Tullow,  who  in  tlie  year  1323  came  hero  with  an  armed  force,  and  with 
the  aid  of  the  Cantitines,  now  Condons,  an  Anglo-Norman  sept,  put  to 
death  Philip  Tallon  and  his  son,  and  twenty-six  of  tbo  Codhlitanys,  who 
had  evidently  taken  sanctuary  in  tho  church,  and  then  burned  the  church 
with  the  women  and  children  and  the  relics  of  St.  Muling.  Let  ua  hope 
he  received  tho  due  reward  of  his  deeds.  Some  twenty-6ve  years  later 
a  very  different  scene  was  enacted  here.  This  place  had  been  highly 
esteemed  for  centuries  as  a  place  of  pilgrimage,  but  the  greatest  pil- 
grimage of  all  was  that  wliich  took  ploce  in  the  year  1348,  when  a  vast 
number  of  pUgrims  from  all  classes  of  society,  bishops  and  minor  eccle- 
siastics, lords  and  commoners,  assembled  hero  to  acek  protection  from 
a  pestilence  that  was  devastating  the  country, 

St.  Mullins  was  the  faTourito  burial-ground  of  tho  Clan  Eavanogh, 
and  for  centuries  the  chieftains  of  that  sept  were  carried  there  that 
they  might  rest  around  tbe  greatest  bishop  of  their  race.  Tbe  most 
notable  of  these  funerals  was  that  of  Art  MacMurrough,  King  of  Leinster, 
doubtless,  tbe  "Art  King  of  Leinster"  whose  name  wa«  found  in  an 
inscription  that  has  been  lately  discovered  by  the  Eev.  Dr.  Abbott,  p.T.c.n., 
inscribed  on  a  plate  of  silver  on  the  under  surface  of  tbo  crystal  which 
decorates  the  ancient  box  in  which  the  Evangelistarium  of  St.  Moling 
is  kept.  He  died  in  the  year  H17,  and  his  funeral  is  said  to  bare 
extended  a  distance  of  six  miles  from  New  Boss,  where  he  died,  to  St. 
Mullins,  where  ho  was  buried. 

Nor  was  St.  MulUns  without  a  civil  history,  for  as  so  often  happened 
elsewhere,  a  town  of  considerable  importance  grew  up  around  the 
monastic  community.  This  town  which  bad  been  previously  bumod, 
was  rebuilt  in  1347  by  Walter  Bermingham,  then  Justiciary  of  Ireland  ; 
ttnd  in  1535-6  Walter  Cowley  recommended  the  Government  to  erect  a 
forti&ed  tower,  and  to  construct  a  wall  around  the  town  of  St.  Mullins 
and  colonise  it.  In  tho  year  1681  a  sum  of  £350  was  loviud  off  the 
counties  Wexford  and  Kilkenny  to  erect  a  tower  at  St.  Mullins  to 
guard  tbe  navigation  of  tbe  Barrow  against  the  Eavanaghs,  and  in  1598 
this  castle  was  described  as  one  of  tho  eight  principal  castles  in  tbe 
county  Carlow.  There  are  many  other  interesting  circumstances  con- 
nected with  this  hiGtoric  site,  and  alw  many  interesting  ruins  in  its 


988       BOTAL 


:  •  'ii.'i< 


WAMVQXiAasm  w  xbelahd. 


Mi|^lmnliood|  radi  m  the  rubied  Cbmk  of  *'  Thampnll-oaJlo^!' 


EBDreSPAL  AVTHOBIXUS  QVOIID  IV  XHS  lOBMODre  PlFll. 


AaMb   cC  Inhaa,"  bj   J%§  I^m 


**  Qiimldiu  CunlmuU." 
Wtn^i  «<  And^iiitiM  of  Iraluid.^ 
OrOusj'f  <*  Maaiiiaript  lUteriali  of  Iiiih 

Hiitory.'* 
Inigan'i  *<  Seoleilattiosl  Hiitonr  ol  Iie- 

**TiMb  Ghnrah  of  IraUiid,"  by  the  Ber. 

T.  OldflQ. 
«*  Iralaiid  ua  tlM  Oeltie  Glinxdi."  by  tlM 

B0f,  O.  T.  StokM.  D.D. 
«'Iriali  KaiiiM  of  Fkow,"  by  P.  W. 

JbiirNsI  of  M  11m  Kfllmiiij  Arbhablogioil 

Booiflty,"  ooatmned  m  "  Tlie  ^rval 

Historioal  and  Arohttolofflotl  Amooui- 

tioii«flEtIuid.** 
» OiduDoe  Surrey  Letton»*'  K8S.,  in 

the  Lflnwy  of  the  Boyal  Iriih  Aeademy, 

•DabUn. 
Xbg^s  "Primer  of  the  Hietofj  of  the 

Holy  Oetholio  Chueh  in  Izelaiid." 
*  The  Jtoand  Towen  and  Andent  Azohl- 

ftootme  of  Irehiid,"  by  Br.  FUrie. 


O'Ouiy'i '*  Heanen  and  OoilaMi  il 

AnoMOt  Irish." 
KeatiDg^i  <'  Hktory  of  Ixelutd.** 
Byaa'i  «*  HlrttMy  and  Antiqaitiea  el 

Oovnty  Oariow." 
The    Kort   Ber.    Bidiop    OammA 

^Collectunk  DioceieB  of  Xilto» 

Lri^iUn." 
<'The  Song  of  Dermot  and  the  Xi 

otherwiae  "  Korioe  Becan.** 
Le]and*8  <*  Hfitary  of  Inuand." 
Wilde'a  **  Oatahme."    Part  n. 
The  Very  Ber.  John  Canon  0*Baal 

<<Lifeof  StKoHng." 
Mr.  Patrick  O'Leaiy'a   <*Iifa  o| 

Koling." 
Lewia'a  '^TopogiaphioalDiotioonyJ 
Braah'a  <<  EcoleBiaitioal  AnhitaofeHi 

Izeland." 
Gam^ian'a  "  Hiatuie  of  Ireland.** 

The  Abb6  ICao  Qeoghegan'a  "  fiUi 
IztUnd." 


OLD  PLACE  NAMES  AND  SURNAMES. 

Bt  UISS  niCESON,  noK.  Looai,  Skdurakt  fob  KatuiT. 

{Omtmutd/rimpafft  H4.) 

"The  ciiier  value  of  tbe  Kieniie  of  geograptical  otytnology  conaUti  in  the 
lud  which  it  ia  able  to  give  ui  in  tho  datenninalioo  of  obiouiB  ethnological 
question*"  [JFordt  atuf  Flaeii,  by  Eoi.  Imac  Tfiylor,  p.  6), 

4  CCOEjuKo  to  Iriflh  Scholars  tho  modern  name  of  Ballyheigue  in  Kerry 
-^*-  is  a  corruption  of  JiaiU-in.Thadg,  the  nbodo  of  Teigue  or  Thaddeua. 
But,  as  I  have  already  said,  it  is  called  in  the  early  records  Ballyheigue, 
aliat  Heyeton,  evidently  the  old  Norae  Hda-Steinn,  High  Rocks  or 
Boulders  (see  Vigfusuon  and  Clessby'a  Icelandic  DieUonary),  a  most 
appropriate  name  for  the  bold  rocky  headland  on  which  the  bail*  "noa 
situated,  and  which  was,  no  doubt,  familiar  ground  to  the  bold  Yikinga 
and  the  subjects  of  the  Banish  kings  of  Limerick  in  842-968. 

The  cliffs  at  eaoh  ride  of  the  headland  are  very  beautiful,  hollowed 
out  here  and  there  into  caves  half  full  of  water  at  high  tide,  with  nar- 
row slits  in  their  arched  roofs,  through  which  tho  ferns  wave,  and  where 
the  rock  pigeons  build  their  nests.  On  the  north-west  side  of  the  head, 
near  BalJingany,  immense  layers  of  rock  rising  one  over  another,  like  a 
gigantic  stairs,  lie  at  foot  of  the  cliffs,  and  enuble  one  to  understand  a 
cnrioas  story  told  by  Dr.  Smith  in  his  "  History  of  Kerry,"  about  a  ship- 
wreck on  this  coast,  shortly  before  he  visited  it  in  1754-6.  "One  stormy 
night,"  he  says,  "  a  ship  was  cast  by  the  fury  of  the  sea  upon  a  very  high 
cliS,  in  which  instant  some  of  the  people  providentially  got  ashore  from 
the  end  of  the  bowsprit,  and  were  thereby  saved,  but  the  vessel  on  the 
return  of  the  wave  fell  down  the  precipice,  was  dashed  to  pieces,  and 
never  seen  more."  "  Ballyheigue  Bay,"  bo  adds,  "  is  infamous  for  ship- 
wrecks." Since  the  erection  of  the  lightliouse  at  Loop  Head  the  danger 
ia  less,  but  only  last  winter  an  English  merchant- ship  and  all  her  crew, 
with  the  captain,  perished  on  the  rooVs  of  Ballyheigue,  in  a  vain  attempt 
to  round  Kerry  Head  and  reach  the  Shannon.  In  ancient  times  the  wrecks 
of  Ofleriba,  as  the  coast  district  &om  Tralee  Bay  and  Ballyheigue  Bay,  to 
Carrigafoyle  was  called,  were  souTcob  of  lawful  profit  to  indiridual  land- 
owners and  royal  favourites.  I  have  before  noticed  in  this  Journal  the 
grants  of  lands  in  Kerry  by  King  John  to  John  De  Claliul.  On  20th 
of  April,  1284,  tbe  King  confirmed  to  Geofirey  De  Clahul  the  grant  made 
to  him  by  Stephen  Bishop  of  Waterford,  Justiciary  of  Ireland,  of  tho 
"  King's  county  of  Kerry,  with  the  Serjeantcy  thereof,  to  hold  for  a  term 
of  ten  years"  {Pat.  JSi.  \.  mtml.  13) ;  and  on  April  17th,  same  year,  ho 
had  a  grant  for  ever  of  the  "  Wreck  of  the  Sea  in  his  land  of  Ofieriba," 


SI^&      srTAi.  KKazrr  or  ashquasibb  of  Ireland. 


tXK  ms  mszds  iierr«e&  Txalee  snd  CanigBfojle)  ''  with  all  things  sp- 
■""■-MiK-'r  It  ▼T^-ck.  iriniDix:  landrmoe  of  the  King,  liis  justioesy  aheriffa, 
or  TTTni^sg^  ir  XrEQsnd.  yeaxlj  rendering  therefor  at  the  Ex- 
it TZK  feast  of  Ifirlia^lTTiita    six  shillings  and  eight 


>"r^  *     ±,  ilsih!-:  i§  isTpai5ed.  '' that  no  one  shall  agg^eve  or  molest 

▼TEffff  sforeBiid.'^  which  leads  one  to  think  that 
fi5  ksfSL  a  compeiition  for  them  around  Ballyheigae 
ssL  Jtzir  n  ti-  -^  fiir-i  v  is  sBid  to  hare  existed  amongst  clergy  and 
jair7  n  zitt  r-yr:r-£r±  i^sEnzy  on  lise  coast  of  Cornwall.    It  seems  pro- 
'-s^iz:  ziLsc  tL^  w.-±r^7  -ritf  ib*-  "bidlder  of  the  curious  and  interesting 
r.Ti^I  sis^  ^sr-r.rz.r  m.  l  TyJty  pranontonr  orerhanging  the  "  sea  of 
Jif  t!£^  '  :r  2<^rr9-  -r^Jr  I  n^:3K*5  seme  years  ago  in  this  Journal.   In 
1-rI  Icuj-i'  tT  *  ±i!±jj  ilijCrssec  weak,  efited  by  Miss  Stokes,  there  is 
m  jLv.^i^r   .c  "ii-f  r.-n.'!  m^szL-s:  h  Aj^mdne,  which  greatly  resembles  this 
3tt=r.  ▼  Ji:?'--.  :-r:  r  i<  •-i^r?  «C£rei  thai  c-nly  three  other  similar  strong- 
isici*  IT*:  iH'  ^n  T.  r-^  ir*  n.  Ir^Ziai — ^ict  in  Kilkenny,  one  in  Waterford, 
5jI  jii*r  rt  '^zzr.s'L      *»:7Tii.£  iZ  Q:cit,  howerer,  as  the  late  W.  M. 
HziLitt«7    1  a.:.-*.-    £:•=▼.  ifrfr  bf  had  fisited  it  more  than  once,  and 
iftso.  5Cjr;-i.  r.  zl*-.  ii-i*  ^r^^gr  j^  r-y-i  -ry -.rrgp  rwmd  castle  at  Barrow  is  a  fifth 
.t  r:^  »:;=  L   aii-i  "z^mir  ::i^  lil  ii  far  better  preservation  than  that  at 
Jk^tr;s«i!.^.     It  ▼-i:?  -rVt>r-^r  :3.  ti^  lifter  part  of  the  serenteenth  century 
ij  "zi^i  l'»:!L37  ^*^ '7  -iT  S.TXW  it  ihrriT  ^TTrY^on^  and  there  is  a  tradition 
"r^LoC  i  ^7  »:i«I  irr  .liLIr-!!  ifci  "re  fy  frcm  it  en  one  occasion  between 
l7^>  aJi'I  1't--   ▼i»:ii  1  f-Crici  siir*  a  priratecr  or  smuggling  vessel, 
s»£l^;'i  :ir-    *u-:r,  w  HAr:»:ar      Xr.  H^cressy  was  extremely  anxious  the 
jL^^-wiin-z.  -c  ,-^I  zvit:  T';  3iirr;w  CiJile  wbcn  it  visited  Kerry,  and  as 
ti"-  r:j:i  ->  -\ .:-_.  i  -:~-  >i.r:  ii<*:ii:T£   :f  Arlfcrt  this  could  have  been 
:-ji^7  i.-.,r-' -1^:  :i      1:  r:il  ir-.li-:!  .r.-il  ^:rk  is  lo  l-e  done  it  is  neces- 
>jkrr  ::.:  :.  i.-y  z.  zz.   ">i::r   rri.i.  ri:  :^  visit  too-long  forgotten  or 
'i'j;::.c:':»:»I  -.•.i>  izl    ..rTirr*  lik;  rirr:"*"  Hrii  5i:d  Ballyheigue  Head. 
!>c<:I->  '.J.    . 'J.  1:1: -J.  -ir^Til  :i":<  I  riT;   rrti.v-i  on  the  latter  coast, 
^Ir.  H.;ui .->.';.    :.1I  :::=  :!ii:  >  :i:;  ::  z'z-:  zn-z-sz  and  most  interesting  arti- 
i-ial  ,*-jiv,<  '2.:  ij.'-L  i-^r  ^i?-:-!  cii5:c'i  z-fdr  ELilziaci-ia.     The  DeClabuls 
:t::i  Cjj:rLl'-y«:>  ^t-z:  :,  li'-u   :t>.::  ^tnlvdiii  the  west  of  Kerry  and  Clare 
ir:zEL  ::>;  .-  ::;?.3.     I2.0«:::':t:r.  l-.O,  ilcvler  Fitz  Henry.  Justiciary  of 
Ir^liiii,  jLiiI  y-liz  I\  CjLi::ilirt\  .\iz:e  to  an  a^^ment  before  the  King, 
whcr\:v  F'lli:?  1^:  t.-  il-vl-r  ::r  tcc  vzjlt^  lanvis  at  '*  Corkach,  in  the  fee 
^.i  Hubri:::.**      It  i>  wzll-ni^h  ir:;7«.s5:':lv  to  trace  the  whereabouts  of 
tithtT  >:'  th.^x  vlacts  u:w,  cut  **  Corkach"  may  be  an  attempt  at  Corca- 
baiicin  in  CI-ltv.     From  a  rvcori  calcn-iartd  by  Mr.  Sweetman,  under 
August  2>th.  1206.  it  artKrar?  that  Willi:im  De  Cantilupe  had  married 
one  of  the  tive  daughters  of  Thomas  Fitz  Anthony  ^Lord  of  Decies  and 
Desmond'    which  made  him    William'!  brother-in-law  of  Thomas  Fitz- 
Gerald,  and  uncle  of  John  Fitz  Thomas  Fitz  Gerald,  killed  at  CaUan. 
Archdall,  in  his  revised  edition  of  '•  Lodge's  Peerage  of  Ireland  "  (Yol.  ii. 
p.  182),  published  in  1769,  says  that  Mabel,  or  Mabilia,  daughter  of 


OLD  PLACE  NAMES  AND  STTHNAMES.  391 

■William  De  Carew,  and  only  aiBter  of  Ruymond  Le  Groe,  married  Nicholas 
Do  Cantilupe,  by  whom  abe  had  a  bod  Kaymond  de  Cantilupe,  who  oh- 
taioed  lands  in  Carlow  from  hia  undo,  iraurice,  eldost  aon  (according  to 
Archdail)  of  Raymond  Le  Oroa,  had  grants  in  Holahiffe  and  Cosmaine 
(near  KiUamey)  from  Bichard  the  Pirat,  and  married  first  Joanna,  daugh- 
ter of  Meyler  Fitz  Henry,  above  mentioned,  chief  governor  of  Ireland, 
who  brought  him  an  her  dower  "  Killury,  Ballyheigue,  and  Rattoo,  in 
North  Kerry"  (Archdall'a  Lodge,  ed.  1789,  vol.  2,  p.  185).  The  son 
of  this  marriage,  Thomaa  Fitz  Maurice,  first  Lord  Kerry  (founder  of  Ard- 
fert  Abbey),  had  further  grants  in  Kerry  of  Offeriba  and  Ivefoma(CT 
Frrgna  f)  from  King  John.  Some  of  the  sons  or  grandsona  of  Mabel 
De  Cantilupe,  daughter  of  Williom  do  Carew,  and  sister  of  Bapnond 
Le  GroB,  followed  the  aon  and  grandEoa  of  the  latter  into  Kerry  and 
settled  at  Ballyheigue.  In  1254,  Huwcll  do  Cantilupe,  of  Kerry,  paid 
16<.  8rf.  Custom  duty  on  "  vinii  it  ui»ckt."  and  a  Richard  Do  Can- 
tilupe appears  to  have  acted  as  deputy  sheriff  for  several  years  under  hia 
neighbour,  Geoffrey  De  Clabul  ;  but  in  1290  the  King  committed  the 
custody  of  Kerry  and  its  shrievalty  t«  Robert  De  Wyke,  He  was  probably 
a  member  of  the  old  English  family  of  his  name,  owners  of  Bindon  near 
Axmouth,  of  whom  an  interesting  account  is  given  in  "  Memorials  of  the 
Wost,"  by  W.  H.  Hamilton  Rogers,  f.s.a.,  in  which  we  are  told  that 
Roger  Wyke,'  first  owner  of  Bindon,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.,  married 
the  granddaughter  of  John  De  Cantelo  of  Chilton  Cantelo.  In  1292, 
Robert  de  Wyke  resigned  the  office  of  sheriff  of  Kerry,  and  Richard  De 
Cantilupe  was  appointed  in  his  stead.  In  I3D0,  the  name  appears  os 
"  Richard  De  Cantelowe,  sheriff,"  but  in  the  next  year  the  old  spelling 
reappears.  In  1302  he  is  called  Richard  DeCauntelou,  and  in  1 305  Richard 
De  Cantelo,  as  in  Chilton  Cantelo.  In  1306  his  signature  appears  in  a 
list  of  suretiea  for  David  Fitz  Gerald,  sheriff  of  Kerry,  written  Rii:hard 
DeCauntelon;  and  in  1307  David  is  commanded  to  summon  John,  aon 
and  heir  of  Richard  Do  Cantilupe,  to  acquit  Robert  De  Clabul  of  tonr- 
teen  marks  due  to  the  king.  This  John  seems  to  be  the  John  De  Canti- 
lupe about  whose  burial  at  Ardfert,  in  1309,  Smith  in  his  "  History  of 
Kerry,"  and  ArehdaJl  in  his  "Monasticon  Hibcmicum,"  tell  a  curious 
story.  The  Franciscan  friars  at  Ardfert  Abbey  complained  to  the  King 
and  his  Justiciary  (De  Wogan)  that  ufter  the  body  of  John  De  Cantclupo 
had  been  brought  to  their  church  for  interment,  Nicholas  the  Bishop  (we 
are  not  told  bis  suroamc,  but  he  had  been  abbot  of  the  Cistercian  monas- 
tery of  Odomey),  and  four  of  his  clergy,  Odo  O'Heyn,  George  De  Can- 

liam,  or  De  Raoham Bontquirc,  and  John  O'Dyny  (O'Denehy  ?) 

came  and  took  it  away  by  force,  beating  the  friars  who  resisted,  and 

'  Mr.  Rogen'  work  coDtuni  kiid*  beautifiil  illiutntion*  of  old  vtit  of  England 
nuiar-houtu,  vhufchea,  kc.  It  ii  intcretUag  to  find  tlut  BUbop  Edniund  Lacy,  in 
1125,  gnvu  "Roger  De  Wyko  licence  tu  bars  a  chapel  in  bii  Manor  IIouw  of  Bindon." 
An  engiaving  of  itt  ancient  door  and  Kreen  are  given  b;  Mr.  Bogen.  Tbe  name  ia 
■aid  to  have  beoD  altered  into  Weeke*. 


^}fK      vx^::^  M'rsxst  ^^r 


Tim^  lutinf}  tad  iiut  vsxmr   •-uh 
*<Mk0^  laoff  iJi^t  'i^fSL  t  2^  Cazslxxoft.  ir  & 
tBtf7  iu^-^  iraHft  ine  if  ^liusui  Air  anrsurr 
ai  «iiut  3MSI01TI*   t:ii»  V  "^ui  2r%ac  ^mmmnett 

K^MTj  fill^  'WVL  tfi  I  iur^fi  ilr»«it7  auL  Thnmam  J^ 

fori.  Hif»,  'iifSfi  H  ^rr^j^Ty*  la  iu  -rvj  ^i  Kime  a.  IS2.  aad  sa 

49itr  *JMm   tC  "v^vr.    nxixi-T   nirtrnJiiiu    txtss  v'*?*  sad  to 

^inr^r,  ^nrr^  jiji  ^«uciru  v^ru^fiiittiiiiL  v>  tiui  ^urnu  bcixe  tbe  battlei  of 

f>iw»  «ui  £Ti(5iiu£i.  T-ft  j.rj',r  '-f  Arifert  Ahasj  ra  1309 

4«^    hrjf/X  '%,    ArihAaJXk   MfMsttiMm^    izd   la    a    mstrrv   jvobablj   of 

OknM)«t«nhiT^,  £>,  vi«il/i  n^^nnHj  f^  sl  sfSectLoa  Cett  the  memory  of  m 

uauMkih  xtA.  KJxjmiAZ,  ^A  \zjh.  ip^^A  w«fS  of  F-nglaTrfl  sunt,  and  a  denza 

tluKt  h^  tbml/i  hA  b-ifvzd  :l.  tb&  ibb^j.   Tbe  star  of  the  YtXz  llanziee  loidf 

/>(  Ki»T7  WikA,  L/>7^^<:r,  ftbcTit  iLu  time  paling  licfore  that  of  tiiexr  Geial- 

fHiU/ti  c/yiuiiu,  flc&d  i&  oTder  to  sa7e  it  from  poeoble  frtmrtion,  incholaa, 

tliird  I»r4  K/^rry,  gar^  Lu  lecoud  daxig^iter,  Elinor,  as  third  wife  to 

Maori/'/:,  fimt  Earl  c^  Desmond,  with  Battoo,  Killnry,  and  Ballyheigne, 

aA  h4^  marriage  poitiriH.     Thtu  the  De  Cantilnpea  of  Ballyheigne,  a/ii« 

Hityiit/m^  W:ai&e  the  f#;odal  raMalB  of  Decmond,  in  the  middle  or  latter 

ytai  f4  the  fourte^ith  c^^-ntury.     Archdeacon  Bowan  girea  the  following 

utiriorj*  Tt'/^^rd  in  the  **  Kerry  Magazine"  for   1855,  which  is  out  of 

|;rifjt  :— 

"  Irirolrr.«:Tit  t/n  the  PaUnt  Kolli,  a.d.  1641,  of  an  ancient  Inden- 
ture   of    A.u.    1468,    made    1/^^ween    the    Lord    Tbomaa    Fitz James 
Hth    Karl   of   I>«:«riond,   and   Kdmund  the    8on  of   Maurice   Cantion, 
witn^Ming,   that  although   the    said  Edmund  had  enfeoffed  the    said 
l/,n\  Thomnn,  I'm  heim,  and  awiign*,  in  his  Lordship  of  Heyston  (Bally- 
hv'iuUi  with   iU  rights  and  appurtenances  in  the  cantred  of  Offeorba, 
T,i.vi'rth«htM  the  wild  I/*rd  Thomas  wUIb  and  grante  that  the  said  lordahip 
i,mv  lenittiri  U>  Die  said  Edmund  and  the  heirs  male  of  his  body   by  the 
due  and  wteust«,med  service,  with  remainder  to  Maurice  FiU  Maunce 
Caution,  and  the  heirs  male  of  his  body,   and  final  remainder  to  the 
liirht  heirH  ot  the  said  Ix^rd  T}ioma«,  unless  the  said  Edmund  or  Maunce, 
<,i   any  of  their  heirs  for  the  time  being,  should,  m  default  of  a  lawful 
heir  think  lU,  with  the  consent  of  the  said  Lord  Thomas,  or  hu  heirs,  to 
h.Kltlnmt.y.e  any  ilhgitin.ate  man  and  constitute  him  heir  of  the  said 
„rlhii..  with  ('ovenanU  that  the  said  Lord  Thomas,  his  heirs,  and  their 
ri^inue.  •.ball  have  free  ingress  and  egress  to  any  castle  or  other  defence 
t<,  be  bliilt  on  Uie  promisrs,  and  that  under  penalty  of  disseuun,  the  said 
loidiiliip   -ball  not  bo  alionwl  or  leased  without  consent  of  the  Lord 
Thoiuaii,  his  heirs,  or  assigns. 

NVitueMod  at  Traly  by  r  a-^i-  -* 

'  Maurice,  Bishop  of  Ardfert 

John  Fitz  Edmund. 
Nicholas  Fits  Rischsaed. 
John  Mokbicb. 
Edmund  FmELTOTH. 

9a  /mu,  86  Etn,  rJ.'» 


OLD  PLACE  NAMES   AND  SURNAMES. 


393 


The  clause  reepectiDg  the  legitimatizing  of  an  "  illegitimate  man  '* 
was  probably  intended  to  evade  the  result  of  the  Act  of  Pftrliaraent, 
which  mode  marriages  between  a  land  holder  of  the  Kogliah  blood  and 
a  woman  of  the  old  Irish  race  illegal.  The  surnames  of  the  Bishop  and 
the  second  and  the  third  signatures  ore  not  known  ;  John  Horrice  may 
hare  been  one  of  the  Clan  Maurice  around  Lixnaw  ;  Edmund  Pitz  Elyoth 
was  really  a  Mac  Leod.  The  name  is  spelt  indifferently  Fitz  Elyoth, 
MacKelgot,  M'Lyod,  and  MacAlliod  in  old  records,  butin  IflOO,  it  settled 
into  Ifac  Etigot,  in  which  form  it  continues  in  Kerry  to  the  present  day. 
Ballymac  Eligot,  a  fertile  district  not  far  from  Tralee,  and  its  ruined 
Castle,  were  forfeited  in  1691,  by  Roger  Mao  Eligot,  a  Colonel  in  King 
James  the  Second's  army.  He  was  imprisoned  in  tlic  Tower,  with  Lord 
Clancarty,  for  some  time,  but  was  finally  suffered  to  retire  to  France. 
Tho  Cantillona  or  Cantilupes  do  not  seem  to  have  taken  any  part  in 
Desmond's  rebellion  of  1576-^4.  The  next  record  of  them  that  I  can 
find  is  the  following  inciuisition  which  lies  in  the  Dublin  Public  Record 
UfBoe;— 

"  Eilkmey,  4tli  AprO,  1623,  The  Jurora  find  that  Thomu  Guit;I<ni 
died  February  2d,  1S13,  seiied  of  the  Iwa  Ballybeigues,  sliaa  Hejiton, 
LjBbycmnkAn,  Lyabydavne.  Ballyrocjui.  Cloiunore,  CloDyladHhsn,  od» 
water  mill  in  BaUyroaan,  aad  the  annual  rent  of  20s  out  of  Kilnmchy- 
d<w(KiImicida),D>>unemontane,andTe'i)areigh,aiid  being  ao  Brased,  devi«ed 
Tenereigh  lo  TimotLy  Lawlor.  Said  Tbomai  Cantytoa's  heir  Itiehard  tu 
aeed  twelve  years  at  his  father's  death.  HoDoia  Lawlor.  wife  nf  said 
llioniaB,  Mac  Hunoeh  O'Coonor,  Horria  Couroy,  and  Daniel  Lawlor  wera 
in  receipt  of  proGia  of  said  lands,  at  the  time  of  the  iDquisition,  and  after 
the  death  of  imid  Thomas  said  HoDota  married  Moma  Courcy  without 
license  of  the  lung." 

According  to  Petty's  Distribution  Books,  Ballyheigne  was  forfeited  by 
Richard  Cantillon,  in  1649,  and  a  Thomas  Cantillon,  at  tho  same  time 
forfeited  BoUyronan  and  Tenereigh,  which  passed  to  Henry  Austin  and 
Robert  Oliver,  Cromwelliau  officers.     But  Ballyheiguo,   and  I  heliero 
^m  BoIIyronan,  were  either  purchased  from  the   Cromwellian  grantees  or 

^H  leased  by  them  for  ever  to  Colonel  David  Crosbie,  governor  of  Kerry,  under 

^H  the»Protectoratc,  and  he  seems  to  have  permitted  ono  or  more  of  the  old 

^H  proprietors,  who  were  indeed  his  relatives  or  connexions,  to  remain  on  tho 

^H         lands.     Some  of  them,  however,  left  Ireland  for  France,  in  1650  and  in 
^^1  1691.     The  late  Professor  Je von b,  wrote  in  the  "  Contemporary  Review" 

^^a  an  article  noticing  a  certain  Richard  Cantillon,  whom  from  his  name  be 

^H         judged  to  be  of  Spanish  blood,  although  by  birth  an  Irishman,  settled  in 
^^t  Paris,  in  the  seventeenth  century,  and  the  author  of  a  work  containing  one 

^H  of  the  earliest  expositions  of  the  principles  of  political  economy.     The 

^H  learned  Professor  thought  it  curious  that  a  man  of  Spanish  and  Irish 

^H  blood  should  have  written  such  a  work  in  1650-80.     But  unfortunately 

^H  for  his  theory,  the  exiled  Cantillon  was  unquestionably  a  descendant  of 

^K         tho  nephew  of  Raymond  Le  Gros,  and  his  name  was  only  a  comiplion,  as 
^^1        I  have  shown,  of  the  famous  old  English  one  of  Canlilupe.    No  doubt,  of 


3^4    BOTAL  SOCIETY  OF  AMrXQUABIES  OF  IRELAND. 

<^oiir8e,  be  had  plenty  of  Gaelic  blood  in  bis  veins.  A  Biohaid  CabtilU 
l>anker  in  Paris,  in  1720,  maitied  tbe  dangbter  of  tbe  widow  of  G'Bnc 
Lord  Clare,  by  ber  second  busband,  a  Frencbman;  and  the  owner 
Derrynane,  in  1780,  Maurice  O'Connell,  uncle  of  tbe  famous  Dani 
married  tbe  daughter  of  a  Bobert  Cantillon.  Louis  Philippe,  by  letti 
patent,  18th  November,  1839,  created  Antoine  SylvainDe  Cantillon  (w 
was  a  Colonel  of  Hussars  in  the  French  Service,  and  a  knight  ik 
Louis)  Baron  De  Ballyheigue.  He  married  Marie  De  Laval  and  had  im 
living  in  France  in  1860. 

This  old  English  name  of  Cantillon  or  Cantelupe  is  sometimes  wiodj 
supposed  to  be  identical  with  another  written  in  our  early  reco 
Caunteton  or  Cauntiton.  But  tbe  latter  is  the  original  of  the  mod 
Condon,  well-known  as  a  surname  and  a  place  name  in  the  county  Cc 
and  quite  distinct  from  Cantillon.  A  writer  in  tbe  Iriih  TVmM  a  t 
years  ago  quoted  an  extract  (from  Sir  John  Davies,  if  I  remember  righl 
to  prove  that  tbe  Cauntetons  (or  Cantillons  as  he  said)  were  origini 
O'Driscolls.  But  all  that  this  extract  did  really  prove  was  that  in 
fourteenth  or  fifteenth  century  an  individual  whose  real  name 
O'DriscoU  claimed  to  be  a  Caunteton  (or  Condon)  of  the  old  Eng 
family  of  that  name,  who  then  held  estates  in  Cork,  and  that  a  jur 
whom  the  claim  was  referred  decided  that  there  was  no  legal  evidc 
produced  to  support  it. 

In  tbe  first  part  of  my  notes  on  **  Kerry  Topography  "  which  appet 
in  this  Journal  in  1879-81,  I  noticed  a  townland  in  Kerry  called  in 
Desmond  Survey  of  Kerry,  in  1587,  Cloghan  Finallymore.  The  n 
seems  obsolete,  and  Mr.  Henncssy  thought  from  his  examinatioi 
Vallancey*8  copy  of  Petty' s  map  of  North  Kerry  in  the  Paris  Library, 
the  place  called  by  it  in  1587-1600,  was  now  known  as  Dromkeen  i 
I  used  to  think  Cloghan  Finallymore  was  the  corruption  of  some 
Irish  word,  but  from  the  following  entries  in  the  State  Papers,  calend 
by  Mr.  Sweetman,  it  was  evidently  derived  from  the  name  of  an  En| 
settler  : — 

Kerry,  June  27tli  1287,  Richard  and  Roger  Finali  paid  for  visne 
released  100  marks.  October  IGth,  1288,  Richard  Finali,  and  Roger 
Finali  the  Coroner,  for  visne  released  69«.  lid.  May  6th,  1289,  Richard 
Finali  the  Coroner  and  Roger  Finale  for  visne  released  61*. 

Cloghan  Finallymore  seems  to  be  the  stone  house  or  fortress  ol 
great  Finali,  and  it  appears  to  have  been  well  stocked  with  wine  from  S 
or  Portugal.  Fyncly  was  an  old  English  word  for  goodly  or  hands 
The  name  is  spelt  in  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  century  records,  Fi 
Fynaly,  Fyneley,  and  later  on  appears  as  Finley,  and  FennelL  A  IB 
Fynel  of  "Waterford  is  mentioned  in  a  State  Paper  of  1585. 

There  is  a  great  headland  in  south-west  Kerry  called  Bolus  Head,  ts 
has  much  exercised  etymologists.  Some  have  thought  the  name  was  a 
ruption  of  Eaal's  Head,  and  have  connected  it  with  the  wide-spread  wo 


i 
I 


OLD  PLACE  NAMES  AND  SUHNAME8.        395 

of  tltat  ancient  deity,  while  others,  including  Mr.  W.  M.  HemiefBy,  have 
Bconted  that  derivation  lu  an  impoasible  one.  I  believe  tlmt  £d1us  b  a 
corroptioii  of  two  old  Scandinavian  words,  b6l  a  farm  or  abode  or  piece  of 
reclaimed  land  and  its  the  mouth  or  outlet  of  lakes  and  rivers.  Both  words 
are  ia  common  use  in  Norway  at  the  present  day.  The  modem  Bolus 
Head  is  a  high  rocky  protnoutory  between  BalUnskelligs'  Bay  and  St. 
Finan's  Bay.  Loagh  Curraue  lies  close  to  the  east  shore  of  the  former, 
and  from  the  Lough  runs  the  river  of  the  same  name,  discharging  its 
water  into  the  bay.  At  the  head  oE  the  bay  a  smaller  lough  or  estuary 
receives  the  river  Inny,  over  which  stood  the  curious  stepped  or  rtair 
bridge  of  which  Smith  gives  a  sketch  showing  its  appearance  in  1 754.  A 
Uttle  to  the  south,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Head,  are  the  ruins  of  the  once 
famous  Abbey  of  BollinskeUigs,'  t.«.  £aih-an-Sc«ilig,  the  town  of  the 
Skelligs,  said  by  Archdall  to  have  been  founded  by  the  sucoesBora  of  the 
primitive  Christian  missionaries  on  the  Skellig  Islands.  At  the  opposite 
aide  of  Bolus  Head  from  Ballinskelligs  is  St.  Finan's  Bay,  with  a  ruined 
church  and  holy-well,  around  which  Smith  says  the  lanil  is  very  good. 
This  land  in  Eillemlagh  parish  and  that  near  BolliDskelligs  Abbey,  were 
probably  first  reclaimed  by  the  primitive  Christian  missionaries,  followers 
of  St.  Finan  and  the  abbot  of  the  adjoining  Skellig  Isle,  and  the  whole 
•ea  thcreabonts  was  familiar  cruising  ground  to  the  Scandinavian  Vikings 
before  and  after  their  conversion  to  Cliristianity.  In  812  they  swooped 
down  on  the  island  community,  and  carried  o&  some  of  them,  whom  they 
ore  said  to  have  starved  to  death.  It  was  probably  as  much  through 
fear  of  those  invaders  as  through  the  bleakness  of  the  rocky  isles  that  the 
monks  left  Scelig  Michael  for  the  shores  of  the  bay,  immediately  under 
Bolus  Head,  where  they  could  have  the  protection  of  the  Irish  chiefs  of 
Iveragh,  the  kindred  of  St.  Finan.'  But  when  the  Scandinavian  Tikings 
accepted  Christianity,  and  Olaf  Tryggveson,  according  to  Woreaae,  was 
baptised  by  the  abbot  of  SkeUig  Michael  (see  Journal,  1891,  p.  695),  the 
old  foes  became  faithful  friends,  and  the  new  converts  still  visiting  the 
coast  for  purposes  of  devotion  or  commerce  called  the  recluimed  land 
round  the  abbey  and  churches  beside  the  head,  BoU-Oii.  By  iltgrees  just 
as  the  name  Helvik,  the  cave  of  the  creek  {Ibid.  p.  693),  came  to  be 
applied  solely  to  the  Waterford  headland  over  it,  the  name  of  the  B61-  Oa, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Inny  and  Lough  Currane,  came  to  be  applied 
solely  to  the  great  Iveragh  headland  over  them.  And  when  all 
remembrance  of  the  meaning  of  the  Scandinavian  words,  as  at  Smerwick 
and  Holvick,  had  faded  out  of  the  minds  of  the  Irish  people  the  Iveragh 
headland  wut!  by  them  quite  naturally,  with  a  very  slight  change  in 
spelling  and  pronunciation,  colled  Bolus  Head.  This  derivation  is 
certMnly  a  far  more  reasonable  one  than  that  from  the  Syrian  god 
Baal,  which  would  require  a  complete  alteration  of  the  spttUing,  as  well 


HOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  AKTIQUAEIE8  OP  IRELAND. 


as  a  belief  in  a  form  of  prehistorio  idolatry  in  Ireland,  not  a 

the  beat  Irish  anti^iuariea,  and  of  which  they  find  no  tracea  in  ottier  In 

place  names.  , 

A  headland  of  Vulentia  Island,  called  on  the  Ordnance  Map  fieeg 
tryraka,  seems  like  a  corruption  of  Celtic  and  Scandinavian  words,  t 
Irish  Been  or  Welsh  Pen,  for  a  peak,  and  the  Scandinavian  Sria,  the  tej 
a  well-known  sea  bird,  with  reii,  %.».  sea  wrack,  or  recka  wandering.  T 
torn  is  a  noisy,  restless  bird,  and  one  species  (according  to  some  mi 
interesting  notes  on  the  "  Birds  of  Kerry  "  in  the  Kerry  Magmtiu,'  edit 
by  Archdeacon  Rowan  in  J  855),  the  Sterna  Arliea,\&  to  be  found  in  Isi 
flocks  on  Beginnis  Island,  close  to  Yalentia,  and  near  Beenafcryroka  Ha 
The  common  tern  baa  been  seen  at  Ballybunion,  and  the  Sterna  Jfi^ 
or  Black  Tern,  hoe  been  cow  and  again  shot  in  Kerry,  but  the  favooi 
haunta  of  the  Arctic  bird  are  near  Valentia  ond  the  iluharee  Islanda. 

Not  far  from  Bol-oss  Head  and  Ballinskelligs  Bay  is  the  curi 
structure  known  ns  Stoiguo  Fort,  of  which  there  are  models  in  the  Bo 
Duhlin  Society's  House  and  the  Eoyal  Irish  Academy.  It  is  strange  t 
while  there  has  been  much  controversy  during  the  last  aerenty  years 
to  the  origin  of  this  structure  and  the  meaning  of  its  name,  no  i 
has  noticed  that  to  the  last,  at  least,  the  Norwegian  and  Banish  laugua 
supply  a  clue.  Ferguson  tells  us  that  the  first  syllable  of  the  na 
Styhead,  applied  to  the  summit  of  a  hill  between  Borrowdale  and  W« 
water  in  Cumberland,  is  a  corruption  of  the  old  Norse  and  Baniab  Wffl 
Sti  and  Sty,  primarily  a  rough  path,  secondarily,  a  climbing  or  taoe 
ingone,  and  that  Styhcod  means  simply  the  "top  or  summit  level  of  nu 
poth."  "  In  Norway,''  he  adds,  "  this  word  appears  in  ita  origiiul  I 
as  Styg-Fjeld.  Also  in  Iceland  as  Ketilstyg,  the  ascending  pathleac 
to  the  abode  of  Ketil."  {Northmen  in  Cumbtrtand  and  WMtmorehitd, 
87,  88).  I  may  also  observe  that  Vigfusson  and  Cleasby's  isTBlni 
"  Dictionary  "  gives  Stig  for  Stairs,  and  Stiga  to  step  or  ascend  a  stai 
stair-like  path.  Now  Staigue  Fort  stands  on  the  level  summit  of  a 
between  "  four  and  five  hundred  feet  above  iho  sea,  open  to  the  bu 
the  south,  with  a  gradual  descent  to  it,  and  its  local  situation  is ' 
imposing."  (See  Mr.  Bland's  Paper  read  before  the  Boyal  Irish  Acadc 
November,  1821,  and  reprinted  with  plates  by  Archdeacon  Rowan  in 
Kerry  Magmine  for  August,  I85G.)  The  path  leading  to  it  is  ns 
to  that  at  Styhead,  and  the  most  remarkable  features  of  the  tSK 
structure,  aa  we  know,  are  the  many  X-shaped  compartmenta  '' 
double  flights  of  stairs  within  its  area.    The  walls  are  more  than  thir 

1  Tho«e  pHpcra  trere,  I  bcliova,  writteii  by  a  then  -rtarj  young  geDtlcnum,  B 
FilrGemld,  Esq.  (bod  of  Robert  D»Tid  Fiti  Gerald,  E8q,,ofSt™nd-streo^  Tribe), 
ofterwHi'dB  held  a  high  official  poallion  in  Aiutndia  and  oriole  on  tntomtuig  volui 
the  feroB  and  other  plants  of  Ibat  great  country,  vhich  ought  to  be  in  the  t 
Hen'«  Beading-Uoom  ol'hia  DBtire  towa.  The  rppublifittoii  of  a  leleotion  of 
uid  other  coacributioDi  to  (he  Eerr^  HagajEiae,  1BG4-6,  many  of  tbom  valuable  hii 
cal  Papon  bf  AnihdeaGoa  Bowm,  i*  greatly  to  bo  deaircd. 


OLD  PLACE  NAMES  AND  STTR!rAMES. 


397 


feet  tliick  by  Beventeen  feet  liigh,  and  laid  with  "consummate  regu- 
larity and  ingenuity,"  although  they  bear  do  marks  of  a  tool  at  any 
part  of  them.  There  are  remiiina  oE  coping-stones  at  the  top  of  the 
wall,  but  it  must  have  been  olways  roofless.  In  hie  "  Two  Chiefs  of 
Dunboy,"  Mr.  ITroude  endeavours  to  prove  that  Staigue  Fort  is  a  com- 
paratively modern  structure,  designed  as  a  shelter  for  cattle  from  robbers 
or  wolves,  but  the  massive  regularity  of  the  huge  circular  walls,  and  still 
more  the  ten  flights  of  double  stairs  in  the  interior  leading  to  their  top 
at  once  dispose  of  his  theories.  It  is  absurd  to  suppose  such  a  structure 
could  ever  have  been  originally  built  for  a  mere  cattle  pen,  although  of 
coarse  it  may  have  often  been  utilized  for  that  purpose,  in  the  course  of 
centuries,  just  as  old  ruined  castles,  mansions,  and  even  churchyards, 
have  been  utilized  for  it.  The  lower  stone -cuiled  room  of  an  old,  roof- 
less, twelfth  century  castle  in  Kerry,  when  last  1  saw  it,  was  used  as  a 
neat  little  dairy ;  and  1  am  sorry  to  say  that  ten  or  twelve  years  ago 
Barrow  Bound  Castle  was  a  pen  for  sheep  at  night,  until  the  late  W.  H. 
Hennessy,  m.e.i.a.,  Assistant  Deputy  Keeper  of  the  Public  Records,  while 
on  a  visit  at  Pcnit  House,  persuaded  some  of  the  people  to  clear  it  out  and 
send  the  animals  elsewhere.  But  the  dairy  farmers  and  the  shepherds  had 
aa  little  to  say  to  the  building  of  the  tower  and  the  castle,  as  the  Iveragh 
herdsmen  had  to  say  to  the  building  of  the  colossal  Staigue  Fort,  i.  «., 
the  Fort  of  the  Stairs  or  the  Fort  of  the  ascending  tracks  in  old  Noree.  Mr. 
Ferguson,  noticing  the  Cumberland  and  WeBtmorcland  names  of  mountaina 
and  hills,  Long  Stile,  High  Stile,  &c.,  says  that  «fi'I«  isderivedfromidy  or 
itifftl,  the  latter  word  being  softened  in  modem  English  into  tlilt  {Jhid, 
p,  88],  a  stone-stepped  track  or  rude  footpath,  and  that  it  is  also  applied  to 
a  hill  path  or  track.  The  Irish -speaking  people  of  the  district,  like  the 
uneducated  Cumbrians,  having  lost  all  knowledge  of  the  Scsiidinaiian 
language,  fragments  of  which  remain  in  their  vernacular,  sometimes  call 
the  fort,  "  Staig  an  nair"  which  hna  been  thought  by  English  speakers 
a  corruption  of  the  Irish  for  n  windy  house,  but  this  is  merely  tauciful, 
as  in  no  sense  conld  the  structure  with  its  vast  circular  roofless  area 
have  ever  been  called  a  house.  The  people  have  preserved  the  old  Norse, 
but  lost  its  meaning,  as  at  HeMck  and  Smerwick. 


{^To  he  eontinued.) 


(    S»6      ) 


iniALOZ:  ITS  AyCTEFT  TAULCEB  JLSTD  CATHEDRAL 


'Wr^nzAUOEm  "viti;  its  pfilftoec  of  GnsiuEii-LAdiXsia.  KimiiluL  isd  dicof 
-'^  V«*  ECUdxiisd  &  iridcr  fxuiibcxtT  in  the  ^■"j"'*'  ^^»^  suxnr  placet  ' 
sm^  CTOCUs'  ixnTKCtmof:.  fruui  the  dsrs  irikBiL  iSie  SnTH?fp»Tiaiis  tMng  < 
—  dkani^iez  **  and  lAld  Loir  ^*  ^ft^^^^j  1^  IwAt-auKtiDBd  cf  all  trngSy  bi 
Idi  KflC  ir  CoaisQxxt.'*'  to  reoent  y^eaxs,  irbcai,  to  osr  mil  ml  jut  uilotiiici 
jS  £ruTvi  h,  jjcpiler  Brhifih  mtHodr  »  a  plmoe  srcxBe  to  fcscs^  culture. 
Xiif  Papc  bdzis  ixL^eaidcid  to  desaibe  mataiai  featsreB  in  exiftin 
aiSiqidtiei  jl  uxxZ  gy.ujnj  'KUlalot^  iri!^  lii£  liifiUinr  beazing  on  them,  w 
need  nm  iRriit  ti;  peaxetrBte  to  tLe  pedod  ^  in  Hie  dazk  backirazd  an 
ai^iBiL  cf  time  "  irLen  tLe;  old  capital  of  T^mmond  £rit  arose.  Fron 
l2kt  'if&trrr  s&d  cacTcmoLDe  of  the  Bte  and  l^  abmidanoe  czf  £sL  ani 
^saxn  ir  iif  xieif^boisiioxL  it  if  pnibalkle  that  even  lon^  before  the  zi» 
ff  aCTfZii&rr  risLorr.  a  BettLemeait.  alreadr  called  Ceazin  Ckiradb,*  tb< 
liead  of  lite  irtdr.  had  been  established  at  the  loweat  point  naTigahle  iron 

Bjen  a  ridre  cf  rcK:k£  f asms  a  natczil  ireir  below  the  vooded  hill* 
a[iii  x:irerb.e  srer  crags  irhere  AooLhcJI,  the  great  banahae  ^perhaps  the 
^aSe»  of  jtbSKL  TLiimond  ,  shade,  hirh  cm  Cniglea — that  ''wildBadbh/^ 

vl:   brc:»=.TiLried  tit  D&Icms  to  htttlt.  "  shiiekiiig  and  flntteiing  orei 

11  dr  I'/iiif..'*  Lc:  j2:;jtidi-d  bv  a  -weird  trfiin  **  of  the  satyrs,  the  sprites, 
tzii  lilt  HiLriaifc  of  tie  xjiiley,  tLe  vi:  Lhes.  goLlins,  owls  and  destroyiLg 
oe2i?i.f  if  tie  LIT  fciii  £rm.ainent.  aiti  the  demoniac  phantc^m  host."'  St. 
Li:h  :t  M:'1:i&  ii«_rt  srrr.Ied  near  tLe  rirer,  and  it  thns  became  a  religions 
sertltTriei-t  ir  tie  lit^r  sixtL  ceitiJT,  "b-Tit  none  of  the  present  edifices 
-were  c-r-^trunei  f:r  sianT  g-mtratii'ns  l&t^r,  iinless-  perhaps,  the  minute 
■•  Psullitg"  :.f  FrlsLr's  ItliLii.  Let  tie  first  consider  the  general  history 
of  tif  T-liie  ::  tl^  time  wLcn  ErzliiL  influence  began  to  make  itself  felt, 
and  t'l'ix  as  I'ttiie,  Erash,  and  Ihirjaven  hare  so  completely  described 
the  ?•:  if-r:»::ed  ciuriies  vt  can  examine  the  palaces  of  Lachtna  and 
Briar.  Lz-d  tie  details  of  tit  cathedraL 


W:. 


rsuit"f  ••  I»i^ef  tiji  N  jr..'r.TTieii. "  p.  SIO;  and  I^aaent's  **XialA  Saga.'' 


'f^-^--'  ^-  L-Lirr.Lii.  s:.-  ^f  A  jnruf  Tireacli,  made  Evord-laud  of  all  eastern  Clare, 


(instead  of  the  8jbil)  testifies  witL 
•^outJtmrtuO,  186&,  p.  115,  and  1891,  pp.  i67-4«9. 


KILLALOE :  ITS  ANCIENT  PAIACES  AND  CATHEDRAL. 


399 


Apart  from  the  vnguo  mention  of  St.  Molua  and  his  aticcessor 
Flannan'  (perhaps  living  as  late  qb  700),  it  ia  hard  to  bolieve  that  Killaloe 
was  a  place  of  any  importance  beforo  the  tenth  century.  We  often  find 
mention  of  its  ncighbouriag  monaaterios,  Innisceltra,  Tomgraney,  ancl 
Lorrha,  in  the  accounta  of  the  ravagCB  ond  wars  of  the  Oentilca,  but 
no  mention  of  Killaloe.  No  fort  in  its  vicinity  can  be  identified  among 
the  uncouth  names  of  the  royal  residencee  in  "  The  Book  of  Rights,'" 
nor  did  the  piona  King  Cormac  li'Cnilenan  (going  out  to  Bollaghmoon 
to  meet  his  anticipated  death)  bequeath  aught  to  Killaloe,  though  he 
leaves,  in  one  of  the  oldest  British  wills,'  many  legacies  to  the  churchea 
of  theDalgoia,  and  remembers  Lorcan  (son  of  Lachtna)  Eingof  Thomond, 
903.  At  last  eome  light  breaks  on  the  scene;  Ceallachan,  King  of 
Caahel  (who  enjoys  the  wlvantages  of  modern  leaders  in  being  described 
as  a  noble  patriot  by  some  and  a  selfish  trutor  by  others),  in  941 
slaughtered  the  people  of  Decics  because  they  had  submitted  to  Uuichad, 
Bou  of  Niall,  King  of  Ailench.'  The  latter,  in  revenge,  though  it  was 
winter,  mustered  his  forces  at  Grianiin  Aileach  and  set  out,  defeating 
and  carrying  off  as  prisoners  Sitric,  of  Bublin ;  Loreon,  of  Leinster ; 
Callaghan,  of  Caahel ;  and  Conor,  of  Connaught.  A  vivid  record  of  this 
successful  march'  is  still  extant;  it  tells  how  "  wo  took  prisoner  with  us 
Ceallachan  the  Just,  who  received  in  his  honour  a  ring  of  fifteen  ounces 
on  his  hand  and  a  chain  of  iron  on  his  stout  leg.  In  the  plain  of 
Caiihre  our  only  shelters  were  our  strong  leather  cloaks,  A  night  at  the 
barren  Cell-da-luo,  a  night  in  the  strong  Cenn-Coradh,  a  night  in 
Luimneach  on  the  azure  stream,  we  were  a  night  at  Ath  Caillo  on  the 
very  hank  of  the  Shannon.  I  did  not  meet  since  I  left  my  home  a  pass 
like  unto  CrctshaUach.  A  night  at  Sliahh-Suidhe-an-riogh,  where  wc 
put  away  all  our  anxiety,*  wc  were  nnable  to  warm  ourselves  on  the 


'  Lanigaii,  in  hii  "  Euctesioslical  Hiitory,"  ihovi  that  Molua  wu  dead  before 
PUnnan  wu  bom.     For  Lua,  lee  Colnii  and  Wars.     Ho  died  before  60S,  and  ii 

Kbapi  aUudcd  to  in  Cummiau'i  "faaohal  EpUtle,"  G34.  "  Flannim,  atrn  of 
lougb,  Mm  of  Catbftl,  aon  of  Aed  Pin,  hq  of  Coonall,  ion  of  Eouhaid  BiildrarEb  " 
(>' Mariyrol.  Donegal,"  p.  341).  vaa  mora  probably  contacrated  bf  Pope  Jol^n  VI., 
700,  than  by  John  IT.  in  639.  He  died  an  Auguat  Itb,  and  wu  auc«»ded  bji 
Lactan.  The  O'Brien  pedigree  evidently  baa  a  gap  of  lome  geDBrotion*,  aa  Comuli 
lived  cma  GiO,  while  Eocbaid  ii  aaid  to  have  been  born  about  a  century  earher. 

>  Ab  the  Dalgais  were  iadependent  of  Cubel,  tu  king  probably  bad  no  reddpnoe 
among  Lhem.  He  owned  Bumuie,  ia  Corcoraskin,  near  Kilriub,  a  fort  near  Eitrenora, 
in  Curroniroe,  and  one  in  the  Burreo,  theaa  three  itntee  being  tributary  (Leabbar 
nafiCeari,"  p.  87). 

'  CurnUG  leavea  to  InucatbiL  and  the  moaki  of  Senan  s  cbnlica  and  three  onnee*  of 
gold;  lo  Connol'a  Chureb,  OD  the  Fergus,  a  bell ;  to  Crorun's  Church,  Roacreu,  ijlken 
rnbei  and  onuineata.  He  decirea  that  Lorcan,  aon  of  Lachtna,  King  of  Tbomond, 
may  be  choeen  to  succeed  him  ("  Calb  fieala  Hughiui,"  quoted  by  Keating). 

*  Leabhar  Cabbala." 

*  "  The  Circuit  of  Ireland,"  by  Carmacan  Eigeaa,"  p.  43. 

*  Jealouay  of  Ceallachan  made  the  Dolgiis  favour  hia  caplirea.  Ath  Caille  ii 
placed  at  Killaloe  by  O'DonoTsn,  butlbe  "  Annidi  of  Iniafallen,"  1071,  aeeni  to  iliov 
Ibat  the  two  placet  were  diitinct.  It  waj  probably  at  O'Brien**  Bridge,  or  the  faid 
below  Doonaat.  Ctetaballach  ii  Cratloe,  Bliabb-oidhoadha-ui-tiogb,  tbe  modem  Crailoe 
hill.  Hagh  Adhair,  the  plain  between  Quin  and  Claonoy.  The  auibor  of  "  The 
Citcuit  "iUed918(EeeIri>bArchiDo).  Soc.  rublicationi). 

3  £2 


40D      mcfKMJL  mocan  or  imouAKiEB  or  ikke.ahd. 

Ia  Urn  ^twj  J^ar^  if  trwditkm  ea  iiot,^ 


^ekktoie  hffgiimiBg  of  thst  great 

pvt  its  Bsik  for  etei  on  ofur  eoaixtry'M^ 

brildiigi  hoe  deKzibed  weie  built  bj  this 

like  tiifr  yrtnJ  kimgi  im  MaghMi  we  Bee  diml j  Comuie 

else  inm  tke  YbhoLgt^  and  bis  desoendanta, 

mi  BSfid,  im  tbe  fifkk  ccHteiy,  fiM»<«^  Fin  and  bis  son 

hmfdMd  W  Sc  Pttntk  st  »^*^     Aed  Cbemh,  wha 

Ea^dost  fil  Carf-^?  ia  671,  sad  is  edefaiated  in  tbe  iK>em  of 

st  tbe  iBaagmatum.     From  Aed  de- 

£i22tfr  cl  Sc  Flsaasa,  vbo  was  King  of  Tbomond, 

to  tLe  p^aa  cf  Ht  Tboiidbealbbsitii,*  and  dying  abont 

f  thsiztj  sad  Core.  "  tbe  lint  cf  the  Dalgais,''^ 


T^^  4t^  AMtPTtg  gi>£.r^^e*I  ebaygfcpr  miong  Aga^  ^™g«  ^»  TjM»li^y^  son 

«f  Ccar,  -^  ft  &ir-hiired  sxac,''  mgaing  bc&ve  S47y  irbo  (ss  will  be  told 

« to  FdiBijy  King  of  Guhel,  wbo  bad  adyanced 
to  liag^ii  nfsiwain  before  Cra^lea.  Tisrbtna  enter- 
tained tbe  B«Barcb  ia  bi»  palace,  and  Felimy  made  a  poem  in  bis  bononr 
and  gftTv  him  h»  bone,  his  robes,  and  bis  blesang,*  tbongb  tbe  latter, 
fnm  tha  cpiwr<mal  ptulsagi  of  tbe  cbanJies  of  CloomscnoiBe,  Dmrow,. 
and  KHfiare,'  must  bare  bad  little  cfEect.  TiarbtTia  aeems  to  bare  leigneti 
far  doirr.  the  cez,tzrv,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son  "  Lorcan,  of  Loogh 
Dcrs," — "  Lore  cf  the  T-^r-p/'  He  stood  high  in  the  friendship  of 
CoriELic  M'CT^ilrraii  of  C&shcL  who  visited  him,  urged  on  him  the  im- 
portanre  of  religioiis  edxication  for  children,  and  nominated  him  as  his 
sacce<sor  to  the  throne  cf  Cashel  in  903.  Bat  Lorcan  does  not  seem  to 
hare  obtained  the  honour.*    Flan  Sunagh,  the  snpreme  king,  made  a  raid 

^  *•  Chrcnicoc.  Scctcna/*  923,  xj  improbable.  •*  Ann.  Ulton."  941,  would  make 
him  73  Tcan  of  r£«  iX  Clontarf.  The  **  Ann.  QonnMUTioiwe,"  howerer,  make  him  88, 
%.*.  bcm  in  926. 

*  **  Ui  Thoirdhealbhahh ,  cf  the  Hocse  of  Tal,  near  unto  Flannan's  KOldalua, 
deL-ghtf^  its  -woods,  and  generous  its  lands,  from  the  West  to  the  Shannon  *'  (<*  Topo- 
grapty  cf  GiUadcff  CHuidriE,"  ad.  1400,  p.  129). 

^  '*  Wars  of  the  Gael  and  Gall,*'  p.  67.  Among  Ccw's  "eight  battles  "  we  maj 
place  the  slaughter  of  the  Norsemen  &nd  Danes  812  /Chron.  Scot.),  the  war  in 
Corcoraskin  and  Tradree  634,  and  ihe  d«:feat  of  Turgeis  in  a  nayal  battle  on  Lough 
Deargh  838  CWars  G.G.)- 

*0*Kcilly*s  MS8.,  toL  iii,  R.I.A.  (called  "The  Book  of  Munster"  by  Dr. 
O'Brien),  gires  original  poems  bj  King  Felimy  M^Crimhan.  Profeasor  O'liOoney 
most  kindly  translated  this  and  the  poem  of  Flan  M^Lonain  for  me. 

»  See  "Chron.  Scot."  and  «*  Ann.  Clonmacnoise." 

*  O'Donoghue's  "Memoirs  of  the  O'Briens"  follows  Keating  in  statins  that 
Lorcan,  son  of  Lachtna,  did  succeed,  but  quotes  "  Annals  of  the  Four  Masters,  *  920, 
which,  like  **  Wars  of  the  Gael  and  Gall,"  and  **Book  of  licinster,"  make  Lorcan. 


_>j:        __         _  _    _ 

killalob:  its  akoibnt  palaces  ahd  cathedral.      401 

through  ITunster,  trom  "  Borhaime  to  Cork,'"  playing  chess  in  each  ter- 
ritory in  bravado.  At  last  he  entered  Hy  C'aisin  877  ;  his  bard.  Flan 
U'Lonain,  "the  Virgil  of  the  Gael,"  had  warned  him  againgt  iceulting 
the  Dalgais,  but  he  disregarded  the  poet,  marched  "  to  the  very  place  of 
inaaguration  "  at  Kagh  Adhair,  and,  after  a  light  lunch,  challenged  one 
of  his  chiefs  to  a  game  vt  ciit-^s.  He  was  not  destined  to  finish  it,  for 
Lorcan,  with  a  Btrong  army,  fell  on  him  and  burst  into  the  place  where 
the  king  was  playing,  "breaking  liis  gaming  tables."  Flan  Sunagh 
escaped  with  difficulty,  and  was  cut  oS  from  supplies  and  kept  fighting 
for  three  days ;  Sioda  of  Hyeaisin  (ancestor  of  the  M'Namaras)  taking  a 
prominent  part  in  the  combats.  At  last,  worn  out  wilh  cold,  hunger,  and 
fighting  (his  armies  being  too  terrified  to  rest,  and  completely  exhaui'tcd) 
Flan  Burrendered.  Lorcan  treated  Liiin  courteously,  fed  his  army  abun- 
dantly, and  escorted  him  over  the  Shannon.'  Lorcan  iraa  evidtnlly 
sensitive  on  questions  of  honour,  for,  after  coming  to  Bath-nan. Urlon, 
near  Cashel,  he  refused  to  enter  the  city  on  an  unceremonious  invitation 
from  the  frifndly  King  Cormac  till  ho  received  a  fomial  messoge,* 
Later  on  Teige  M'Cathoi,  King  of  Connaught,  invaded  central  Clare, 
but  the  natives,  by  fire  signals,  raised  an  alarm,  and  Lorcan  mustered 
his  troops  at  £incora,  and  drove  out  the  northern  army.* 

Lorcan's  son,  "  Kennedy  the  Pure,"  succeeded  ;  he  was  attacked  by 
the  Kings  of  Meath,  Eile,  Deaiblia,  and  Ifuscrytire,  joined  by  Tcige,  o( 
Connaught,  Lorcan's  enemy,  and  the  Prince  of  Corcomroe,  but  Kennedy 
gave  them  a  crushing  defeat  at  Soighlcan. 

He  seems  to  have  claimed  the  kingdom  of  Uunst«r,  and  legend  says 
he  was  about  to  be  elected  when  his  opponent's  mother  succeBsfully  cited 
against  him  the  oft-broken  law  of  alternate  Buccession.  This,  however, 
presupposes  the  Itingship  of  hia  father  Lorcan,  which  is  more  than 
doubtful.  Kennedy's  sympathy  with  "Murchad  of  the  leather  cloaks"  in 
94 1 ,  sprang  from  his  hatred  of  Callaghau  of  Caahel,  who  hod  defeated  him 
with  great  loss  at  Uagh-duinc  the  year  before.*  He  died,  as  became  the 
descendant  of  Core,  Lachtna,  and  Lorcan,  bravely  fighting  the  Danes 
in  950,*  and  left  two  noble  sons  Muhun  and  Brian,  who  fill  so  large  a 
place  in  our  most  heroic  history,  to  walk  in  his  footsteps  and  emulate  his 
patriotism. 

ton  of  Cooligui,  King  of  Cubel  in  Ibnt  jear.     Dr.  U'Siien's  srgumMiti  in  favokir  of 
Ul«ra  being  tevvral  O'BiiFiu  Kings  of  Cubel  before  Uibon  ore  fir  from  coavincing. 
I  •'  Ann^  of  the  Four  Huten.'' 

*  Poem*  byFUn  H'Loiuui^  cliief  poet  of  Etin  (died  681 — "  Anoali  of  tlie  Pour 
Uuton  "]■  He  pniiee  tbe  farbeuiince  ind  forgiviiig  apiiil  of  the  Dklgou — HSS. 
B.I.A.,  23.  B.  36.     Brian  Boru  alludea  to  Ibis  war  in  668. 

*  Connao't  poem  on  the  DsIkus  wu  in  the  ■' Pulter  of  Caibel":  O'Brien  oa 
"Taciitij";  V»Uancej'»  "CoUett.,"  vol.  i,,  pp.  I6i-*6b;  EeaCing'i  '■  Hiiloij." 

*  U8S.  II.I.A.,  2S.  E.  26,  pp.  4I-4S. 

*  "Ann.  Clon.,"'  937,  i.e.  940  ;  4Dd  "  Ann.  Four  Utileia." 

*  "  Cbton.  Scot."  Ur.  Todd  ii  miit»kea  in  npng  Keaatij't  dentil  ii  tioI  in  liu 
"  A&aali."     "  Win  of  (be  Gael  uid  OaU,"  p.  ib,  lUte  that  tbe  Duxta  killed  tim  io 

Si9. 


402       KncAL  maar  or  AwruiakmtxB  €fr 


»  ike '' B(Mk  €fl  SigjKti.'^  TW  Ddffsb  pnd  ao  tnlmte  to  tte  Eb^  cf 
CMkI,  iMit  hdd  tibe  prood  postiM  ol  lomimg  kw 
west  U>  war,  sad  «f  eorrerxBg  Itis  retrut  Iran  Ae 
Tluir  king  bad  m  ahcnucte  rig^t  witk  Ukt  Eogfaaaaektiy  to  tte  I'^g'i-- 
#1  Mimi<«T,  arad  when  not  eajojin^  it,  sat  l«nde  the  Cin^  of  Gaih^  **  w^ 
kk  tlMyiilder/'  reeeired  from  liim  20  eowi,  200  fllccd%  3  nags  of  gold,  4 
flops  (each  with  a1)c«t,  asidannMirioir2K>]dien^  :  am  o&er  oeeasiflaa  lO 
ftecdi,  10  iioti  of  ekihing,  2  ring!,  2  eheMboods,  or  10  dnaiking  lionia 
aMonted  with  gold,  20  iwords,  and  30  itecds.  Tke  *iift^^rtf  of  Coro- 
rmHun^  Bnrrea,  and  Coreornxoe  paid  trihate  to  Caali^  wlddi  aecomita  for 
the  king  baring  a  palace  in  each.  The  Prince  ol  ThooMMnd  was  aabject 
to  the  following  ttrangereatrictions :  be  was  to  keep  hones  for  his  atewazda^ 
to  hare  12  confidential  adTisen,  and  to  tell  all  his  secieta  to  kia  qpeen. 
If  this  last  rule  was  enforced  we  can  sympathize  with  Biiaa'a  diiwee  from 
Oonnflaitb  and  her  bitterness,  for  "  so  grim  was  she  •g*™*^  King  BxiaiL 
that  she  would  fain  bare  bad  him  dead.'^ 

Eril  were  the  dajs  when  the  history  of  KiUaloe  opens  ;  '*  there  was 
an  astonishing  and  awfuUy  great  oppression  orer  all  Ezin,  throog^nt 
its  breadth,  bj  powerful  blue  Gentiles  and  fierce  hard-hearted  I>ane8  "^ 
from  812.  **Tbe  sea  threw  up  floods  of  foreigners."  CoTcoraakin  and 
TradreCy  lying  along  the  "  Luimneach "  or  Shannon  estuary,  were  the 
theatre  of  war.  As  we  look  down  these  two  dismal  centuries^  we  aee 
Turgeis  the  Dane  (instead  of  Patrick's  successor)  holding  Annagk,  and 
Ota,  bis  wife,  seated,  giving  her  oracles,  on  the  altar  of  the  great 
church  of  Clomnacnoise,  while  their  fleets  swept  Loughs  Bee  and  Deargb  ;. 
then  Turgeis  was  slain,  and,  after  a  fierce  struggle,  the  Irish  prevailed 
again  Ht  the  foreigners,  and  the  land  bad  rest  forty  years. 

**  Many  a  petty  king  .  .  . 

Killed  in  thia  Isle,  and  ever  waging  war 
Each  upon  other,  wasted  all  the  land, 
And  still  from  time  to  time  the  heathen  hosts 
Swarmed  oyer  seas,  and  harried  what  was  left." 

The  tragedy  recommenced  in  916.  Limerick  was  now  the  centre  of 
the  plague  ;  its  Danes  ravaged  Inniscaltra  (Holy  Island),  and  drowned  its 
relics  and  shrines  (though  the  men  of  Corcovaskin  and  Kerry  had  givea 
the  0 entiles  a  crusbing  defeat  at  Shannid,  and  slain  three  of  their  leaders, 
bearing  the  euphonious  names  of  Rot,  Pudarall  and  Smuralt)  and  over- 
spread the  land,  till  **  none  of  the  men  of  Erin  had  power  to  give  the  milk 

»  ••Loabhar  na  gCeart./'  pp.  43,  62,  67,  69,  71,  81,  87,  250,  661.  The  Dalgais 
allege  to  the  ambassadors  of  King  Felim  as  a  reason  for  not  paying  tribute,  that  they 
had  won  their  land  by  their  own  sword,  and  it  had  been  no  part  of  Munster.  Cormae 
M^Cuilenan  says,  **  It  is  not  fealty  that  is  required  of  them,  but  to  defend  the  freedom 
of  Cftshol ;  it  is  not  cess  nor  tribute.'*—"  Wars  of  the  Gael  and  Gall,*'  p.  66. 

»  I)asent*s  **  Burnt  Niall,**  toI.  ii.,  p.  323. 

«  ••  Wars  of  the  Gael  and  Gall,**  i.  to  xl. ;  "  Chron.  Scot.,"  from  812  ;  Torfieus. 
in  last  chapter  of  vol.  i.  of  his  **  History  of  Kings  of  Norway.** 


KILLALOE ;   ITS  ANCIENT  PALACES  AND  OATHEDHAL. 


403 


o(  Mb  cow  Dor  as  much  as  a  clutch  of  egge  of  ono  hen,  in  succour  or  in 
kindness  to  an  aged  man  or  a  friend.'"  The  dorkeat  hour  came  before  tho 
dawn.  Mehon,  son  of  Kennedy,  King  of  Thomond,  had  in  959  heen 
chosen  King  of  Cashel,'  and  waged  rigorous  war  on  the  Danes,  though 
harassed  and  defeated  by  Fergall  O'Eorke,  King  of  Connaught,  "With 
such  odds  against  him,  it  is  little  wonder  ho  lost  heart,  and  made  peace 
with  the  armies  of  the  aliens,  but  bis  brother  Brian  held  out  among  tho 
Hybloid  in  the  hills  behind  Killoloe,  and  so  reyaged  the  Donee  of  Tradreo 
that  (like  the  Normans  in  1277)  tL«y  tried  to  keep  out  the  Irish  by  an 
entrenchment.  Brian's  mon  had  nearly  all  fallen  when  at  last  he  sought 
his  brother  and  reminding  him  that  "  Lorcan,  son  of  Lachtuu,  would  not 
have  submitted,"  even  to  the  Ard  High,  "  for  as  long  as  it  takes  to  play  a 
game  of  chess  on  the  green  of  Magh  Adhair,"  persuaded  Mahon  to  try  his 
fortune  again,  and  the  fierce  battle  of  Sulchoid,  against  the  Danish 
Governors  of  Limerick,  Watorford,  and  Cork  (fought  in  the  heart  of  his 
kingdom,  in  full  sight  of  tho  great  peaks  of  the  Oalteef:,  scored  by  a 
thousand  water  courses),  resulted  in  complete  Tictoty  tor  Mahon ;  and  the 
destruction  of  Limeriek  crowned  their  arms.'  Brian  then  exterminated  the 
foreigners  of  the  Shannon  Islands  (Scattery,  Inniismorc,  and  Innisdadrum), 
nor  did  the  Danish  power  in  Limerick  ever  again  become  formidable. 
Uahon  was  treacherously  slain  by  Donovan,  son  of  Cathel,  his  own 
countryman,  in  976,  his  blood  staining  the  Gospel  of  St.  Barry  of  Cork, 
as  he  clasped  it  as  a  shield  to  his  breast — 

"  Loud  lo-dsy  is  the  piercing  wail  throughout  the  land  of  Hy  Torlough 
For  the  lo»  at  the  hero  Uahon,  sou  of  Keonedv,  wu  of  Lwcan. 
The  Weat  a  fuU  of  liii  time,  the  fierj  King  of  Boromba."  * 

Uahon's  death  established  Brian  as  king,  and  the  latter  built  (or  rebuilt)  the 
palace  of  Kincora,  the  churches  of  Killaloe,  Inniscaltra,  and  Tomgraney, 
and  the  Bound  Tower  of  the  latter  place. 

Kincora  now  became  the  virtual  capital  of  Ireland  ;  we  can  gather 
little  about  its  appearance,  but  the  main  building  seems  to  have  stood  on 
the  rising  ground  at  the  Clare  end  ©f  the  bridge  of  Killaloe :  it  had  en- 
closures of  stone,  within  which  stood  a  number  of  circular  houses  of 
timber  and  wicker,  with  clay  rammed  between  the  planking,  and  probably 
painted  in    gaudy  colours:  it  also  had  a  well  and  salmon  pond,  and 

1  "  Wars  of  the  Gael  snd  Gall,"  il. 

•  •'  ChroH.  Scot.,"  858  :  compart  97*. 

'  A  poem  in  "  Wars  of  the  Gael  and  Oall"  leems  to  msks  it  SuibU,  i.t.  Eiliia- 
•ools,  Co.  Clare.     Sukhoid  (now  called  Solloghod)  ii  Dear  th>  Limerick  Juoctioa. 

*  "  Wan  of  the  Gael  and  Gall,"  Ixii.  T^,  aiul  iho  cieiilion  uf  lionutnbe  in  877, 
leems  to  tupport  the  view  thit  Brian'i  aurtiame  wu  drrired  from  the  palace  (ai  ila 
nunc  vai  deiiied  from  the  ford  Bnl-u&.Boroimhe),  and  diMounlengncci  thu  ilatcmeni 
that  Die  name  vai  given  both  to  king  and  pahice  bf  the  bard  M'Liag  (uhen  Biiaa 
gave  him  all  the  calUe  of  the  I^inater  tribute),  or  token  bf  tbe  king  on  rrimpotiDg  the 
anoieni  caille  tribuU  on  Leiniter,  but  tho  laller  event  it  iu»re  than  doubtful.  O'Curr) 
aneen  at  llely  Oulton  (w  oonfuuDg  Kinoora  and  BatUnu,  but  Dutlou  had  no  1m«  a 
f olio V -culprit  than  H'liag  hiaadf,  who  tnali  Bonuu  at  a  put  of  Kinoon. 


404        KOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 

apparently  scattered  out-buildings  along  the  river  as  far  as  its  only 
existing  relic,  the  fort  ot  Borama,  atill  called  Balborn,  while  to  the  south, 
half-way  down  the  eteep  slope,  lay  two  churches,  the  one  the  fine  stone 
roofed  "damhiiag"  and  the  other  on  the  site  of  the  Cathedral.  Mac 
Liag,  Brian's  bard,  enables  us  to  form  an  idea  of  the  great  baoqueting 
hall  of  Boruma.'  On  entering  by  the  principal  door  (probably  to  the 
north)  you  saw.  on  a  raised  dais  to  your  right,  the  throne  of  Brian  ;  to  his 
right  was  the  scat  of  the  King  of  Connaught,  to  his  left  that  of  TJlster, 
while  the  King  of  Tirowen  faced  him.  They  seem  to  have  had  a  smaller 
table  to  themselves,  before  which  and  below  the  dais  was  a  larger  table, 
at  which  sat  Prince  Murchad  (the  heir- apparent),  directly  in  front  of  bis 
father  and  with  his  back  to  him,  having  the  seats  of  the  Kings  of  Meath, 
and  Tirconnell  to  his  right  and  left.  At  the  end  farthest  from  the  door 
Prince  Teige  (son  of  Brian  and  Gormflaith)  sat  with  the  chief  of  Hy 
Fiacra  Aidne  to  his  right,  and  O'Kelly  of  Hy  Many  to  his  left,  while  at 
the  end  neit  the  door  sat  Donchad  (Brian's  actual  successor)  between 
Malechlaiu  the  ex-King  of  Erin,  and  Maelmordha,  King  of  Leinster.  The 
board  shone  with  numerous  gold  mounted  cups  (that  of  Brian'  was  extant 
so  late  as  1152,  when  Toriough  O'Brien  took  it  to  the  north),  and 
wine  was  plentiful,  for  the  Danes  of  Dublin  and  Limerick  contributed 
over  500  tuns  per  annum.  The  poet  M'Liag  was  handed  the  first 
cup  when  present.  The  pages  wore  richly  embroidered  coats,  which 
oocaeionolly  suffered  from  the  owners  taking  up  their  masttra'  quarrels 
and  coming  to  blows ;  they  had  also  to  furbish  the  shields,  which  probably 
hung  on  the  wall  behind  their  Lords'  chairs  of  state.  The  food  comprised 
hecf,  mutton,  and  fresh  pork,  gamo  and  fish,  oat-cakes,  cheese,  curds, 
cresses,  and  onions;  fruits  and  nuts  when  in  season;  the  drink  being 
beer,  mead,  wine,  and  bilberry -juice.  The  meat  was  cooked  in  the 
dining-hall  itself,  the  smoke  escaping  by  an  opening  in  the  centre  of  the 
conical  roof.' 

We  only  find  one  episode  in  the  history  of  Kincora  during  Brian's 
reigu.  It  happened  in  the  fatal  year  1014,  and  is  allegod  to  have 
been  the  cause  of  the  confederacy  which  was  shattered  at  Clontnrt. 
Maelmordha,  King  of  Leinster,  was  paying  a  state  visit  to  King  Brian, 
and  (exasperaU'd  by  the  bitter  tongue  of  his  sister  Oonnflaith,  the 
king's  repudiated  wife,  who  was  imprudently  permitted  to  reside  at 
Kincora)  was  watching  a  game  of  chess  between  Prince  Murchad  and 
one   of  his   relatives.     The   Lagcnian   suggested  a   move  which  made 

'  Quoted  by  O'Cuny,  "Manneca  and  Ciufonu,"  vol.  ii.,  Loct.  vi.,  MSS.  E.I.A,. 
23,  Q,  8. 

■Among  tbe  otber  relics  of  iHs  great  king  wa  may  not«  tliat  hU  harp  and  crown 
were  taken  lo  Rome,  hy  his  eon  Donchad,  and  hia  avord  rocovered  from  Dermot,  Slog 
ofLeinator,  by  Torlough  O'Brien,  King  of  Ireland,  in  1068  ("Ann.  Inisf.") 

s  O'Cuny 'a  "  Manners  »nd  Cuatoms,"  and  "  Book  of  Bighta."  Falimy  M'Crim- 
tbnnn  prays  God  to  give  Lachlna  abundance  of  tat  pigs  and  other  provisiana. — USB. 
"Book  of  Munitet," 


I 


KILLALOE :   ITS  ANCIEKT  PALACES  ASD  CATHEDEAL.        403 

Murchod  lose  the  game.  Tlic  piince  turned  round  and  said  petulontij  : 
"  It  was  you  who  gave  ftdvico  to  thu  foreigners  when  they  were  defeated  " 
(at  Glenmama  in  Wicklow,  where  Uurchad  had  dragged  Uaclmordhft 
from  the  friendly  but  undignified  shelter  of  a  yew  tree  in  997.)  Mael- 
mordha  retorted  angrily,  "  I  will  advise  them  again,  and  they  will  not  be 
defeated."  "  Then,"  sneeredthe  prince  "have  a  yew  tree  ready."  Uacl- 
mordha  left  the  room  in  a  passion,  and  as  suon  as  posaible  set  out 
from  the  palace  (probably  bringing  his  sister  with  him).  He  was  just 
mounting  bis  horse,  which  had  been  Jed  over  the  rough  plank  bridge  of 
Eilloloe  to  the  Tipperary  shore,  when  Corcoran,  one  of  Brian's  attendants, 
catne  U>  him  with  a  message  of  peace  from  the  king ;  but  the  cnrage<l 
priDce  struck  down  the  messenger  at  the  end  of  the  bridge,  with  bis 
yew-wood  horse-rod  and  rode  away.'  All  know  the  subsequent  result 
of  this  trivial  quarrel,  but  as  it  does  not  directly  affect  Killaloe,  1 
merely  allude  to  the  great  contest  at  Clontarf  "  when  the  foreigners  of 
the  world  from  Lochlain  westward  asseuibled  against  Erin,"'  the  death 
of  the  only  really  famous  King  of  Erin,  and  the  mutual  crippling  of 
Northman  and  Celt  till  after  two  centuries  the  Kormoua  were  upon 
them. 

"  Where,  ob,  Eincors,  is  Biian  the  greatf 

And  where  is  the  besutj  that  once  vu  thinef' 

Acd  «herp  nre  ihe  princei  and  nobles  ihat  lat 

At  the  fciuU  in  thy  hslli,  and  dianlc  llie  ted  *  iot— 

Where!-  Oh.  Emwi™!"* 

"  iJrian,  Emperor  of  the  Scots,"*  and  bis  noble  heir  Uurchad  had 
scarce  Iain  two  years  in  their  graves  at  Armagh,  when  the  Counaught- 
men  ravaged  and  destroyed  the  palace  at  Killaloe.  Later  on  in  tb« 
leign  of  Brian's  son,  Donchad,  (whose  accession  had  been  foret«ld  by 
Aibhell  in  his  father's  dream  before  Clontarf)'  the  country  waa  suffer- 
ing, as  in  our  duy,  from  bad  weather  and  rained  trops,  to  remedy  which 
the  king  gathered  a  meetiugof  the  clergy  and  laity  of  Munster  in  1050  at 
Killaloe.  "They  made  laws,  imposed  restraints,  and  reformed  grievances, 
and  God  favoured  them  with  good  weather  and  peace,"  though  thirteen 
years  of  aimless  feuds  scarcely  suggests  the  peace  of  God. 

In  1062,*  Aedh  O'Conor  attacked  Eincora  and  destroyed  its  fort: 
there  was  a  well  in  its  enclosure,  and  a  soit  of  tank  made  of  masonry,  in 

>  "  Won  ot  the  Uiel  4Qd  Gall,"  lizxii. 

■  "  Chron.  Scot."  For  uoQ-iriih  noticM  tee ''Burnt  Njsl,"  " Brut- j-Tjwyaogum," 
le. 

'  Hurkertaeh  M' Ling's  poRn  berore  1  OlS,  reodend  inia  English  poetry  hy  llsogaa. 

*  "  Book  of  Armsgh."  The  lubsequent  evente  ninj  be  veiitied  in  "  TishersMfa's 
Annals";  lho"Chnin.  Scot.";  "Annats  ottte  Four  llMlen";  "Annals  ol  Ulslor"; 
"  Anciect  Annsls  of  IniibUea  ";  "  Annuls  of  ClonmacnoUe,"  1  strire  only  to  nva 
the  hiitory  concerning  Killaloe,  and  to  SToid  the  endless  details  of  tbose  wretched 
raids  and  conspiincies  which,  in  the  twelfth  cenluiy,  brought  the  house  of  Brian  to 

*  "  Wan  of  the  Gael  and  Gall,"  p.  SOI.    "  Fray  for  the  King  of  Erin  Doaolud. 
D  of  Brian,''  ia  engrared  un  the  case  of  the  "  Stows  Hiisal." 

*  *'AnnaIiol  UUon."     1061  in  Tighemach  sod  Chron.  Scot. 


I 


406        KOYAL   80CIETT  OP  AHTIQUAHIEa  OP  IHBLAKD. 

which  aB  BOmetimes  occurs  in  modern  holy  wells,  lived  two  great  salm 
held  in  euperstitioua  respect  by  the  Dalgais ;  these  fish  the  iusoli 
conqueror  at«,  filled  up  the  well,  hroke  down  the  weir  of  Eincora,  t 
burned  Killaloc.  He  Bomo  time  before  had  also  insulted  the  Balgais 
cutting  down  the  tree  of  MaghAdhair'  where  their  kings  were  in: 
gnrated. 

Soon  after  the  destruction  of  bis  palace,  Donchad  was  deposed 
instigating  the  murder  of  hia  hrother  Teige,  and  went,  a  pilgrim  an< 
penitent,  to  Rome ;  hringing  bb  an  offering  to  the  Pope  the  crown 
harp  of  his  mighty  father,  BriaaBoni.  Then  ensued  ten  years  of  war, 
Turlough'  (Thordhealbhagh),  son  of  the  murdered  Teige,  fought  Donch 
son,  Uurchad  of  the  short  shield,  whom  be  attacked  in  the  palaci 
Kincora,  1 065,  and  slew  many  of  his  followers.  Three  years  later  Mun 
was  killed  by  the  men  of  Teathba,  and  Torlough  reigned  in  Uunst 
nominal  Ard  High,  recognized  by  the  kings  of  Meath,  Tarah  and  Dul 
In  1072  he  set  out  for  Clonmacnoise  and  took  from  its  cemetery  the 
of  Conor,  King  of  Tarah  (who  had  been  slain  the  previous  January,  H 
and  brought  it  as  a  trophy  to  Kincora.  The  Annalists  tell  a  strange 
how  a  mouse  ran  out  of  the  skull  into  the  king's  rohcs,  and  he 
taken  ill  by  the  vengeance  of  God  and  St.  Kieron,  eo  that  his  haii 
beard  began  to  fall  off.  In  great  terror  he  returned  the  trophy  and 
gold  rings  to  the  abbey  on  Easter  Sunday,  after  which  he  felt  better, 
in  recognition  of  this  mercy,  immediately  invaded  £reagfaa  and 
Maelmordha  0' Casey. 

In  1074  he  rebuilt  the  bridges  of  Killaloe  and  Ath  Caille  ' 
fortnight,"  aided  by  a  levy  of  Mungter  men.  His  reign  is  notew 
for  a  deputation  of  "  five  Jews  from  beyond  the  sea,"  who  brough 
gifts,  which  he  received,  hut  sent  the  men  away :  not  even  in  t 
Thomond  would  they  be  tolerated.*  M 

In  1078  his  queen,  Oormfiaith,  died  at  Killaloe,  leaving  mutdH 
to  ihe  poor.     She  was  buried  at  Iniscaltru. 

Then  are  recorded  two  burnings  of  Killaloe,  1081  and  1084, 
Connacians.  They  also  burned  Tomgraney  and  Moynoe  chnrc] 
the  latter  year.  Seven  years  later  Torlough  died;  of  course 
ensued  in  the  natural  order  of  things.    Buadri  O'Conor  of  Com 

'  For  adeacriplion  oIMagli  Adhoiir,  wbere  the  Kings  of  Thomond  were  inauj 
•eeour/OKrHo/,  1890-91,  p.  463.  Ill  mound  and  pillarB  eti  11  remain.  The  t 
twice  cut  down,  in  980  and  1019.  It  is  inlerestiDg  lo  nolo  a  similar  loim  of  in 
tion  in  the  Book  of  Judges :  -'  They  took  tum  (ALimclcch)  and  made  him  1 
Ihe  cat  of  the  pillar." 

'  There  are  lettera  from  Pope  Gregory,  and  from  Lanfranc,  Arctbiahop  of 
Irnry.  to  "  Tetdelvach,  the  magnificent  King  of  Ireland  in  1071  and  1086,  | 
TJeahar  in  hia  '■  Sylloge,"  vol.  iv.  of  ihe  1817  edilion,  pp.  27  and  29  ;  and  lo 
oeeaor,  "The  glorious  Muriardach,  D.  O.  Sing  of  Ireland,"  from  Anaelm  of 
bury.     (Lettera  36  lo  37,  im.) 

'  "Anotla  Iniafollen"  (Older). 

'  "  Acnala  Jnisfallen  "  (Older],  1074-1079. 


KILLALOE :  ITS  ANCIENT  PALACES  AND  CATHEDBAL. 


40T 


Bwept  the  Corcomroes  of  men  and  cattle,  pressing  on  his  mamb  in 
such  hot  haate  that  three  of  his  chiefs  were  left  behind,  and  slain  bj 
the  natives.  The  great  cairn  of  loose  rocke,  on  your  left,  as  yon 
drive  from  Ennistymon  to  Lisdoonvania  covers  their  remains,  and  is 
still  called  Cairn  Connachta.'  After  ravaging  the  district  east  of  the 
Mai^e  as  far  as  Bniree,  he  fell  on  Eillaloe  and  Kincora,  and  destroyed 
them  both.  In  the  latter  they  found  eight  score  heroes,  Irish  and  Danes, 
and  took  three  of  them  as  hoatagea ;  so  Murehad,  King  of  Erin  (King 
TorloQgh's  son)  ransomed  these  captives  for  gold,  sHver,  horses,  cows, 
and  goblets.  Soon  afterwards,  O'Connor  again  plundered  Eillaloe, 
coming  down  Lough  Deargh  (in  ehips  taken  from  Uurchad  when  he  had 
plundered  the  IslaiidB  of  Lough  Reo,  and  been  intercepted  and  defeated 
at  Clonmaenoise,  his  lleet  having  been  confiscated  and  used  to  cuurey 
the  victors  in  their  descent  on  his  country).  In  1098,  Murchod,  "  the 
golden  jewel  of  the  west,"  a  most  able  and  valiant  prince,  though  suffer- 
ing from  such  conatant  ill-health  that  he  "became  a  living  skeleton," 
took  heart  and  rebuilt  Eincora,  which  had  been  destroyed  by  the 
O'Loughlins,  on  whom  he  soon  took  signal  vengeance.  He  propitiated 
heflTen  by  dedicating  Caahel  of  the  Kings  to  the  Church,  and  then  invaded 
Inniahowen,  and  dismantled  the  Grianan  of  Aileach.  An  ancient  legend 
Bays  that  its  prince  had  compelled  the  Balgais  to  bring  timber  from 
Kincora  to  it  and  roof  a  house  in  its  enclosure  ;  however,  it  is  certain  th&t 
0'£rien  made  each  of  bis  aoldiers  bring  away  a  stone  from  the  huge 
fortress,  in  his  proiision  bag,'  which  stones  were  set  upon  the  ramparts 
of  Limerick  which  seems  to  have  become  the  favourite  residence  of  the 
descendants  of  Brian.  This  insult  was  long  remembered,  and  erea 
in  1601,  when  O'Donncll  devastated  Clare,  it  was  said  to  have  been  "  in 
revenge  of  Aileoeh." 

In  1102  Magnus,  King  of  Norway,  spent  the  winter  and  spring  (tt 
Kincora,  as  the  guest  of  Murchad,  who  betrothed  his  daughter  to 
Sigurd,  the  Norwegian's  son.' 

The  following  year  the  King  of  Alban  sent  "a  camel,  a  beast  of 
wondrous  size,"  to  Murcbad,  and  a  huge  fish  Id  feet  long  was  taken  in 
the  Shannon.*     Murcbad  seems  to  have  rebuilt  the  church  of  KillaIo« 
an  ornate  and  beautiful  style,  worthy  of  so  able  a  prince.  The  magnificent  4 
doorway  in  the  existing  cathedral  is  attributed  to  him,  and  resemble*  j 
that  of  a  church  near  Caen,  built  by  hU  friend  Henry  I.' 

1  "  FrofoBOr  O'Looney  [clU  me  that  the  local  Indition  is  ihal  the  whole  Connaugiht 
ataj.txctpl  thice  chiefs  were  ilua  and  liutifd  under  tlio  caiin. 

'Eugene  O'Curry,  quoting  Mselmuny UcGnth.    Aileach  «u  ULen  in  1101. 
'  Tori«u»*  "  UutoTT  of  the  Kings,"  *oi.  iii.,  lib.  7,  cap.  r  — ■  — 
'  ^'AnsalioIlnitfaUcn"  (Older). 


CnMthwait,  to  add  i.     _„    , „    .      -     

(ibvialed   ihe  difficultiei  wliicli  led  to  the  inoceuracf  of  the  pbotopsph  in   Lord 


a  T«rr  beautilid  phatognpb  of  thia  door.      He  neisa  to  haT»  ' 


408        ROTAL  80CIET7  OF  ANTIQUABIE8  OF  IRELAND. 

ThiB  Bomanesqae  Boath  door  of  the  Cathedral,  illofltrated  in  the 
accompanying  plates,  despite  the  brutal  defacement  by  relic  hunters,  is 
still  the  c^ory  of  Clare,  for  seldom  did  man  of  old  Erin  work  out  in  stone 
a  design  of  more  beauty.     It  consists  of  four  orders. 

The  innermost  has  a  rich  pattern  of  cherrons  and  lozenges,  the 
enclosed  spaces  carved  in  beautiful  designs  of  converging  spirals  and 
leaf  work.  The  right-hand  pillar  alone  remains.  The  capital  of  this  (as 
in  all  the  other  orders)  is  fluted  with  asparagus-like  bars  in  the  hollows, 
the  upper  part  square.  The  shaft  is  square  with  bold  flafdngs  terminat- 
ing above  in  lions'  heads  and  below  in  lions'  paws  and  human  feet,  and 
some  graceful  leaves.  The  bottom  block  of  the  left-hand  pillar  has  a 
small  indented  stand  for  the  base.  The  bases  in  every  case  have  spirals 
and  rude  foliage  on  the  cushion-moulding,  which  rests  on  square  blocks. 

The  next  order  has  a  hollowed  face,  on  which  sprawl  uncouth  animals, 
their  tails  twisted  into  the  hair  of  three  human  heads.  The  pillars  are 
square,  decorated  with  irregular  chevrons,  enclosing  uncouth  struggUng 
animals  and  graceful  foliage.  The  right-hand  pier  is  entwined  in  knots 
of  serpents ;  the  capitals  have  an  ear-like  ornament,  while  the  left-hand 
capital  has  animals. 

The  third  order  has  bold  moulded  chevrons  endiug  in  a  serpent's  head ; 
the  interspaces  are  filled  with  ''honeysuckle"  ornament,  as  fine  as  if 
designed  for  embroidery.  The  capital  of  the  right-hand  pillar  has  a 
procession  of  griffins,  each  holding  the  tail  of  the  one  before  it ;  while 
the  left  one  has  a  knot  of  snakes.  The  pillars  are  detached  round  shafts 
•cut  in  low  relief  in  lozenges  filled  with  foliage  and  flowers. 

The  fourth  order  has  an  architrave  deeply  cut  into  alternate  chevrons 
and  recesses  riclily  moulded  and  beaded,  ending  in  serpent's  heads ;  the 
capital  of  the  left  pillar  has  an  animal ;  the  right,  a  beautiful  honeysuckle 
or  trumpet  device.  The  shafts  are  square,  with  a  rich  vesica  pattern  cut 
into  the  angles,  in  curves  of  alternate  beading  and  fillets. 

The  hood  is  plain  except  the  foliaged  corbels.  A  slab  with  an  incised 
Celtic  cross  (alleged  to  be  the  tomb  of  King  Murchad  O'Brien),  and  a 
narrow  carved  slab  lie  in  its  recess. 

A  block  with  diapered  patterns  like  those  on  the  pillars  of  the  third 
order,  but  flat  instead  of  round,  lies  in  the  oratory,  but  I  question 
whether  it  belongs  to  this  arch  at  all. 

In  1107  Kincora  and  Cashel  were  struck  by  lightning,  and  sixty 
casks  of  mead  and  beer  were  destroyed.     Eleven  years  later,  about  the 

I>unraveii*8  great  work.  Mr.  Crostliwait  explains  the  alleged  inclinatioii  of  the 
jambs  in  that  book  as  arising  from  the  use  of  a  wide-angl^  lens  which  distorted 
the  Uunraven  photograph,  and  led  to  the  erroneous  description  thereto  appended. 
In  my  view  the  supposed  tomb  of  Murchad  appears  in  its  recess.  The  ornaments  in 
Die  top  comers  of  the  plate  are  in  the  chevrons  of  the  second  order.  My  drawing  of 
the  arcli  is  the  result  of  five  days*  careful  sketching.  I  drew  the  higher  details  horn 
a  rude  scaffold,  taking  rubbings  of  several,  as  they  are  scarcely  visible  from  th» 
ground. 


r  DoouvTAr  i!c  South  Wall  of  Navx  ov  nm 

KiLLALUl. 

From  a  J'lioVograpb  by  KIr.lbamii  P.  S.  Cru»h»j> 


410         ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 


time  of  the  death  of  ICurchad  (who  had  heen  d^oaed  by  hia  perjured 
brother  Dermot,  and  died  aged  68  years/  at  Lismore,  on  a  pilgrimage^ 
March  10th,  1119,  being  buried  at  KiUaloc),  another  serious  loss  befelthe 
King  of  Thomond.  Turlough  0' Conor  burst  into  his  territory  as  far  as 
Killaloe,  which  he  burned  with  its  churches;  soon  afterwards  the 
Connacians  swept  Kincora  completely  off  the  face  of  the  earth,  hurling 
all  its  timber  and  stones  into  the  Shannon,  and  they  also  destroyed  the 
neighbouring  fort  of  Boromha.' 

Thus  fell  the  royal  fort  and  palace  of  which  the  site  can  only  be  guessed 
as  between  the  chapel  and  bridge.  O'Donovan  says*  that  old  people  in 
1834  remembered  part  of  the  walls,  but  his  own  explicit  statements  to 
the  contrary  in  the  Clare  Ordnance  Survey  letters,  and  the  known  readi- 
ness of  our  peasantry  to  invent  legends  to  suit  questions  put  to  them  by 
the  curious,  render  this  statement  more  than  doubtful. 


{To  he  continued,) 


'  Murchad  was  bom  1051  (Tighemach). 

*1112,  <*Chrun.  Scot.";  1118,  "Annals  of  the  Four  Marten."  Mulconry's 
**  Inauguration  Ode  of  Teige  Acomhad  O'Brien*'  alludes  vividly  to  this :  "  He  saw 
a  palace  on  Kincora*s  height.  .  .  .  Again  he  looked  .  .  .  strange  hosts  of  steel- 
frocked  knights  in  swarms  tore  up  the  lowest  founding  stones  of  that  proud  pile.** 

^  '  Compare  '*  Ordnance  Surrey  Letters  on  Londonderry,'*  B.I.A.,  p.  26.  "  The 
ruins  of  Kincora  are  not  totally  levelled.  I  am  told  that  its  walls  were  circular,  and 
built  of  large  stones  without  cement.  This  I  firmly  belieye."  Also  those  on  Clare, 
voL  ii.,  p.  346,  which  say  of  Kincora,  **  not  a  trace  of  it  is  now  visible;"  and  p.  347, 


no  field  works  are  visible.' 


(     411      ) 


NOTES  ON  THE  "ANCIENT  MONUMENTS  PROTECTION  (IBE- 
LAND)  ACT,  1892,"  AND  THE  PREVIOUS  LEGISLATION 
CONNECl'ED  THEREWITH. 

Bv  ROBERT  COCHRANE,  F.S.A.,  F.B.I.B.A.,  M.B.I.A.,  Pwiow. 

'PnE  Fbesertatioh,  examination,  and  Ulustratioii  of  all  Ancibnt  Monc- 
VENTS  and  Memorials  of  the  past,  as  connected  with  the  antiqaities 
of  Ireland,  are  the  objects  for  which  our  Society  was  formed  in  1649;  and 
number  one  of  the  general  rules  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
Ireland,  as  set  out  in  its  constitation  aad  approved  of  hy  Her  Majesty  the 
Queen  through  Her  Princtpal  Secretary  of  State,  continues  to  declare  that 
these  are  Btill  the  finrt  and  on lt  objects  for  which  the  Society  exists.  How 
far  this  purpose  has  hecn  accomplished  the  forty-four  bulky  yearly  Tolumes, 
and  the  fourteen  Annuarics  issued  by  the  Society  ivith  some  thousands  of 
illustrations,  con  abundantly  testify. 

The  legislation  on  the  subject  of  the  protection  of  the  Ancient 
Monuments  of  our  country  is  one  of  paramount  interest  to  all  our  Members, 
and  with  a  view  to  their  information  on  thia  and  some  points  not  caailj 
obtoinablesavethrough  the  medium  of  numerous  uninviting  "RlueRiKilu" 
the  Council  of  the  Society  hare  requested  the  writer,  to  give  in  the  pages 
of  the  Journal  a  short  r^iusU  of  the  scope  of  the  recent  and  two  former 
Acts,  with  a  list  of  the  structures  brought  within  their  operation.  To  do 
this  is  indeed  in  a  measure  obligatory  on  the  port  of  the  Council,  u 
in  the  courteous  terms  of  the  letter'  of  the  Secretary  o!  tlto  Board  of 
Works,  charged  with  the  administration  of  this  Act,  that  commuoication 
is  said  to  be  made  for  the  information  of  the  Members  of  the  Society 
generally. 

Mr.  Raskin  appositely  remarks,  "  What  wo  have  oursL-lves  built, 
we  are  at  liberty  t^  throw  down,  but  what  other  men  gave  their 
strength  and  wealth  and  life  to  accomplish,  their  right  over  does  not  pais 
away  with  their  death,  still  less  is  the  right  to  the  use  of  wlmt  they  have 
left  vested  in  us  only.  It  belongs  to  all  their  suecessont."  it  was 
similar  feelings  of  obligation  U>  the  past  and  duty  to  posterity  that  guided 
the  unwearied  labours  of  such  men  as  Graves  and  Prim,  in  our  Society, 
to  preHurve,  so  na  to  pass  on  to  future  generations,  this  heritage  intact, 
and  anioiated  the  minds  of  a  bond  of  workers,  like  Bu  Noyer,* 
O'Donovan,  Wilde,  Brash,  Windele,  Hitchcock,  Hayman,  Caultield, 
and    many    others   now  passed  away,  who  placed   on    reconl   accurate 

L>  printed  on  page  427. 
'   t  tcquiTBd  eleven  large  Tolumet  of  dintrtngi  of  .^nliquillM  l^ 
mK..  f-.m  ti|«  pencil  of  lie  lute  Geoige  Victor  Du  Nojer. 


412         BOTAL  80CIE1T  OF  AHTIQUASIBB  OF  IRELAND. 

descriptions  and  illnstzBtions  of  as  many  objects  of  interest  In  the  pages 
of  our  Journal  as  came  within  their  field  6t  practical  obserratioii.     The 
immense  raloe  of  snch  methods  of  pre$erving  ancient  Monuments  is  not 
follj  nnderstood.      On  this  point  Mr.  Bomillj  Allen.    F.8.A.  (Scot.), 
sajs: — "It  cannot  be  too  clearlj  pointed  out  that  the   protection  of 
ancient  Monuments,  although  in  the  highest  degree  desirable^  is  bat  a 
secondary  consideration  compared  with  the  necessity  of  preserving  some 
record  of  their  existence  in  case  they  should  be  dratroyed  at  any  future 
time.     Once  an  ancient  building  has  been  measured,  planned,  photo- 
graphed, and  accurately  described,  its  loss  will  not  be  such  a  national 
calamity  as  if  no  particulars  about  it  had  been  kept."  ^ 

While  the  work  of  preserring  in  the  sense  thus  indicated  was 
going  on  Tigorously  and  without  intermission,  a  departure  was  made 
in  the  year  1857,  and  works  of  what  some  would  call  a  more 
practical  nature  were  entered  upon  at  the  Cistercian  Abbey  of  Jerpoint, 
Co.  Kilkenny,  where,  under  the  personal  direction  and  supervision 
of  Mr.  James  G.  Eobertson,  Architect,  a  sum  of  about  £180  was  spent 
on  judicious  and  effective  repair  which  preserved  the  principal  archi- 
tectural features  of  this  interesting  structure  from  threatened  decay,  and 
later  on  the  excavation  of  the  site  of  the  extinct  town  of  JerxK>int  waa 
undertaken.  Of  the  other  works  successf  ally  carried  out  by  the  Society,  a 
passing  reference  may  be  made  to  the  opening  of  the  beautiful  and  unique 
choir  window  in  the  remains  of  the  Franciscan  Monastery  at  Slilkenny, 
where  the  services  of  Mr.  Thomas  Drew,  Architect,  were  given  gra- 
tuitously. At  Clonmacnoise,  the  restoration  of  the  twelfth  century  archea 
of  entrance  doorway  and  chancel  of  Queen  Dervorgilla's  chapel,  was 
carried  out  under  Rev.  James  Graves's  personal  supervision,  and  it  remains 
a  perfect  specimen  and  illustration  of  the  manner  in  which  such  work 
should  be  approached  and  executed. 

Other  work  was  done  at  the  Clonmacnoise  group  of  ruins,  which  cost 
upwards  of  £200,  and  the  Round  Tower  of  St.  Finghin's  Church,  which 
was  dangerous,  was  left  secure.  Not  the  least  important  work  done 
by  the  Society  here  was  the  prosecution  of  a  number  of  persons  who  had 
mutilated  and  injured  the  sculptured  stones.  It  was  the  first  prosecution 
of  the  kind  attempted,  and  as  it  was  widely  known  and  talked  of,  must 
have  had  a  most  beneficial  effect  in  deterring  others  from  committing 
such  wanton  depredations.  The  cost  of  the  proceedings  was  very  heavy, 
and  was  defrayed  by  subscriptions  collected  by  the  Society  for  the 
purpose. 

At  Monasterboice  the  Round  Tower  was  secured  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Mr.  J.  Bell,  Architect,  and  a  survey  was  made  of  the  ruins  at 
Glendalough,  for  the  Society,  by  Sir  William  Wilde  and  Rev.  James 
Graves,  and  in  this  case  Mr.  Drew's  professional  services  were  again 
at  the  disposal  of  the  Society.    Almost  every  ruin  of  interest  in  the 

^  Archaologia  Cambrmnt,  vol.  vii.,  Fifth  Series,  1890,  p.  276. 


ANCIENT  MOITOMENTS  PROTECTION  (mELAND)ACT,  1892.    413 

country,  where  reported  in  dunger,  vr&e  examined,  and  where  the  Society 
could  not  undertake  the  work,  local  ictoroBt  woa  aroused,  and  the  desired 
ohject  effected.  The  example  thus  Bct  had  tar-rc-aching  effects,  and 
influenced  a  number  of  proprietors  who  had  such  monuuients  on  their 
estates  to  take  an  actiTe  interest  in  their  preservation. 

"While  these  operations  were  going  on  no  opportunity  was  lost  of 
directing  public  attention  to  the  necessity  of  the  preservation  of  the 
ancient  monuments  of  the  country  by  the  GoTemment,  and  the  Society 
adopted  a  national  petition  to  Parliament  for  an  annual  grant  of  money  to 
be  laid  out  under  the  supervision  of  a  committee  of  Antiquaries  for  the 
preservation  of  the  ruins  of  A.uoient  Irish  Buildings. 

The  Poor-law  Cummissionors  (now  Local  Govomnient  Board)  were, 
in  November,  1868,'  communicated  with,  and  asked  to  introduce  into  all 
contracts  for  enclosing  burial-grounds  a  clause  against  using  any  pcrtions 
of  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  churches  or  any  monument  or  sculptured  stone 
found  witliin  the  cemeteries,  and  to  this  request  that  body  assenteJ.  It 
had  come  to  the  knowledge  of  the  Society  that  in  many  cases  contractors 
employed  by  Boards  of  Guardians  bod  used  the  stones  of  the  ancient 
churches  for  buililing  the  enclosing  walls  of  burial-grounds,  and  tte 
interference  of  the  Poor-law  Board  in  the  manner  suggested  by  the 
Society  had  tho  most  satisfactory  results. 

The  Government  of  the  day  was  approached,  both  in  Parlbraent,  and 
by  deputations  to  tho  responsible  Ministers :  memorial  forms  were  adopted, 
printed  and  circulated,  and  petitions  were  forwarded  from  almost 
every  town  of  importance  in  the  country ;  and  these  efforts,  combined 
with  the  exertions  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  under  its  President,  Lord 
Talbot  do  Kalabido,  were  instrumental  in  the  introduction  of  a  clause  in 
the  Irish  Church  Act  of  1869  (32  &  33  Vict.  c.  42),  under  the  25th  sec- 
tion of  which,  the  Irish  Church  CommiBsioners  were  empowered  to  transfer 
to  the  Secretary,  Board  of  Works,  "upon  trust  for  preservation  as  a 
National  Monument,  and  not  to  bo  used  as  a  place  of  public  worship,  any 

oous  disused  ecclesiastical  structure  which,  by  reason  of  its  archi- 
tectural character  or  antiquity  is  deemed  worthy  of  preservation." 

The  same  section  empowered  the  Irish  Church  Commissioners  to  pay 
to  the  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Works  out  of  Church  funds,  the  sum  that 
might  be  necessary  for  maintaining  tho  structure. 

The  groups  of  buildings  so  transferred  are  137  in  number ;  a  list  of 
lem  is  herein  given.  The  sum  of  £50,000  was  handed  over  to  the 
Board  of  Works,  and  invested  for  their  maintenance. 

The  expenditure  to  commencement  of  this  year  on  works  of  restora- 
tiou,  salaries,  &c.,  as  shown  by  tho  Blue  Books,  amounted  to  a  total  of  about 
£35,000;  and  the  interest  on  the  balance  of  stock  is  all  that  is  now 
available  to  pay  for  the  necessary  work  of  preservation  and  other  expenses, 
including  the  salary  of  a  Superintenilent  (Sir  T.  N.  Dcanc),  appointed  by 

'  Soa  Jeurtiai,  vol.  i.,  Tbicd  Seria^  1869,  p.  314. 
IOCS.  a.a.A.t.,  VOL.  u.,  rr.  ir,,  6tm  snt-  3  F 


414  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUABIES  OF  IRELAND. 

the  Treasury.  The  expenditure  on  salary,  travelling  expenses,  caretaken, 
&c.,  amounted  to  above  £400  per  annum/  and  the  sum  available  for 
expenditure  on  works  of  preservation  is  probably  a  little  orer  £400  per 
annum. 

An  additional  salary  of  £50  has  been  granted  to  Sir  T.  N,  Deane 
in  respect  of  Monuments  placed  in  charge  of  the  Board  of  Works,  nnder 
the  Act,  46  &  46  Vict.  cap.  73,  1882,  commonly  called  Sir  John  Lubbock's 
Act,  the  maintenance  of  which  is  provided  for  in  an  annrral  vote  by 
Parliament.  The  amount  granted  for  the  latter  works  ranged  from  £150 
to  £250  annually,  but  the  expenditure  for  a  few  years  seems  to  have  been 
nominal. 

The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  Vesting  Order  of  30th  October,  1880, 
the  last  Order  made  under  the  Irish  Church  Act;  and  accompanying  it  is 
a  complete  Schedule  of  all  Structures  placed  in  charge  of  the  Board  of 
Works  under  the  provisions  of  that  Act : — 

Order  of  the  Commissioners  of  Church  Temporalities  in  Lreland  vest- 
ing certain  Ancient  Churches,  Ecclesiastical  Buildings,  and  Structures 
in  the  Secretary  of  the  Commissioners  of  Public  Works  in  Ireland,  to  be 
preserved  as  National  Monuments,  dated  Saturday,  the  dOth  day  of 
October,  1880  :— 

IRISH  CHURCH  TEMPORALITIES  COMMISSION. 

National  Monuments  Order. 

WHEREAS  various  Orders  in  pursuance  of  the  25Ui  Section  of  **  The  Irish 
Church  Act,  1869,**  have  from  time  to  time  been  made,  vesting  certain  Churches, 
Ecclesiastical  Buildings,  and  Structures,  in  the  Secretary  of  the  Commissioners  of 
Public  Works  in  Ireland,  to  be  maintained  as  National  Monuments  by  reason  of  their 
Architectural  character  and  Antiquity.  And  whereas.  The  Commissioners  of  Church 
Temporalities  in  Ireland  have  deemed  it  expedient  to  amend  and  consolidate  the  said 
Ordere,  and  to  further  exercise  the  powers  vested  in  them  by  the  25th  Section  of 
the  said  Act.  Now  it  is  this  day  Ordbrbd  by  The  Commissionebs  of  Chitbch 
Temporalities  in  Ireland,  pursuant  to  the  powers  vested  in  them,  that  the 
several  Churches,  Ecclesiastical  Buildings,  and  other  Structures  specified  in  the 
Schedule  hereto  annexed,  do  Vest  in  the  Secretary  of  The  Commissioners  of  Public 
Works  in  Ireland,  to  be  held  by  such  Secretary,  his  Heirs  and  Assigns,  upon  trust 
for  the  Commissioners  of  Public  Works,  to  be  preserved  as  National  Monuments,  and 
not  to  be  used  as  Places  of  Public  Worship.  And  it  is  further  Ordered  that  the  sum 
of  £50,000  already  paid  to  the  said  Secretary  to  be  held  upon  trust  for  the  said  Com- 
missioners, be  applied  by  them  in  maintaining  the  Churches,  Ecclesiastical  Buildings, 
and  Structures  by  this  Order  vested. 

IN  WITNESS  whereof  the  said  Commissioners  of  Church  Temporalities  in 
Ireland  have  hereunto  affixed  their  Corporate  Seal  the  day  and  year  first  above 
written. 


1  See  Board  of  Works  Annual  Report  for  the  year  1890—91,  p.  51,  wherein  tlie  sum 
is  given  as  £443  3«.  9d.  for  that  year. 


^^H 

H       ANCIENT   MONUMENTS   PHOTECTION  (iSELAND)  ACT,   1892.            415           ■ 

SCHEDULE  B£FESBED  TO  IN  THE  FOBEGOING  OKDER.                                   1 

n«eiiplion  of  [h<iChur<:hn,  Eccluiu-                 1 

No. 

COUBI,. 

Pari.1.. 

'"""'■ 

.ic=l   Bdildmg,.   .ad  olhu  Sln.«ur» 
by  th\,  Ordor  vc.1^. 

~7 

Antrim.       .  ,  Cnmfield,      . 

Cmoflold.      .       . 

fiuins  of  Church,  Black  Oak  Cro*., 
Ruins  of  Churoh. 

i 

Amigh,     .  1  KiHevr. 

s 

Carlow,        .  1  St.  MuUin., 

8l,  Hulli'n, 

BuiniofMonaiiery.SoTeaCburche*, 

4c. 
Kuini  of  Church  and  Bound  Toiler, 

4 

Dramlme.     .        . 

6 

Clwe,          .    Inubcaltra,    . 

Ini8hc«ltrt,orHoly 

Buina  of  SoTon  Churcbes.   EonnJ 

Island. 

Tower.  4c 

6 

EiUiloe,         .        . 

Shantraud.     . 

Buina  of  St.  Plannan'a  Churoh. 

7 

8 

e 

KiUenora.      .        . 

Kilouragh,   . 
EUtenan,      . 

Buina  of  Chureb. 

Buini  of  Chancel  of  Cathedral,  and 

Stone  CroBses  adjoining. 
Buina  of  Franciscan  Abbey. 

10 

KiJi^, 

ScatWry  Iilaid,     '. 

Ruini  of   SeTCB  Cburchea,   Bound 
Tower,  tc. 

11 

Abbey. 

Abbey  Wert, 

Buina  of  Corcomroe  Abbey. 

12 

OughUnaic., 

Ougbtmuna, 

Buina  of  Three  Cburcbea. 

13 

CaiTon,  or  CaminB, 
or  Came. 

TormoD,         .        . 

Buina  of  Tempdl  Chrtniin.  or  St. 
Cronao'a  Chureb.  Tamion. 

1* 

„               ,     Inehicronati, 

IncbicronanlilMid, 

Ruins  of  Pariah  Church  and  Abbey. 

16 

.  .  (iuinn. 

Qiiinn,  .         . 

Ruins  of  Quinn  Abbey. 

16 

„             .    Dyeerl,   or  Djaert 

MolUneen,     .         . 

Ruins  of    Chureb,   Round    Tower, 

0-Dm. 

Carved  Cnwa. 

17 

.  1  Riuui, 

Portledia,      . 

Buina  of  Buane  Cbnroh. 

18 

Cork  (E.  B.) 

Labbamolaga, 

Ruina    of    Cburebes,     Cubel,    8t. 

Molaga-s  Bed.  *o. 
Buina  of  Cbureh,  with  Carving  of 

19 

Titwlin,        .        . 

Tilcsltin,        . 

Cracia.ioa. 

30 

..     (W.R.) 

Evflleary. 

Ruina  of  Cliunh  of  St.  Finbar  on 
lalnnd. 

ai 

Timoleagoe,  .         . 

Buina  of  Chuinh  and  Abbey. 

23 

Cleu  I>l«ad, 

Ballyeingh  North, 

Buina  of  8t.  Eiann's  Church.  Stoue 
with  Inacribed  Croaa.  4c. 

33 

Donegal.     . 

Kay.     .         .        . 

Ruina  of  Church  and  ptoitrate  Croaa. 

24 

Tory  Uand. .         . 

Round  Tower.  Abbey,  Two  Cn>a«*, 

aft 

Clonra, 

Umgnll,          .        . 

Riling  of  Church.  Slona  Pillar,  and 

Croaa. 
Ancient  Iriah  Croaa. 

!S 

Down, 

Dromore 

Dromore, 

27 

Maghcn.; 

CaniacarUIe..        . 

Ruina  of  Church  and  Bound  Tower. 

28 

RatbmulUn, 

8L  Jobn-a  Point,   . 

Bidni  of  Ani^ent  Chapel. 

29 

Ardsl«w.       . 

Ardtole.         .        . 

Ruina  of  Ancient  Cbureh. 

30 

Ne1^tu1^ulId^ 

Hovilla,         .        . 

Ruioa  of  Abbey  Chuix*  o(  8uth 

Century. 
Riiin.  of  Pari.'ib    Church.    Middle 

31 

TieTenadarragh,     . 

Church,  aod  M'Cartan'a  Ckapel. 

11 

Dublin,       . 

Clondalkin.   .        . 

Round  Tower,  Granite  Croat,  and 
Ruins  of  Chureb  of  St.  Benedict. 

aa 

Dalkey, 

Dalkey  Irfnnd,       . 

M 

St.  Audmn,  . 

Dublin  City. . 

The  PoiUeatcr  Chapel,  with   Ruina 

)ft 

KUIioer. 

Killiney,        .         . 

adjoining  the  Hune. 
Buina  of  CSurch. 

le 

Howth, 

Ilowlh. 

Buina  of  Chureb  and  Abbey. 

J 

416 


ROYAL  80CIET7  OF  ANTIQUARIES    OF    IRELAND. 


SCUBDULB  BBFBRBBD  TO  IN  THB  FORBOOINO  OBI>V:K~~€antinUtd, 


No. 


County. 


Parish. 


Townland. 


Description  of  the  CfanrdieSp  EeckiH 
tical  Bnildings,  and  other  StnoKi 
by  this  Order  Tested. 


87 

38 

39 
40 
41 


42 


43 


44 

45 

46 

47 

48 
49 

60 
61 

62 


Dublin, 
Fermanagh, 


If 


Galway, 


tt 


f» 


it 


St.  Dolough*s, 

Aghalurcher, 

Deyenish, 
Inishmacsaint, 
Inisheer, 
(South  Aran.) 


Inishmaan, 
(Middle  Aran), 


Inish-m6r,     . 
(North  Aran), 


Tynagh, 

Clonfert, 

Oranmore, 

Eilconnell,     . 

Kilkcnnan,     . 
Annaghdonn, 

Killursa, 
Eilmacduagh, 

Omey, 


St.  Dolough'8, 

Aghalurcher  Glebe, 

Deyenish, 

InishmacaaiDt, 

Iniaheer, 


Carrowntemple, 
Carrownlisheen, 


Onaght, 
Killeanj, 


Kilmurry,      . 

Oghil  More,  . 

Eoscam   and    Inn- 
plot. 
Abbcyfield,    . 

Tonlegeo, 
Annaghdown, 

Ross,     . 
Kilmacduagh, 

High    Island    and 
till. 


Euina  of  8t.  Dolougb's  Churd  a 

Cell. 
Euina  of  St.  Booan's  Church,  Na( 

Century. 
Euina  of  Church  and  Bound  Ton 
Stone  Cro88. 
Great  Fort,  with  Stone-roofed  Cd 

and  O'Brien's  Castle. 
Fort  with  Mound  and  Monmncfli 
Euins  of  Church — Kill-Gobnet,  A 
Euins  of    Church — Burial-plaoi 

Seven  Daughters. 
Euins  of  Church — TempCd  Caamk 
Fort  Mothar  D&n. 
Fort  of  Conor. 

Euins  of  Church — Kill  CanonagL 
Euins  of  Church — Tempdl  Caizw 

Derquin. 
Fort  Dun  Engus. 
Fort  D(m  Eochla. 
I)ubh  Chathair,  or  the  Bkck  Fort 
Euins  of  Church — TemptU  Benii 

with    rectangular  enclosure  a& 

group  of  Cella. 
Euins  of  Church — Temp&l  Bnen 

and  Cross. 
Euins  of  Church — Temp61  beg  on 

Dara. 
Euins  of  Church — Tempiil  more  mtt 

Dara. 
Euins   of  Church — Tempdl  Assar< 

niadhe. 
Euins    of    Church — Temp(il   Ciin 

Monastir. 
Euins  of  Church — Tempdl  a  PhoiH 
Euins    of     Church — Temp(il    and 

Cheathrair  Aluin. 
Euins    of    Church — Teglach   Endi 

(St.  Enda's  Church). 
Fort    Muirbheach     Mill,     Cbmtl, 

Clocbans,  &c. 
Fort  Blackfort,   several    Cells  and 

Churches. 
Eound  Tower  and  Euins  of  Churcli, 

Euins    of    Church,    Abbey,    Wdl 

Cross,  &c. 
Ruins  of  Church,  Eound  Tower,  &c 
Ruins   of    Two    Churches,    Eoum 

Tower,  &c. 
Euins  of  Eoss  Abbey, 
Euins  of  Church,  Monastery,  Eoun 

Tower,  &c. 
Stone-roofed    Cells    and    Euins  ( 

Church. 


ANdENT  HONUHEHTB  FBOTBCTION  (IREULNDJ  ACT,  1892. 

[H  TB*  FosiaoiNO  Ohdeh — nuiIinHMf, 


Aghadoe, 
Ardfert, 
Rattoo, . 


KUlemliigb, 

Dingle, 

Ouni^uii), 
(Dm  filBiquet 
IiUodi). 

Kilmalkeitor, 


FcDagh, 
Kilteniimerj, 
Taghodoe,  or  : 


Ferttgh, 

Eillamery,     . 
KUrce, 

Clonsmery,   . 
Ullard, 
Kilkesnn, 
Jerpoint  Abbey, 


I'nrkaTODeu', 
Aidfert, 
Rattoo, 
AnDAgfaj 

'  Rotsu, . 

BallfMsdy, 
Church  IsliLDd, 


Great  Skellij  Bock, 

BoUymorreagb, 


Ballintaggut, 

EilmiUedar, 
I  Gullarui, 


Djrteit,    or 

geen. 
Oonkeeq, 


Fenagh, 
Cicevelea, 

Tflghadoe, 


ShoopstowD,  . 
GrangEtertagh, 
Knlamerf,     . 

CtoDamerj,   . 

DlUrd,. 

CsppBgh, 

JerpoiDt  Abbey, 


CanigMO, 
Clonkeen  (BkrHiig- 


Buina    of    Catkcilral    and    RoudiI 

Tower. 
Jtrdfert  Cathedral  and  Ruini  of  Tiro 

C<iunh». 
Buina  of   Chuieh,    Abbey,   Bound 

Tower,  tee. 
Buina  of   Church   and   Sculptured 

Buinaof  Church. 
Euiiu  of  Church. 
Buina  uf  Church. 
Ruini  of  81.  Finian'a  Church,  and 

Three  Stone-roofed  Cdli. 
Buina  of  Church  of  St.  Mithaera 

Rock,  Stone-roofed  Cellit,  Ac. 
B(.iii9  of  Tempdl  0£1  (the  Whit* 

Church). 
Buina  of  Church  in  Great  Island, 
Buina  of  Church  and  Stone-roofed 

CelU. 
Buina  of    St.   Brondaa'a    Oratory, 

Celli,  and  Cronea. 
Ogham  Sionu  in  Burial-ground. 
Ruins  of  Church, 
Ruim  of  Church  and  Friniy. 
Buina  of  CaiUe,  Ogbam  Stone*,  and 

Cclli. 
Gallarua  Church. 
Cuhel,  Oraloriei,  Ao. 
Buina  of  Cbuichea,  Hanaateiy,  Celli, 

and  Cro«a. 
Buina  of  Honaitery,  Abbey,  ke. 
Buiiu  of  Hooaatery,  Ac. 
Bound  Tower. 

a   of  Abbey,    Church,    Bound 

a  ill  FmnciacoD  Abhoy. 
!  of  Ancient  Church  of  Tuhbet 
Druidh. 
....  a  of  Cburdi  of  SbcepatoWD. 
Bound  Tower. 
Eilhuaery  Gtoiw  CroM. 
Jut    <a  Chunh,    Bound  Tower 
and  Crow. 
jina  of  Church. 
Buina  of  Church. 
Eilkeann  Stone  Crosa. 

1  of  Abbey,  Ac. 
Buina   at   Churchaa,   Two    Bound 

Toweia,  Croaaea,  Ac. 
Buina  of  Two  Cborcbea. 
Kuina  of  Church  and  Bouod  Tower. 

Buina  of  early  Chiiich . 


J 


418 


No. 

Cooatjr. 

PmrUh. 

Townland. 

DeecnpCkw  oi 

^tioOBvikB 

IqrtblsOfd 

85 

Ii»enoky  • 

HuBgrety 

Diomdanig, . 
Cattle  Mmigret,    . 

Buinsof  Ma 
BuinsofOhn 

Buina  of  B 
Church. 

Buina  of  T« 
milo  nom 

Buina  of  He 
Paziah. 

86 

ff            • 

KiUagholihaiiOf   or 
KiUaliathao. 

Iiowor  Lacka, 

Buina  of  Ghi 

87 

BoreTagh,    • 

BoToraghy 

Buina  of  (Ai 

88 

»» 

Bmiaghw,     . 

Maghenunore, 

Buina  of  Ob 
ing. 

88 

if            * 

DitiiffiTeii. 

DungiTeai 

Buina  of  old! 

90 

9f                     * 

MaSera,      .        . 

Moueyoiore,  •        • 
Inchcleraun, . 

Buina  of  Chs 

91 

Caahel  and  lalaxiday 

Buina  of  8« 

fto. 
Buina  of  Boi 

98 

Loofthf 

Dromiskin,    . 

98 

»t            • 

TuUjaUcm,    . 

Mellifont, 

Buina  of  Moi 

94 

i» 

Momaateiboiee, 

MonaatexMB 
Tower,  ■■ 

96 

M»rs      ■ 

Bhnila, 

Shrnlo, . 
Einloiigh,     . 

Buina  of  Oha 
Buina  of  Gha 

96 
97 

Afjhagower,  . 
KilgeeTor, 

Aghagower,  . 
Jjecairow, 

Bound  Toww 

Euins  of  G 

Island. 

98 

If                • 

Meelick, 

Meelick, 

Ruins  of  Chv 

99 

i» 

Eilmore, 

Termoncarragh,     . 

Euins  of  Chi 

* 

Iniahglora,    . 

Euins   of  81 
Three  Chi 

100 

»» 

Turlough, 

Turlough,      . 

Euins  of  Chv 

101 

f>                * 

Ballintober,   . 

Ballintobcr,   . 

Euins  of  Abl 

102 

ft                ■ 

Ballinchalla, 

Inishmaine,  . 

Euins  of  Inii 

103 

i» 

KUlala, 

Abbeylands,  . 

Euins  of  Mo) 

104 

i» 

Ballysakeery, 

Kosserk, 

Euins  of  Eoe 

106 

>»                • 

Killala, 

Town  Plots  West, . 

Killala  Eouni 

106 

Meath, 

Donaghmore, 

Donaghmore, 

Donaghmore 
Tower. 

107 

>> 

Diilane, 

Dulane, 

Euins  of  Cha 
Ancient  Gi 
yard.^ 

108 

i»             • 

Eells, 

Town  Parks, . 

St.  Columb'a 

109 

i> 

Skreen, 

Skreen, 

Euins  of  GI 
Crosses. 

110 

It             * 

Trim, 

Newtown, 

Euins  of  Catil 

111 

Monaghan, . 

Clones, 

Crossmoyle,  . 

Euins  of  Boi 

112 

»> 

II 

Clones, 

Euins  of  OU 
Clones. 

118 

Queen's  Co., 

Eathdowney, 

Errill,    . 

Euins  of  Gh 
Cross. 

114 

>f 

Fossey,  or  Timahoe, 

Fossy  Lower, 
Timahoe, 

Euins  of  Cha 
Eound  Towei 

116 

»» 

Eillesliin, 

Sleaty,  . 

Euins  of  Chu 

116 

»> 

Sleaty, 

,,       .        .        . 

Euins  of  Cha 

^  Properly  JfCitran  Cborchyard. 


ANCIENT  MONUMENTS  PBOTECTION   (iBELAND)  ACT,  1892.  419 


BCHBDVLB  BBVKKBBO   TO  IN  THB  Fo&lOOINO   OrOIB — COntinUtd, 


Description  of  the  Churches,  Ecclesias- 

No. 

County. 

Parish. 

TownUnd. 

tical  Buildings,  and  other  Structures 
by  this  Order  vested. 

117 

Bligo, 

Akampliflh,    . 

Inishmurray, 

Church  of  St.  Molaise,  and  itonA- 
roofed  Cells,  and  the  other  Andent 
Monuments  on  this  Island. 

118 

f »               • 

Calry, 

Church  Island, 

Ruins  of  Church. 

119 

»> 

Dmmcliff, 

Drumcliff  South,  . 

Ruins  of  Churches,  Monattio  Build- 
ings, Round  Tower,  Two  Crosses. 

120 

Tipperary,  . 

Athassel, 

Athassol, 

Ruins  of  Monastic  Buildings,  Abbeji 

ftc. 
Ruins  of  Monastery,  ftc. 

121 

»» 

Holycross,     . 

Holycross,     . 

122 

i>             • 

Donaghmore, 

Donaghmore, 

Ruins  of  Church. 

123 

»»             • 

Kilmurray,    . 

Ballynonuiy  . 

Ruins  of  Church. 

124 

>»             • 

Newtown  Lennan, 

Ahcnny, 

Eilclispeen,  Two  Stone  Cmsset. 

126 

»» 

Corbally, 

Mona-incha,  . 

Ruins  of  Monastery  and  ol  the 
Women's  Church. 

126 

»> 

Roscrea, 

Townparks,  . 

Round  Tower  and  Church  of  St. 
Cronan. 

127 

»♦             • 

Hore  Abbey, 

Hore  Abbey, . 

Ruins  of  Hore  Abbey,  Dominican 
Church,  Ac. 

128 

f>             • 

St.  Patrick's  Rock, 

St.  Patrick's  Rock,. 

The  Ruins  of  Ancient  Cathedral 
Church  on  **  The  Rock  of  Cashel," 
with  the  land  adjacent  thereto. 

129 

Tyrone, 

Errigal  Keerogue, 

Oort,     . 

Ruins  of  Church,  Round  Tower  and 
Cross. 

180 

»i 

Donaghmore, 

Donaghmore, 

Donaghmore  Stone  Cross. 

131 

Waterford, . 

Ardmorey 

Dysert, 

Ardmore  Cathedral,  Round  Tower, 
and  St.  Declan's  Tomb,  in  th« 
same  enclosure. 

182 

if             * 

Mothel, 

Mothel, 

Ruins  of  Abbey. 

183 

Wexford,    . 

Ferns, 

Ferns  Upper, 

Ruins  of  Augustinian  Monastery, 
Two  Churches,  and  Crosa. 

184 

Wicklow,    . 

Derralossory, 

Lugduff^ 
Camiaderry, . 

\  The  Ruins  of  the  Seren  Churches, 
'       with  the  Round  Tower,  Stone 
i       Crosses,  and  the  other  £colefli« 
/       osticul  Buildings  or  Structures. 

Derrybawn,  . 
Brockagh, 

136 

»» 

Kilcoole, 

Woodlands,  . 

Ruins    of    St.    Mary's     Chuzth, 
Down's  Hill. 

136 

i> 

Delgany, 

Delgany, 

Ruinsof  Old  Church  and  St.  Czispin*s 
Cell. 

187 

II 

Aghowie, 

Aghowle  Lower,    . 

Ruins  of  Old  Parish  Church  and 
Cross. 

At  Nos.  20,  37,  45,  99,  101,  129,  132,  and  136,  aa  set  out  in  this 
Schedule,  no  work  appears  to  hare  been  put  in  hands. 


1 

ELAND.    ^" 


XOTAL  BOCIETI  OF  ANTIQUAHIES  OF  IRELAND. 

It  muflt  strike  anyone  at  all  conversant  with  our  ancient  and  mediv 
ai'chiteetural  antiquities  that  the  foregoing  list  is  in  many  partieul 
defective,  although  amended  three  times  by  the  succesGiTC  Vesting  Ord 
of  the  Church  Temporalities  Commission. 

The  same  remark  applies  etiU  more  foreibly  to  the  Schedule  attacl 
to  the  Act  of  1882,  and  the  portion  relating  to  monuments  in  Epglanc 
eqoally  faulty  in  this  respect. 

In  a  communicatiou  from  the  Inspector  for  England  to  Mr.  Bomj 
Allen,  the  former  suggested  the  formation  of  local  committees  for 
purpose  ot  finding  what  monuments  it  would  bo  most  dcsirsblo  to  t! 
with,  and  in  "  F  Cymmrodor,"  vol.  xi.,  page  10,  Mr.  Eomilly  AH 
referring  to  the  defects  in  those  lists,  says  : — "  I  have  always  matntai 
that  a  general  Aj'cheeologicol  Surrey  of  Great  Britain,  by  QoTemnu 
should  have  preceded  and  not  followed  the  introduction  of  a  Bill  lot 
Protj^-'ction  of  Ancient  Monuments." 

The  proTieions  of  the  Act  of  1669  did  not  take  practical  effect  n 
the  year  1B75,  when  the  Board  of  Works  commenced  operations  at 
Bock  of  Cashel,  which  was  the  first  structure  vested  under  the  Act 
the  purpose  of  preservation  and  future  maintenance.  Here  and  at  G 
dalough,  which  was  taken  in  hands  the  same  year,  the  valuable  rep 
and  suggestions  of  Bev.  James  Graves  and  other  archseologiats  i 
placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  architect  of  the  Board  of  Works,  the 
Hr.  J.  H.  Owen,  who  thankfully  received,  Bad  as  far  as  lay  in  his  pc 
curried  out  the  recommendations  made  by  the  Society. 

A  special  officer  wae  appointed  by  Treasury,  called  Bapdrintendei 
National  Konmuents,  to  whom  was  entrusted  the  duty  of  advising  oi 
details  connected  with  the  operations,  and  further  archreological  ac 
from  the  Boyal  Irish  Academy  or  this  Society  does  not  seem  to  have 
required. 

It  was  found  that  a  great  number  of  pre-historic  and  other  struol 
of  the  greatest  interest  could  not  properly  be  vested  under  the  A 
1869,  which  was  confined  to  any  ruinous  or  disused  "  church  or  eci 
astical  building  or  structure,"  the  property  of  the  Irish  Church  j  ai 
at  this  time  the  want  of  an  Ancient  Monuments  Act  for  England 
much  felt,  the  Irish  Antiquaries  joined  forces  with  their  English  fr 
with  a  view  to  passing  the  Act  Sir  John  Lubbock  was  engage 
promoting.  In  the  records  of  our  Society  for  July,  1879,  we  flni 
following  .resolution : — 

"  That  this  meeting  requests  the  Committee  of  the 
Association  to  ent«r  into  communication  with  the  Church 
Temporalities  CommissionerB  with  a  view  to  the  further 
protection  of  ancient  monuments,  and  also  to  communicate 
with  Sir  John  Lubbock  in  order  to  promote  the  passing 
through  Parliament  of  the  Bill  for  this  puipose." 


£sa 


r  uoHuiiEBTa  ^>TEcnwTj 


fe)  ACT,  1S92.      421 

There  are  nomorous  records  and  voluminous  correspondence  in  the 
books  of  the  Itoyol  Irish  Acadeniy,  as  well  as  of  this  Society,  dd  the 
enbject,  wliich  need  not  be  quoted  at  length-  In  Aagust,  1882,  the 
following  Act  was  passed  : — 

ANCIENT  MONUMENTS  PEOTECTIUN  ACT, 
(45  &  i6  Vict.,  Ch.  73.) 
Abbasobmbnt  ar  Skction*. 

1.  Sboit  title  ot  Act. 

3.  Power  to  appoint  CommisBiaiiGn  of  Worki  guaidians  ot  (mcii 

3.  Power  ot  Coiamituantn  to  purcbue  ( 

4.  Power  to  pre,  derise,  or  betjueath  oncieot  m 
6.  Inepfclort  of  ancient  monument*. 

6.  renollf  for  injur]:  to  uicienC  moaumenti. 

7,  Recuverj  of  penalliea. 

5.  Deacripliun  of  CammiMOoera  of  Works,  and   law  aa  to  dispoaition  in  tt 

9.     Description  of  owner*  for  purpose*  of  Act. 

10.  Addition*  to  Schedule  b;  Order  in  Council. 

1 1.  Definition*. 

ScBBDULs,  cantaining  Hat  of  Ancient  Monument*  to  which  Art  appUe*. 


L 


Art  AH  far  the  teller  prolicii'on  of  Ancient  Monumentt. 

[ISth  Augiut  1682.] 
Bb  il  enacted  \>j  the  Queen's  mpat  Excellent  Mnjeaty,  bjr  sod  wiili  the  advice  and 
coneoDt  ot  the  Lords  Spiritual  and  ToniponU,  and  Common*,  la  thi*  piefent  Parliament 
aaiembled,  and  b;  the  auLhorilr  of  the  same,  a*  follow* ; 

1.  Tbit  Act  ma]'  be  cited  for  all  pujpoeet  ai  the  Ancient  Mouumenta  Prottdion 
Act,  IBS2. 

2.  The  owner  of  any  ancient  monument  to  which  this  Act  applies  ma;,  hy  deod 
luidpr  bi*  hand,  conetitute  tbo  ConitnisBioncra  of  Work*  in  this  Act  mentioned  the 
guardiona  of  auch  moDumenl. 

Where  the  Commiuiaaert  ot  Worki  have  been  couatituted  guardian*  of  a 
monument,  they  shall  thenceforth,  until  Ibay  ahall  receire  ootice  in  writing  to  the 
contrary  from-any  aucceeding  owner  not  bound  by  luch  deed  a*  afoire*aid,  m«ini«m 
*ucb  monument,  and  shall,  for  the  purpoea  of  *uch  maintenance,  at  all  reasonable 
timea  by  IheniaelTei  and  their  workmen  LaTe  accea  to  aucfa  monumcait  for  the 
purpose  of  in*pectiiig  it,  and  of  bringing  such  mateiiab  and  doing  such  act*  and  thing* 
aa  may  bs  required  for  the  maintenance  tbereof . 

The  owner  of  an  ancient  monument  of  which  the  CoauuiiiiaDen  of  Woiba  ara 
guardians  shaU,  save  aa  in  tbii  Act  cxpressSy  provided,  hare  the  same  estate,  right, 
title,  and  interest,  in  and  lo  such  tnoDunienl,  in  all  letpecta,  ss  if  the  Commisnanen 
had  not  been  cotutJIuted  guardiaoi  thereof. 

The  ezpTe«*ions  "maintain"  and  "  maiDloQance ''  include  the  fencing,  repairing, 
cleansing,  covering  in,  or  doing  any  other  act  or  thing  which  may  be  reqiund  tor  tlie 
purpose  of  repairing  any  monument  or  protecting  the  some  from  dticay  or  injury.  The 
ooat  of  maint«Daaca  *hall,  subject  to  the  approval  of  Her  Majestjr's  Treasury,  be 
detiayed  &om  moneys  to  be  provided  by  Parliament. 

3.  The  Commissioners  of  Works,  with  the  consent  of  the  Tieaaury,  may  purohaae 
out  (if  any  money*  which  may  for  that  purpose  be  from  time  to  titne  providad  by 
PaiUament  any  ancient  monument  to  which  thi*  Act  appUea,  and  with  a  view  to  suob 


432         BOYAL   SOCIETV   OF  ANTIQUAltlES  OF   IRELAND. 

puTchnie  the  LimdH  Clausei  Con^olidntion  Acta  thaH  be  incorporBled  with  lliis  Aef., 
with  tho  eiceplion  of  the  proTuions  which  relate  to  the  pnrchaio  »nd  t&king  of  Und* 
DthenriM  tlinn  by  agreement,  In  coaBlniing  the  inid  Lands  Clause*  CoiualidatiaB 
Aets  foe  the  purposes  of  Ibis  Act,  this  Act  »ha!l  he  deemed  to  bo  tie  Epecid  Aet, 
and  the  CommieuoaerB  of  Works  shall  ba  desmed  to  be  tli«  piomoters  of  tkt 
undertaking. 

4.  Any  penon  maj  by  deed  or  wi]l  give,  deTiao,  or  bequeath  to  the  ConmuMOOacn 
of  Worlu  nil  such  estate  and  interest  in  any  anciecit  monument  to  which  tlua^Act 
tpplies  aa  he  may  be  seised  or  poeseseed  of,  aad  it  shall  be  lawful  lor  the  CommiBuoocn 
of  Worlu  lo  atcept  such  gift,  deTiee,  or  bequeet  il  they  think  it  eipedienl  so  lo  dot 

G.  The  Coromiasianen  of  Her  Majcety's  Treamry  aball   appoint   one  or  mon 
iDSpectoraof  ancient  monuments,  whose  duty  it  shall  b«  to  report  to  the  Coniiiii«ianeis 
of  Works  on  the  condition  of  auch  Eaonumenls,  and  on  the  best  mode  of  preserriog  tba 
I  same,  and  there  may  he  awarded  to  the  inapecton  ao  appointed  such  remuDeialioD  and 

I  allowance  for  expenses,  out  of  moneys  provided  by  FarliamcDt,  as  may  be  detanniiud 

I  by  the  Commisaiouera  of  Her  Majeaty's  TieBsar)'. 

'  6.  If  any  person  injures  or  defaces  any  ancient  monument  to  which  thia  Act  sppKa^ 

I  Buoh  penon  aliall,  on  auminarj  conviction,  bo  liable,  at  the  diacrelion  of  the  court  bf 

.  which  he  is  tried,  lo  one  of  the  following  penalties ;  (ihat  is  to  say), 

I  (1.)  To  forfeit  any  sum  not  exceeding  fire  pounds,  and  in  addition  thereto  to  pay 

inch  sum  as  iho  court  may  ttiink  jual  for  the  purpose  of  repainog  any  damage 
I  which  has  beCD  caused  by  the  oSendn ;  or, 

(2.)  To  be  imprisoned  with  or  without  bard  labour  for  uny  term  not  e: 
month. 

t  shall  not  be  puniahable  under  thit  section  in 


respect  of  any  ntt  wbleh  he  may  do  to  eiich  monument  except  in  rases  irhero  Iha 
CommiHiotiGn  of  Works  liove  been  constituted  gi:anlian8  of  nich  monument,  in  whicb 
case  the  owner  shall  bo  deemed  to  have  relinquished  bis  rights  of  onner&bip 
relates  to  any  injury  ur  defacement  of  such  monument,  and  may  be  dealt  with  M  if  ha 
ware  not  the  owner.  ~ 

7-  Offences  and  penalties  under  this  Act  sliaJI  bo  prosecuted  and  recovered 
manner  provided  by  the  Snmmary  Jurisdiction  Acta. 

The  expressintv  "  Summnnr  Jurisdiction  Acts" — 

(I.)  Aa  regards  England,  hoa  the  same  meaning  as  in  the  Summary  JuriadictiOD 
Act,  1679  i  and 

(2.)  Aa  regards  Scotland,  means  the  Sunimary  Juiiadiction  (Seotlnnd)  Acta,  1861 
and  ISSliand 

(3.)  As  regards  Ireland,  means,  within  the  police  district  of  Dublin  metropolis, 
the  Acts  regulating  the  pDwcta  and  duties  of  justices  of  Ihe  peace  for  sucli 
district  or  of  the  police  of  such  district ;  and  oliewhero  in  Ireland,  the  Potty 
Sessions  {Ireland]  Act,  1951,  and  any  Act  aniouding  the  same. 

In  England  any  person  nggrieted  by  any  decision  of  the  court  acting  under  the 
Siuumary  Jurisdlctiua  Acta  may  appeal  to  a  court  of  general  or  quarter  sessiuua. 

8,  The  oiptceaion  "The  Commissionera  of  Works"  means  as  respects  Great  Briloiii 
the  CoDuuIssionerv  of  net  Majeaty'a  Works  and  Public  Bnildinga,  and  as  ivsiiecls 
Ireland  the  Commiadoners  of  Public  Works  in  Ireland. 

Each  of  the  said  hodiea,  that  is  to  auy,  the  Commisaioncis  of  Her  Majesty's  Works 
and  Public  Buildings  aa  respecta  Great  Britain  and  the  Conimiasioaers  of  Public  Wurka 
as  respects  Ireland,  ahall  be  incorporated  by  their  said  names  nispeclively,  and  abail 
have  peipetual  auccession  and  a  common  seal,  and  may  pnrchase  or  acquire  by  gift 
will,  or  otherwise,  and  bold  without  licence  in  mortmain,  any  land  or  estate  or  interest 
in  land  for  the  purposes  of  this  Act;  and  any  conveyance,  appointment,  devise,  oc 
bequest  of  land,  or  any  estate  or  Interest  In  Und  under  this  Aet  to  either  of  the  m 
bodies,  shall  not  be  deemed  to  be  a  convey&nce,  appointment,  devise,  or  bequeet  t( 


ih.     J 

oa  I 


ANCIENT  UOVnUENTS  PROTECTION  (IBELAND)  ACT,  1692. 

clisrilible  UK  within  tho  mooning  o{  Iho  Acts  relating  lo  irharitublD  uaee.  In  tbo  CSM 
of  an  anoifnt  monument  in  Scotlnnd,  a  duplUute  of  any  report  made  by  any  inipwitor 
under  iMi  Aul  to  the  Commiuionen  uf  Works  «baU  bo  (orworded  to  ths  Bwud  of 
Truitoea  for  Manufscttirea  in  Bcolland,  >nii  it  eball  be  the  duty  of  the  ComDunJanen 
of  Works,  in  reUlion  to  nny  euob  monunmt,  to  tolco  inlo  coiuideralion  any  repreMD- 
tationa  which  may  be  made  to  them  by  the  said  Board  of  Tniiteei  for  Manufactures. 
9.  Tbe  foHowiti^  pfnona  shall  be  deemed  lo  be  "Ownira"  of  ancient  monumenta 
foi  the  purpoaen  orthis  Act ;  that  ia  to  aaj, 

(1.)  Any  person  enlilled  for  his  own  beneBt,  at  law  or  in  equity,  for  an  ertate  in 
fee,  to  the  poaaeuion  or  receipt  of  the  rents  and  proSta  of  anf  freehold  or 
copyhold  land,  being  the  lite  of  an  ancient  monument,  whether  inch  Und  ii 
or  not  aubjeet  to  incumbrances  : 
(2.J  Any  pervon  abaolutely  eatitled  ici  posaeuion,  nt  law  or  in  equity,  tor  his  own 
benefit,  to  a  beneficial  lease  of  land,  being  the  eite  of  an  anrirnt  monument, 
of  which  not  leu  than  forty-fire  ycnn  are  uneipiied,  whether  luch  land  ia  or 
not  aubject  to  inciunhnuices  ;  but  no  leaae  shall  be  deemed  to  be  a  beneficial 
leoM,  within  the  meaning  of  this  Act,  if  tho  rent  rcicn'ed  tbereon  eiceede 
one-third  part  of  tho  full  ntmuHl  value  of  the  land  demised  by  aoch  lease : 
(3.}  Any  person  entitled  under  any  eiisting  or  future  settlement,  at  Uw  Or  in 
equity,  for  his  own  benefit,  and  for  the  tem  of  his  own  life,  or  the  life  of 
any  other  person,  lo  the  poasension  Or  receipt  of  the  rents  and  profiti  of  land 
of  any  tenure,  being  the  site  of  an  ancieul  monument,  whether  subjitt  or  not 
to  incumbrances  in  which  tho  »stato  for  the  time  being  aubject  to  the  trusts 
of  tlie  eettlcmciit  is  an  estate  for  lives  or  years  renewable  for  ever,  or  is  an 
eelate  renewable  for  a  term  of  not  less  than  sixty  years,  or  is  on  estate  for  a 
term  of  yean  of  which  not  less  than  dity  ore  unexpired,  or  is  a  greater  estate 
than  any  of  tho  foregoing  estates : 
(4.)  Any  body  ceipotate,  any  corporation  sole,  any  truateos  fiir  cbaritir^,  and  any 
commiaiioners  or  tniateea  for  ecclesiastical,  collegiate^  or  other  public  purposca, 
entitled  at  law  or  in  equity,  and  whether  subject  or  not  to  incumbiSDceo,  in 
the  caan  of  freehold  or  copyhold  land,  being  the  site  of  on  ancient  monument, 
in  fee,  and  in  tho  case  of  leawbold  Und,  being  the  aito  of  «n  ancient  monu- 
ment, to  a  leoie  for  an  unexpired  lenn  of  uot  leas  than  aiity  years. 
Where  any  owner  as  herGin-before  defined  Is  a  minor,  or  of  unsound  mind  or  a 
married  woman,  the  guardian,  committpc,  or  busband,  as  the  case  may  be,  of  tuch 
owner,  shall  be  the  owner  within  the  meaning  of  tbis  Act  ;  suliject  lo  this  proviso  ibat 
a  married  woman  entitled  fur  her  sepnratv  use,  and  not  nttiaincd  from  aiiticipalion, 
ahiill  for  the  purposes  of  this  Act  be  treated  as  if  she  were  not  married.     Every  penon 
deiiving  title  to  any  ancient  monument  from,  through,  or  under  any  owner  who  has 
ciimlituted  the  Commissioners  of  Works  the  guardians  of  such  monument  shall  be  bound 
by  the  deed  executed  by  such  owner  for  that  purpose  :  and  whiire  the  owner  of  any 
land,  being  the  site  of  an  ancient  monument,  ia  a  tenant  for  lite  or  in  (ail,  or  heir  of 
entail  in  posaesaion  in  Scotland,  having  n  power  of  aale  over  aucb  land,  either  under 
the  terms  of  a  will  or  settlement,  or  under  an  Act  of  Parliament,  any  doed  executed 
by  such  owner  in  respect  of  tlie  land,  being  such  silo  as  aforesaid,  of  which  he  is  so 
tenant  fur  life  or  in  toil,  shall  bind  every  succeeding  owner  of  any  eatate  or  interest  in 
the  land. 

ID.  Her  Majnly  may,  from  time  to  time,  by  Order  in  Council,  declare  that  any 
moQumont  of  a  hk«  character  to  the  monumenls  described  in  Ibe  Schedule  hereto,  shall 
be  deen]ed  to  be  on  ancient  monament  to  which  this  Act  applies,  and  thereupon  thia 
Act  shall  apply  to  auch  manamont  in  tho  same  manner  in  all  leipect*  as  if  It  bad  been 
deacribed  in  t!ie  Schedule  hereto. 

An  order  in  Council  under  thia  section  shall  not  come  into  force  until  it  haa  bun  for 
forty  days  betora  both  Houses  of  Poriiament  during  the  Session  of  Parliament. 


424        BOTAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IBELAND. 

11.  The  following  expressionB  shall,  except  in  so  &r  as  ia  inconsiatent  with  the 
tenour  of  this  Act,  have  the  meaning  herein-after  assigned  to  them  ;  (that  ia  to  aaj,) 

The  word  "  settlement "  includes  any  Act  of  Parliament,  will,  deed,  or  other  aasn* 
ranee  wherehy  particular  estates  or  particular  interests  in  land  are  created, 
with  remainders  or  interests  expectant  thereon : 

The  expression  **  Land  Clauses  Consolidation  Acts  "  means  as  respects  England, 
the  Lands  Clauses  Consolidation  Act,  1845,  and  any  Acts  amending  the  same  ; 
and  as  respects  Scotland,  the  Lands  Clauses  Consolidation  (Scotland)  Act, 
1845,  and  any  Act  amending  the  same ;  and  as  respects  Ireland,  the  Land 
Clauses  Consolidation  Act,  1845,  and  the  Acts  amending  the  same,  so  far  as 
respects  Ireland : 

The  expression  "  ancient  monuments  to  which  this  Act  applies  **  means  the  monu- 
ments described  in  the  Schedule  hereto,  and  any  other  monuments  of  a  like 
character  of  which  the  Commissioners  of  Works  at  the  request  of  the  owner 
thereof  may  consent  to  become  guardians  ;  and  "ancient  monuments"  in- 
cludes the  site  of  such  monument  and  such  portion  of  land  adjoining  the  same 
as  may  be  required  to  fence,  cover  in,  or  otherwise  preserve  from  injury  the 
monument  standing  on  such  site,  also  the  means  of  access  to  such  monument. 

List  of  Ancient  Monuments  to  which  Act  applies. 
[Littfor  England^  WaUt^  and  Scotland  omitted.'] 

IRELAND. 


COUNTY. 


PARISH. 


The  earthen  enclosiire  and  mounds  called 

the  Navan  Fort. 
Stone  monuments  and  ^ups  of  sepulchral 

cists  in  Glen  Maulin. 
The  earthen  and  stone  inclosure  known 

as  Grianan  of  Ailcach. 
The  earthen  inclosure  and  Cromlech  called 

the  Giant's  Hing,  near  Bally lessan. 
The  earthen  fort  at  Downpatrick  (Dun- 

keltair). 
Stone  structure  called  Staigue  Fort. 
The  earthen  mound  at  Greenmount. 
The  stone  monument  at  Bally na. 
Cairns  and  stone  circles  at  Moytum. 
The  tumuli,  New  Grange,  Knowth  and 

Dowth. 
The  earthworks  on  the  Hill  of  Tara. 
The  earthworks  at  Teltown  (Taltin). 
The  earthworks  at  Wardstown  (Tlaghta). 
The  two  central  tumuli  on  the  hills  called 

Slieve  Na  Calliagh. 
The  cairn  at  Heapstown. 
Sepulchi-al  remains  at  Carrowmore.     The 

cairn  called  Miscaun  Mave,  or  Knock- 

narea. 
The   cave    containing    Ogham-inscribed 

stones  at  Drumloghan. 
The  stone  monument  called  the  Catstone, 

and   the  cemetery    on    the    Hill    of 

Usnagh. 


Arxna^, 
Donegal, 

Down, 

»} 
Kerry, 

Mayo, 

>> 
Meath, 

>f 
If 

SUgo, 

Waterford, 
Westmeath, 


Eglish. 

Glencolumbkille. 

Burt. 

Dnimbo. 

Downpatrick. 

Kilcroghan. 
Kilsaran. 
Kilmoremoy. 
Cong. 
Monknew^on  and 

Dowth. 
Tara. 
Teltown. 
Athboy. 
Loughcrew. 

Kilmacallan. 
Kilmacowen. 


Stradbally. 
Eillare. 


1  Properly  Louth  County, 


AHCIENT  M01TUMBNT8  PBOTKCTION  (IRELAND)  ACT,  1892.      425 

In  }uiie,  1890,  an  Order  in  Council  wss  made,  prescribing  tlist  tho 
following  monuments,  being  monumonts  of  a  likf  character  to  the  monu- 
ments described  in  the  Schedule  to  the  above  Act,  shall  be  deemed  to  be 
Ancient  Moamneuts  to  which  the  above  Act  applies  ; — 


■tOXmUHTS.                                                  OOUKTT.               j               PAMUU. 

Kerrj-, 

Drumqiiin   and 

Bound  Tower,  Luik. 

Dublin, 

8vorda.< 

Bound  Tower,  KtUa. 

Heath. 

Sells. 

Stons  Coihel,  with  GalleriM. 

Stone  CirelM  and  PilUr-BlonM. 

Eitkeno}', 

ftod  Stone  Ciosa. 

Several  of  the  rtrnctures  in  the  Schedules  under  the  Act  of  1882 
have  not  been  vested,  the  owners  having  expressed  an  objection  to 
placing  them  in  tho  custody  of  the  Board  of  Works. 

It  is  not  proposc-d  to  refer  to  what  has  been  done  at  any  of  the 
numerous  Monuments  so  scheduled,  but  for  the  information  of  Members 
a  List  is  attached  of  all  tho  Annual  Beporta  of  the  Board  of  Works  from 
18TA  until  the  present  year,  as  presented  to  Parliament,  in  the  Appendices 
of  which  statcmcntB  by  the  Superintendent  will  be  found  giving  some 
particulars  of  what  had  been  done,  ond  for  facility  of  reference  the 
Structures  dealt  with  each  year  are  noted  ; — 

it^J^,„  SiBccnrBM  BKFERBED  TO  IK  Yrakli  Eepoet. 


lUfl-TT. — 'Ardfart;  Monaiterboioo ;  D«vemih,  and 'Gtendalough.     Price  tl)rf, 
1877-78.— "SI.   ColumhkiUe,   Kelll  ;  •Gellerm  and  •Kilmalkeder;   'KilniBcduaeh ; 

•MoTitltt,   Co.  Down ;    St.  Joho'e  I'oiDt,   Co.    Down  ;   MHghfra,   Co. 

Down,  and  LoughiniolBud,  Co.  Down.    I'riuo  Hit. 
1ST8-T9.— *Ei]iiuu;duBEh  :   'Corcamroo  ;   OughtmunR  ;   *EilcoiueU    Abbey  i    H0I7 

Island;  Ilore  Abbey;  Timoleaguo ;  Screen,  Co.  Heath i  KiUiuey,  and 

Clonmacnoiee.    Price  2i- 
1878-80— "Holy  Isluid,  or  Inisholtni ;  •Dyeert  O'Dea,  Co.  Cbre ;  •Moos  Ioch«  ; 

Roicnia;  Clonnuicnoiie  ;  Bahiu  ;    Fertagh  ;   EiUeurs ;    St.   Cronnn'a; 

Itunn  ;   N  en  town  Trim  ;   Clare  Istuid;  Ann  Iilandi,  and 'Inchcronin. 

Ptico  3l  6d. 
1880-81. — ■Timalioe,   Queeo'a  Co.;  KilcuUen;  Inisiniimiy  ;  Mungrel ;  "ClonkM-n, 

Co.  LiuiETJck:  Rattoo  ;   Scatterv  Iiland;   niird,   Co.  Eilkenn;;  Ell-' 

benoan,   Co.   Gatwav ;   Annaghdown  :   Agbuower  ;   Turlough  ;   Cliuv 

lelaod  ;  Meelick  ;  ■Inuhmaino,  Co.  Mafo,  and  St.  MulliiH,  Co.  Carlow. 

Piice  U.  6i. 


>  Propeil*  DunquiD  1 
■  PrspwlT  is  Uie  Pari 


1  of  Clcatdahorkr.  Co.  DiinT(aI. 


426         ROYAL  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES   OF   IRELAND. 

Board  of 

R«cSt  for       Sthuctures  beferred  TO  IN  Yearlt  Repobt — conttnued. 

Year— 

1881-82. — Mnync  Abbey  ;  Rosscrk  ;  Ross  Abbey  ;  ♦Holycross  ;  ♦Qiiin  Abbey  ; 
Aghadoe ;  Ratass ;  Feaagh  Abbey,  Co.  Leitrim ;  Dysart  Round  Tower, 
Co.  Limerick,  and  Shrule  Abbey.     Price  3«.  6d. 

1882-83. — Rosserk  ;  Quia  ;  Creevelea,  Co.  Leitrim  ;  *Athas8el ;  Eillala ;  Banagher, 
and  Inisclothran.    Price  2».  lOd. 

1883-84. — *Mellifont.  This  Report  contains  the  first  reference  to  ''Ancient  Monu- 
ments Act,  1882,"  and  states  the  Inspector  under  Act  of  1869  has  been 
appointed  Inspector  under  Act  of  1882  also.     Price  2*.  6d, 

1884-85. — The  usual  Report  is  not  given  in  Appendix,  and  there  are  no  illustrationB. 
Price  2«.  6rf. 

1885-86. — There  are  references  to  the  following  **  Ancient  Monuments,"  viz.,  Dowth  ; 
Loughcrew ;  Glen  Malin ;  Carrowmore,  and  Wardstown,  but  no  special 
report  or  illustration.     Price  1«.  3rf. 

1886-87. — This  yearly  Report  refers  to  Clones ;  Islands  of  Aran  ;  Drumlahan  Tovrer 
and  Church ;  Killcshan,  Queen's  Co.  ;  Clondalkin ;  Maharee  Islands  ; 
*Mcllifont  Abbey,  and  *St.  Audoen*s,  under  the  National  Monumenta 
and  Ecclesiastical  Ruins  Act. 

Under  Ancient  Monuments  Act,  1882,  there  are  notices  of  the  foUovr- 
ing: — *Glen  Malin,  Co.  Donegal;  *Dowth  Rath,  Co.  Meath;  Loughcreir» 
Co.  Meath ;  and  Carrowmore,  Co.  Sligo.     Price  4«.  Sd. 

1887-88. — No  special  Report  or  illustration.     Price  7^. 

1888-89.— Do.  do.  do.  Price  6rf. 

1889-90.— Do.  do.  do.  Price  9d. 

1890-91. — This  Report  contains  the  vesting  order  of  June,  1890,  in  connexion  with 
the  ''Ancient  Monuments  Act,  1882,*'  and  there  are  short  reports  on 
monuments  in  the  Promontory  of  Dingle,  Co.  Kerry ;  Cloghaun,  near 
Dunbeg ;  Fort  at  *Dunbeg  ;  and  Tower  of  Lusk,  Co.  Dublin.     Price  9d. 

1891—92. — In  this  issue  no  special  report  or  illustration  is  given,  but  under  the  head 
of  Ancient  Monuments  Act  there  is  a  reference  to  some  expenditure  at 
Kells,  Co.  Meath  ;  Tulla,  Co.  Dublin  ;  and  Tullaherin,  Co.  Kilkenny  ; 
and  mention  is  made  that  a  report  is  in  hands  on  the  work  done  near 
Dingle,  Co.  Kerry,  which  is  drawing  to  a  close  for  want  of  funds. 

There  is  a  statement  to  the  effect  that  under  the  provisions  of  the 
Irish  Church  Act  the  surrounding  walls  of  the  ruins  on  Skellig  Rock 
have  been  rebuilt,  and  repairs  have  been  done  at  Cashel,  Ardmore, 
Monasterboice,  and  Holy  Island.     Price  1*.  Id. 

In  the  year  1890  the  Society  found  it  necessary  to  resume  its  early- 
work  of  preservation,  and  executed  pressing  work  at  Kilclton  old  Church 
and  at  Klilmallock  in  that  year  and  in  1891.  The  necessity  for  further 
legislation  became  apparent  to  remove  the  difficulties  which  occasionally 
arose  in  obtaining  the  Vesting  Orders  under  the  Irish  Church  Act,  and  in 
arranging  the  Orders  in  Council  under  the  Act  of  1882,  a  BiU  was 
framed  which  had  for  its  object  the  dispensing  with  both  of  the  before- 
mentioned  Orders,  and  giving  to  the  Commissioners  of  Works  the  power 

♦  An  asterisk  in  the  above  list  denotes  that  the  ruin  so  denoted  is  illustrated 
by  a  plan  or  sketches.  For  the  information  of  Members  the  cost  of  each  yearly 
report  above  referred  to  is  given.  The  Reports  may  bo  obtained  at  the  price  stated 
from  the  Government  Printing  Office,  87  and  88,  Middle  Abbey-street,  Dublin. 
Copies  of  these  reports  are  preserved  in  the  Library,  Royal  Irish  Academy,  where 
they  can  be  consulted. 


ANCIENT  MONUMENTS  PROTECTION  (iHELAND)  ACT,  1892.      427 

to  take  over,  at  the  request  of  the  owner,  any  monument  they  might  deom 
worthy  of  preservation. 

Subjoined  is  the  test  of  the  Act  passed  during  the  late  Session  of 
Farliiuaent  for  this  purposu  ; — 

ANCIENT  M0XFMEST8  FEOTECTION  (IRELAND)  ACT,  1892. 
(66  4  68  Vict.,  Cb.  48.) 

An  Act  to  Amend  tha  Aneitnt  Montunmli  Prolfction  Act,  1882. 


auemblcd,  imd  b;  the  Butharitj  ol  the  uinie,  u  follow*  : 

I.  Wbero  the  Cammiuioners  ofWorlii  are  of  opinion  thai  the  pTMemtion  of  any 
BQcient  or  mediiBTal  ittuclure,  eiectioo,  or  monumeat,  or  of  any  romutis  than-of,  U  a 
matter  of  public  inCi;reat  b;  reuon  of  the  hiiloiic.  trwillional,  or  artiitlc  itit«j«it 
attncliing  tberelo.  tbcy  may  at  the  request  of  the  owner  consCDt  to  beoome  tbe 
ruardiuu  thereof ;  aud  tbtrsupaa  Ihe  Ancient  MonumcotB  Protection  Act,  18S2, 
shall  applf  to  sucb  atnicture,  crettion,  or  monument,  or  remains,  na  if  the  aame  werv 
an  ancient  monuuont  to  vhich  that  Act  applies  aa  defined  in  that  Act. 

Provided  that  lliis  Act  sboll  not  BUthorize  the  Commiuioners  of  Worka  to  ooDMDt 
to  beoome  I  be  guardisni  of  any  itmcture  which  ia  occupied  as  a  dvelting- place  by  any 
p«non  nthar  than  a  peison  employed  aa  a  caretaker  thereof,  and  his  family. 

S.  Tbo  Commiauutieta  of  Worki  may  apply  any  aurplua  income  ariain^  firou  th« 
money*  yeH  to  tbvm  by  the  CammlaHiaDcn  of  CImrcb  Temporalitiea  to  Ireland 
toiranla  the  maintenance  of  any  Hiructure  entnutod  to  their  guardianihip  under  tbia 
Act  of  the  charactar  dnecribed  in  lection  twenty-five  or  Ihe  Iri>h  Churnh  Act,  1SS9, 
whether  the  same  wu  or  was  not  Tested  id  the  CoDUiiiamonen  under  that  Act. 

3.  This  Act  may  be  cited  a>  the  Ancient  Monuments  Proteetion  (Ireland)  Aol, 
1S93,  and  shall  be  conitrued  aa  one  with  the  Ancient  HonumenU  Protection  Act, 
1S32,  and  that  Act  and  this  Avt  may  be  oited  together  aa  the  Ancient  Honnments 
Protecli'iD*  Ants,  1882  and  1892. 

4.  Tbii  Act  iholl  apply  to  Ireland  only. 

In  relation  to  tlic  foregoing  Act,  the  following  letter  before  referred 
to  has  been  received  : — 

'■  Ofticb  or  PuBUo  Wonts,  Dl-iilin, 
7(A  Aly,  1892. 
"Abcibst  Mosumkmtb. 
"Sii, 

"  I  am  desired  by  the  Board  to  state,  for  the  information  of  the  Royal  Society 
"  of  AntiqunriEi  of  Ireland,  that  they  wonld  be  glad  to  be  favoured  with  an  clpreasiiui 
"of  their  views  as  to  the  ancient  or  mcdiaeial  structures,  other  than  those  already 
"vested  in  the  Board,  which  it  would  be  moat  dciiiablo  to  bring  under  the  operation  of 
'  Section  1  of  the  Ancient  Monuments  ProlaeUoD  Act,  1892. 

"  I  am  to  add  that  as  the  funds  at  disposal  are  very  limited,  it  will  only  at  pr««ent 
"  ba  possible  to  deal  with  a  few  of  the  most  prsisiug  cohm,  and  tbe  Boanl  would, 
"  therefore,  suggest  that  the  list  ehould  not  couprise  more  than  ten,  or  at  most 
"  twelve  structures. 

"I  am.  Sir. 

"  Your  obedient  Servant, 

•■  P.  J.  TiroHT, 

"  Srfrrtarg. 


428         EOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES   OP  IRELAND. 
By  direction  of  the  Council  the  following  reply  was  sent : — 

"  EOTAL  SOCIBTT  OF  AnTIQUARISS   OF   IbKULKD,    DuBLOT, 

"27/A  July,  1892. 
«*  Sir, 

**  In  reply  to  your  letter  of  7th  inst.,  I  am  directed  by  the  Council  to  emloee  a 
"list  of  ancient  and  mediseval  structures  as  requested,  and  to  say  that  Kilmallock 
*<  Dominican  Priory  is  the  most  pressing  case,  as  if  not  attended  to  soon,  the  arches  of 
**  the  south  transept  may  fall,  and  the  east  window  become  irreparably  injured.  The 
"  owner,  Mr.  Coote,  is  anxious  to  have  it  vested,  and  the  Council  would  suggest  ibat 
<<  William  O^Donnell,  the  tenant  on  whose  land  the  ruin  stands,  should  be  appointed 
*' caretaker. 

"The  Council  would  also  point  out  the  desirability  of  including  such  historic 
**  sites  as  Magh  Adhar,  in  Co.  Clare,  which,  though  not  requiring  any  expenditure  or 
'*  works  of  preservation,  would,  nevertheless,  be  protected  from  destruction  by  being 
"  vested  in  the  Board. 

*<The  French  Church,  in  the  City  of  Waterford,  has  also  been  mentioned  to  the 
'*  Council  as  worthy  of  preservation. 

"  I  am,  Sir, 

"  Tour  obedient  Servant, 

"Geo.  Dambs  Bxtbtchabli^ 


List. 


1.  Kilmallock  Dominican  Priory. 

2.  Ennis  Abbey. 

8.  Round  Tower,  Oughterard,   Co. 
Eildare. 

4.  Athenry  Dominican    and  Franciscan 

Monasteries,    King  John's  Castle, 
the  Town  Walls,  and  Gateways. 

5.  Askeaton  Abbey  and  Castle. 

6.  Clare  Gal  way,  Co.  Galway. 

7.  Abbey  Knockmoy. 


8.  Kilcrea  Abbey.  ^ 

9.  Boyle  Abbey. 

10.  Magh  Adhar,  Co.  Clare. 

11.  Moghane,  Dromoland,  Co.  Clare. 

12.  Ballinskelligs,  Co.  Kerry. 

13.  Clare  Abbey,  near  Ennis. 

14.  Fore  Abbey,  Co.  Westmeath. 

15.  Canons*  Island  (in  River  Fergus) 

16.  Leighlin  Bridge  Castle. 


It  is  understood  that  this  list  has  been  adopted,  'with  exception  of 
Nos.  3,  7,  14,  and  16,  and  steps  have  been  taken  to  place  the  structures 
above  recommended  under  the  guardianship  of  the  Board. 

Monaster  Nenagh,  Straide,  and  Sherkin  ruins  have  been  added ;  and 
the  Royal  Irish  Academy  has  recommended  the  following  additions  to 
the  list  : — Burrishoole,  Co.  Mayo  ;  Bectivc  ;  Roscommon  Abbey  and 
Castle ;  Yellow  Steeple,  Trim ;  Sligo  Abbey ;  Abbey  Domey ;  Kinneigh 
Round  Tower ;  ^  Cross  of  Arboe,  Co.  Tyrone ;  and  Ballintubbcr  Castle. 

In  the  selection  of  buildings  to  be  preserved  those  likely  to  suffer 
most  within  the  next  few  years  should  be  taken  first,  so  as  to  arrest 
destruction  ;  leaving  those  which  consist  for  the  most  part  of  large  masses 
of  masonry  not  liable  to  much  further  danger  for  later  operations. 

The  wisdom  of  consulting  the  Antiquarian  Societies  on  all  points 
connected  with  archaeology  in  the  preservation  of  our  national  monu- 
ments is  too  apparent  to  need  recommendation.  The  absolute  necessity 
of  seeking  such  advice  is  ably  put  in  a  Paper  on  the  **  Organization  of 

^  These  are  also  recommended  by  the  Cork  Historical  and  Archeeological  Asso- 
ciation. 


'  ASdESTWSS^Smta  PEOTECnON  (IRELAND)  ACT,  1892.      429 

Archffiologicftl  Reaearch,"  read  by  Mr.  Romilly  Allen,  Fellow,  at  the 
Archaeological  Conference  held  at  the  Tooma  of  the  Society  of  Antiquarien 
at  Burlington  House  in  1 888.  It  -was  thi;re  shown  that  the  Arohsological 
Societies  throughout  the  country  "  have  be«n  the  moat  trusty  guardians 
of  the  ancient  monumenta,"  and  that  they  "  have  the  great  adyantage  of 
poeecBsing  sources  of  information  Dot  open  to  auyono  else." 

A  committee  of  reference  formed  of  representatives  from  the  Eoyal 
Irish  Academy,  the  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries,  the  Saldare  Archeeo* 
logical  Society,  and  the  Cork  Historical  and  Archeeological  Association, 
could  give  vulaablo  assistaiice  on  all  q^ucstiona  on  which  advice  might  be 
requested. 

It  may  seem  strange  to  some  that  while  we  have  three  Acts  of 
Parliament  dealing  with  National  Monumenta  in  Ireland,  in  England 
only  one  exists,  and  that  the  Act  of  1882  before  given,  which  applies 
equally  to  this  country  also,  A  great  deal,  however,  is  made  up  for  in 
England  by  the  very  able  manner  in  which  the  Act  is  worked  by  the 
Inspector,  Lieut. -General  Pitt  Rivera,  p.s.a.,  d.o.l,,  a  member  of  this 
Society  einco  1873.  Hia  methods  are  worthy  of  all  praise;  and  though 
working  with  very  slender  funds  from  Government  (only  £250  has  been 
Toted  this  year),  he  has  achieved  great  resolts,  which,  however,  are  in  a 
great  part  due  to  hia  own  generosity,  as  he  devotes  both  time  and  money 
to  the  successful  proaeoution  of  his  labours. 

The  exigencies  of  time  and  space  prevent  a  comparison  of  the  roetliods 
adopted  in  England  and  in  Ireland,  and  a  notice  of  the  much  more 
elaborate  system  followed  by  the  Commission  des  Monuments  Historiquea 
in  France,  now  under  the  control  of  the  Miniature  d'Etat,  which  has 
produced  such  excellent  work  as  to  render  its  operations  one  of  the  most 
popular  and  interesting  services  in  charge  of  the  State,  and  for  which 
as  much  as  one  million  francs  has  been  freely  voted  for  several  years  in 
saccession. 


(     430    ) 


N ewgrange  still  called  by  its  ancient  name,  Bmgli-na-Boiimf 

In  his  very  valuable  work,  The  Boyne  and  Blachtoater^  Sir  Will 
"Wilde  appears  to  me  to  have  used  convincing  ai^uments  to  pi 
that  Brugh-na-Boinne^   the  royal   cemetery   of    Ireland,  where  a 
the  Xings  of  the  Danaan  race,  was  not,  as  had  been  supposed,  in 
vicinity  of  Stackallen  Bridge,   but  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Bo; 
convenient  to  the  ford  of  Bos-na-rtgh  (Eosnaree),  at  Blnowth,  Dowth 
Newgrange.     To  Sir  William's  arguments  one  point  only  was  want) 
the  old  name  had  disappeared.     Having  frequently  observed  that  i« 
English  names  had  been  imposed  on  townlands,  the  old  Irish  name 
lingered  as  a  denomination  for  some  hill  or  place  in  the  townlan 
trusted  that  the  monument  of  the  Dagda  and  the  pagan  Kings  of  I 
which  is  little  less  wondrous  than  the  Pyramids  of  Egypt,  had 
altogether  renounced  its  ancient  name.     It  is  now  more  than  thirty  5 
since  I  went  to  Newgrange  for  the  special  purpose  of  investigating 
matter.     I  explained  to  Mr.  Maguire,  then  of  Newgrange,  and  to  his 
that  Brugh-na-Boinne  signified  '*  the  town,  or  dwelling-place,  on 
Boyne,"  that  the  word  Brugh  would  assume  the  modem  form  Bro^ 
Brughshane  (pronounced  Broshane),  and  many  other  townland  na 
and  thoina'Boinne^  "  of  the  Boync,"  would  probably  cease  to  be  us< 
unnecessary  at  the  site.     I  need  not  say  that  I  was  greatly  pleased  a 
they  informed  me  that  the  field  in  which  is  the  mound  of  Kewgran 
called  the  Bro-Park  while  in  the  immediate  vicinity  are  the  Bro-I 
the  Bro-Millf  and  the   Bro- Cottage,    Thus,   the   identical  name 
Brugh,*'  by  which  the  celebrated  place  is  called  in  the  Senchus-na- 
(History  of  Cemeteries),  though  unobsen'ed  by  the  learned,  still  Ir 
around  the  monument  of  the  Danaans. — Rev.  James  O'Laverty, 

M.fi.I.A. 


Mervyn  Archdall  at  Slane. — Thanks  to  my  cousin,  the  Rev.  t 
Brady  of  Slane,  county  Meath  {Member)^  I  am  enabled  to  show  the 
Mervyn  Archdall,  the  learned  author  of  the  Monasticoyi  Hihemici 
a  new  light.  The  old  vestry  book  of  Slane,  has  several  entries  atl 
by  this  well-known  antiquary.     I  select  the  following  : — 

**  At  a  vestry  held  this  25  day  of  March,  1 788, ...  it  was  unanim 
agreed  .  .  .  that  the  parish  clerks  salary  for  the  ensuing  year  be 
also  that  John  Ogle,  be  appointed  constable  for  the  ensuing  year 
salary  of  £10  during  his  good  behaviour;  also  that  Mary  Mori 
continued  to  take  care  of  ye  church  and  wash  the  surplice  at  a  sali 
£2.    Resolved  that  neither  cattle  nor  piggs  be  allowed  to  graze  i 


MISCELUUJEA. 

churchyard.  Resolved  that  John  Holmes  late  curato  of  this  parish 
receiTcd  £1  12*.  Sid.  of  the  money  collected  on  Sundays  for  the  poor 
which  ho  never  accounted  for  vhen  ho  Bbsconded.  Kesolved  that  the 
constabto  ia  hereby  directed  to  shoot  any  pigs  that  eholl  be  found  wonder- 
ing in  the  etreeta  of  Slane  or  the  avenues  leading  thereto  and  that  we 
approve  and  will  support  any  person  or  persons  who  shall  put  the  law  in 
force  by  shooting  any  pigs  that  Ehall  be  found  trespassing  on  their  fields 
and  gardena.  Resolved  that  the  ehurchwardena  apply  to  Mr.  Conyng- 
ham  for  a  proper  piece  of  ground,  convenient  to  the  town  for  a  parish 
pound.  (Signed)  Morvyn  Arthdnll,  rector,  Da  Jehb,  churchwarden, 
Edward  Charles  John,  Henry  Fisher,  Robert  CoUelo,  Hen,  SiUery,  ch, 
w.  &c." 

Truly  the  powers  of  the  parish  in  those  days  were  very  formidable. 
However,  we  may  hope  that  this  death-warrant  inflicted  lees  pain  on  the 
pigB  than  the  gruesome  enactment  once  in  force  in  Ennis,  county  Clare, 
whereby  wondering  pigs  arc  condemned  to  be  speared  by  the  beadle  and 
their  bodies  given  to  the  poor. 

Mervyn  Archdoll  lies  buried  near  the  east  wall  of  81ano  churchyard; 
his  tomb,  a  plain  slab  on  four  piUors  bearing  this  simple  epitaph : — 

"  We  ihsU  alio  bear  the  image  of  the  heavenly." 


T.  JonxsoK  Wkstropp. 

Isaao  Butler. — "We  have  lately  printed  a  Tour  in  Heath,  by  Isaac 
Butler.  Who  was  Isaac  Butler  ?  When  and  whore  did  he  live  ?  These 
arc  natural  questions  to  which  we  have  fonnd  an  answer  in  the  "  Dublin 
Quarterly  Journal  ot  Medicine"  (New  Series),  vol.  iv.,  p.  271.  The 
editor  of  that  "  Journal  "  was  the  celebrated  Sir  "William  Wilde.  Ha 
was  a  man  of  w4de  sympathies,  and  was  a  devoted  archaeologist.  In  the 
volume  quoted  he  bus  an  article  on  Irish  astrologers,  in  which  ho  tells 
much  about  Isaac  Butler,  who  died  December  7th,  1755.  Ho  succeeded 
John  Whalley,  who  was  the  great  Almanac  maker  of  Swift's  time. 
Butler  dabbled  also  in  botany  and  archeology.  He  wo»  employed  as 
agent  to  gather  botanical  specimens  by  the  well-known  Dr.  Rntty,  and 
by  the  Medico -Philosophical  and  the  Physico-HietorirAl  Societies,  between 
1740  and  1750.  He  was  oLw  appointed  by  the  Dean  and  Chapter  ol 
that  day  to  write  a  history  of  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Patrick.  His  name 
frequently  occurs  in  the  Minutes  of  the  Physic o-Historical  Society, 
which  arc  preserved  among  the  M8S.  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy.  I 
wonder  if  any  of  our  nailers  possesses  a  copy  of  one  of  his  almanacs. 
— G.  T.  8. 

303 


433      ROYAL  sociEnr  of  antiquabies  of  ibezand. 

lanii&llen. — I  hare  just  retomed  from  vifntiiig  InniBfallen.  Ifonnd 
a  jamb  (red  aandfitone)  of  tlie  east  window  of  the  small  cburch  then 
hai  fallen  on  to  the  strand  underneath,  but  from  inspectioii  it  appean 
intact.  I  asked  the  boatmen  to  secure  it  until  means  would  be  taken  to 
replace  it  in  litu.  A  stone  is  also  missing  from  the  opposite  exterior 
of  window  which  could  be  easily  replaced.  If  means  are  not  soon  taken  to 
restore  this  window  I  fear  further  damage.  I  hear  nothing  can  be  done 
except  through  Lord  Kenmare's  agent. — J.  Oazm  BAnnr,  j.t.,  H»n. 
Loeal  Seeretaryfor  Linuriek, 


On  Mme  Ascient  Sonlptnied  Slaba  at  Banl,  County  Sown  (now- 
miseing). — On  the  occasion  of  the  visit  of  the  Society  to  the  ancient 
churchyard  at  Saul,  near  Dowopatrick,  on  the  18th  of  August,  1892,  I 
made  a  hurried  search  for  some  curious  sculptured  slabs,  which  I  had 
previously  observed  there,  but  was  unable  to  find  them.  It  is  possible 
that  a  more  deliberate  examination  might  bring  them  to  light,  but  it 
seems  thflt  they  have  disappeared,  let  ub  hope  for  the  present  only. 


On  referring  to  my  note-book,  I  find  that  on  October  3,  1869,  I 
visited  Soul,  and  made  sketches  of  the  two  slabs  here  engraved.  No'.  1 
was  2  feet  8  inches  long,  by  1  foot  2  inches  wide,  ond  was  lying  upon 
the  ground.  Ho.  2  was  a  very  massive  slab,  being  6  inches  thick,  and 
was  fixed  upright  in  the  ground ;  it  measured  4  feet  4  inches  high. 


MISCELLANEA. 


433 


above  ground,  by  1  foot  6  inchea  wide.  Wo.  3  irfls  exftmined  and 
eketcbed  on  April  6,  1874  ;  it  is  a  rery  interesting  little  slab,  and  is 
sculptured  on  botb  sidcB,  ob  shown  in  the  engraving  ;  the  portion  remain- 
ing nitosurcd  14  inches  by  12  inches,  but  it  had  evidently  been  larger 
at  one  time,  and  both  surfoceB  were  somewhat  dofored. 


Slab  in  SbdI  ChnicbTud.  Co.  Down. 

As  these  three  akbs  seem  to  have  dteappcarcd  I  thought  it  proper  to 
forward  thia  note  and  accompanying  skctchea  in  order  that  the  matter 
may  be  recorded  in  the  Journal  of  the  Society. — WilliamHcoh  PiiTEaaoH, 
H.R.i.A.,  JloH.  Secretary,  North  Down. 


"  Forty-fourth  Tear  of  Iwue." — This  heading  on  the  cover  uf  our 
Journal  suggests  the  following  note,  upon  a  subject  which  has  been  in  my 
mind  for  some  time.  It  seema  to  me  that  the  time  has  now  come  when 
a  comprehensive  index  to  all  the  volumes  of  the  Society's  Jaumal  might 
be  iaaucd.  The  advantages  of  a  general  index  will  be  very  apparent,  but 
I  may  briefly  point  to  aome  of  the  ways  in  which  it  will  bo  especially 
useful.  Our  Members  are  more  than  anything  else  a  body  of  investiga- 
tora,  and  in  the  pages  of  the  Journal  will  be  found  the  results  of  a  vast 
amount  of  patient,  difficult,  and  scholarly  research.  Few,  if  any,  of  the  anb- 
jects  which  have  been  dealt  with,  through  all  those  forty-four  years,  have 
been  exhausted  or  finally  disposed  of,  and  fresh  workera  arise  who  desire  \a 
throw  further  light  on  bmnchoa  of  the  great  subject  of  Irish  history  and 
urchseology ;  these  workers  naturally  wont  to  know,  in  the  first  pltice,  how  far 
former  investigators  have  carried  the  aubject  they  desiro  to  treat  of,  or  to 
know  if  the  aubject  of  their  investigation  has  been  dealt  with  before.  The 
Journal  K  a  veritable  mine  of  wealth  on  every  conceivable  subject  connectetl 
with  the  history  and  antiquities  of  Ireland.  Each  volume  containa  a  fairly 
good  indei,  but  persons  shrink  from  the  labour  of  index  hunting,  and  then 
how  few  of  the  Merabera,  especially  those  who  have  joined  of  latp  years, 
possesa  anything  like  a  full  set  of  the  Journal?  The  very  thing  a 
person  wants  may  be  buried  aomewhcrc  among  the  back  volunioa,  and  he 
knowB  nothing  of  it. 


4M     BoiAL  Boaarx  or  AtrnQDiszES  of  ib^.&si). 

Aywlfadei,  tobeiraittyotflw  SoeMy  and  its  Journal,  ahoa 
b»  endod  ottt  in  the  aioit  oomplBtfl  wbj  ;  the  different  indices  should  1 
fued  Into  one,  ■wi&.ntanBeea  to  Tolome  and  page,  lut  this  would  probali 
Bet  be  e&on^  i  there  should  be  an  index  ot  plsoee,  of  names,  of  snbjeol 
tod  a(  writan.  To  oomidle  moh  en  index  wonlil  entail  a  considerat 
•aorafe  ol  labour,  but  I  think  the  ooet  of  thia,  and  the  subsequent  pm 
ia(  ti  Am  nenh,  votild  be  a  naefal  and  aooeptahle  expenditure  of  t 
SmMj**  (anda.     lliia  BaKeatim  ia  therefrae  made  for  the  conaidorati 

'  ottheSoeufy.— W.  H.-PATTiiainr,  Bm.  Bttntmy,  Korth  Doan. 

\Tbt  Pattenon's  Talnable  m^eetion  has  been  forestiilled  by  t 
OntneiL  Tbb  iadex  nfened  to  has  been  in  hsnds  for  the  past  tvo  jex 
•nd  la  sew  n^dlj  spproBohiiig  eompletion.    The   nineteen    tdIuq] 

'  (WBijrirfiig  the  fint  fonr  aeriea,  and  oorerbig  the  yean  I849-1S( 
imtailn,  hare  been  indexed,  aod  the  index  will  form  the  t\<'entieth  ct 
aintinTobiine.  Of  the  Fifth  Seriea  the  fintTolume,  that  for  1890  a 
lt91,  ioau  the  twmly^fliBt  conseeatiTe  Tcdnme,  and  tho  Totnme  for  \ 
ytmt  IgfiS  (Jeeed  with  thia  isane  oompleteq  the  twenty-second  toIuh 
and  anda  the  farty'^otuth  year.  Henoeforwaid  each  yearly  issue  11 
ftna  «  eui^late  Tolnme  in  itaeU.  That  for  1893  will  be  the  third  of  t 
fifth  Ssriea,  and  the  SSrd  ooneecntiTe  Tolome ;  a  numerical  arrangemi 
more  eaatly  remonbered  than  the  complex  munbcring  of  the  ear] 
■eriea.— ^2m.  €hmr»i  SttttttHy.'] 


Disappearance  of  a  Belie  of  the  Fast. — In  the  Belfaat  N«at-L«tUi 
Friday,  Octobor  28,  1892,  there  appeared  the  following: — "GiRTii 
THOBSDiT. — An  incident  of  an  extraordinary  character  has  occurred  h( 
which  has  created  no  small  sensation.  About  a  fortnight  ago  the  Bev. 
A.  Smyly,  rector  of  Garvagh,  accompanied  by  a  horse  and  cart  and  ( 
men,  amongst  whom  were  his  own  son,  Mr.  Adair,  assistant  coui 
surveyor,  and  the  sexton  of  Qon-agh  Church,  proceeded  to  the  anoi 
Church  of  Desertoghill,  near  this  town,  and  removed  from  its  place  tb 
an  interesting  religious  and  antiquarian  relic,  known  as  St.  Columkil 
stone,  brought  it  to  Qarvagh  Church,  and  placed  it  in  the  churchyard, 
has  since  mysteriously  disappeared,  and  though  Mr.  Smyly  has  had  sea 
made  for  it  no  trace  of  it  can  be  found.  Thia  stone,  which  was  irreguli 
square  in  shape,  about  two  feet  each  way,  and  less  than  half  that  in  dej 
was  marked  near  the  centre  of  its  upper  surface  with  a  round  hollov 
saucer-like  depression,  which  not  unfrequently  contained  water.  It 
one  of  those  relics  which  are  only  to  be  seen  in  connexion  with  the  oli 
religious  foundations  in  Ireland.  Antiquaries  are  at  aloss  to  decide  n 
they  were  used  for,  and  different  theories  are  held.  As  it  is  gener 
believed  to  have  been  associated  with  Besertoglull  Church  dnce  its  fc 
dation  1300  years  ago  by  St.  GolumkiUe,  it  has  always  been  an  otr 
of  interest  to  the  people  of  the  parish.    Opinion  differs  as  to  whether 


UISCELLkVKA.. 


435 


disappearance  of  the  stoEe  waa  due  to  Koman  Catbolica,  who  regard  its 
removol  as  a  desecration,  or  by  Protestant  parishioiiors,  wlio  almost  to  a 
man  are  greatly  averse  to  it." 

The  above  facte  require  no  comment. 

In  Lewis'  "Topographical  Dictionary"  this  relic  is  thus  described.  "A 
curious  HtoQC,  wberctD  arc  two  small  aud  rude  founts,  considered  by  the 
peasantry  to  be  the  impress  of  the  knees  of  St.  Columbkill  while  praying, 
stands  in  the  churchyard."  The  old  churchyard  where  the  stone  stood  is 
nearly  two  miles  distant  from  Garragh,  which  it  may  be  mentioned  is  a 
Tillage  in  the  north-east  of  tbo  county  of  Londonderry,  not  far  from 
Coleraine. — H.  W.  Lett,  Jlon.  Prorineial  Secretary  for  Ultttr, 


Shee's  Almabonse,  Eilkemiy. — I  send  yoa  a  few  notes  respecting  Shee's 
almshouse,  built  by  Sir  Richard  Shee  in  1594,  accompanied  with  a  sketch' 
of  the  front  in  8t.  Mary's-Iane,  from  which  it  will  be  seen  that  there  was 
formerly  a  doorway,  and  slated  "  hood"  orer  it  in  this  front. 

About  the  year  1871,  tbo  building  was  rcslated  and  the  exterior 
repaired  under  my  directions  at  the  expense  of  N,  Power  O'Shcc,  Esq., 
D.L.  Long  previous  to  this  the  timbers  of  the  hood  had  decayed,  and 
disappeared.  Some  years  afterwards,  the  building  in  the  meantime  having 
been  unoccupied,  the  Bishop  [now  Cardinal  Uoren),  being  anxiouB  to 
utilize  the  building  for  a  charitable  purpose,  entered  into  an  arrangement 
with  Mr.  O'Shee,  whereby  further  repairs  and  alterations  in  the  interior 
were  carrii'd  out  partly  at  the  cost  of  Mr.  O'Shee,  and  partly  by  a  fund 
raised  by  the  Bishop.  Subsequently  Mr,  O'Shee  gave  tho  use  of  the 
building  to  "  the  Ladies'  Charitable  Association "  who  assisted  poor 
women  with  baby  clothing,  and  granted  help  to  servants  out  of  place. 
During  the  progress  of  tho  alterations,  the  doorway  in  the  lane  was 
converted  into  a  window.  Had  it  not  been  for  the  strons;  protecting  arch 
over  the  doorway,  it  is  probable  that  tho  greater  portion  of  the  lane  front, 
would  have  fallen  down;  as  the  contractor  in  carrying  out  the  alterations 
hod  been  directed  to  give  additional  height  to  tho  lower  story  by  removal 
of  the  earthen  floor.  When  this  had  been  removed  to  some  deptli  at  tho 
west  end,  the  lower  portion  of  tho  gable  "  kicked"  into  the  building, 
owing  to  tho  groat  pressure  of  the  superincumbent  earth  of  tho  lane. 

Tlio  original  arrangement  of  the  building  as  well  as  I  recollect,  was 
tho  division  of  the  ground  floor  into  two  rows  of  cells,  and  a  central 
passage  tho  length  of  the  building ;  in  one  side  the  remains  of  a  largo  fire- 
place, with  cut  stone  jambs  and  head.  There  was  no  communication 
between  the  ground  and  upper  floor,  which  was  arranged  as  the  ground 
floor,  with  this  difference,  that  the  central  passage  appeared  to  have  been 
used  for  religious  ceremonies,  as  there  was  a  gallery  carried  across  the 
end  of  the  upper  floor  immediately  over  the  west  doorway.    Access  to  the 


4B9        BOUL  tOCORT  UP  AKTIQITABIES  OF  IRELAND. 


d  \if  it-matTow  ani  mnding  fliglit  of  stairs ;  at  tlie  < 
r  itood  an  altar,  upon  which  I  found  a  small  fii 
fllMtar  flC  iMk  ntamtog  pntchcs  of  gilding  upon  it.  No  doubt  it  w 
pectioi  (Am  tabanuda  irhkh  had  stood  upon  tbe  altar.  It  may  inte 
Wttaxj  <t  ttie  JCemben  of  the  Society  to  leom  that  there  are  two  pilaa 
rioSv  to  Chat  deacribed,  to  be  seen  in  the  Crypt  of  Christ  Church  Ca 
teL  tonaeAf  then  va>  a  sculptured  base  of  a  wayside  or  churcbj 
aoM^prohabljIinnightuifrom  the  ad joinmg  churchyard.  Edmund  f 
told  Ae  taUditig  to  Junee  Sbee,  of  Watcrford,  founder  of  the  "E 
Obsitbf  "  in  tbat  town.  Bdmund  Shec  (who  was  of  the  Cloran  braj 
■lao  add  tbt  tithes  irhioh  vure  left  for  the  support  of  the  inmates. 
pweaeda  being  in  1604,  about  £40  per  annum,  according  to  the  calcula 
of  Kr.  H.  T.O'Shee,  thvyrould  now  be  equal  to  £260.  Ileam  from 
O'BIm  that  ha  ezpreaaed  hh  willingness  to  place  the  upper  floor  at 
diipMal  ot  the  Bojal  Bodety  of  Antiquaries  aa  a  Museum,  if  it 
Vbeoifiit  to  be  derirable  to  i-cmovo  the  collection  thereto. 

'  Tb»  mina  of  the  adjinniTig  hoildiiig  still  retain  some  evidence  tiiu 
waa  meat  ^obaUy  ooeval  with  the  almshouse — observe  the  corbel 
OailjIAg  the  beanu  upon  vbich  the  flooring  joints  were  laid,  and  in 
boie  (ride)  theremaina  o(  adoorway  with  chamfered  stone  frame.  Wi 
■7  iMCfllaetion  then  ma  a  semicircular  (on  plan)  bow  window  in 
0iUe  fnuting  Soee  IniL-«tt^ct.  The  room  lighted  by  this  window 
oeea^ed  by  the  lliaeea  Dyke,  in  the  year  1809,  when  they  ' 
engaged  at  the  Gentlemen's  Theatricals  as  performers  in  minor  parte, 
in  thia  window  Tom  Uooro  used  to  sit,  no  doubt  paying  his  oddreaai 
"Bessie,"  the  second  eldest  of  the  Dykes,  who  subsequently  becanL 
wife.  Moore  wrote  and  spoke  the  prologue  at  the  opening  in  1809, 
acted  tbe  part  of  "  Tom  "  in  "  Peeping  Tom,"  Sessie  ticking  the 
of  "Lady  Oodlra."  This  was  the  only  occasion  upon  which  they  t 
together  at  the  Kilkenny  plays.  Hoore  formed  part  of  the  compai 
1810,  but  E.  Dyke  did  not  appear  after  1809;  her  sisters  did. — J 
BOBKBTBOH,  Sim.  Fallou). 

N.B. — I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  George  EincheU  for  the  dates, 
respecting  the  plays.  Mr.  Einehela  possesses  a  copy  of  the  "  Hista 
the  Kilkenny  Theatre,"  which  contains  copies  of  the  play-biUa, 
lognes,  &o.,  and  is  illustrated  with  portraits  of  the  sereral  acton 
actresses,  eagraved  after  miniatures  by  John  Comeifoid,  who  n 
Kative  of  Thomastown,  county  Kilkenny. 

St.  Pranoia'  Abbey,  Kilkenny. — The  members  of  architectural 
should  turn  tiieir  attention  to  the  study  of  the  large  octagonal  carved  a 
which  evidently  formed  the  cap-mouldings  of  the  capital  of  a  remaz] 
large  octagonal  pillar.  I  have  drawings  of  it  made  inthe  year  1813,  < 
it  evidently  stood  alone  aa  now  in  its  dimensionB.    There  could  not 


I 

I 


MISCELLANEA.  437 

been  several  such  pillars  at  St.  Francis'.  My  theory  is  that  it  belonged 
to  a  great  pillar  which  stood  in  Ihc  ctrntre  of  an  octagonal  cLapl«r-room, 
such  as  maybe  seen  at  Elgin  Cathedral,  the  ribs  of  the  groined  roof 
fringing  from  each  of  the  sides  of  capital ;  according  to  traditioD,  such 
a  chapter-house  existed  at  the  Abbey  of  Graigue — the  pillar  being  called 
"  the  tree,"  the  ribs,  I  prosnme  "  the  branches."  K  the  sixth  grotesque 
figure,  under  the  tower  of  St.  Francis  recently  exposed  by  the  removal  of 
a  wall,  has  not  been  photographed,  some  of  the  members  should  take  a 
picture  of  it. — Jaubs  G,  Roebrtson,  ITm.  Felhar. 

St.  John's  Priory.  Kilkenny. — I  send  you  a  drawing'  of  wlmt  were 
called  It't'artncy's  vaults,  but  in  reality  a  portion  of  the  cloisters.  Some 
sixty-four  years  ago  Mr.  Jl'Cartncy  occupied  a  house  the  site  of  which  is 
now  a  portion  of  the  croquet  ground  in  front  of  cloisters.  The  orchard 
went  down  to  the  river,  and  the  mill-Btreom  was  not  arched  over. — Jakes 
6.  RoBEBTHON,  Son.  Fellou!. 

81ieela-na-Galra. — I  cannot  give  my  friend  Mr.  John  Davis  White, 
the  particulars  he  wishes  for,  but  I  can  give  some,  which  may  put  him  in 
the  way  of  getting  them.  Sheela-na-Ouira  is  a  corruption  of  Sheela  Ny 
Oarn  ;  the  lady  in  question  was  daughter  of  the  head  of  the  ConnauKht 
O'Onias,  and  a  celebrated  beauty  iu  whose  honour  the  fiuc  Irish  sir  called 
after  her  was  composed,  but  I  do  not  now  reraeoiber  when  she  lived, 
and  I  never  heard  any  particulars  of  her  history.  What  Mr.  White  heanl 
may  be  quite  correct ;  she  may  have  married  a  Dwyer  of  Culluhill,  near 
fiorrisoleigh.  Sheela  is  the  Irish  equivalent  for  Julliuua  or  Julia,  of  which 
Gillian  is  evidently  a  form.  It  is  very  curious  the  way  in  which  names 
are  often  changed  by  translation  and  re- translation  between  Irish,  Latin, 
And  English,  coupled  with  the  attempts  of  Ajiglo-lrish  scribes,  chroniclers, 
and  genealogists,  to  reduce  Irish  names  from  Irish  manuscripts  or  oral 
recital  to  English  spelling.  JuUiana  and  Johanna  seem  very  often  inter- 
changeable; how,  or  why,  I  have  never  been  able  to  find  out,  the  Irish 
equivalent  of  one  being  Sheela,  and  of  the  other  Shivaun  (Sioban).  I 
have  met  very  numerous  instances  uf  this.  One  b  that  of  the  wife  of 
Cornelius  O'Connor  Kerry,  the  donor  of  the  beautiful  processional  cross  to 
Lislaghtin  Abbey,  county  Kerry,  She  is  in  the  inscription  on  the  cross 
called  "  Jullianu  dlia  militis,"  and  in  the  researches  into  the  genealogy  of 
the  O'Connors  and  their  intermarriages  with  the  Glin  Oeraldines,  which 
I  made  to  verify  my  reading  of  the  date  on  the  cross,  I  come  on 
snthorilics  respecting  this  lady,  daughter  of  the  Knight  of  Glin,  married 
to  "  Cornelius  the  son  of  John,"  the  O'Connor  Kerry,  at  the  end  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  in  one  of  which  she  was  called  Johannn,  nnd  in  another 
Sybila.    The  latter  was  the  first  I  got,  and  was  fur  some  lime  a  great 


1 


4S9^       BOTIL  aOOIEIT  OF  JUREJQUAEIES  OP  mzLAim, 

fl^-^'T  Vlaek  to  iD«,  btt  ia  fit*  end  I  found  that  there  could  be 
jnwftilr  doabt  that  SjUU  VU  identical  with  Johanna,  and  both  w 
JnlUina,  <■»  of  flie  d(atan<rfthe  qtoh.  Tiiis  intcrchongetibility  of  the  t 
lattar  naaue  il,  u  I  Iuits  end  before,  ot  frequent  occarrence,  but  how 
eitiwr  eone  to  be  obanged  into  Bj\aiA  ?  1  think  the  lady  must  have  b> 
Mnnuofy  called  StuTean,  and  that  the  Anglo-Iriah  genealogist,  eeo 
*'  fKolMa"  in  iome  pedigree  or  other  document  written  by  an  Iriahm 
flt0«(^  it  BHCe  like  Bylola  than  any  oQier  name  he  was  acquainted  wi 
■nd  aeootdingly  mub  it  Sgiih.  I  remember  some  years  ago  seem 
n^oft  ot  a  trial  in  the  Wert  of  Ireland — I  think  it  v&a  the  celebra 
ean  ol  tlie  nunder  ot  the  Toyoes  at  Haamtrosna,  but  am  not  qaitu  but 
in  irtiidi  Bvnnl  Xrish-^eaking  iritneases  were  examined,  the  ChriM 
aaaa ot oie of  iriuHn wat  iprenaa  "Bybila."  I  felt  pretty  sure  that' 
vaa  not  tiie  name  ahe  was  oalled  by  in  Iriab,  and  mad«  several  atten 
to  fad  oat  of  what  Irish  name  it  waa  eapposcd  to  be  a  translation. 
did  not  loooeed,  bat  am  very  mnoh  inclined  to  think  that  the  womi 
name  waa  SMvann.  I  wiah  X  knew ;  perhaps  some  ot  our  Connau 
Ifaabeni   oonld   ipn  aome   information  on    the  subject. — Oeobqi 


P.S.-^Thfae  are  nambars  of  mmen  in  this  part  of  the  cooi 
(Teit  Idmetiok)  called "Jodo"  and"  Jugo"  "  Joan  end  Joney;"  1 
«V  faiTaiiably  gite  their  Bamea  aa  Xoliaiina,  I  never  heard  one  call  he; 
AiBa  or  Jndia.  The  ''Thadea"  and  "Tadys"  also  all  coll  themai 
^nmothy  as  well  as  the  "  Tims,"  the  "  ICortys  "  some  Hortimer  and  i 
lUrtin,  never  Uurtogb.    Conors  are  all  Cornelius. 

Ancient  Irish  Snndiali. — A  description  of  the  Sundial  at  KH 
kedar  Churchyard,  county  Kerry,  is  given  in  the  last  Part  of 
Journal,  in  which  the  one  at  Monasterboice  is  referred  to.  I  would  ' 
to  draw  attention  to  a  peculiarity  existing  in  those  stones  which  I '. 
never  eeen  or  heard  of  having  been  noticed  by  anyone  else.  Over  tw« 
years  ago,  I  was  at  M!onasterboicc.  I  esamined  the  dial  very  closely 
on  looking  at  the  hole  in  centre  of  semicircle,  or  rather  in  this  ci 
shoold  say  segment,  I  perceived  that  the  entrance  was  slightly  fui 
shaped.  On  patting  in  my  finger  I  found  that  a  short  distanoe  in, 
funnel  was  terminated  by  a  rather  sudden  widening  out  of  the 
which  swelled  out  to  fully  once  and  a-half  the  diameter  of  the  nam 
part,  and  then  narrowed  again  till  it  came  to  a  blunt  point  at  bottom 
a  single  morsel  of  the  hole  for  its  entire  depth  being  cylindricaL 
cross  section  was  everywhere  circular,  and  the  shape  of  the  hole  < 
regular.  I  coold  not  imagine,  nor  can  I  now,  why  the  hole  was  madi 
peoaliar  shape.  Of  course  it  would  not  be  very  hard  to  do  it,  but  it 
have  given  aome  additional  trouble,  and  consequently  it  must  havo 
done  for  some  object,  which  was  worth  taking  extra  trouble  to  a1 


HISCELI.A.NEA. 


439 


I 


I 


E 

L 


What  that  object  wa«  has  ever  sinco  been  a  puzzle  to  roe.  A  year  or  two 
nftcrwanlfl  I  waa  at  Kilmolkedar,  and  of  course,  in  examining  the  dial 
there,  I  looked  particularly  at  the  hole,  and  to  my  great  surprise  found  it 
of  exactly  tho  same  very  pcculiDr  shape  aa  that  in  the  dial  ut  Uonaster- 
boice.  The  same  description  applies  exactly  to  both,  the  section  through 
the  axis  being  in  both  precisely  the  same,  as  nearly  as  I  could  compare  them 
at  the  distance  of  place  and  time,  and  I  had  a  very  diatinct  recollection 
of  the  hole  in  the  Monasterboico  stone  when  I  examined  that  at  Kihnal- 
kedar,  as  I  stiil  have  of  both.  I  drew  a  section  of  the  latter,  and  on  showing 
it  to  my  son,  who  had  been  with  mc  at  Monastcrboice  and  examined  tbe 
atone  there,  he  at  onco  said,  "  that  is  tho  queer  hole  in  the  etone  wo  saw 
at  UoDasterboice."  Hare  any  of  our  Members  noticed  the  peculiar  shapo 
of  the  holes  in  either  of  those  atones,  and  can  anyone  tell  what  kind  of  holes 
are  in  the  diula  at  Clone,  Inuisceoltra,  and  Saul?  I  was  at  Inniscealtra 
once,  but  had  no  one  with  me  who  know  the  place,  and  unfortunately  did 
sot  notice  the  dial. — Qeobdb  J.  Hewsoit. 

Kouell'i  History  of  the  Qeraldiuei. — In  his  preface  to  the  first 
portion  of  tho  unpublished  Gcraldine  Documents,  printed  in  the  first 
volume  of  the  third  scries  of  the  Journal  of  tho  Royal  Historical  and 
Archieological  Association  of  Ireland,  now  become  tho  Royal  Society 
of  Antiquaries  of  Ireland,  tho  late  lamented  Conou  Hayman.  introducbg 
Thomas  Russell's  important  "Relation  of  the  Fitz  Geralds  of  Ireland" 
say 8 : — 

"Of  the  author  TCiy  little  is  known.  He  was  probably 
of  Knglish  blood  .  ,  .  His  father  he  tells  us  served  tbe 
Jngens  rehelUbtu  exemplar  Gemld  the  unhappy  sixteenth 
Earl  of  Desmond." 

Canon  HavTiian  goes  on   to  say  that  the  Ten.  Archdeacon  Rowan, 
thought  it  probable  that  Dr.  Smith,  who  refcra  to  them  in  his  history,  hod 
seen  the  original  US3.  of  Russell  amongst  tho  eolleetions  at  LismcoSi  J 
Castle,  to  which  he  had  free  access,  but  he  adds,  "  our  readere  will  nov-1 
see  that  this  very  plausible  conjecture  was  without  foundation,  onless  wo  " 
arc  to  suppose  that  the  original  autograph  of  Russell  may  have  been  seen 
by  Smith  amongst  the  Lismore  MSS."     The  Canon  rerigned  tho  editing 
of  tho  second  part  of  the  Geroliline  Doeuments  published  in  the  same 
volume  of  the  Journal,  to  the  Reverend  James  Graves,  who  in  a  footnoto 
to  p.  459  of  that  volume  says  : — 

"  Russell  was  probably  tbe  eon  of  tho  James  Russell  whose  name 
is  found  signed  to  the  combination  of  Garret  late  £arl  of  Desmond,  in 
1578."  Ho  then  details  the  various  unsuccessful  ellorts  which  hod  been 
modo  to  trace  his  MSS, 

The  Duke  of  Dovonshire's  MSS.  at  Lismore  Castlo  have  been  carefully 


440  EOYAL  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIES  OP  IRELAND. 

turanged  and  catalogued  of  late  years,  but  no  trace  of  what  Ib  know 
the  Russell  MS.  is  to  be  found  there.  But  in  the  perhaps  most  inte 
ing  portion  of  the  Lismore  MSB.,  the  autobiographical  sketches  and  c 
of  the  first  great  Earl  of  Cork,  written  throughout  by  his  own  hand 
find  the  following  entry,  which  certainly  shows  that  he  had  a  share  ix 
■compilation  of  Russell's  work,  and  that  Russell  was  his  relatiye  or 
nexion.  It  will  be  found  at  p.  15,  vol.  iii.,  of  the  Lismore  Pi 
printed  for  private  circulation  at  the  Chiswick  Press  in  1886,  by  coi 
of  the  late  good  and  learned  Duke,  under  the  able  editorship  of  the 
Dr.  Grosart.     This  book  should  be  in  every  Lish  library. 

*'  4th  March,  1633-4.    I  sent  my  cozen,  Thomas  Russell,  a  faire  pettidgree 
howse  and  discents  of  the  ancient  and  noble  ffamily  of  the  ffitz  Geralds,  Eo] 
Desmond,  drawen  upp  by  myselfe  and  firend^s  searches  of  ancient  Records." 

This  entry  raises  some  very  curious  and  interesting  questions,  wh 
«hall  consider  hereafter. — Mabt  Hickson. 


A  Journey  to  Longh  Derg. — Some  who  have  read  the  above-n 
article  in  the  Journal  may  find  interest  in  a  brief  note  on  the  Swan] 
Spa,  which  I  have  received  from  one  to  whom  the  late  Primate  sp( 
the  matter. 

The  late  Primate  (Marcus  Gervais  Beresford)  being  asked  to  reca] 
event  of  his  childhood  which  was  characteristic  of  the  state  of  80ci< 
Lreland  at  that  time,  after  some  consideration  answered : — ^*  I  rem* 
when  I  was  about  five  years  old  (1806-cir.),  Lord  Pamham,  Lord  1 
killen,  and  my  father  (Bishop  of  Kilmore)  arranged  to  spend  the  su 
at  Swanlinbar  with  their  families.  The  accommodation  there  v 
inadequate  for  their  wants  (although  Isaac  Butler  praises  it)  th; 
coaches  were  drawn  up  before  the  hotel,  and  the  ladies  sat,  worke< 
visited  each  other  in  them  until  luncheon,  when  the  rooms  were 
for  their  reception." 

It  may  be  observed  that  in  the  early  years  of  this  century  m 
the  Irish  and  English  holiday  resorts  reaped  a  constant  harvest,  of 
they  were  to  a  great  extent  deprived  when  after  the  pacification  oJ 
the  Continent  was  again  thrown  open  to  travellers. 

Many  other  interesting  notes  might  be  added  of  the  country  tl 
which  Butler  travelled  by  those  acquainted  with  the  present  condi 
the  various  localities  which  he  describes. — C.  M.  S. 


Honours  to  Members  of  the  Society. — The  Society  of  Anti( 
of  Scotland,  on  St.  Andrew's  Day  (Nov.  30),  elected  "W.  Frazer,  f.i 
one  of  their  Honorary  Members.  This  distinction  is  limited  to  t^ 
Rye  Members,  principally  selected  from  foreign  Archaeologists.  T 
Bishop  of  Down  and  Connor,  Dr.  Reeves,  was  similarly  affiliated 
Society.  Dr.  Frazer  has  also  recently  been  named  an  Honorary  ]i( 
of  the  Historical  Society  of  New  Jersey. 


UI8CBLL.ASEA.. 

Another  Member  of  our  Society,  William  Ritlgewny,  u.i,,  Professor 
of  Greek  in  Queen's  College,  Cork,  has  just  been  nominated  Professor  of 
Archteology  in  the  University  of  Cambridge. 

Beport  of  Hon,  Local  Secretary,  Limerick.— At  a  Ueeting  of  Local 
Members  of  the  Society,  held  at  Limerick,  on  5th  Augnst,  Messrs. 
Lenihan  and  Fogcrty  reported  that  "  Ireton's  House  "  ivaa  much  dilapa- 
dated,  and  that  intcrcGting  remains  of  the  ancient  city  were  fast  disappear- 
ing ;  and  that  some  interesting  oar^'iiiga  and  inscriptions  bto  still  to  be 
found  in  litu;  and  recommending  that  steps  should  be  taken  for  their  pre- 
servation. 

Eesolvcd  : — "That  Messrs.  Lenihon, Frost,  Lynch,  Barry, Fogerty,  and 
Brown  be  requested  to  make  a  minute  lEspection  of  the  '  old  town '  at 
an  early  date,  and  draw  up  a  list  of  the  ancient  remains  still  existing,  and 
&I1  inscriptiona,  carvings,  &c.,  so  that  a  record  may  be  made  of  same,  and 
that  they  do  report  to  a  subsequent  meeting  of  the  local  members." 
Mr.  Fogerty,  c.  e.,  reported  that  the  St.  Michael's  Vestry  had  finally 
agreed  to  hand  over  Mungret  ruins  and  Graveyard  (except  the  enclosed 
plot  on  which  the  Protestant  Cburcli  stands)  to  the  Rural  Sanitary 
Board. — J,  G.  BiUlki,  Hon.  Local  Secretary. 


Interesting  Find  at  Ballinaoonrte,  Co.  Tipperary. — In  a  field 
adjacent  lo  the  man aioo -house  of  Bultinacourte,  the  residence  of  G.  K.  8. 
Massy-Dawson,  Esq.,  J. P.,  D.L.,  some  very  curious  specimens  of  anti- 
quity have  just  been  unearthed.  The  find  eonsists  of  a  number  of  oak 
planks,  which,  from  their  appearance,  must  have  formed  portion  of  on 
Irish  crannog.  The  planks  were  found  at  a  depth  of  six  feet  under  the 
surface  of  the  field.  They  measure  8  feet  in  length  and  18  inches  in 
breadth  and  threo  inches  in  thickness.  The  kind  of  timber  is  what  is 
known  as  bog  oak.  On  two  of  the  slabs  are  very  perfect  mortise  holeSi 
8  in  by  6  in.  Another  shows  n  tenon  and  mortiBe  quite  distinctly.  The 
material  was  lying  on  the  flat,  having  threo  pieces  standing  vertical,  one 
at  each  of  three  comers.  Fragments  of  a  fourth  vertical  post  were  found, 
but  decay  had  effectually  devoured  it.  The  field  in  which  the  '■  find " 
was  discovered  is  hard  anil  dry,  having  n  subsoil  of  drift  grit,  four  foot 
deep,  lying  upon  a  foundation  of  blue  clay.  Under  this  subsoil  are 
e  quantities  of  hog  oak. — CloHmel  CbronieU. 


The  Society  and  the  Ancient  Honnmenti  Act. — The  many  interests 

repieeentcd  in  the  organization  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
Ireland  render  it  peculiarly  capable  of  affording  most  valuable  assist- 
ance in  such  a  matter  as  the  selection  of  the  monuments  referred  to 
at  page  411.  The  Council  is  moat  representative — out  of  its  33  olectod 
and  tj-ojleio  members,   24  are  Members  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy; 


«|£2  XOZiL  SOdETT  OF  AHTI^ABIES  OF  ^ELAND. 


•  ■•Mknra  <f  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London,  and  2t  1 
tn  «dier  Aiabsalbgical  Societies.  Out  of  Beven  clergymen  (ind 
lH|ilJ8Uiil«liil»  of  each  of  the  three  principal  reli^oiu  bodies  in  Ii* 
9  anUibopi;  time  is  a  member  of  the  Privy  Council;  the  Beputy-I 
ti  flie  FbWo  Beeords  in  Ireland  ;  the  Preradent  of  the  Royal  Inatil 
Alditeati  of^diiad,  (ood  seven  architects)  ;  a  Professor  of  Eccleat. 
Biltofj  I  m  Ssaratsry  of  the  Board  of  If  ational  Educution  ;  the  Secret 
ib*  Bajwl  Iriih  Academy ;  2  ore  Barristers- at-Law  ;  and  1 3  memt 
OoauQ  are  nug^strates.  Each  province  and  county  in  It«lf 
mnUMWllwI.  Knd  the  Hon.  Local  Secretaries  number  58,  ^th  8 
Pwrinoul  BocreUries.  The  assistance  indiTidual  members  can  ( 
not  to  be  orarlooked,  especially  as  they  are  drawn  from  the  rai 
fh*  Bort  intdligent  and  cultured  in  the  community,  and  in  com 
niQl  Oa  nprewntative  character  of  men  mth  antiquarian  testes 
b*  nmriEed,  that  the  Lord  Hayors  of  London,  Dublin,  and  Belf 
tiw  [OMcmt  jMr  are  members  of  this  Society.  Alderman  Stuart 
Lnd  Ibytn  <A  London,  bus  been  s  Fellow  since  1672,  and  Ale 
Oiaiiei  fiTOwn,  l.£.,  thrice  Mayor  of  Chester,  has  been  a  Mem 


»  Castle,  Co.  Lon^rd,  and  t&e  Browiu,  Band 
'Alt  eomtr  il  1641-58  {Journal,  present  vol.,  p.  20 1 ).— The  dep 
<A  a  Same  Maiy  Brown,  "  wife  of  Sir  fiilvest«r  lirown,  Bnrt.,  of  F 
{jtie)  county  Longford,"  taken  before  Qerard  Lowther,  in  1652,  r 
in  the  Library  of  T.  C.  D.  Mention  is  made  in  it  of  Sir  Sichard  1 
father  of  Sit  Silvester,  as  having  been  alive  in  1642,  (See  Iriih  Me 
of  1641 ;  or  Ireland  in  the  Seventeenth  Century,  vol.  i.,  pp.  356-3S 
do  not  think  those  Browns  appear  in  Sir  Bernard  Burke's  j 
Baronetage,  but  as  I  have  not  that  work  near  me,  my  memory  ma; 
fault  on  this  point.  A  place  called  Ballinator  is  mentioned  in  the  i 
tion  of  a  Susan  Steele,  whose  life  was  saved  by  the  influence  of 
Mary  Brown,  and  the  Dillons  and  Nowoomens,  with  some  of  the  ini 
CFarrells.  Can  this  be  the  Ballinamore  of  Mr.  Wilson's  note  ? 
Mary  Brown  seems  to  have  been  of  the  old  Anglo-Irish  race,  prol 
Dillon,  Bamewall,  or  Plunkett ;  her  husband  must  have  been  gran' 
the  Sir  lUchord  whose  name  appears  on  the  inscription  given  1 
Wilson.  The  new  colonists  and  tbo  English  servants  of  Damt 
Brown  suSeied  heavily  in  1642,  but  we  must  remember  that  thei 
nents  in  that  year,  the  O'Farrells,  had  been  very  hardly  treated 
plantation  of  Longford  in  1615.  {Ibid.,  vol.  i.,  p.  30-38).  Their 
rial  detailing  their  undoubtedly  undeserved  sufferings  under  the  ' 
tbns  is  Tery  touching.  I  have  given  it  at  length  in  the  Appendii 
work  above  mentioned,  and  also  their  argnmenta  against  the  plants 
Longford,  for  which  there  was  really  no  necessity  at  all. — mIsi  H 


MISCELLANEA. 


443 


BatlinamoTe  Castle,  Co.  Longford,  Browne,  Baronet  {Journal, 
present  toI.,  p.  291).  Sir  Richard  Browne,  of  Kiahock,  Co.  Dublin,  was 
created  a  Baronet  by  Privy  Seal,  dated  at  WestmiiiBtor  17th  January, 
1621,  and  Patent  at  Dublin  aoth  March,  1622  {Pat.  20  Jac.  1.,  i.  J.  34). 
Ee  married  Mary  Plunkett,  third  daugbttr  of  Christopher,  ninth  Lord 
Eilleen,  and  eister  of  Lucas,  first  Earl  of  Fingoll  (ArckdaU'»  Lodge,  vol, 
Ti.,  181,  where  ho  ie  described  as  ''Richard  Browne  of  Bollynamurc, 
county  of  Longford,  Esq.")  The  tablet  in  the  chapel  at  Batlinnmoro 
must  have  been  placed  there  long  before  tbc  death  of  the  parties  it  com- 
memorates, if  the  date  is  correctly  given  by  Mr.  J.  M.  Wilson  as  1625. 
Sir  Bichard  Browne,  Bart.,  made  his  will  14th  September,  1642,  by 
which  he  appointed  his  wife,  Mary  Plunkett,  solo  executrix,  she  to  enjoy 
the  "House  of  Bellanamore"  for  life,  "  aa  also  the  Cartroa  of  Bellana- 
moro,  the  Cartron  of  Culldrogbgobedagh,  the  Cartron  of  Clunctegh,  and 
the  Cartron  of  Clunellan,  containing  six  hundred  acres  or  thereabouts, 
and  Bnch  leases  as  he  hud  in  the  county  of  Longford  during  ber  life,"  and 
after  her  death  this  property  was  entailed  upon  his  sons,  Bichard  Browne, 
Silvester  Browne,  and  his  nephew  Patrick  Browne,  of  Keolstown,  suc- 
cessively. On  Silrestcr  was  entailed  the  lands  of  Irishtown  and  Kishoge 
and  all  the  estate  which  he  hod  in  Dablin,  with  similar  remainders.  He 
also  makes  provision  for  six  daughters,  viz.  Besse,  married  to  William 
tiough,  Bridgt't,  Bose,  Mabel,  Margaret  (married  Oorrett  Young,  of 
Dublin,  died  1624 — Burke's  Otneral  Armory),  and  Nell,  His  eldest  son, 
Sir  Silvester  Browne,  succeeded  as  second  Baronet.  In  his  wiU  dated 
23rd  February,  16'13,  and  proved  9th  November,  1663,  he  is  described  as 
of  the  city  of  Dublin.  He  mentions  his  wife,  Dame  Mary  Browne,  his 
cousin,  Bichard  Browne,  merchant,  his  little  daughter,  Margaret  Browne, 
and  his  brother,  Bichard  Browne.  The  title  is  uow  supposed  to  be 
extinct;  but  when?  In  Burke's  Extinct  and  Dormant  Baron»tci»», 
2nd  edition,  1844,  it  is  not  included  ;  hut  the  part  dealing  with  Irish 
netcies  is  exceedingly  deficient.  The  arms  uf  tliis  family'  were — 
r  palo  or.  &  aa.  an  eagle  displayed  with  two  heads,  charged  on  the 
with  a  trefoil  slipped  all  countercbangcd  (Burke'a  Ottural 
jtrmort/).  The  same  arms  with  a  muUct  gu.  for  difference  were  home 
by  Patrick  Browne  of  Backweston,  Co.  Dublin,  second  son  of  John 
Browne  of  Carlow,  second  son  of  Patrick  Browne  of  Irishtown,  Co. 
Dublin,  and  Brownestown,  Co.  KOdare,  who  died  1625  (Funeral  Entry, 
Burko's  General  Armorti). — G.  D.  Bitstceaell. 


Tinnehinch  Cattle,  Co.  Carlow  {Journal,  present  vol.,  p.  302). — The 
ettutemeut  (copying  Jaumal,  vul.  li.,  4th  Ser.,  p.  295,  nott)  that  this  Cutlr 
was  built  in  Uic  sixteenth  century  by  the  Mountgarrctt  Butlers  to  c 


4^  BOTAL  aOOIBTr  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IB] 


tiu-KcnM^doMaotl^ear  to  be  correct.  "  Tenebjiicci  and  Toner 
t/im  OawJam  Baa  1  Bwrtekml,  and  Bsli^hemye  6  martdlands,  lying  in 
Bvoqr<d  ^BUlja,"  fioBed  part  of  the  estate  of  Unrrogh  Icogh  U'Cf 
Ckrenaghof  TanehTnoe,  forfeited  oa  Ids  attainder  in  1583.  Oa  3 
J.iHn«^  1(66,  then  laada,  witli  others,  vere  leased  for  21  years,  i 
mt  ti  £16,  to  Sir  Feiroe  Titz  James  of  Ballysonane,  Co.  Kildare,  £ 
(JSaift  Slit.  4918),  but  tbia  lease  was  very  soon  surrendered  or  forfeil 
te  OB  ISth  JvDB,  1S89,  •  gtant  of  lands  of  attainted  persona  in  vari 
opBotiM  Bude  to  Brian  Fite  William,  esq.,  included,  in  the  Co.  Carl 
TcHQOates  or  maitLmda,  -nz.  "in  Tenehencie  and  Toneran  or  Tenc 
aKn  OowUn  Han,  1  mart,  and  BaUyhenrie,  6  marts,  in  tlio  BaroDj 
t^molyn,  n«lT  tiie  Banov,  possessions  of  Uauriee  Cavenagho,  ca 
XuiaD^  leighe  m°  Cahir  Cavcnaghe,  of  Tonehencic,"  atl^nted,  rent ; 
t9  hold  for  erer  in  oonunon  tocage,  maintaining  one  English  horsemai 
a*  luda  in  Co.  Carlov,  &a  (Fianta  Eliz,  5344).  Biian  Fitz  Willi 
1^  dead  dated  25th  Angust,  1569,  conveyed  this  estate  to  Bid 
ITrttanillet  of  Corballies,  Co.  Duhlin,  on  whose  death  without  issue, 
Scptoaba^  1807,  it  paased  to  his  nephew,  Nicholas  Nettcrville  of  Do 
Co.  Ibath,  (AfmMwfi  (iErcA.)  Co.  Catherlsgh,  18  Joe.  I.).  Nicfa 
Rcttarnlla  having  annflsdered  his  estate  to  the  Crown  had  a  new  g 
dated  leOi  Seoonlwr,  I6II,  inclading  the  lands  in  Co.  Carlow— 
Bymolin  Baraiy,  leneHunobo  and  Toncron,  atias  Cowlan-ialand,  1  c 
ate,  BaUyhanrie,  6  martlands,"  rent  £s  lOs.,  to  hold  for  ever  in  com 
aoeage  (iW.9  J«a.L,  It.  «4).  Nicholas  NetterviUe  was  created 'Viae. 
UTetterville  in  1622.  By  Inquisition  taken  at  Carlow  on  12th  April,  H 
the  jury  found  that  Viscount  NetterviUe  was  seised  in  fee  of  "  Tyneh 
and  Cowerenalle"  containing  1  mart  and  a-half,  and  that  in  the  year  1 
he  aliened  the  premisses  to  James  Butler  of  Tynehinsy,  esq.,  and  his  1 
for  ever,  under  a  yearly  rent  of  40*.,  and  that  the  lands  were  held  of 
King  by  military  service.  Having  regard  to  the  grant  of  Tamei 
quoted  above,  this  finding  of  the  jury  appears  incorrect,  but  tho 
remains  that  James  Butler  did  not  acquire  this  estate  until  the  se 
decade  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and  that  there  is  no  mention 
castle  up  to  that  period,  which  there  certainly  would  he  if  it  wer 
important  stronghold.  James  Butler,  who  was  son  to  the  2nd, 
brother  to  the  Srd  Viscount  Kountgarrett,  and  was  U.  P.  for 
Carlow,  1684-1635,  probably  built  the  castle,  which  did  not  s 
■nfflciently  near  the  etone  brii^e  of  Oraig,  built  some  time  b 
1641,  to  he  of  any  use  from  a  military  point  of  view.  James  Bat 
nephews.  Col.  Edmond  Butler,  afterwards  4th  Viscount  Uoantgai 
and  Walter  Bagenal  of  Dunleckny,  and  their  wives,  were  com 
visitors  at  the  castle  before  and  during  the  rebellion,  and  froa 
b«ing  ofton  referred  to  as  Tinnehinch  houtf,  it  would  appear  not  to 
been  considered  a  fortress  (vss.  T.C.I).,  F.  2,  6).  It  was  certainly 
regarded  in  the  military  operations  of  the  period.    The  estoto  forfeitc 


hiscellahea.. 


45 


James  Butler  in  the  Co.  Corlow  consisted  of  "CoomJlan,  133*.  2b.  arable, 
Tinchiny,  224*.  arable,  and  Balljhonry,  85*.  3b.  timber  wood,"  and  it 
vas  noted  that  "  upon  Tinicliiny  stands  a  castle  in  repair "  [2)oieH 
Surrey).  Under  the  Act  of  Setlltment  these  lands  were  granted  in  1669 
to  Arthur,  Earl  of  Anglesey,  being  described  as  "  Comellaue  alias  Comal- 
lano,  Tinnihinny  aiioi  Tinyhincli  aliat  Teneheny  and  Ba]lyhanry,"  saving 
to  Ellinor  and  Ellen  Butler  and  all  claiming  under  them  the  right  of  their 
decree  to  Tynchinchy,  Tyneraana,  Ballyhanry,  and  Cornellane  [Pat.  21 
Chas.  II.,  ii.  dort.  37-50),  In  1664  the  castle  appears  to  have  been 
occupied  by  Tybott  Butler  (brother  of  James),  who  was  assessed  at  6*. 
for  three  hearths  at  "  Tynehince"  {Hearlh  Money.RolU). 

Some  of  the  traditions  of  the  cruelty  of  the  occupiers  of  the  castle 
may  have  their  origin  in  the  fate  of  five  English  inhabitants  of  Grnig 
hanged  at  or  near  Tinnehinch  in  the  firEt  year  of  the  Rebellion.  The 
fact  of  the  hangings  was  not  disputed  by  any  of  the  parties  charged, 
though  exculpating  James  Butler  (iiss.  T.C.D.,  F.  2,  5)  ;  and  Col. 
Walter  Bagenal  was  in  consequence  sentenced  to  be  hanged,  as  were 
doubtless  the  others,  by  the  High  Court  of  Justice  at  Kilkenny,  in 
October,  1652,  but  Bagenal  desiring  to  be  "  bulleted  alive  like  a 
eouldier"  was  accordingly  "  shott  to  death"  {Ap/ioriimicall  Di»eovert/). 

Ellinor  and  Ellon  Butler  mentioned  above  were  granddaughters  of 
James  Butler. 

In  Hay,  1698,  one  Jomea  Butler  of  Coumellane  in  the  county  of 
Carlow,  gent.,  married  Hester,  daughter  of  Sir  Kichard  Butler,  2nd 
Bart.,  of  Polestown  (ArehdaU's  Lodge,  iv,  p.  18). — G.  D.  Burxcuabll. 


Alleged  discovery  in  Co.  Clare. — I  give  herewith  an  estract  of  a 
letter  published  in  the  Saundrri',  NewM-LeUer  of  1  Ith  March,  1780, 
which,  I  think,  will  interest  the  members  of  our  Society.  It  sheds 
some  light  upon  the  origin  of  the  Irish  Celts,  and  of  their  mode  of 
sepulture,  at  a  very  early  age. 

As  this  monument  may  still  exist,  perhaps  some  of  our  members  may 
be  able  to  recover  it  and  have  it  preserved,  kfac-simiU  of  it  would  be  a 
valuable  acquisition  for  our  ./oiirnfl/.^Tnoiris  Wahhen. 

Extract  of  a  Utttr  from  Burren,  in  the  county  of  Clart,  dattd 
March  ith,  17S0. 

"  On  Thursday  lost,  as  Mr,  Davoren  was  superintending  some  mea 
who  were  digging  away  the  foundation  of  an  old  tower  which  was  near 
the  Abbey  of  St,  Daragh,  he  discovered  an  opening  or  eaccavation,  which 
excited  his  curiosity.  In  the  course  of  seven  hours  he  cleared  away  the 
rubbish  which  covered  twenty-two  stops  of  a  sort  of  red  granite,  which 

JOCB.  M.S.A.I.,  VOL.    U.,  FT.  IV.,  GtH  StK.  3  II 


446-       BOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUABUBS  OF  ISEUkHD. 

led  into  a  large  square  room  of  hewn  stone,  entiielj  fonned  of  the 
kind  as  the  stairs,  and  containing  foorteen  niches,  in  seTen  of  wbidi 
were  set  upright  long  oak  boxes,  each  of  which  contained  some  eerth  and 
a  skeleton ;  the  bones  were  very  brittle,  and  the  exterior  parts  of  the 
coffin  rotten.  On  a  large  square  stone  set  up  on  the  south  side  is  an 
inscription  in  the  old  Irish  or  Bearla  Fimna,  which  Dr.  Dawes  has  thna 
translated  :— 

*  Cahd  the  ion  of  Aorth,  the  son  of  Oscra,  the  son  of  CueuUen-Tiegemany  the  aoa 
of  Braoklshm — Lundub,  Greanaulin,  Farduragha,  tbree  brothers  Dkan,  Suilanlhi, 
two  sisters.  All  of  the  house  of  Burren.  From  learned  Phoenicia  they  drew  that 
spark  of  life  which  was  extinguished  with  the  sun  in  the  Western  Ocean.' 

**  No  date  has  been  yet  discovered,  nor  any  other  monument  of  anti* 
quity  which  can  enlighten  the  subject." 


Under  the  Altar  in  the  Chancel  of  Ballintoy  Church,  county  Antrim,, 
the  following  epitaph  is  inscribed  on  the  tombstone  (a  red  freestone)  : — 


HEBB   LIBS  NICOLAS 
STBVABT   WHO  DBPABTED 
THIS   LIFB   X  OF   SBPTBlfBEB 
1667. 

WRBN  TBNDEB  PLANTS 
SVCH   AS   THIS   CHILDB 
BY   NATVRE    COMELY 
COVRTEOVS   MILDE 
HAVE    CHRISTIAN   LIKE 
HAVE    RVN    THEIR    RACE 
NOT   EARTH   BVT    HEAVEN 
HAVE    FOR    THEIR   PLACE 
LET   V8    BEHIND 
IMPLORE    HIS    GRACE 
THAT   QUICKLY   WE 
MAY    SEE    HIS    FACE. 

Alongside  of  this  tombstone  is  another : — 

UNDER    THIS    STONE 
BERNARDA    STEWART 

DOTH   LY 
WHO    PANKFVLL 
DEATH    OVER   OAMB 
VICTORIOUSLY 

1663. 


MISCELLANEA.  447 

EpitBlili  QB  ft  tombitano  in  Ballintoy  Chnrcbyard : — 

WILLIAM   M'LKAN 
OF   OLBNSTBAOH   IN    1 844 
TO   THE   MBMOBT   OF   HIS   THBSB 
BELOVED   CHILDREN 
THEQt   GONE,    THEQt   GONE    TO   DUST   ALONE 

NO   MORE   THEQt   TO   BR    SEEN 
AMIDST   THE   STARS   AND   NEAR   THE   THRONE 
WHERE   BABES   LIKE   THEM   SURROUND. 

Inscription  on  Ballintoy  Church  Bell : — 

ARCHYBALD   STEWART   GAVE 

ME   CHARLES   HIS   SON 

RECAST 

ME  ANNO  1686  AND 

ARCHIBALD  THE  SON  OF 

CHARLES 

RECAST  AND  AUGMENTED 

MB  ANNO  1718. 

Ekv.  S.  a.  Brenan,  M.A.,  San,  Local  Secretary^  Antrim. 


History  of  County  Clare. — We  are  glad  to  learn  tliat  the  History 
and  Topograpliy  of  the  County  of  Clare,  by  our  Honorary  Local  Secretary 
for  that  County,  will  be  ready  for  readers  on  the  15th  of  January. 


SH2 


C    448    ) 


^oticeis  of  9$ooft;E(» 


[NoTB. — Those  mmrk$d  *  art  by  Memhtrs  of  tk4  Socisty.J 

*  The  Book  of  Trinity  College,  1591-1891.   (Belfast :  Marcus  Ward  ft  Co.) 

This  important  work  remains  now  the  chief  memorial  of  the  great  cele- 
brations held  in  July  of  this  year,  to  mark  the  completion  of  the  third 
century  since  the  foundation  of  Ireland's  greatest  seat  of  learning.    Its 
publication  had  been  looked  forward  to  with  keen  interest  hj  many,  and 
on  its  appearance  it  was  received  with  marked  favour.   It  is  a  splendid 
specimen  of  Irish  typography,  and  adds  to  the  great  reputation  of  the  well- 
known  firm  of  Marcus  Ward  &  Co.,  Belfast.    Many  of  the  illuatntioDS 
are  excellent,  and  by  courtesy  of  the  publishers  we  are  enabled  to  reproduce 
some  in  our  pages.     Other  histories  of  the  University  existed,  notahly  that 
of  Dr.  Stubbs,  recently  reviewed  in  our  Journal.     His  work  is  written  in 
the  true  spirit  of  historical  research,  and  to  it  every  student  and  writer 
who  turns  to  the  subject  must  feel  indebted.    A  more  popular  book, 
however,  was  thought  desirable,  and  the  present  work,  the  prodnction  of 
many  hands,  has  been  issued  by  the  authority  of  the  Board  of  Trinity 
College.     Dr.   Mahaffy,    ''in  default  of  a   specialist  to  perform   it," 
undertook   the  first  four  chapters,   more  than  one-third  of  the   work. 
Following  Dr.  Stubbs*  footsteps  he  shows  that  the  foundation  of  the  College 
was  due,  not  to  Adam  Loftus,  as  was  generally  supposed,  but  to  Luke 
Challoner    and   Henry    Ussher    (afterwards    Arclibishop    of    Armagh, 
and  uncle  to  the  great  Primate,   James   Ussher).     Challoner  was   as- 
sisted by  two  Scotchmen,  James  Hamilton  and  James  Fullerton,  who  had 
been  sent  over  to  Dublin  to  promote  the  interest  of  James  VI.       Ussher 
secured  the  patronage  of  Elizabeth  in  the  scheme  of  founding  the  College. 
At  the  instigation  of  the  Lord  Mayor  of  Dublin,  the  Corporation  voted 
the  ruined  buildings,  meadows,  and  orchards  of  the  Priory  of  all  Hallowes 
which  had  been  founded  in  1166  by  Dermot  Mac  Murrough.    At  the 
dissolution  of  the  Monasteries  it  was  granted  to  the  Corporation  for  their 
loyalty  during  the  rebellion  of  Silken  Thomas.      This  is  now  a  splendid 
property  worth  £10,000  a  year.     The  new  buildings  were  commenced  in 
1591,  after  the  passing  of  the  Charter  which  appointed  Lord  Burleigh  first 
Chancellor,  and  Adam  Loftus  first  Provost.    £400  a  year  was  granted  from 
the  Concordatum  Fund,  and  £2000  was  subscribed  from  various  sources. 
James  I.  patronized  his  College,  granted  £388  15«.  annually,  bestowed  on 
it  also  forfeited  cstxites  and  the  patronage  of  livings,  and  in  1613  the 
privilege  of  returning  two  members  of  Parliament.     The  first  attempt  to 
form  a  library  was  in  1601,  when  the  English  army,  on  defeating  the 


»,a*«jti 

bflthnM 


460     BOUL  aocnrr  or  AimQDABm  or  ixiLixb. 

^fldnds  mt  XhiMle,  nbacribed,  m  u  genaraUf  nid,  £1800,  nk 
hmnrw,  Dr.  Stoblw  rodnoei  to  £700.  JauM  VMhsr  mi  Mnt  te  Lm 
:<•  fwduM  boolu,  whan  he  met  Sir  Tbomu  Bodlqr  e>lg^sdi■•■tf 
trtwfilB  lor  Oxford  UniTmitr.  Cromwdl'a  imj  Mtad  is  »  al^ 
■  mimncr  in  1654,  and  panhued  Uiiher't  Wanrflae  £SMO,  "  *~ 
tudea  of  which  aro  dotdled  lij  Dr.  Abbott  ia  his  oT 

None  of  the  oii|jiuLbBiUBngi  now  renuniL  1%e  EBnbflttwBi 
was  constructed  dt  red  1ni(k  nugiiic  rasnd  k  MmII 
■pkndid  ptirk  &nd  Fdlowa*  gudeoa,  the  great  qoadnai^ 
riae  the  stattly  rangea  of  tite  Hbrary  aad  nev  i^uiM  wan  atnC 
of  wiwt>',  marsh,  and  mwBoloBad  land.  Of  Ilia  fifa  wi^n  tlw  OilUt| 
this  early  period.  Dr;  Jbiuttj  treata,  being  inddifad  to  Dr.  BMib^  at 
lest  cxtmcta  from  the  B«gutarotBiJiopBedelL  Boyacatafedattti 
of  twelve  or  fourteen,  and  mlaa  for  fltar  djacapline  were  drawl 
Bccordingl)-  to  suit  them,  nteaa  mm  levelled  againat  apple  dbmj 
drmlung,  L-&rd-pla jing,  frequenting  town,  igfating,  avaninK  abnoo*; 
grace,  and  many  othn  afEonoea:  For  taeaehea  rf  thaae  galea  the  boJB ' 
birched,  put  stonding  mt  the  pulpit  dnii^  neala,  pot  in  the  atodcik  j 
to  make  eonfaaaionfar  faalta  on  Quir  Ineea,  nd  br  vary  gmve  oS 


The  biatoiy  of  the  ai 
Mw>h  faifcwMi  bonUfl  and  diaaenaiao-  DiaoiplinB  waa  at  timna  filfltt 
lax  ar  too  itriet,  and  riota  ware  <^  beqncot  oooarraoe.  Fntroat  ti 
died  from  a  blow  of  a  briok,  and  a  Junior  Fellow  named  Ford  was 
in  an  attack  mode  on  his  rooms.  The  early  Fellows  mixed  too  mm 
politics,  and  Laud,  when  Chancellor,  said  that  the  College  was  "  a 
governed  as  any  in  the  kingdom."  At  a  later  period,  King,  writ! 
Addison  speaks  of  "  the  nest  of  Jacobites  in  it."  Petty  jealoi 
atrife,  and  dissensions,  unworthy  of  men  oE  learning  disturbed  the  hari 
within.  Some  aired  their  griefs  in  print,  of  which  Daigeoan's  ZwA 
Acad*miex  is  a  well-known  example. 

It  is  impossible  to  follow  in  detail  the  interesting  account  here  { 
of  Trinity  College.  It  suffered  many  reverseB  in  its  time.  Durioj 
f  urliamentary  wars  the  estates  were  in  the  rebels'  hands,  the  platt 
pawned,  and  a  plagae  broke  out  of  which  Frovoit  Uartin  died.  I 
Cromwell,  his  son  Henry  became  Chancellor ;  the  Qeneva  doctrines 
enforced,  and  the  chapels  were  replaced  by  oonventioles.  James  II 
Verted  the  College  into  a  school  for  the  education  of  Komaa  CaJ 
yoaths,  Dr.  Uichael  Uoore  being  appointed  Provost,  and  the  Bev.  T< 
Hucarty  librarian,  both  of  whom  honourably  preserved  and  protectc 
Provost's  honse  and  library.  The  register  tells  a  miserable  tale  o 
gloomy  period  of  the  College  history. 

The  second  century,  however,  marked  a  great  and  rapid  develoj 
of  the  College.  Qrants  of  money  increased,  and  the  salaries  and  sta 
of  the  Fellows  increased  with  them.     A  anm  of  £60,000  was  advano 


NOTICES  OF  BOOKS. 


451 


tht!  Irish  Fiurliam on t  for  buildings,  and  the  magnificent  pilcof  halls,  library, 
and  chapel,  with  their  Greek  porticoes,  rrmaia  as  mtimorials  of  this  munifi- 
cence. This  was  chiefly  due  to  the  influence  ot  Provost  Baldwin,  "  the 
architect  of  the  College."  Within  the  Esamiiintion  Hall  is  o  splendid 
monument  to  his  memory. 

Dr.  Abbott's  chapter  on  the  Library  is  the  best  description  that  has  yet 
been  written  of  the  splendid  treasures  it  contains.  We  trust  that  Dr. 
Abbott  may  bo  iniJiiced  to  give  to  the  student  and  lover  of  hooks  a  more 
complete  description  of  this  famous  library.  Among  the  treasuro!i  described 
are  the  Egyptian  papyri  presented  by  Lord  Eingsborough  in  1838.  The 
celebrated  palimpsest  codex  of  St.  Matthew's  Gospel  was  deciphered  by  Dr. 
Harrett,  and  afterwards  by  Dr.  Tregelles,  and  their  work  finally  corrected 
and  added  to  by  Dr.  Abbott,  and  publisbtjd  in  1B80.  The  Book  of  Durroto 
(from  St.  Cotumhn's  monastery  at  Durrow,  Xing's  County]  Dr.  Abbott 
thinks  was  not  written  by  Columba.  This  is  excelled  by  "  the  most  beau- 
tiful hook  in  the  world,"  as  Professor  West  wood  callsit,  the /foci  o/ie/Zt. 
*' No  words  can  convey,"  says  Dr.  Abbott,  "an  adequate  idea  of  the 
beauty  of  this  MS."  Every  examination  of  it  only  increases  our  wonder 
fit  the  glory  of  its  ornamentation,  its  exquisite  tracery,  and  the  perfect 
hdi'mony  of  its  colouring,  so  that  wo  can  fJmost  agree  with  Giraldus 
Oiimbrensis  that  it  is  "  the  work  of  angelic  rather  than  of  human  skill." 
The  Book  of  Armagh  contains  an  entire  Now  Testament  in  Latin,  which 
the  writer  tells  us  Dr.  Graves  succeeded  in  showing  to  he  the  work  of 
Ferdomnnch,  Archbishop  of  Armogh,  in  807.  Its  satchel  of  finely  em- 
bossed  leather  is  formed  of  a  single  pieceSS  inches  long,  12)  broad,  folded 
into  B  pouch  \i  inches  high,  12}  broad,  and  2 J  deep.  Thef  ooX-  ofDinun* 
was  so  called  from  a  scribe  of  the  seventh  century.  The  book  was  kept 
in  the  monastery  of  Boscrea,  but  disappeared  after  the  dissolution.  It  was 
purehused  from  Sir  William  lletham  for  £200.  Its  shrine  is  of  silver, 
beautifully  engraved  with  Celtic  tracery.  The  library  contains,  too,  the 
Bool  of  LtiHiirr,  reproduced  by  Professor  Atkinson  at  the  joint  expense  of 
the  College  and  Itoyul  Irish  Academy.  The  Book  of  Leacan  now  in  the 
library  of  the  latter,  was  originally  iu  Usshcr's  collection,  (mt  found  ita 
way  to  Paris,  and  was  sent  to  the  Academy  through  Ahb£  Kearney  of 
Paris,  in  1767.  The  Book  of  Bally  moU  was  also  in  the  College  library  up 
to  1720,  but  found  iu  way  to  the  Academy  in  1785.  The  remaining 
ehupters  are  "Early  Buildings,"  by  Mr.  Ulick  Burke ;  "Observatory, 
Dunsink,"  by  Sir  Eobert  Bull;  "the  College  Plate,"  by  Dr.  Muhuffy; 
"  the  Botonic  Gardens,"  by  Dr.  Perceval  Wright;  and  " distinguiahed 
graduates,"  by  Mr.  Mac  Neilo  Dixon. 

The  hook  unfortunately  suffers  from  the  dtsadrontage  of  being  written 
by  many  hands.  It  was,  quite  evidently,  hastily  compiled,  and  there  ore 
consequently  mistakes  which  are  natural,  but  there  are  many  others  quit« 
inexcusable  from  writers  of  such  experience.  The  ground  cuveied  by 
previous  writers  was  known,  and  yet  we  find  in  Dr.  Mobaffy's  chapters 


NOTICES  OF  BOOKS. 


453 


evidence  of  doubting  thtir  conclusiona  anci  differing  from  tliem  nitliout 
(roubiing  to  verify  his  opinions.  Tic  work  of  some  of  them  seems  to 
liave  been  unknown  to  him.  We  would  Imvc  expected  soroetliing  more  to 
be  told  of  Henry  Ussher,  as  Mr.  BaU  Wright'd  book  on  the  Ussber  famil)- 
was  published  a  fcvr  yenrs  ago.  Dr.  Mahaffy  stulea  thiit  the  Ellzabetliun 
Crown  lands  now  yiel.l  £5  a- year.  Qin-en  Elisabeth  gave  no  Crown  rcnis  to 
tlie  College,  as  her  grants  were  of  forfeited  estates  in  Munatcr  and  Con- 
nnught,  all  of  whith  r(;main  and  produce  close  upon  £10,000  ii  year.  He 
s])enks  of  the  early  map  of  the  Colleg'C  as  Mr.  Gill>crt's,  und  points  to  an 
apparent  mistake  in  the  position  of  the  bridewell  and  hospital.  The  mnp 
is  from  Dr.  Stubbs'  history,  whieh  we  believe  was  prepnri'd  from  a  eompii- 
rison  of  two  mops  (1610),  one  published  in  Germany.  There  is  no  mistake 
iiB  reganls  the  buildings,  and  the  bridewell  occupied  the  site  of  the  stulls 
near  the  new  market  in  Kxchcquer-street.  Beasts  why  docs  cot  Dr.  Stubbs 
state  that  some  land  was  bought  to  complete  the  College  Park?  The  answer 
is,  no  land  was  overbought  for  that  purpose  ;  the  College  owned  in  fee  all 
the  land  it  has  now.  Tenants'  interest  was  bought  to  clear  away  old  lanes 
and  buildings  between  the  College  and  Brunswick- street,  upon  which 
ranges  of  buildings  now  stand.  In  Epeaking  of  Baldwin's  bequests  he 
seems  to  infer  some  were  left  to  increase  the  income  of  the  Provost.  This 
was  not  so ;  all  his  large  estatcB  were  left  to  the  College.  He  infers  too  that 
the  Act  ofSettlement  secured  great  College  estates  in  the  North  and  West. 
It  was  an  "Act  explanatory  of  the  Act  of  Settieraent "  that  secured 
all  the  forfeited  estates  in  Munster.  Those  in  ihe  Noith  and  West  were 
not  affected  by  it.  Hesays  that  "Botany  Bay  "  wi.s  erected  as  a  compen- 
sation for  the  pulling  down  of  the  west  side  of  the  library  square. 
Botany  Bay  was  in  czistenct!  lung  before  this ;  the  new  square  was  erected 
after  the  pulling  down  of  the  side  in  question.  Heaskswhat  authority  Dr. 
Stubbs  had  for  bis  statement  that  two  small  (.taircasea  were  transferred 
from  the  old  library  to  the  new.  A  brass  plate  in  tlie  College  library  near 
the  stairs  testifies  to  this  fact.  He  speaks  very  eulogisticalty  of  ProTost 
Andrews  and  the  benefits  he  conferred  on  the  College.  We  would  point 
to  a  letter  of  the  Earl  of  Charlemont  (Hist.  MSS.  App.  12tli  Report,  July 
1 774).  which  says.  "  The  University  which  at  this  instant  rcquins  all 
the  vigilance,  diligence,  and  abilities  of  the  wisest  and  most  experienced 
head  to  reinstate  it  in  that  situation  from  which  it  is  already  Eallen  during 
the  incumbency  of  the  late  heedless  Provost  (Andrews)." 

Dr.  Miihaffy  speaks  of  the  solemn  oath  of  cilibucy  for  Fellows  in  the 
last  century.  Theie  was  none ;  marriage  was  simply  forbidden  in  the 
College  Statutes,  and  the  Statute  forbidding  it  wns  passed  in  1811.  He 
says  all  the  FeUows  were  in  debt  to  the  College,  but  it  is  not  clear  for  what. 
It  was  for  the  fees  not  paid  by  their  pupils,  for  which  they  were  responsible 
then  an  they  are  atill.  They  did  not  owe  large  sums  for  the  purchase  of 
rooms,  us  he  states,  but  they  owed  for  the  non-payment  of  the  rents  of 
sludentB'  cbamben.    He  seems  to  admit  Whitley  Stokea'  complicity  in  the 


^^    BOTAL  mxatMvMii*mimiMm  or  onuim. 

f^Mft  it  ii-fufi^  Mfiftfnsati  1m  dnfpod  ihMi  wJm  liii]]rJiw»»  iflCI| 
litoiitioai,  iaid4idUi  be«*  to  diflmade  oUms  Iran j<iiu«  MmIi.  .  :nN 
4li^petober,  lesa,  thoi^itaqiiotirfMmiromtheB^sifllar, ''d^^ 
j^WigCM^ tft  Piiiimg^  ni0re  WM  BO  padiamait  in  Xzdfndlwtv) 
4fU$  cad  I68i.    Wbat  tbeoe  bnqpeMeo  were  elected  lor  w  mm^  t 

^Wd.  ..'.,.  a.-< 

!  Oil  pege  ld7f  Br.  Stalibamja  Jmiior  HepUMim  lie  wmwimiUei 
t^  Hietprioal  SoeiBty.  AUiindeiipradiiateeeieiMrvdligiUAto 
1^  JirIW%!ISed«nwM]i0taSr(p.l88).  BimroitBidttzftAaili 
j|io«U:1ni  JVwM<ft(p.  3<»^).  Sir  Jdili  Benliia  (f.  %41)-mmmM 
eeoftililNHMy  Jsl  King's  j  he  died  in  1668^  end  wim'  liot  «•  *  guJe 
<fC  Tradkj  CUlege^  MolyneUi  we  aie  teld,  founded  «  Seeiti^J 
epM^  ettbe  fieMit  Bejel  Sedetj  in  Ireland.  BoCk  8if  WmkittSli 
ipd  Matih  feuided  aeoktiea  lehg  bet<ae  of  a  rimSar  lini  (eet  ^-1 
ftuwi  WW  iMerft  niamli^  Hoodie  liefpMl 

^Mmweenotliiatogiye.  The  fnU  report  of  the  Htigetimivaiee«ej 
hMip«Uiehed«  On  p»  219  we  find  Dr.  Ban»lt  and  K.  Wdl  ttentiai 
«a  Srofoati;  tbegr  were  onfy  Yiee-£ro?oeta..  Ifar.  Oeotie  ^^Bdnail 
9lden(Be?.).  Sir  George  Portyr'saeooBdnainekHoiniJg^  net  ghttaid 
lEr.  Bohert  Bneaell  ia  almted  to  have  been  made  Law  Begiabar  la  l! 
(^91)  he  haTing  graduated  in  1890,  and  <mi  p.  291,  AroUwriiop  Mag* 
apdcen  of  as  *«late  Bitkop  of  York."  Mistakea  el  <Ma  nature  ana  qp 
inexousable  iu  a  work  of  the  kind  written  by  men  with  Oolite  Oalm3 
at  their  hand.  Some  such  errors  are,  perhaps,  inevitable  in  a  w< 
hastily  produced ;  but  they  are  much  to  be  regretted  in  a  book  of  si 
importance,  which  will  be  preserved  as  a  permanent  and  beauti 
memorial  of  the  first  three  centuries  of  our  ]^ational  University,    ft 


*The  Church  of  Ireland.    By  Thomas  Olden,  m.a.,  m.r.i.a.  ;  in  the  Sei 
of  National  Churches,  edited  by  P.  H.  Ditchfield,  m.a.,  f.s-a. 

This  book  is  a  valuable  volume  embodying  the  researches  and  8pe< 
knowledge  of  a  man  who  has  done  original  work  in  the  region  of  L 
research.  Mr.  Olden,  a  few  years  ago,  did  good  service  in 
direction  of  Irish  Scholarship  and  in  vindication  of  early  Irish  and  Ce 
learning,  by  the  publication  of  his  **  Scriptures  in  Ireland  one  thousi 
yeiirs  ago,"  a  work  which  shows  the  devotion  to  Scriptural  studies  i 
the  care  in  editing  the  sacred  text  which  found  place  among  the  Ce 
Scholars  of  days  long  past  and  gone.  Mr.  Olden's  new  venture  is  the  I 
real  attempt  to  bring  within  the  compass  of  one  handy  volume  the  hiab 
of  Celtic  Christianity,  in  one  direction  at  least,  between  the  days  of 
Patrick  and  those  of  the  closing  years  of  the  nineteenth  century. 


NOTICES  OP  BOOKS. 


455 


have  said  in  one  direction,  because  Mr.  Olden's  inveBtigQtiona  from  the 
days  of  the  Itetormation  hort  been  limited  to  the  Protestant  oa  distin- 
guished from  the  Bomnn  Catholic  side  o(  Christianity.  It  is  to  the 
portion  of  his  work  which  deals  with  the  ancient  Church  of  Ireland  we 
turn  with  special  pleasure.  He  knows  from  pcrsonsl  investigation  the 
life  of  those  ancient  times,  and  delights  to  expatiate  upon  the  minute  details 
in  which  the  lives  of  the  ancient  saints  abound,  which  he  knows  so  well 
and  iutimatclr.  The  contents  of  the  volume  under  review  sliow  this. 
i'ully  one  half  of  it  is  taken  up  with  the  rtory  of  400  a.d.  to  1100  A.n., 
while  the  remaining  half  has  to  suffice  for  the  much  fuller  and  more 
modern  life  of  1100  to  1692.  Mr.  Olden  turns  his  special  knowledge  to 
good  account,  and  enters  Into  detaUs  about  evenU  and  circumstances 
usually  overlooked.  Our  space  will  not  permit  us  to  enter  into  any 
minute  pflrtieulars,  but  we  mi.y  specify  his  account  of  ancient  Irish  doga 
and  the  genealogy  of  the  Irish  wolf-hounds  as  a  charming  piece  of  ancient 
Irish  history,  fie  traces  the  Irish  dogs  back  to  Arrian's  treatise  on 
hunting,  connects  them  on  p.  16  witb  St,  Patrick's  escape  from  Ireland, 
Md  then  brings  their  storj-  down  to  the  time  of  Arehbishoji  Ussher,  who 
MBit  M.  hracc  of  wolf-dogs  as  a  present  to  Cardinid  Hiehetieu.  Ur.  Olden 
MKen  very  largely  iuto  the  life  of  the  ancient  Irish  Church.  He  discuuie* 
Qm  Runts  of  the  various  orders  who  hiboured  in  Ireland  between  the  fifth 
and  the  seventh  centuries  ;  the  eastern  origin  of  Irish  Christianity,  the 
Itouud  Towers,  the  invasion  of  the  Dunes,  and  the  wars  of  King  Brian  Bum. 
He  tieal«  the  period  of  Ariglo-Noiman  rule  much  more  briefly,  discussing 
tlie  whole  period  between  Strongbow  and  the  Beformatiun  in  some  seventy 
pages.  Hut  even  in  thai  brief  space  he  contrives  to  illustrate  the  darkness 
of  a  dark  period  with  new  light  from  the  resources  of  his  local  and  speeial 
knowledge. 

In  Chapter  XV.,  for  inslance,  dealing  with  the  relatione  between  the 
Anglo-Norman  and  native  viergy,  he  makes  u  happy  use  of  the  Pipe 
Holl  of  Cloyne,  published  by  the  late  Dr.  Caulf  tild,  of  Cork,  in  1 859,  which 
shows  on  the  one  hand  the  attempts  mudc  by  the  Anglo-Normans  to 
introduce  English  manners  and  customs  into  the  county  Cork,  about  the 
year  12.tO,  and  on  the  other  the  vesistnnce  of  the  native  Celts  to  all  such 
foreign  habits  and  customs.  As  we  read  Mr.  Olden's  story  we  are  Teininded 
ofthe  fact  that  in  many  rettpccts  Ireland  has  not  changed  one  atom  between 
the  thirteenth  and  the  nineteenth  centuries,  hut  still,  as  of  old,  resents  the 
attempts  of  outsiders  to  teach  the  old  stock  any  new  manners  oi  customs. 
The  first  chapter,  too,  on  Pre-Christinn  Ireland  is  full  of  interesting 
topics,  which  the  author  illustrates  from  his  own  knowli'dge,  showing 
what  he  could  have  done  had  space  only  allowed  him  free  scope  for  his 
researches.  Thus  he  traces  bunliree,  otiil  uswl  throughout  the  country 
di^ricts  of  Ireland  on  Midsummer  Kvc,  to  primitive  sun  worship,  and 
paints  out  that  similor  lirt-s  arc  yet  to  be  found  in  the  depths  of  tho 
.bevaiian  bighlaads,  and  are  there  lighted  at  the  some  time.     The  latter 


456         ROYAL   80CIETT  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  IRELAND. 

part  of  Mr.  Olden's  book  goes,  however,  beyond  the  range  of  his  spec 
knowledge  and  studies.  He  falls  back,  therefore,  upon  the  labours  of  Blah 
Mant  and  of  Dr.  Ball,  in  his ''  History  of  the  Reformed  Church,"  and  mi 
necessarily  fail  to  carry  with  him  a  great  many  of  the  members  of  c 
Society,  who  will,  however,  find  fresh  knowledge  imparted  to  them,  a 
references  to  new  and  varied  sources  of  learning  in  the  earlier  portion  of  i 
work.  Mr.  Olden,  has  written  a  comprehensive  history  of  Irish  Christian 
in  one  direction  at  least ;  but  books  which  embrace  a  very  wide  scope  i 
apt  to  fail  in  accurate  representation  on  minor  points  at  least.    Mr.  Olde 
book  could  not  be  expected  to  escape  this  fate.     So  long  as  he  confi: 
himself  to  ancient  Irish  History  we  find  him  most  accurate  and  tru 
worthy,  but  surely  the  following  extract  dealing  with  ancient  Chu 
History  needs  correction.     He  is  speaking  on  p.  181,  of  Southern  Gt 
and  he  says :  **  The  people  in  that  region  were  a  colony  from  Asia  Mil 
and  Poly  carp,  its  first  bishop,  came  directly  from  thence,  bringing  Irenf 
with  him.**  Polycarp  was  never  Bishop  of  Gaul,  but  was  Bishop  of  Smyi 
in  Asia  Minor.     He  was  never  in  Gaul,  and  therefore  never  brou 
Irenaeus  thither.     We  presume  that  Polycarp  is  a  misprint  for  Pothix 
first  Bishop  of  Lyons,  but  no  one  knows  whether  he  was  from  Asia  Mi 
or  not.     Then  there  are  numerous    minor  errors  which  need  can 
revision.      On  p.   870,  for  instance,  Queen  Elizabeth  is  representee 
reigning  before  her  sister.  Queen  Mary.    On  the  same  page  Primate  B< 
is  made  Chancellor  of  Ireland  during  the  reign  of  William  III.,  whic 
incorrect.     He  was  deprived  of  the  Chancellorship  by  James  II.  in  H 
and  was  never  restored.     He  was  the  last  clerical  Lord  Chancello: 
Ireland.     Archbishop    King    acted   indeed    several   times  as  one  of 
Commissioners  for  Keeping  the  Great  Seal,  but  was  never  Chancellor 
can  be  seen  either  in  tlic  Liher  Munerum  Jlibernicey  or  in  the  *'  Bool 
Dignities.'*     On  p.  383  Boulter  is  represented  as  coming  to  Ireland 
Primate  in  1742,  whereas  that  was  the  year  in  which  he  died.     He  c 
over  in  1724,  eighteen  years  before.     This  is  evidently  due  to  a  prin1 
mistake,  changing  1724,  the  year  in  which  Boulter  came  to  this  coun 
into  1742,  the  year  in  which  he  died.     On  p.  385  again  Archbishop  Ki 
character  is  utterly  ruined.     Dean  Swift's  laudatory  estimate  of  hii 
first  given,  and  then  the  author  took  Mant's  depreciatory  notice  of  Boi 
and  applied  it  to  King,  concerning  whom  Bishop  Mant  uses  only 
highest  terms  of  praise.     The  result  is  that  King  is  credited,  or  rather 
credited,  by  Mr.  Olden  with  all  Boulter's  shortcomings,  and  the  imprej 
is  produced  that  he  was  a  veiy  careless  bishop,  while  as  a  matter  of  fac 
was  a  most  praiseworthy,  earnest,  and  pious  man,  most  anxious  in  e 
way  for  the  promotion  of  religion  and  virtue.    As  for  Boulter,  he 
right  generous  and  noble  in  his  liberality,  but  he  had  no  higher  m 
of  religion  and  its  ministers  than  as  a  state  police  useful  to  keep  the 
in  order,  and  was  himself  entirely  immersed  in  politics.     We  are  jej 
for  the  fair  fame  of  William  King,  who  was  a  genuine  patriot,  a 


NOTICES  OF  BOOKS.  457 

Christian,  and  one  of  the  moat  learned  men  and  profound  est  thinkers  thut 
ever  adorned  the  Irish  Episcopate  aneient  or  modem.  We  have  had 
careless  bishops  enough  in  Ireland  iT'ithout  adding  to  their  number.  The 
accentuation  of  Qrei-k  names  in  this  book  would  also  require  careful 
leviBion,  It  is  a  fundumental  law  of  Greek  ai'centuation  that  "  every 
word  has  to  itself  one,  and  no  word  has  to  itself  more  than  one  accent," 
a  rule  severul  times  violated  in  the  notes.  In  a  second  edition  these 
and  other  spots  and  blemishes  wliich  wf  hare  noticed,  and  which  are  simply 
unavoidable,  can  be  easily  corrected.  In  a  narrative  extending  over  1400 
years  they  are  inevitable,  espL-eially  where  a  writer  is  limited  in  space  and 
time.  It  is  tho  hardest  thing  possible  U)  write  with  accuracy  and  force 
when  one  is  thus  restricted.  This  book  will  be  found  most  acceptuble 
and  useful  in  Protestant  parochial  libraries. 


Sitterie  Soutit  of  Iht  United  kingdom  (Descriptive,  Historical,  Pic- 
torial). (London,  Paris,  and  Melbourne,  1892).  Cassetl  &  Co., 
Limited.     4to,  cloth,   gilt,     Price  IQi.  Bd. 

Okk  of  the  lending  chnractcristics  of  the  historical  literature  of  our  day 
is  the  readable  and  attractive  form  in  which  it  is  put  before  the  public. 
Not  BO  very  long  since  lovers  of  historic  lore  had  to  wade  through  pon- 
derous tomes  written  in  the  most  dry-as-dust  style,  books  that  were 
more  to  be  regarded  as  chronicles  than  histories,  while  the  present 
generation  have  all  that  is  worthy  of  record  in  the  past  placed  before 
them  in  word-pictures  often  so  vivid  and  beautiful  that  they  are  led  to 
feel  that  those  historic  characters  (that  seemed  to  their  ancestors  but  as 
efSgios  cut  in  stone)  are  living  and  moving  oround  them.  It  was  n 
happy  thought  of  the  Messrs.  CasscU  to  publish  these  beautiful  repro- 
ductions in  pen  and  pencil  of  the  histono  homes  of  the  great  families 
that  made  history  in  the  past,  and  are  now  engaged  in  making  history 
in  the  present.  The  homes  of  the  Cavcndislies,  the  Butlers,  the  Howards, 
the  Talbots,  and  many  other  such  houses,  must  ever  be  full  of  interest 
to  the  students  of  the  history  of  their  country,  and  wo  may  readily 
believe  that  the  beautiful  surroundings  of  their  childhood  helped  iu  no 
small  degree  to  form  the  characters  of  those  leaders  of  men,  and  to  fit 
them  for  the  great  deeds  of  after-life.  The  Uessre.  Cossell  having  wisely 
determined  that  the  historic  skelchea  contained  in  this  book  should  be 
written  in  no  mere  guide-book  fashion,  called  to  their  aid  Home  of  tho 
most  accomplished  writers  on  subjects  of  this  kind. 

Such  names  as  those  of  the  Rev.  Professor  Bonney,  f.e.b.,  Uesars. 
Charles  Edwards,  Aaron  Wutson,  William  Senior,  and  Uiss  Mary  Frances 
fiillington,  of  the  Times,  will  at  once  commend  themselves  to  ourrpadcra, 
and  we  are  pleased  to  notice  that  the  Irish  Historic  Houses  arc  described 
by  one  of  our  Irish  literati,   Miss  Elia    UucUahon,  a  young  novelist 


168     SOUL  sooDCR  <»  -urrunaAiamt  ow  luum. 

■ad  JfiiaaulStt  lAo  ia  begiBMliig  to  auke  s  ntAi^lkmBfmttm^m 
tmuUj,      HiM  ICaoHtLon,    wKoae  fini  BoreT  "HcatLcote  **  appcan 
•oaw  tima  nnca  (and  vms  Tery  bmurably  received^  is,  wb  uuderstnnd, 
OMitlibntas  t^aavif  ttie  It^uding  maKiiziaea  anil  newspnpcrs  in  Englan 
•ad  ifc-i»  W  apen  aeorat  tlmt  the  "  Bits  of  Old  Dublin,"  vith  which  t) 
.mAn  ^  tha  Aitk  Timet  &re  bo   well  acquaintc<l.  proceed  from  hi 
•eeomplUMd  ptn.     In  the  «ketehc8  of  Irish  Historic  Houses,  we  m 
KtM  V^y"^*^   at  her  best,  both  as  rcgunls  descriptivo  power  ai 
•oenncT  al  datafl.     Tlie  first  Irish  house  that  we  Snd  meationed.j 
"    t  benutiful  old  structure  which  is  bo  well  knoi 
K  i»  the  dwellers  in  imd  iibout  Dublin.      (This  Castle 
Tialted  llj  VCr  Jtmtbmt  in  the  July  Excursion  last  year.)      It  has 
tha  obiet  aaat  of  iba  family  of  Talbot  cle  Kalahido  for  many  centi 
■kI  it  pBorlda*  tu  with   "an  instance,    unusually  rare,  of  a  bsroi 
r  upwards  of  650  years  in  the  male  heirs 
B  it  had  been  originally  conferred  by  Henry  II," 
f  af  any  historio  house,  and  o£  the  memories  c 
with  i  finfir  iriw'hdd  their  estates  directly  from  the  Crown,  and 
UBtvt  during  the  oerturies  of   their  eKistinco  on  Irish  soil  rend^ 
lumage,  rait)  or  awvioe  to  any  but  the  King  of  England  alone.  | 

We  oannot  nbma  bom  <iuoting  the  cmclnding  words  of  this  sket^ 
aa  they  afloid  an  axoMlant  example  of  the  author's  pieturcsqne  style  ) 
viiting,  and  ezpnai  in  sueh  nell-chosen  langiiogi;  an  aspiration  whij 
haaao  often  fonad  a  place  in  the  minds  of  the  students  of  history.         ' 

"  Our  review  of  Molahido  Castlf  and  of  its  history  is  now  at  on  en 
We  pass  out  from  the  crumbling  walls  of  the  old  church,  and  lesTing 
once  more  to  solitude  and  silence,  stroll  onwards  through  the  demea 
itself,  which  stretches  around  and  about  the  Castle  in  green  uodulatb 
pasture.  As  we  glance  upwards  to  the  sprouding  branches  of  the  tn 
clothed  in  the  rich  beauty  of  their  summer  foliage,  we  can  easily  fan 
how  many  a  gap  and  many  a  detail  in  our  story  might  these  ancia 
trees  €11  up,  were  they  but  for  a  little  hour  endowed  with  the  gilt 
speech.  But  they  stand  sUent  as  the  past  which  saw  their  birth,  aj 
no  sound  greets  the  ear  save  the  soft  swinh  and  rustle  of  their  leaTea, 
they  bend  and  flutter  in  the  light  breeze.  We  must  fain  rest  content  wi 
our  story  as  it  is,  and  with  those  records  which  the  chancea  ot  time  u 
the  carelessness  of  man  have  not  wholly  destroyed." 

We  next  turn  to  the  description  of  EiUtenny  Castle.  The  old  histoi 
home  of  the  Butlers  will  naturally  be  very  full  of  interest  to  the  i«adi 
of  this  Journal,  not  only  because  it  is  one  of  the  chief  historic  houses 
Ireland,  but  because  it  was  at  one  time  the  home  of  the  first  patron,  a; 
of  the  now  President  of  OUT  Society.  A  short  paragraph  that  we  find  quot 
in  the  graphic  and  charming  sketch  of  this  house  very  fitly  describes  it :' 
"  There  is,  perhaps,  no  baronial  residence  in  Ireland  that  boasts  <tf 
foundation  bo  ancient,  a  situation  so   magnificent,   and   associationa 


^^^^^TH 

-•»    %J|Vj(i^.         -    ^- 

I'tyife^iii 

.-  v-^igyi^ai^ 

^^M^^MV'"yni'. 

9H| 

^WkW/j  , 

'  ^/^S^^^^^^S^^B 

MHf^    i 

M^_Ws^3 

Hffi^m^^lHH^V 

■A,*  '<^\*  fif'x  ■  v»jSliH 

IKFi^nv       \  ^ 

tv''    '^^       HBB 

IB,,:'  1 

%.'  *^m     i^^^^^l 

^kji^^^hhk  :!'.  y 

^ 

k 

itn         mttn^  msexsT  or  AariamiAgrifg  oir 


Jh^lMstiwti.  -m  X  mm,  "Mkopm  m  itr  Hamr  hmmdL  JBmi  Lemdm.  xMm  over  t&xs  mahk 
nil^  ^f   .nxi«im0L  svt  w  4fi«^  ioma  4»  tsOs  'Xb  Tirh  -lEf  its  TriiCnry  boimd  n^ 

.ire  n.  for  *h^  'ixsr/trr'  >f  'ii#'  ^resEC  ''aimTifn  -if  Batiar  and  FxtzGexxU 
fivr  -nssif  i*«tuma  'He  'lucaiy  i£  IreijaidL   Jnd  &  honae  tiiat  has 
•7«rwf  -«r  th  X  rhe  rxasaes  i#  '*  ^tmn^hBW^  *'  i£  WiiiianL  le  lg«'i»<'^*y 
vmt    ^f  3nrt^r  yi  Innond.  is  inriggci  kuiCiiixe.     T&e  view  of  c&e  Cude 
fmm  'he  nrpT    -vtxxch  "irnm^  die  -^oaro^w  nrf  tiie  pnhHirfngEa  w«  are 
•*njkhi^  'n  rprnntiae^  .  ia  -rifsy  ^DrdEXHi^  ind  tiieC   if  Je  beaotifixl  jmitait 
^Xptt'.    irhirh    ?nntauxii   i  ^iencEd   '^anrriaiiii    if   &xiiily'  and.    fc«^-a"^ 
^vtiirpii.  -rul  3nt  fail  ':4)  Jititxp^C       Imnng-  tiie  reiicB  of  tiie  Tii^tf  iir  poat 
hmnebt  imi^^  Mir  :iotiejpr,  ^tutftt  !Jie  aoar  intezeatxju^  is  t&e  Chief  Badar't 
^rmho)  if  -^^p-.  'he  **  ^rnidpn  Wtsv."'  vfnclr  remizida  ixs  of  t&st  TbeaUd 
W»i!i!T  "wha  ?ami?  *:«i  Irpiaad  -vtdL  HleBTf  EL,  aod  fixr  a^rrscea  seadoed 
^  ^hit  Silxu^  bad  mn^iTTPd  yn  sixzL  t&e  titie  if  ^  CMef  Botiier  of  IcelaBd,^ 
with  1  rteht  ':a  le^j  x  *ax  m  wines  ittarherf>  w!ixc&^  if  tiie  finESj-  had  it 
HAW.  wnniii  b^  worth  ^i  them,  fiur  mme  ^lan.  &  kzn^a  ■  ■■■»■«      Ovr 
rf>swii>r^  will  imi  :nunr  >»rentd  ftilL  of  hitprgiit  and  ramaaice  Beeonied  m 
tfliia  ^rfi^^.h,  and  w»  jn»  haopw  ta  aae  t&itf  tibe   Antiqanzsan 
Vf»n  w41  W')rki>d  rip.  and  thxit  t^ese  ana  Bane  of  tluae  gfarfng 
whu*ii  '^fr>»ii  ;;n&(  »  unnleaaaudj  na,  t^  ear  of  ^e  anftigriarf, 

Tifimnm  Casidiv  Che  Ini&  aeaC  of  t^  IVikea  of  I^erona&zrey  beaoti- 

fiir.y  fit>uit>d  ^M  tine  banka  of  tiie  cmr  Blackwater,  ia  well  fOsatzated 

anri  'i'^^nb^^     Itii  I«w)boled  waEa  and  betdemoited  towoa  mtb  IrnUt  aa 

%  Tf^k  Tfbirb  iT*rbaa:53  the  n-n^.     In  tiie  far-off  days  of  the  distant  past 

♦v-a    v.  .,tA.-.'    nr>t  "Ti.^    -eic^hnt-^  iw    the  reaideace  'if    the    creat    Irish 

BmKoTJ.  ^'^-  Cir*>h;irr..  -vhu  f.;ri-,ied  i  scLocL  that  was  renowned  for  its 

\;,^^/,t,7.     ^*'  '^'"'  *^''--  ^-^^  **  "^^   "^  famocLS  and  holj  city,  half  ol 

wr.^.h   U   in   a-^;'im  inV.  wbi.-b    n*.   w-.tmm  dar^  enter;  bat  is  full  of 

fA\^  vtA    "r.-/.7'--...n.iAr>:r:^,    ini    thither  in   gr'*:it   numbers  holy   men 

fz-zk    V.^'T.^T,    n.'.t   or/y   from    Irelanl,    bat    also  from  England   and 

V  '"ir   '     TV.^:  ^r.^/r.«=:r'^  hL^torj  of  thw  fine  old  historic  house  is  well 

t';,<l/«  -n^-  '^r^-  1'^*  ^-"^^  ^*'^  '^'^"^  ^''^  ?^teway  down  through  an  avenue 

oi  * V/.  t.r^^^  t/,  tr.*:  jrrar.d  entrance,  and  into  the  great  courtyard  where 

we  Je  pMnt//i  or.t  the  Kinj?  John^  Tower,  the  Carlisle  Tower,  and  the 

yy      To^'  r.     We  tliMi  pa.^A  through  the  Doric  portico  into  the  chief 

^.t.tTanr;e  hall,  where,  amon;^  other  objects  of  interest,  the  writer  describes 

th#.  hiauUf.il'  h\<\  I.i^more  Crozier,  made   for  a  Bishop  of  Lismore  who 

di//l   more  Ih^in   750  years  ago,  which    was  found,   together  with  the 

f;,rr,ouH  "  Uook  of  I/iftniore,"  built  up  in  a  recess  in  one  of  the  Castle  walls. 

We   are  \/M  how   the  Castle  pawd  out  of  the  possession  of  the  **  cele- 

hrated  "    p^rhapK,    we    nhould    more   fitly    call    him    notorious,     Miler 

MngraUi,  Archbishop  of  Cashcl  and  Bishop  of  Lismore,  to  that  most 


romantic  character,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  and  from  Lim  it  passed  to 
Bichard  Boyle,  Earl  of  Cork,  a  man  who  came  to  Ireland  with  £27  in 
Itis  pocket,  and  died  "  a  millionaire,"  a  peer  of  the  realm,  andtlie  founder 
«I  an  iUuBtrious  family.  From  him  the  present  owners  derive  by 
inheritance. 

We  regret  that  our  space  will  not  allow  us  even  to  briefly  notice  the 
descriptive  eketohes  of  the  English  and  Scotch  houses  contained  in  this 
book,  which  we  commend  to  our  readers  as  in  every  way  worthy  of 
the  eminent  firm  which  has  published  it. 


I 


CiIHf  Omameniifrom  the  "Book  of  Kdlt"  {Dublin:  Hodges,  Figgis,  ft 
Co.,  104,  Grafton-street.  London:  Bernard  Quaritch,  15,  Piccadilly, 
1892.)     Parts.  I.  and  U.     Price  3».  each  Part. 

£x4tmpU>  of  Celtic  Ornammt  {remitted)  from  th»  "  Hook  of  Ktllt,"  and  tht 
"Book  of  Durrow."  (Dublin:  Hodges,  Figgis,  &  Co.  (Limited), 
104,  Grafton-street,   1892.).     Price  It.  6d. 

Tub  former  of  the  above  works  has  reached  the  issue  of  the  second  part. 
It  is  in  large  quarto  size,  printed  on  toned  hand-made  paper,  and  forms  a 
highly  presentable  publication,  each  part  containing  five  plates,  and  it  will 
no  doubt  be  much  sought  after  and  highly  prized  as  a  worthy  memento  by 
all  who  have  had  the  privilege  of  esamining  the  magnificent  original  in 
the  Library  of  Trinity  College,  while  to  those  mho  by  distance  or  other- 
wise have  been  prevented  Ivotn  inspecting  it,  the  photographic  repro- 
ductions here  presented  should  prove  most  acceptable. 

It  is  true  the  absence  of  colour  fails  to  give  an  idea  of  the  admirable 
taste  displayed  in  the  arrangement  of  the  original,  but  the  interlacings 
and  subtle  intricacies  of  design  arc  well  exhibited,  especially  in  the 
enlargements,  as  for  instance  in  the  specimen  shown  of  a  portion  of  the 
first  page  of  St.  Mark's  Gospel,  and  in  the  circle  of  the  first  page  of  St. 
Luke'e  Gospel.  The  last  plate  of  the  second  part  represents  the  pugu 
illustrated  in  the  review  of  the  "  Book  of  Trinity  College  ; "  in  the  latter 
the  block  ia  reduced  in  size,  and  piinted  with  type  ink.  In  the  parts 
issued  the  editing  hus  nut  been  a  laborious  task.  We  have  nearly  n  piigo 
of  introductory  matter  on  the  in^de  of  the  cover  and  a  few  lines  of 
description  opposite  each  plate.  The  type-printing  has  been  executed  at 
the  University  Press,  and  is  done  in  a  manner  which  makes  it  an 
attractive  feature. 

A  question  will  naturally  arise  to  most  minda  as  to  tho  best  method  of 
repro<lucing  these  inimitable  pages.  Grunted  in  the  first  instance  that  the 
colour  cannot  bo  reproduced,  there  is  nothing  left  useful  for  art  students, 
or  of  interest  to  others  but  the  outline.  Why  should  the  chromatid 
defects  of  photography  be  perpetuated  when  it   is  possible  to  give  tho 


462         BOTAI  80CIB1T  OF  AITTIQUARUES  OF  IRELASD. 

ontHne  in  most  cmct  in  black  and  whiter  without  showing  the  faded  badu 
gronnd  ?  Photography  has  serred  well  in  giving  &e-aimile8  of  oar  Andent 
Iriflh  M8S.  in  cases  where  it  was  of  importance  that  every  Tariation  in  the 
diape  of  a  letter  should  be  stodied  bj  men  at  a  distance.  Theae  copies 
serred  as  well  as  the  original,  and  any  defect  of  light  and  shade  in  the 
pictorial  representations  was  of  little  importance.  For  art  purposes  the 
imperfect  balance  of  light  and  shade  is  not  required,  and  is  only  a  drawback, 
but  the  outline  forms  are  essentiaL  At  pages  354  and  355  of  the  Tolume 
of  this  Society's  ProeeedingB  for  1870-71  specimens  are  giren  of  this  black 
and  white  process  iu  connexion  with  a  Paper,  by  Miss  Stokes,  on  Iriah 
Art  in  Bavaria.  If  a  few  of  the  blocks,  yet  to  be  produced,  were  executed 
in  this  way  the  advantage  would  be  perceptible. 

The  second  work  under  notice,  reduced  examples  from  the  '^  Book  of 
Kells,''  and  the  *'  Book  of  Durrow  "  is  issued  complete.  It  contains  24 
plates,  each  representing  a  full  page  of  the  original.  There  are  ^ve  pages 
of  an  interesting  introduction,  and  30  pages  of  letterpreaa. 

Those  pages  from  the  '*  Book  of  Kells ''  which  are  reproduced  are 
about  a  little  less  than  one-half  of  the  linear  dimensions  of  the  original,  and 
in  the  ''  Book  of  Burrow  "  the  illustrations  are  given  about  four-fifth 
linear  size.  Numerous  inquiries  have  been  made  by  letter  from  Members 
of  this  Society,  asking  if  we  could  recommend  the  work,  and  to  such 
inquirers  who  have  not  seen  it,  we  can  safely  say  it  will  prove  a 
judicious  and  satisfactory  investment,  and  is  a  work  likely  soon  to  be  out 
of  print  as  the  number  of  impressions  from  the  costly  process  blocks  must 
necessarily  be  limited. 


The  Stondf  Bronze^  and  Iron  Ages.  A  Popular  Treatise  mi  early  ArchiBology . 
By  John  Hunter  Duvar.     (Swan,  Sonnenschein  &  Co.)  3*.   6</. 

Tins  is  an  admirable  hand-book,  and  meets  a  felt  want.      It  is  the  work 
of  one  who  is  evidently  in  love  with  his  subject,  and  at  the  same  time 
fairly  familiar  with  the   best   sources   of  information  on  the  topics    of 
which  he  treats.     It  covers  the  entire  field  of  Pre-historic  Archaeologv  ; 
and,  though  in  places  the  author  gives  a  somewhat  free  rein  to  his  fancy, 
and  the  illustrations  are  not  as  numerous  or  as  well- selected  as  they 
might  hav(^  heen,  it  is,   all   things  considered,  both  a  reliable  and  an 
attractive  riiHuim  of  the  facts  and  conclusions  which  go  to  make  up  this 
most  important  and  fascinating  science.     The  opening  chapters  deal  with 
the   conditions  under  which  primitive  man  started  on  the  march  from 
savagery  to  civilization,  and  the  methods  by  which,  it  may  be  conceived, 
he  won  his  first  successes  in  **  the  struggle  for  existence.      Then  follow 
in  succession  eight  chapters  descriptive  of  the  Age  of  Stone  ;  three  illus- 
trative of  the  Ago  of  Bronze,  and  one  devoted  to  that  of  Iron,   after 


I 


NOTICES  OP  BOOKS.  463 

irhich  come  aoparato  chapters  on  Sepulture,  Fossil  Man,  Myth,  and  Art. 
On  these  several  subjects  tho  author  has  a  good  deal  to  say,  and  says  it 
well.  Tliere  is  not  from  beRiiming  to  end  a  single  uninteresting  or 
tedious  page.  The  matter,  too,  is  well  arranged,  and  the  style  through- 
oat  forcible  and  clear.  Exception,  indeed,  might  be  taken  to  some  of  the 
author's  statements  and  inferoncos.  He  himaelf  anticiputes  this,  for  he 
closes  his  preface  with  tho  remark  that  his  "opinions  ore  subject  to 
amendment  by  the  thoughtful  reader."  Some  will  not  be  slow  to  act  on 
this  suggestion.  They  will  apply  the  proverbial  "grain  of  salt"  to 
such  statements  as  the  following: — "The  discovery  of  the  bow  and 
missile  arrows,  and  the  adoption  of  garments  of  dressed  skins  fashioned 
to  the  person  instead  of  shapeless  blankets  of  undressed  pelt  are  almost  the 
only  advances  traceable  until  the  sudden  impidae  of  activity  in  metid- 
working  which  occurred  only  when  approaching  near  to  historic  or,  at 
least,  traditionary  times,"  page  11;"  Daggers  of  flint  are  not  known  in 
Ireland"  page  107.  "  Deeply  serrated  gaws  go  by  the  name  of  combs;  most 
frequently  formed  of  bone.  Their  use  was  the  smoothing  of  furs,  and  it  by 
no  means  implies,  as  some  have  supposed,  a  knowledge  of  the  preparation 
of  fibre  for  weaving,  "page  124,  "  Whorls  may  be  nothing  more  dignified 
than  spinning-tops  (t,  e.  children's  toys),  or,  perhaps,  may  have  been 
appended  to  fishing -reels,"  page  126.  "  The  manufacture  of  arms  seems 
to  have  been  a  main  part  of  the  bronze  industry  ;  but  weapous  did  not 
show  much  improvement  in  pattern,  being,  indeed,  but  little  more  than 
reproductions  in  metal  of  the  work  of  the  polished  stone  period,"  page  164. 
"  We  find  no  trace  of  defensive  armour  of  bronze,"  page  170.  "  A  eertiun 
degree  of  incredulity  is  allowable  that  the  lake-dwellers  (Switierlnnd) 
practised  cloth-weaving  and  dressed  in  cloth,  and  tho  disbelief  is  not 
removed  by  inspecting  the  carbonized  scraps  of  linen  fabric  conjectured 
to  have  been  woven  on  a  loom,"  page  187.  "  We  arc  inclined  to  believe 
that  no  arm  in  the  form  of  a  sword  was  invented  until  the  Iron  Age," 
page  208.  "  In  brief.  Art  in  Europe  did  not  dawn  until  the  early  period 
of  the  Iron  Age,"  page  279. 

Bat,  despite  the  occurrence  of  such  questionable  matters  as  these,  the 
book  will  be  found  helpful  and  stimulnting.  It  gives  a  good  bird's-eye 
™w  of  tho  whole  field  it  professes  to  cover,  and  those  who  desire  to 
know  something  of  this  most  attractive  department  of  Archaeology,  and 
yet  have  not  time  or  opportunity  for  more  extensive  reading  cannot  do 
better  than  procure  it  mid  make  themselves  masters  of  it. 

Two  features  of  the  author's  treatment  of  his  subject  deserro  special 
notice.  They  will  go  far  to  command  for  his  work,  despite  its  blemi^es, 
a  favourable  reception.  He  is  cautious  and  reserved  on  the  question  of 
the  Antiquity  of  Man,  and  he  rightly  claims  for  Archaeology  that  it  has 
"  no  design  whatever  of  throwing  doubt  on  Revelation,"  but  on  the 
contrary  "  approaclies  with  reverence  all  tenets  of  faith." 


1^^     contrar 


3IS 


464        ROYAL  80CIETT  OF  ANnQUASIES   OF   IRELAND. 

A  Memoir  ofMutresM  Ann  Fawkes  {ni$  QedU)  with  sams  reeoUeeiuma  of 
her  family,  a.d.  1642-1774.    (Dublin :  W.  M^Gee.) 

This  book,  just  published,  is  one  of  a  type  of  which  we  should  desire 
many  more.     It  is  an  original  memoir  written  by  a  member  of  a  Puritan 
family  settled  in  Ireland  about  the  middle  of  the  seTenteenth  century. 
There  are  many  similar  documents,  journals  and  memoirs,  lying  hidden 
in  drawers  and  desks  of  old  Irish  families,  which  would  be  simply  in- 
yaluable  to  historians  were  they  published.    It  is  yery  hard  to  get  behind 
the  scenes  and  see  how  life  was  lived,  how  men  ate  and  drank,  bought 
and  sold,  loved,  married,  and  died,  two  hundred  years  ago.     We  know, 
for  instance,  of  a  clergyman  who  possesses  the  journal  of  his  ancestor,  a 
Nonconformist  minister  in  Waterford  of  that  time.     How  valuable  a 
record  that  would  be  if  printed,  showing  the  social  state  of  the  South  of 
Ireland  after  the  Revolution.     And  then,  too,  it  is  never  safe  till  printed. 
Death  happens,  and  the  pious  conservator  of  the  relics  of  the  past  dies. 
The  next  generation  is  careless,  and  the  precious  document  often  finds  its 
way  to  Cook-street  and  the  waste-paper  shops.    Mrs.  Fowkes  was  the 
grandchild  of  John  Oeale,  a  Baptist,  a  resident  in  Essex,  and  a  soldier  in 
Cromwell's  army.     He  married  a  Miss  Mary  Earwalker,   an  English- 
woman, and  finally  settled  at  Freshf ord,  Co.  Kilkenny,  where  he  farmed, 
traded,  and  purchased  estates.    This  book  shows  the  state  of  religion  in 
Ireland  in  the  seventeenth  century,  especially  in  Kilkenny,  where  the 
Geales  seem  to  have  been  the  great  support  of  the  Baptist  interest.     The 
narrative  of  Mrs.  Fowkes'  own  life  is  charmingly  interesting.     It  shows 
how  the  grandchildren  of  the  Puritans  lived  and  acted  here  in  Ireland 
during  the  last  century.      Some  of  them  became  intensely  bad,  others 
retained  their  serious  mode  of  life,  imparting  a  tinge  to  Irish  social  life 
it  has  not  yet  lost.     It  shows  us  how  popular  with  Irish  people  Bath 
waters  were  in  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  a  fact  which  is  clearly 
witnessed  by  the  monuments  in  the  Abbey  Church  of  Bath.    We  therefore 
read  in  this  Memoir,  under  date  1751,  March  21st,  the  following  quaint 
piece  of  information :  **Bath  waters  not  succeeding  as  before,  I  was  advised 
to  try  Doctor  Ward's  pill ;  and  while  I  was  deliberateing  upon  it,  my  dear 
Larry  haveing  heard  of  my  intention  wrote  to  me  to  go  to  London,  in 
order  to  be  near  the  doctor,  in  case  anything  should  turn  out  wrong. 
I  took  my  journey  in  the  Stage  from  Bath  the  27th  April,  and  arrived  in 
London  the  29th.     The  2nd  of  May  I  ventur'd  on  one  of  the  doctor's  pills, 
which  wrought  me  violently ;  yet  I  had  the  courage  in  three  days  after 
to  take  another ;  but  that  was  too  much,  and  too  soon  repeated  for  my 
weak  body,  for  it  wrought  me  so  long  and  terribly,  that  it  threw  me  into 
agonies,  and  I  was  as  cold  as  if  deaid  all  over.     I  resigned  my  spirit  to 
my  good  God  and  with  cheerfullness,  prayed  in  a  mental  way  for  my  dear 
children,  &c.,  and  expected  every  moment  to  depart ;  but  the  doctor  was 
sent  for,  who  ordered  me  several  things  without  effect ;  at  last  he  gave 


NOTICES  OF  BOOKS.  465 

me  a  composing  pill,  which  with  the  DiTine  blesaing  relieved  me  in  about 
an  hour's  time.''  Thia  book  gives  ub  a  glimpse  erca  of  the  popultir 
medicines  and  remedies  of  the  last  century,  and  may  well  be  recommended 
to  the  student  as  a  picture  drawn  from  life  of  Irish  middle  class  society 
in  the  days  Bucceeding  the  Bevolution.  The  hook  is  admirably  printed 
in  antique  style  by  the  well-known  house  whose  name  and  imprint  it 
bean. 


I 
I 


*  The  Twmts-faurth  Etport  of  tht  LtpvtySitper  of  Iht  Public  lieeord-t  ni 
Ireland.     (Dublin:  1892.) 

Thib  raluuble  docnment  is  one  of  a  series  which  is  becoming  ever  mors 
und  more  important  fur  the  purposes  of  Irish  History,  Br.  La  Toucbe  and 
liis  assistants  pre6«.-ut  to  the  public  in  the  present  Report  one  of  the 
most  important  and  most  interesting  of  the  whole  series.  We  cannot  go 
into  all  the  topics  treated  upon  in  it,  but  will  merely  call  attentiou  to 
the  Calendar  of  Christ  Church  Bocnmcnts  extending  from  a.d.  1210  to 
1602.  These  deeds,  numbering  about  five  hundred,  illustrate  every 
branch  of  Dublin  and  Irish  life,  legal,  commercial,  clerical.  They  tlirow 
fresh  light  upon  the  topography  of  both  the  City  and  County  of  Dublin, 
and  are  in  valuable  forthepurpoaesotfumily  history  and  pedigrees,  as  well 
as  for  the  Ciiil  and  Ecclesiastical  Annals  of  the  county.  The  history  of 
Bablin  streets,  for  instance,  has  fresh  light  thrown  on  it.  In  the 
beginning  of  the  last  century  there  was  a  long  lawsuit  between  Arch- 
bi^op  King  and  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Christ  Church  about  some 
cellars  under  the  Cathedral  which  the  Chapter  used  to  let  as  public- 
hoTues.  Relics  of  this  abuse  came  to  light  during  the  restoration  of  the 
Cathedral,  in  numerous  ancient  glass  bottles  which  were  found.  These 
deeds  show  (No.  977,  cf.  No.  1222}  that  this  abuse  went  buck  to  the 
reign  of  Edward  IV.,  k.v.  1466.  Topography  finds  illustration  and  light 
in  these  deeds.  Donacomper  is  a  name  still  well  known,  and  in  No.  970 
we  find  that  "Johnde  Bakbya  releases  to  Adam  do  Blakbour,  Clerk,  and 
others,  a  well  at  Salmon  Leap,  in  the  manor  of  Parsonestown,  near 
Donaconmpre,  Co.  Kildure."  That  was  in  1349.  In  No.  1012  we  find 
that  the  Mill  at  the  "  Polmyll,"  at  the  bottom  of  Ship-street,  was  still 
in  ezistence  and  working,  and  hud  a  miller  appointed  by  the  Chapter 
in  1477.  Tlie  history  and  antiquities  of  Athboy.  Clonmell,  Kill-of-the- 
Orange,  find  in  these  deeds  numerous  illustrations,  while  as  for  the 
antiquities  of  Dublin,  whether  in  the  shape  of  places,  families,  or  names, 
every  document  calendared  has  something  to  tell.  No.  1147  giTCs  us  a 
glimpse  of  Clonmel,  its  citizens,  churebes,  town  council,  and  social  life, 
in  the  year  1 526,  when  Archbishop  Alen  was  coming  to  Ireland  to  reform 
the  disturbed  state  of  the  Irish  Chureh  and  clergy.  The  salary  of  the 
Cathedral  organist,  in  1546,  is  mentioned  in  No.  1201  ;  the  salarj-  of  the 


4M      watMi*  tocmr  e9  AnugaAjaES  of  ibelahb. 


Cadiednl  Iwrbcr  m  J«.  129^7;  the  ste  of  Ssleock'a  wood  Dear  Grange- 
punamt  m  3Pm.  1269  and  I^I.  We  hope  these  few  examples  will  stir 
up  everf  trrie  Iii^  Asx^dqaarj  to  poMcss  himself  of  Dr.  LaTonche's 
▼alnahle  report,  wfair^fa.  tesdlies  to  the  good  work  which  that  able  ofBcisl 
and  his  asnsCaats  are  domg  in  the  regjon  of  history  and  antiquities.  We 
are  nut  tiie  Less  pmnd  ol  it  beeanse  they  all  hajipen  to  be  active  memben 
4f  our  own  Sodetj. 


Smry^i  Vffer  Lm§\  Erm.    With  ^otes  and  Appendices,  by  Sir  Charles 
rmg^  BortL      Tf^hlin:  MH]ree,  1892.) 


Txzs  w>xk  is  one  of  a  class  <imilar  to  Pococke's  Tcwr  in  Ireland,  published 
some  short  time  since  by  Hodges  k,  ^ggis.  The  author  of  this  book  was 
aa  Irsdi  clergyman  who  Hred  through  the  eariier  portion  of  the  last 
eentiETf.  The  Sev.  William  Henrj  was,  like  Pococke,  an  7.K.S.,  a 
ffignzty  enjoTcd  by  but  few  of  the  Irish  clergy.  He  was  successively 
Sector  of  KHIesher,  and  in  1761  was  made  Dean  of  Killaloe.  He 
gradoated  as  ]».s.  in  T.CJO.  in  1750.  He  died  in  1768,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Ann's  February  1-ith  of  that  year.  Sir  Charles  King  has  done 
wen  in  rescuing  this  ss.  from  the  obscurity  in  which  it  lay  while  un- 
printed^  and  has  conferred  a  sigjial  benefit  on  all  those  who  are  interested 
in  the  history y  the  antiquities,  and  the  top(^;raphy  of  Ireland,  not  only  by 
printing  the  actual  words  of  Dr.  Henry,  but  also  by  adding  valuable  notes 
dealing  with  the  pedigrees  and  history  of  the  Tarious  families  therein 
mentfone^L  The  King  family,  for  instance,  and  very  naturally,  is  there 
described  at  length  ;  and  we  have  a  notice  of  Archbishop  King  which  is 
of  interest,  as  helping  to  furnish  particulars  towards  a  life  of  that  great 
ornament  of  the  Irish  Bench  of  Established  Church  Bishops.  The  prin- 
cipal value  of  the  book  L-,  however,  of  an  historical  character  in  connexion 
with  the  wars  of  the  Revolution.  Lord  Macaulav  would  have  been  de- 
lighted  with  it.  Dr.  Henry  lived  and  wrote  when  vast  numbers  were 
atill  alive  who  had  taken  part  in  that  great  struggle,  and  when  the 
traditions  of  the  vicissitudes  of  the  fight  were  still  living  and  vivid.  The 
deeds  and  actions  of  the  Enniskillen  men  find  interesting  illustrations  in 
this  book.  Fresh  particulars  about  Bedell  even  are  to  be  gleaned  from  it, 
as  we  learn  that  he  was  released  from  prison  and  died  on  February  7, 
1642,  in  a  farm-house  belonging  to  the  Rev.  Denis  Sheridan,  Rector  of 
Killesher,  who  lived  to  a  great  old  age,  and  died  Vicar  of  that  parish, 
having  seen  two  of  his  sons  bishops,  the  one  of  Cloyne,  the  other  of 
Kilmore.  This  Mr.  Sheridan  was  the  ancestor  of  the  great  Sheridan, 
and  through  him  of  the  Marquis  of  Dufferin  and  Ava.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  the  Irif*h  translation  of  the  Bible  commonly  called  Bedell's,  and 
his  handwriting  and  original  autograph  of  that  translation  is  still  to  be 
seen  in  Marsh's  Library  in  three  large  volumes.     Among  the  numerous 


I 


'  The  Lift  of  Hugh  Rot  O'DonntU,  Prinet  of  Tireonnill  {\b%^-\m2).  By 
Lughaiiih  O'Clery.  From  Cucogry  O'Clery's  Irish  ITanuBcript  in 
the  Royal  Iriah  Academy.  With  Historical  Introduction,  Trans- 
lation,   Motes,    and   lUustrationB,    by    Rev.    Dunis   Murphy,    ».)., 

In  the  testimoniol  signed  by  the  Franciscan  Fathers  of  the  Monastery  of 
Donegnl  prefixed  to  the  Aunula  of  the  Four  Mastura  we  find  in  the  list 
of  books  from  which  that  great  work  was  compiled,  "  The  Book  of 
Lughaidh  O'Clery  from  1586  to  1602."  This  book  has  been  known  in 
later  times  as  the  "  Life  of  Hugh  Roe  O'Bonnell,"  and  under  this  titlo, 
nearly  300  years  after  its  composition,  it  is  now  for  the  first  time  pub- 
lished with  an  English  Translation  by  Father  Denis  Murphy,  ttj.,  in  the 
handsome  volume  before  us.  The  Irish  text  has  been  printed  from  a 
manuscript  copy  of  the  work  in  the  Uandwriting  of  Cucogry  O'Clery,  son 
of  the  author,  which  was  purchoaed  by  th<!  late  Dr.  Totld  in  1858,  and 
soon,  thanks  to  Mr.  Gilbert,  foiond  Its  way  into  the  Boyol  Irish  Academy 
Library,  where  it  still  remains.  We  cannot  but  advert  to  the  long-delayed 
publication  of  this  interesting  monnscript  as  affording  a  proof,  if  such  weia 
needed,  of  the  apathy  which  has  existed  in  this  country  regarding  our 
historical  and  literary  monuments. 

But  much  as  we  are  pleased  at  the  publication  of  this  biography,  we 
confess  we  regard  the  historical  Introduction  by  the  translator,  wlitch 
uccupiea  some  150  pages  quarto,  as  a  hardly  less  important  feature  of  the 
work  before  us.  In  this  Introduetiou,  after  a  detailed  account  of  the 
Clan  O'DonncU  from  the  earliest  times,  wq  have  a  narrattre  of  the  events 
of  Irish  Hislory  of  the  period  covered  by  the  "Life  of  Hugh  Koo 
O'Donnell,"  told  with  that  accuracy  and  copiousness  of  facts  with  which 
our  readers  are  familiar  in  the  Editor's  work  on  Cromwell  in  Ireland,  and 
illustrated  by  many  apt  quotations  from  State  Papers  and  other  histori- 
cal records.  Here  we  have  a  complete  account  of  the  long  and  disastious 
struggle  between  O'Donnell  and  O'Neill  on  the  one  band,  and  all  the 
power  of  EliEaheth  on  the  other ;  a  itrugglo  which  last«d  for  many 
years  with  varying  success,  at  one  time  enlivened  by  brilliant  Irish  victo- 
ries such  as  that  at  the  Yellow  Ford,  and  at  another  suddtincd  by 
treacheries  such  as  those  of  Kiall  GarbU  O'Donnell  and  O'Conor  Sligo. 
After  the  defeat  at  Einsate,  as  is  well  known,  O'Donnell  repaired  to 


468     BOKAL  Bocarw  op  istiqiiabieb  of  ebelahd. 

Bpnt  to  tolidt  htth  nd  torn  ThSBp  ITT.,  sod  bis  Uognpher  can  ool j 
UH  Mlhat  aftgaa  JlhifM  of  Mxteaidgji^  he  djedin  the  CMtle  of  Siman* 
CM  Oi  ScptoBber  lOOiy  1603.  But  FaOier  ICiuphy  ahows  bj  eyidenfie 
vlndk  it  k  iB^OHiUe  to  ooDlndicti  that  he  was  pdaon^ 
aentbj  8b  OeofgeCSaiew  for  that  porpoee  to  Spain.  For  the  inteiestiiig 
flffaili  of  this  importaiit  hirforiral  lerebtioii  we  leter  our  readezs  to  tho 
ttmthMng  pagea  of  the  IntiodiieCioa  to  the  preaentwoik. 

Otthe^'Iile  of  Hii«^  Boe  Oa)Qniie]l,"  of  which  the  IriBh  teztani 
aa  '""c*****  tnmnlatien.  on  o^oaite  pagea  fonn  the  far  greater  part  of  the 
ToIoBie^  to  thoae  who  are  acquainted  with  the  **  Annals  of  the  Four 
Ifaafffi*'  it  win  be  enough  to  aaj  that  the  style  is  much  the  same  as 
that  of  the  Annals^  ezeept  that  peihapa  in  the  present  text  more  ancient 
gmnmatieal  fonns  are  occasjonally  nsed.  Here  we  hare  a  continaoiis 
namtrre  of  the  actions  of  O'DanneQ,  while  in  the  '^Foor  MasterB"  the 
erenta  are  giTen  mixed  np  with  other  matters.  Many  erentsy  too,  are  here 
deaeribed  in  all  their  folnees  which  are  onlj  brieflj  or  not  at  all  alluded 
tointhe^'FonrMasterk"  TheelectJontothediicftaancyandinangnration 
ef  Mae^^lHam,  the  detailed  acooont  of  the  arriyal  and  reception  of  the 
Spaniah  EnToys,  the  diKlosiixe  to  CBonnell  of  the  treachery  of  O'Conor 
flUgOy  are  aome  of  the  nnmeroos  initoices  in  which  we  haye  in  this 
namtrre  mnch  new  light  thrown,  not  only  on  the  manners  and  halntB 
of  the  Inah  at  thia  period,  hot  also  on  sadh  historical  questions  as  the 
position  of  the  English  in  Ireland  at  the  doae  of  the  reign  of  Elisabeth, 
and  the  nature  of  the  negotiationa  which  took  place  between  the  Irish 
Chieb  and  the  Court  of  Spain.  In  the  concluding  pages  also  we  have 
fresh  light  thrown  on  the  causes  which  led  to  the  diBastrous  defeat  at 
Kinsale. 

The  work  is  also,  as  might  be  expected,  almost  a  complete  biography 
of  Hugh  O'Neill,  whose  name  and  actions  are  so  closely  bound  up  with 
those  of  O'Donnell.  Their  friendship  is  frequently  alluded  to  by  our 
author,  who  speaks  of  them  as  ''  two  mutual  flames  of  Iotc  and  affection 
springing  from  a  common  stock." 

Of  the  translation  we  may  say  that,  after  a  careful  examination,  we 
believe  that  O'Curry's  judgment  of  the  translation  of  the  ''Four  Masters'' 
— ''  the  translation  is  executed  with  great  care  " — will  in  the  main  apply 
to  it.  The  translator  has  kept  yery  closely  to  the  original,  indeed  in  our 
opinion  too  closely,  as  we  should  have  varied  the  endless  repetitions  of 
personal  and  possessive  pronouns  as  they  occur  in  the  original  by  the 
insertion  sometimes  of  the  corresponding  nouns  in  their  place.  But,  on 
the  whole,  we  believe  the  translation  to  be  accurate,  and  to  reproduce 
faithfully  not  only  the  meaning  but  in  many  places  even  the  very  vigour 
and  freshness  of  the  original.  To  those  who  are  acquainted  with  the 
present  condition  of  Irish  lexicography  the  translation  of  a  manuscript 
like  this  will  appear  no  easy  task.  The  manuscript  has  the  advantage 
of  being  complete,  and  the  translator,  aa  he  tells  us  in  his  Preface,  baa 


NOTICES  OF  BOOKS.  46^ 

given  it  faithfully,  with  no  other  changes  than  the  lengthening  of  the 
contractions,  and  thus  Irish  Scholars  have  a  continuous  narrative  hy  a 
master  of  the  Irish  language  of  300  years  ago,  when  that  language  was 
in  full  power  and  vigour,  of  some  of  the  most  important  and  interesting 
events  in  our  history. 

The  book  is  richly  illustrated.  Among  the  illustrations  we  have  a 
facsimile  autograph  letter  of  O'Donnell  to  the  King  of  Spain,  a  view 
of  the  Castle  of  Simancas,  where  O'DonncU  died,  and  of  Donegal  Monas- 
tery. The  Cathach,  too,  the  battle  standard  of  the  O'Donnells,  is  depicted 
here  very  accurately.  The  excellent  manner  in  which  the  book  is  pro- 
duced and  the  extremely  low  price  at  which  it  is  sold,  will,  we  trust, 
ensure  for  it  a  ready  sale  and  a  very  extensive  circle  of  readers  both  at 
home  and  abroad. 


(     470    ) 


^vottttfinQ$* 


The  Foueth  General  Meeting  of  the  Society,  for  the  year  1892, 
was  held  (by  permission)  in  the  Lecture  Theatre,  Boyal  Dublin  Society's 
House,  Kildare-street,  Dublin,  on  Tuesday  Evening,  11th  October,  1892, 
at  Eight  o'clock,  p.m. : 

Thomas  Dbew,  b.h.a.,  f.b.i.b.a.,  Yice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  were  present : — 

Feliotps: — Robert  Cochranei  cs.,  f.s.a.,  m.h.i.a.,  Son.  General  Secretary  end 
Treasurer  ;  Geo.  Dames  Burtchaell,  m.a.,  m.b.i.a.  ;  Loid  Walter  Fitz  Gerald,  m.k.i.a., 
4. p. ;  William  Frazer,  F.&.C.8.I.,  m.b.i.a.  ;  J.  J.  Digges  La  Touche,  m.a.,  ix.ix, 
M.R.I. A. ;  BcY.  Denis  Murphy,  8.j.,m.r.i.a.  ;  J.  G.  Bobertson,  Hon.  Fellow;  Colonel 
Philip  Doyne  Vigors,  j.p.  ;  W.  F.  Wakeman,  Hon.  Fellow;  John  B.  Wigham, 
M.R.I.A.,  J.p. ;  Robert  Lloyd  Woollcombe,  ll.d.,  M.a.i.A ;  James  Mills,  m.b.i.a. 

Members: — J.  G.  Alcorn,  j.p.;  H.  F.  Berry,  m.a.;  Francis  Joseph  Bigger; 
Eichard  Bravin ;  J.  B.  Cassin  Bray ;  J.  J.  Law  Breen ;  James  Brenan,  &.H.A., 
M.u.i.A. ;  Charles  H.  Brien  ;  Mrs.  Brien ;  Rev.  W.  W.  Campbell,  m.a.  ;  Anthony  R. 
Carroll;  George  Coffey,  b.b.,  m.b.i.a.  ;  M.  Edward  Conway;  John  Cooke,  b.a.  ; 
Austin  Damer  Cooper,  j.p.  ;  Very  Rev.  George  Yoimg  Cowell,  m.a.,  Dean  of  £ildare; 
Mrs.  Cowell;  M.  Dorey ;  Rev.  Anthony  L.  Elliott,  m.a.  ;  Frederick  Franklin,  p.r.i.a.1.; 
Joseph  Gough ;  Col.  G.  Fox  Grant,  j.p.  ;  Surgeon-Major  Greene,  m.b.  ;  Thomas 
Greene,  ll.b.,  j.p.  ;  A.  C.  Haddon,  m.a.,  f.z.s.  ;  W.  P.  Headen,  B.A.,  ;d.i.n.8.  ; 
C.  W.  Harrison ;  William  Irwin  ;  I.  R.  B.  Jennings,  d.i.,  r.i.c.  ;  P.  King  Joyce, 
B.A. ;  B.  Mac  Sheehy,  ll.d.  ;  M.  J.  M'Enery,  b.a.  ;  Charles  J.  M 'Mullen  ;  Rev.  J. 
Manning,  p.p.  ;  J.  J.  Meagher;  Joseph  H.  Moore,  m.a.,  m.  ih'sr.  c.b.  ;  Rev.  D.  B. 
Mulcahy,  p.p.,  m.r.i.a.  ;  Rev.  C.  P.  Nolan,  c.c. ;  William  P.  O'Neill,  m.r.i.a.  ; 
John  0.  Overend ;  Alexander  Patton,  m.d.  ;  Rev.  Joseph  Rapmund,  c.c. ;  H.  P. 
Truell,  M.B.,  J.p. ;  Mrs.  Shackleton  ;  J.  Sheridan;  Alexander T.  Smith,  m.d.  ;  Bedell 
Stanford,  b.a.;  P.  F.  Sutherland;  Rev.  Marshall  C.  Yincent,  m.a.;  R.  Welch; 
Mrs.  Wigbam ;  D.  T.  M'Enery,  m.a. 

The  Minutes  of  the  previous  Meeting  were  read  and  confirmed. 
The  following  Fellows  and  Members  were  elected : — 

Fellows. 

James  Mills,  m.r.i.a.  {Member^  1889),  Member  of  Council,  Public  Record  OflSce, 
Dublin :  proposed  by  G.  D.  Burtchaell,  m.a.,  m.r.i.a.,  Fellow. 

Robert  Edward  Ward,  j.p.,  d.l.,  Bangor  Castle,  Co.  Down  :  proposed  by  Henry 
Smyth,  C.E.,  j.p.,  Hon.  Local  Secretary  for  South  Doicn, 

Members. 

Rev.  Wm.  Bagnall-Oakeley,  m.a.  (Oxon.),  Newland,  Coleford,  Gloucestershire : 
proposed  by  Sir  John  Maclean,  f.s.a.,  Fellow. 

Rev.  R.  H.  Semple,  m.a.,  Downpatrick;  W.  Law  Bros,  Hellesylt,  Sidcup,  Kent  ; 
Robert  A.  Rutherford,  l.r.c.p.  &  s.,  Earlsfield,  Manorbamilton  :  proposed  by  Robert 
Cochrane,  f.s.a.,  m.r.i.a.,  Fellow,  Hon.  General  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 

Rev.  George  Weir,  b.a.,  Creeslough,  Co.  Donegal;  William  Harkin,  Creeslough, 
Co.  Donegal ;  proposed  by  W.  J.  Knowles,  m.r.i.a..  Fellow,  Hon.  Local  Secretary 
for  South  Antrim. 

John  Gordon  Swift  MacNeill,  m.a.  (Oxon),  Barrister-at-Law,  m.p.,  14,  Blackhall- 
street,  Dublin  ;  John  Robert  O'Connell,  ll.b.  (Dub.),  Solicitor,  10,  Moimtjoy-square, 
Dublin  :  proposed  by  G.  D.  Burtchaell,  m.a.,  m.r.i.a..  Fellow. 

William  J.  Morrison,  Lower  Crescent,  Belfast;  Rev.  R.  R.  Kane,  ll.d.  (Dub.),  Christ 
Church  Rectory,  Belfast;  Thomas  P.  O'Connor,  b.a..  Inspector  of  National  Schools, 
Ballymena;  R.  W.  Brereton,  Fleet  Surgeon,  r.n.,  St.  Nicholas*  Rectory,  Carrickfergus; 
Rev.  John  Lyle  Donaghy,  The  Manse,  Lame ;  Thomas  J.  Smyth,  ll.b.,  Barrister-at- 


PE0CBBDING8. 

r^ir,  29.  GoldBmilh -street,  Dublin :  proposed  by  Seatoii  F,  Milligan,  h.b.i.a.,  FiOou', 
Urn.  Frm'ineiaX  Secrstarg  for  UUtsr. 

WilliuB  John  Fegan,  Solicitor,  Market-aqu&n,  Cavaa :  proposed  bj  S.  E.  Eicker, 
CI.,  Fellow,  Han.  Local  Sicrelary  for  Cavan. 

John  Wnkcljr,  K.k.  (Oub.),  SarrUteT-st-Lav,  G,  Hnrccurl-street,  Dublin  :  propoied 
byM.  M.  Murphy, />«ou.. 

Arthur  Hade,  C.B.,  Carlow :  propowd  by  Pater  BurtehaoU,  en. 

Ber.  J.  Jelfares  Jones,  B.n.,  Lurgon ;  proposed  bj  Rev.  n.  W.  Lett,  u.i...  Boa. 
Trevincial  Sicntary  for  Ultltr, 

Mrs.  Westropp,  12,  CUience-pamde,  Southsea,  Hants :  proposed  bjr  Thoniat  J. 
Westropp,  M.i. 

Qeorge  A.  Dagg,  h.a.,  i-l.b.  (Dub.),  ]>.£.,  K.t.o.,  Lisnatkea:  piopoied  by  Thomna 
Flunkelt,  H.b.i.a.,  San.  LoatS  Saerttary  for  Soulh  Frrmanagh. 

Michael  Mac  Cartan,  u.p.,  Waraig-st.,  Belfast;  prcpoBedby  Francis  Joseph  Bigger. 

Anthonj  Thomas  GiKofle,  M.a.  (Dob  J,  J  .P.,  3*.  Upper  Gardiner-street,  Dublin,  sod 
Carrowellen  House,  Skreen,  Co.  Sligo ;  William  Whitla,  m.q.,  8,  College-square,  N., 
Bel&it ;  Prsncia  E.  Mac  Portand,  l.k. C.S.I. ,  L.B.c.r.i.,  Brigade  Sui^eon,  Lamington, 
Antrim-road,  Belfast  ;  James  A.  Lindsay,  h.d.,  k.  en.,  Viclona-pliLce,  Bel&st: 
proposed  by  John  Cooke,  b.a. 

Charles  Elliott,  223,  AjjiHurst-road.  Stoke  Newington,  I,ondon.  N. ;  Mis.  Oscar 
Wilde,  16,  Tile-Etreet,  Chelsea,  Ixtndon,  8.W. ;  J.  J.  Collins,  26,  Koyal- avenue, 
Chelsea,  London,  8.W.  ;  Mrs.  £11is  Cameron,  14,  BloomBeld-paik-road,  Fuibam, 
London,  S.W. :  proposed  by  M.  J.  C.  Buckley. 

BeT.  J.  E.  H.  Murphy,  u.i.  (Dub.),  fiathcore  Rectory,  EnGeld,  Co.  HeatL:  James 
U'Alister,  B.4.,  Inspector  of  National  Schools,  Gort ;  D.  T.  M'Enory,  h.a..  Inspector 
of  NatioiiHl  Bcbools,  Education  Office,  Dublio :  proposed  by  John  Moran,  m.a.,  ll.d. 

Rgt.  Charles  William  Friiell,  b.a.  (Dub.),  Dimluce  lUotory,  Bushmills:  proposed  by 
Rev.  Robert  Cunninghani,  B.A. 

VaJentino  Dunn,  Solicitor,  Clarinda  Pntk,  Eingstawn:  and  60,  Middle  Abbey- 
street,  Dublin:  proposed  by  Daniel  Hahony,  K.A.,  BarriEter-Bt-Liw. 

Colonel  John  M'Cance,  i.f.,  Knocknagouir,  Straadtovn,  Belfast:  proposed  by 
Heon  Smytli,  o.b.,  i.r. ,  Son.  Loeal  Secrtiaiy  for  Soati  Doiph. 

Hiss  L.  A.  Walkington,  h.a.,  ll.d.,  Edenvale,  Strandtown,  Belfast :  proposed  by 
Ber.  S.  A.  Coi,  b.a. 

John  Gibson  Moore,  j.f.,  IJandafE  Hall,  Merrion :  proposed  by  Alexander  T. 
Smith,  u.D. 

The  Vice-Presidents  and  MemberB  of  Council  who  retire  by  rotation 
in  January,  1893,  were  nominated  for  re-election.  No  other  Candidntes 
were  proposed. 

The  following  letter  waa  read : — ' 

"Eoxal  Arcu^solooical  Issrmm  or  Great  Biutaik  akd  Iuxulko. 
"  OxyotLQ  Manhioh,  Oxfobd-stubet,  I/>!IIJUH,  W. 

•'  lOM  StpttmitT,  1892. 

"Bi«, 

"Tour  letter  conveying  the  invitation  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Ireland 
t«  tbe  Royal  ArchEeoIogicul  Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  to  bold  their 
Annual  Mcctiug  for  ISSS  in  Dublin,  was  duly  placed  before  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the 
Institute  held  at  Cambridge  in  August  lost,  and  I  bare  the  pleasure  of  inforaung  you 
that  the  invitation  was  accepted  unanimously.  I  was  requeated  (o  convey  to  you  tbo 
warm  thaolu  oi  our  Members  to  the  President  and  Council  of  the  ftoyu  Society  of 
Antiquaries  of  Ireland,  for  their  courteous  offer  of  help  and  hospitality. 
"  I  have  the  honour  to  be.  Sir, 

"  Tout  obedient  Servant, 

"  Hbllieh  CouBLnt. 

"ROBEBT  CoCHHANB,   EbO." 

>  Another  communication  bus  been  received  intimating  thai  as  the  Lord  Mayor  uf 
I.ondun,  Mr.  Alderman  Stuart  Knili  (/r/IoiF  of  this  Society),  hod  expressed  a  desire  that 
the  Boys)  ArcbsoloRtcal  Inslitule  should  hold  its  Annual  Meeting  tor  1893  in  London 
during  bii  term  of  ofBce,  that  body,  with  the  concurrence  of  the  Council  of  this  Society, 
liad  decided  not  to  come  to  Dublin  not  year. 


473         mmAL,  rnxsEn  or  ismqiirAKEEB  or  ikei.a91>. 


TIfae  ULrmrn^  letter  fmn  Oe  Uniaii  of  locse^  moawed  hr  Hr. 


**  lOti  <g»fiir,  1392. 


at  t»  gm  ■•  a  40^7  of  a  ▼aaoB,  Aib  Mcaulj  piiMirfiiri,  at  mj  ^itAjc  ?] 

'JMnniri  icht  vith  a  Bos,  and  £giit  vttb.  Gtsaae.'    ^f^iv,  ImC  ynr  I  repazred 

aa  <92d  taoiii  at  tflamn  of  ay  aacaitor;  Sr 

of  tib«  Dofcft  of  AlbaiKj,  aaii  &fi  in  14^^    In  hk 

Mmrt,  W&U&  baa  a  exvat  of  a  boar'i  baad,  w^  a  ball  ia  the  boar's 

wara  tvt>  Gaelic  'Xne,  ipcakxn^  bm&  wiA  aie.     Ooa  and — '0&,  tbat's  jut  tbe 

aypfo  de  bateber  posa  ia  a  •icad  pig't  aunt^'    Tbe  ocbar  aid — *■  Xo,  tbar*s  tbe  ball 

of  gsaaia  t&e  Its^ead  mji  Dkrand  titrev  iato  t^  woaik  of  tike  boar  to  duka  bxm  is  be 

^baigwl  *    Xoiv,  is  vbera  aaytbnif  m  asj  Iziih  Ternm  of  tbe  ball  of  i^nasf  beinf 

Afova,  or  acxst  we  refer  the  beraliie  ball  ia  tbe  boar's  BMotb  to  aoaie  arisk  to  signiff 

Aat  tbe  original  of  tbe  aMmuiiinital  statue  was  a  bold  aaa,  aad  theielbta  bad  a 

'xomdeiL'  Tbia  last  is  thee^tlaiiafina  gircn  by  a  hcraldie  ac^ifiitswf ,  bal  it  is  not 

■afisfiifi'ij  to  mj  amid.    Wi3  joo.  kzadlj  ba?a  inqiiiij  nada  aa  to  vbecher  tbe  Ixiili 

Dtarmid  thiev  a  ball  at  tbe  boar.    It  seeau  to  na  a  aaxe  lik^  lutenaetation  of  tbe 

igavt  ttaa  cftbcr  a  '  RXDidell '  or  a  '  beaant.' 


*«ToBn 


«<T.n>»»*  *« 


The.  Ber,  Denis  Murphy,  a.  /.,  said  the  letter  just  read  had  reference 
to  an  episode  in  the  ancient  Irish  tale  bearing  the  title  of  "  The 
Porsnit  of  Diannuid  and  Grainne."  The  tale  was  published  in  full  by 
the  Oasianic  Society  in  the  third  Tolume  of  its  "Transaetions."  A  set 
of  the  Transactions  is  unhappily  rarely  met  with  now ;  but  it  so  happens 
that  this  portion  of  the  volumes  was  reprinted  a  few  years  ago,  as  it  was 
fixed  on  by  the  Board  of  Intermediate  Education  as  the  book  in  which 
candidates  would  be  examined  in  that  year. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  story  there  is  an  account  of  the  encounter 
between  the  famous  boar  of  Ben  Gulban  (now  Ben  Bulben  in  Co.  Sligo)^ 
and  the  hero  Diannuid.  His  companions  at  the  approach  of  the  beast 
urged  Diarmwid  to  fly.  But  Diarmuid,  whatever  else  he  may  have  been, 
was  not  a  coward,  and  did  not  think  it  beneath  his  dignity  to  go  meet 
the  animal.  The  combat  is  described  in  truly  realistic  fashion.  The  end 
to  it  was  that  both  the  combatants  came  by  their  death,  the  boar  having 
inflicted  mortal  injuries  on  Diarmuid,  and  Diarmuid  in  turn,  after  dealing 
him  two  tremendous  blows  in  vain,  when  expiring  himself,  hurled  the 
hilt  of  his  sword  at  the  animal's  head  and  dashed  out  his  brains.  In 
the  tale  there  is  no  mention  whatever  of  any  lard  or  fat  having  been 
thrown  into  the  beast's  mouth.  The  coat  of  arms  can  hardly  refer  to  such 
an  event ;  its  meaning  must  be  sought  for  in  some  much  later  incident. 


473 

Father  Murphy  mentioned  another  matter,  though  connected  only 
remotely  with  the  aubject.  He  said  he  was  just  now  engaged  in  putting 
through  the  press  the  Irisli  life  of  Hugh  Roe  O'Donnell,  Prince  of 
Tircocnell,  from  1597  to  1602.  Now  Hugh  Koe's  mother  was  Ineen 
Dubh,  who  was  the  daughter  of  Agues,  daughter  of  the  fourth  Earl  of 
Argylo.  Thia  may  he  of  some  interest  to  the  ITarquis  of  Lome,  as 
most  prohably  ho  will  feel  some  curiosity  about  the  doings — not 
legendary  but  strictly  historical — of  somff  of  his  Irish  kinsfolk  in  later 

M.  d'Arbois  de  Juhainyille,  who  was  elected  an  Honorary  Follow  of 
the  Society  in  August,  1891,  wrote  as  follows  : — 

"  Pa&IS,   81   BotTUTAU)  UoMTTABMUH, 

"U  21  firritr,  1892. 

"  ReleTBDl  d'lme  grave  maladie  qiu  cn'a  conduit  am  ponet  du  lombeau  et  qui 
ni'a  >£par6  de  mei  etudes  pendAnt  troii  mou  et  demi,  je  lii,  duis  le  TSu.  7,  vol.  1,  Fifth 
Series,  du  journal  de  U  sociftf  royole  des  ontiquaire*  d'IrUnde,  que  c«ttB  compagnie 
Mvnnte  m'u  flit  I'linnneur  de  me  nommer  hoDoruy  fellaw.  Je  voui  prie  d«  roulinr 
bien  lui  tnmnnettre  mes  remercieaienU  qii'&  mon  grand  rogrct  ViU.1  de  ma  taxtXA  rend 
un  pen  lardifa,  et  d'j  joindro  psr  CDiu6quent  met  eiciues.  11  s'en  ett  pru  fiUlu  que 
je  oe  me  trouvasie  dana  I'impoadbilit^  do  t^poadre  &  raimable  et  gmoieui  temaignige 
d'catime  par  lequel  la  cociftA  rojale  dm  anti^uairea  d'lrlundo  a  bien  voulu  encounigcr 

"Viiiiillez,  MouBieur,  ngr£ei  I'expreuioD  de  ma  randdfrotion  la  plus  diaticigufe. 
"  H.  d'Abbou  d 


I 


Mr.  Bobert  Day,  j.p.,  Vice-President  for  llunster,  on  behalf  of  him- 
self and  the  local  members  of  tho  Society  resident  in  Cork  and  neigh- 
bourhood, joined  by  the  members  of  the  Cork  Hiatorieal  and  Archaeological 
Society,  wrote  inviting  the  Society  to  hold  its  Summer  Meeting  for  1893 
in  Cork,  and  the  invitation  extended  to  such  members  of  the  Royal 
ArchEealogical  Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  as  may  riait 
Dablin. 

The  letter  was  referred  to  the  Council  for  acknowledgment  and 
acceptance. 

A  letter  was  also  read  from  Miss  Frances  Eeane,  Olenshclanc,  Cappo- 
quin,  Mtmber,  calling  attention  to  the  proposed  remoTal  of  Sir  Walter 
Ualeigb's  house  in  Youghal,  and  suggesting  that  tho  Society  should  take 
Bt«ps  to  prevent  it.  The  Chairman  said  the  Americana  projiuscd  to  take 
the  bouse  down  and  re-erect  it  in  the  Chicago  Exhibition.  Ho  had  seen 
the  house  recently,  and  he  considered  that  such  on  operation  with  its 
mouldering  walls  was  impossible. 

The  letter  was  referred  to  tho  Council. 


474  BOTAL  80CIETT  OF  AHTIQUABEBS  OF  IRELAND. 

Tlie  ioOowiBg  P^oB  were  xead,  and  referred  to  the  Council  for 
pabHcation: — 


Ml 


EztneCa  fnm  the  B«cords  <d  tlie  Gorpontioa  of  Nev  Boss  *'  (Part  III.),  hj 
ColoiKi  P.  D.  Tison.  '.p->  /"/ibir. 

Tbs  Barer  Fonns  of  Ixiih  das,'*  lij  Willism   Fraser,    f.b.c.8.i.,    m.b.i.a.. 


*<]Kcecnt  Findi  of  Braai  Money  of  James  II.,**  by  Wflliam  Frazer,  f.r.c.s.i.. 


The  lemaming  Papers  were  taken  as  read,  and  referred  to  the  Conndl 
for  publication : — 

**Croiiileacbs — supposed  Sepnlehzal  Structures  and  Bullaiis,"  by  G.  H.  Einahan, 
M.B.I.A.,  itUow. 

**  Traces  of  Ancient  Dwellmg  in  the  SendhHlB  of  West  Kerry,*'  by  Yen.  G.  R. 
Wynne,  d.d.,  Archdeihcon  of  ArdferL 

*<  Sing  John  in  Ulster,"  by  G.  D.  Boitchaell,  M.A.,  M.&.I.A.,  FeUow. 

"  Two  Pre-bistoric  Forts  in  County  Clare  "  :— 

I.  "  Cabersbaug^bnessy,  near  Spanail  HUl,"  by  H.  B.  Harris, 
n.  "  Mogbane,  near  Dromoland,*'  by  T.  Jobnison  Westropp,  k.a. 

"  Old  Plaee  Nsmes  and  Somames  "  (continuation),  by  Miss  Hickson. 

Kr.  C^eorge  Coffey,  b.e.,  b.Im,  m.r.i.a.  exhibited  a  series  of  Photo- 
graphic Lantern  Slides  of  the  Tumuli  and  Inscribed  Stones  of  New 
Grange  and  Dowth,  from  Photographs  recently  taken  by  Mr.  L.  B. 
Strangways,  m.a. 

A  cordial  vote  of  thanks  was  passed  to  Messrs,  Coffey  and  Strangways. 

The  Meeting  then  adjourned. 


-  EoU  of  Pnorj  of  Holy  Trinity, 
Dublin,  extra  volume,  92,  186. 

Acoounts  of  the  Society,  ZOG. 

Adue,  Manor,  HO ;  Abbe^,  U2. 

AdTenturei  in  South  Asienoa,  196. 

Agar,  Jamea,  211. 

AKhadoe,  163. 

AibheU.  the  BMubee,  39B. 

Ale,  Gl;  exported  to  Walu,  61.  See 
Brewing. 

All  Sunt!  Island,  Uoimstery,  L.  Hee,  3. 

Allen,  J.  Botoilly,  account  of  Kerry  Ex- 
eumon,  168,  26bi  on  praservatuiii  of 
AnciGiit  Monuments,  413,  420,  428. 

Almanac  Maken,  old,  431. 

AnuboriteB,  6-7. 

Ancient  Honumenta  protection,  411-29 ; 
Bchedulea  of  tbose  vested  in  Booed  of 
Works,  415-19,  424-5;  Acta,  421-4, 
437  ;  pregeiTiition  in  England  and 
France,  429. 

Ante-Norman  Cburchcg,  101. 

Antdn,  county,  finds  iu,  40— 9. 

Aqoarits,  133. 

Aroheological  Congrew,  303. 

Inatitule  of  Great  Britain  (Koyal) 

propoaod  Meeting  in  Dublin,  471. 

Scciply  for  Co.  KLldare,  83, 

Arcbicology,  Trentiso  on,  462. 

Arobdall,  Mervyn,  430;  tomb,  431. 

Ardanemeth,  248. 

Ardbraccan,  138. 

Ardconiiil.  or  AcdeoDnel,  Co.  Seny,  SO. 

Aidfeit,  81. 

Aidgks,  343. 

Ardmulchan,  126. 

Ardoilen,  or  High  latand,  Co.  Oalway, 
ruins  on,  S,  8. 

Atdaallagh,  Co.  Meath,  23. 

Armagh,  Satchel  of  Book  of.  4S2. 

Ann*  of  Belfast.  309  ;  of  BovcreigDi  of 
Hew  Boss,  172-3. 

Alt,  Irish,  work  on  SbrinM,  ISl-3. 
S49-GS. 


Arthur  family,  71. 

Aah  trees  oonnected  with  holy  welb,  336  i 

ot  Kildnre,  ISS,  307. 
Ash  bum,  Charles,  183. 
Assisie,  cenu  of,  6S. 
Alhcnry,  Boron,  183. 
Athlocca,  Co.  Lunerick,  143. 
Athlumuey,  Co.  Heath,  24. 
Auditors  of  Accounts,  62. 

Bngenol,  Col.  W..  302,  445. 

"ey,  Howth,  antiquarian  find  at,  1S3. 
lie.  Iter.  Cauoa,  paper  by,  96,  294. 
Bolbnggan,  Co.  Dublin,  Moat  near.  181. 
Baldesvell  chartera,  184. 
BolLinacourte.  Co.  Tipperory,  441. 
Ballmamore,  Co.  Longford,  291,  443-3, 
BallinUggnrt,  Co.  Kony,  366-6, 
Ballintoy  Chorcb,  inxcnptions  in,  446-7. 
Ballyboghill,  182. 
Balljcaamdy  Caves,  136. 
Ballyheigue,  299.  389-94. 
Bollyjamesdulf,  131. 
Ballyaadare  Abbey,  4. 
Ballysoi,  59. 
"irlo,  Archdeacon,  tomb  of ,  130. 

iron,  or  Barron,  family,  368,  376-0, 
Bnron,  title  of,  358-61. 
Baronet,  earlier  uae  of  term,  360. 
Barrow  Biver,  navigution  of,  65,  387. 

—  Caalle,  Co.  Kerry.  390. 
Barry,  family  ot,  248,  263. 

Humphry,  tomb  of,  138. 

J,  Orene,  432,  441, 

Banlia,  sister  of  Strongbow,  37. 

Batfa,  popularity  ot,  464. 

Beailn-Fimun,  446. 

Beileil.  Buhop,  406. 

Beenok-iymka.  Co.  Kerry,  396, 

Beeawoi,  184. 

Belfast,  lownbook  of,   167;   meeting  of 

the  SocietT  at,  316  :  hist<^.  197-200, 

322-T  ;    description.   327-33  :    oistla. 

326-6  :  seal.  323.  336;  arm*.  309. 
Boll,  braxed  iron,  Anrnd,  48-9. 
iosariptioD  on,  in  BaUincar  Church, 

447. 


476 


INDEX. 


Belturbet,  132. 

BeroBford,  Primate  Marcus  O.,  440. 
Bermingham,  Thomas,  Lord,  185. 
Berry,  Henry  F.,  Paper  by,  98,  107,-178, 

207. 
Betagh  tenants,  63,  66. 
Bigod,  Roger,  Earl  of  Norfolk,  60. 
Black  Book  of  Limerick,  71. 
Blackrock  Castle,  Cork,   180. 
Blakestone,  186. 
Bog  Butter,  366-7. 
Bolus  Head,  Co.  Kerry,  394. 
Books,  notices  of,  85,  188,  308,  448. 
Book,  Town,  of  Belfast,  197 ;  New  Boss, 

164,  287. 
Book  of  Armagh,  of  Dimma,  &c.,  451 ; 

Eells  and  Durrow,  461. 
Borromean  Tribute,  377. 
Brabant,  Roger,  174. 
Brabazon,  Sir  William,  37. 
Brad^,  Hugh,  Bishop  of  Meath,  16,  130. 
Brewing,  tolls  on,  31-3,  36n.     See  Ale. 
Brian  Bom,  403-4. 
Bridges,  64  ;  on  Shannon,  406. 
Bridget,    Saint,    observances    connected 

with  her  day,  186. 
Brittany,  prehistoric  monuments  of,  213. 
Bronze  A^,  462. 
Brown,  Sir  Richard,  tomb,  292 ;  family 

of,  442-3. 
Browne,  Dominick,  307. 

— Sir  Valentine,  epitaph,  19. 

Brownsford,  Fitzgeralds  of,  368. 
Bruce,  War  of,  13  ;  in  Kilkenny,  364. 
Bnigh-na-Boinne,  430. 
Buick,  Rev.  G.  R.,  Vice-President,  93, 

f7,  31G;  Address,  317. 
Bultingford  family,  72. 
Burgesses'  rent,  54. 
Burncbureh,  Barons  of,  358-76  ;    origin 

of  name,  364  ;  castle,  376. 
Burning  land,  56. 
Burtchaell,  G.   D.,  Paper  by,  358,  443, 

445,  474. 
Burton,  Walter,  tomb,  16. 
Butler,  Anna,  240-1. 
Isaac,  his  journey  to  Lough  Derg, 

13,  126,  431,  440. 

Julian  G.  "W.,  Curator  of  Photo- 


graphic  department,  95-6. 
Butter  in  Bogs,  366-7. 

Caherdorgan,  Co.  Kerry,  268. 
CaiUin,  S.,  of  Fenagh,  his  Shrine,  151. 
Cairn  Connachta,  Co.  Clare,  407. 
Calendar,  and    art    of  making   one,   in 

Martyrology  of   S.   Thomas's  Abbey, 

35. 
Callaghan,  King  of  Cashel,  399. 
Cambrian  Archaeological  Association,  158, 

255. 
Camel,  sent  to  Ireland,  407. 
Canlillon  family,  144,  393-4. 


Cantilnpe  family,  390-4. 

Cappanacushy,  139. 

Carlingford,  348. 

Carlow.    See  Catheria^. 

Carriage  of  goods,  56. 

Carrickfergus,  334. 

Carrij^gunneU,  138. 

Carvings  in  Limerick  Cathedral,  70-4. 

Cashel,  work  on  ruins,  420. 

Roland,  Archbishop  of,  867. 

Castle,  cost  of  repairs,  60 ;  at  Bomchuroh, 
376  ;  round,  390. 

Castledermot,  round  tower,  66—8 ;  church, 
66-7 ;  hole-stone,  68-9,  296. 

Castleknock,  13 ;  church,  14. 

Castlemartin,  Co.  Meath,  129. 

Cathedral  at  Limerick,  70  ;  at  Down, 
336 ;    at  Eillaloe,  408. 

Catherlagh  or  Carlow,  lordship,  50-62  ; 
castle,  62, 60  ;  town,  54,  68;  bridge,  64. 

Cauntiton,  or  Condon  family,  394. 

Cavan  Abbey,  182. 

Cayee  on  Kerry  coast,  389-90. 

Celtic  t)mament  from  Book  of  EeUa,  Sec., 
461. 

Celts,  forms  of,  48-4. 

Chalice  of  Duiske,  240. 

Champion's  hand-stone,  supposed  example 
of,  44. 

Chapter-house  octagonal,  437. 

Charles  I.,  portrait  of,  65. 

Charm  doctor,  297. 

Charter  of  E!ing  Donald  More  O'Brien, 
77-9  ;  Charters  of  Dublin  families  in 
Library,  T.C.D.,  183. 

Cheese,  56. 

Chesterfield,  Philip,  Earl  of,  letters  of, 
308. 

Christ  Church  Documents,  465. 

Church,  built  of  wood,  378  ;  great,  384  ; 
bunicd,  387  ;  early  churches  at  S.  Mul- 
Hns,  381-4  ;  in  Co.  Dublin,  101. 

Church  Commissioners  (Irish)  supply 
funds  for  maintenance  of  ancient  mo- 
numents, 413  ;  Vesting  Order,  414—19. 

"  Church  of  Ireland,"  by  Rev.  Thomas 
Olden,  454. 

Cists,  sepulchral,  found,  80—2. 

Clahul  family,  389-90. 

Clare,  holiday  haunts  on  west  coast,  86. 

Clement,  Henry,  142. 

Cloghan  Finallymore,  Co.  Kerry,  394. 

Clogh-na-crusha,  82. 

Clonmacnoise,  Annals  of,  2  ;  their  in- 
tended publication,  207. 

restoration  work  at,  412. 

Clonmel  Church,  Co.  Cork,  249. 

Clonmel,  Co.  Tipperary,  465. 

Cloth,  ditferent  kinds  and  price,  62,  60—1. 

Cochrane,  Robert,  General  Secretary,  ad- 
dress to,  93  ;  plans  and  drawings  by, 
149,  244,  382;  Papers  by,  243,411; 
306. 


I 


prop 

Harl 


Code   of  Signs  used   by  C&nona    of  S- 

Viotot,   IIB. 
Cofloy,  George,  *74. 
CoUman,  JameB,  Papers  by,  180-1,  M8. 
Colgan,  value  of  his  Works,  1, 
Columkille's  (8.)  Stone,  134. 
Combnt  in  tettlemoM  nf  di»pul«,  39, 
Comertord,  Most  Rer.  Bishop,  381. 
CoDnoT,  (tone  cup  found  at,  4S. 
Cooper,  Atutin,  13. 

A.  D.,  13. 

CopenHog&n  Uuat'um,  Shrine  in,  ZSi~6. 
Core,  King  of  Thomoud,  400. 
Corduff,  14. 
Cork  Archieological  and  Hislorical  Sooietf, 

87,473. 

proposed  meeting  at,  473. 
Harbour,  17B. 
Cormao  M'Cuilennn,  309. 
Corn  produce.  66. 
CotUn,  Eneehius,  arms,  172. 
CouDdl  of  the  Society,   Eeporl,  91-3  ; 

jia  represenlaliTe    chnraeter,   441-2. 
Court  of  liberty  nf  3.  Thouias'a  Abbey, 

sa-to. 

Oomti,  hundred,  64. 

profits  of,  69. 

Coyne  and  Livery,  3S6-7- 

Crede  Mihi,  2t>7. 

Cnmwell  in  Kilkenny,  372. 

Oioora,  Co.  Limeritk,  142. 

Ciwmog  remains,  441. 

OtOK,  nulptuTt^d  at  S.  Mullini,  384  ;  oa 

bote-atone   at    Caslledennot,    69;    on 
"     1,  43'2-3  ;  on  church  lin- 

--.  .,   -      .  ».  10. 

CroMet  of  twige  or  nuhea,  186,  306. 
CfMa  key*.  133. 
CnllahiU  Cattle,  201. 
Cnllybackey,  Co.  Antrim,  b«U  fonnd  at, 

48. 
Copa,  atone.  46. 
Cniake,  Bobert,  tomb,  19. 

Bir  'i'hiimns,  epitaph,  17. 

Cyclopean  archilcclxiro,  8-B  ;   similarity 

to  tiat  of  Greece,  8. 

Dalkey  Chinch,  103. 

Danes,  402-3. 

Danes'  oniil,  293. 

Dart  throwing,  179. 

DsToghpalHck  Well,  134. 

D«y,  Robert,  Vii«- President,  Paper  by, 

68  :  inrites  Sociely  to  vial  Cork,  473. 
D«cer,  184. 
Deeds,  in  Sook  of  Eells,   3lfi  ;  in  Tiin. 

Ool.  Dub.  Library,  183. 
DaLandre,  143. 
Dafg,  Lough,  journey  to,  13,  12G,  131, 

t«0. 
Dcnnot  and  the  Earl,  song  of,  193. 
Decertoghill  Church,  434. 
Denul,  3HG. 


440. 
Devenitb,  134. 
Ssvereux,  family,  8S. 
Dionnuid's  fight  with  the  boar,  472. 
Dimmg,  Book  of.  451. 
Disert  Diarmiida,  66. 
Dodder  River,  32. 
Donaghmore  Eound  Tower,  Co.  Meath, 

126. 
Donogh  Patrick.  127. 
Dopping,  Bishop,  visilation,  16,  128. 
Dovnpatriek,  336  ;  Cathedral,  339. 
Dowth,  474. 
Dn^Bs  of  a  great  Lord's  offlcei*,  63  ;  of 

vards,  62. 
Drew,  Thomas,  Vicc-Prosident,  98,  412, 

Dublin  City,  disputes  with  S.  Thomi 
Abbey,  31-3  ;  siege,  183  ;  attacked  by 
Silken  Thomas,  36n.  ;  street  name 
310  :   life  in  old  Dublin,  46j. 

Abhuy  of  3.  Thomai,  26,  107. 

Trinity    College,    lihnu?,   183 

student  life  in,   30U  ;    book  of,  148. 

Society,  charter  of,  308. 

County,  Ante-Tforman  Churches, 

101. 

Ducking  slool,  287. 

Duiske  Abbey.     See  Graignamanagb. 

"  Duke  of  Ormond  "  ship,  289. 

Dnnboyn,  Co.  Ueath,  16. 

Dundtum,  Co.  Down,  346. 

Dtmieckay  Wood,  Co.  Corlow,  62. 

Dunloe  Cave,  Co.  Kerry,  167. 

Dunsony,  Co.  Meatb,  20. 

Dunshaughlin.  16. 

DurroT,  Book  of.  4S1,  461. 

Duvar,  John  Hunter,  book  by,  463. 

Erkenley.  Pliinebas,  epitaph,  23. 

Edgocombo,  Sir  Rich.,  33. 

Elliott,  Rev.  A.  L.,  Paper  by,  26. 

Emingh.  261. 

Enelish,  dominant  in  B.  Thomas's  Abbt>F, 

27. 
Enniseorthy,  108. 
Enniskillen,  134.  460. 
Erne,  Loueb,  466 :  Shrine  found  in.  S4tl. 
Estates  (Media>Tal}  in  Itoknd,  50:  ma- 

aagcment   of.   51-6. 
Evenrit,  Colonel,  tomb,  127. 
Exchequer  Court  held  by  Lord  of  Corlow, 

61,  63. 

Clerks,  breaktait  to,  6G. 

Excursions     of   the     Society,     99-100, 

210-12,    311-14,    334-48. 
Extra  volumes,  92, 189,  207. 

Fair,  Medinval,  51,  54. 
Farm  work  and  produM,   56  ;    uteniilt 
and  wogeo,  67- 


478 


INDEX. 


Feipo  family,  22. 

Felim,  King  of  Ctahel,  400. 

Fellows,  elected,  90,  203,  320,  470 ;  died, 

93  ;  resigned,  93  ;  local  distribation,  95. 

Honorary,  92,  209,  473. 

Fennagli,  Co.  Carlow,  63,  69. 

Ferns,  104. 

Ferries,  64. 

ffrench,  Rey.  J.  F.  M.,  Paper  by,  42-6, 

877-88. 
Fin  Mac  Cumhaill,  377. 
Finali  family,  894. 
Fitz  Aldelm,  William,  26-6. 
Fits  Gerald,    Maurice,     descent    from, 

362-4. 
Lord  "Walter,  Member  of  Council, 

93,  97  ;  Papers  by,  66,  98,  188,  307. 
families,  in  Co.   Killcenny,   368, 


874-6. 

Fits  Patrick,  John,  epitaph,  18. 

Flan  M'Lonain,  the  roet,  401. 

Flan  Sunagh,  King  of  Ireland,  401. 

Flannan,  St.,  of  Killaloe,  399. 

Flints,  worked,  164. 

forged  instruments,  49. 

Florence  Court,  133. 

Floudi,  Bichard,  129. 

Fogarty,  R.,  collection  of,  42. 

Font,  sculptured,  20. 

Ford,  Edward,  epitaph,  16. 

Fore,  Co.  Westmeath,  Irish  monastery,  1 ; 
churches,  7  ;  other  antiquities,  10 ;  Nor- 
man monastery,  11. 

Forgy  Abbey,  Co.  Clare,  Charter,  78-9. 

Fothered  (Forth,  Co.  Carlow),  54,  68. 

Fowke  family,   178,  303. 

Fowkos,  Mrs.  Ann,  memoir  of,  464. 

France,  treatment  of  ancient  monuments 
in,  429. 

Franklin,  Frederick,  Member  of  Council, 
97. 

Frazcr,  William,  p.r.c.s.i.,  Papers  by, 
13,  98,  156,  186,  18G,  221,  285,  307, 
474  ;  honours  conferred  on,  440. 

Fumell  family,   139. 

Furniture  in  17th  century,  39. 

Furs,  52. 

Gable  of  church  ;  projection  of  side  walls 

beyond,  386. 
Galbraeth,  Robert,  epitaph,  21. 
Gallaun  at  Ardconnel,  80. 
Gallenis,  Oratory,  &c.,  271—4. 
Galwey  family,  72. 
Garden  produce,  56. 
Garv-^agh  Church,    S.  Columkille's   stone 

at,  434. 
Gcalo  family,  464. 
Geraldines,  History  of,  439. 

of  Co.  Kilkenny,  358-76. 

Gilbert,  J.  T.,  Hon.  Fellow,  92. 
Giraldus  Cambrensis,  Morks,  3. 
Glenarm,  stone  cup  found  at,  46. 


Glendaloogh,  ruins,  412,  420. 
Glenhead,  stone  vessel  found  at,  46. 
Gloucester,   Gilbert,    Earl  of,    partition 

among  his  heiresses,  363. 
Goldfinches,  16. 
Gough,  William,  epitaph,  24. 
Graignamanagh,  visited,  210. 

Abbey,  237  ;  plan  and  deeorip- 

tion  of  its  remains,  244-7. 

Grainger,   Rev.   Canon,  Yioe-Presideiit, 

death  of,  92. 
Graunsete  family,  184. 
Graves,  Rev.  James,  412,  420. 

Eight  Rev.  Bishop,   on  Easteni 

crosses,  &c.,  102. 

Graveyards  of  Great  Island,   Co.  Cork, 

248. 
Great  Island,  Co.  Wexford,  69. 
GreencasUe,  334,  347. 
Grene,  Co.  Limerick,  142. 
Grianan  Aileach,  destroyed,  407. 
Gur,  Lough,  stone  implements  found  at, 

42. 
Gurteens,  Fitz  Geralds  of,  368. 

Hanging  a  robber,  67. 

Harolds,  submission  of  the,  36. 

Harrington,  Rev.  M.,  tomb,  263. 

Harris,  H.  B.,  474. 

Hass^,  Rev.  L.,  resigned  seat  on  Cocmcil, 

93;  Paper  by,  146. 
Hay,  cost  of  making,  67. 
Healy,  Most  Rev.  John,  Yioe-Preeident, 

97. 
Rev.  John,  ll.d.,  Paper  by,  98, 

213  ;  conducts  Excursion  at  Kells,  311, 
Henry,  Rev.  William,  466. 
Hewson,  Geo.  J.,  438-9. 
Hickson,    Miss   Mary,    Papers   by,    137 

299,  301,  389,  440,  442,  474. 
**  Historic  Houses,"  Notice  of,  457. 
Hoffman,  Dr.  W.  J.,  Hon.  FeUow,  92. 
Holan,  Father  Thadv,  162. 
Holed-stones,  68-9, *294. 
Holmpatrick,  104. 
Hore,  Herbert,  60. 

Philip,  50. 

House  (old)  at  Kilkenny,  internal  anange 

ment  of,  435. 
Huelgoet,  rot  king- stone,  218. 
Hundred  Courts,  54. 
Hunting  Calls,  156. 
Huntingdon,  Countess,  tomb,  262. 

Inch  Abbey,  Co.  Down,  341. 

Income  of  mediaeval  officials,  51-2,  61 

of  great  lords,   63  ;    management  oi 

51-5. 
Index  to  Society's  Journah,  433-4. 
Indian  mode  of  preserving  butter,  366-7 
Innisfallen,  158  ;  injuries  to  church,  432 

Annals  of,  158-9. 

Inns  of  Court  in  Ireland,  99. 


HR^I 

^P                                            nn>ET.                                 479          ^1 

^F          roUDd's  Eye,  Chitnh,  101. 

Eilmallodk,  416,423. 

reton's  Uouif  at  LimeriDk,  4*1. 

Kilruddery,  Co.  Wicklow,  28.   3t. 

rotvAgo.  *fl2. 

KiltTony,  or  Kiltranyn,  362,  371. 

Iruh,    Bxdudcd    from    rcligiou.   hww. 

Kinahan,  0.  H.,  42-3,  474. 

wnong  the  English,  27  ;  Abbots  of  St. 

Kinawley,  133. 

^^              TbonisB  and  olhets  permitted  to  treat 

Kincora  Palace,  398-410. 

■              with,  £8. 

King,  Archbishop.  4S6,  466. 

B         chiefs,  penaions  of.  CS. 

Sir  Charlee.  Bart.,  466. 

^H          allied  inatription  in   earl;  Irish, 

King's  Inns,  visit  to,  99. 

■              M5. 

Knockdown,  Giant's  Grave,  300, 

B          I>^^   (Hbcti^j-'b  Island,  Co,  Wexford], 

Knowles,  W.  J.,  Paper  by,  16-9. 

■              64,  66. 

■            Ivy,  injurious  to  ruins,  101. 

Lachtna.  King  of  Thomond,  400. 

■ 

Lame,  336. 

^^          Jeallous,  Robert,  epitajib,  IS. 

Lawyara,  61. 

Jerpoint,  works  for  iirewcvatioii  of  Ahbev, 

I^gninaddy,  343. 

412. 

Legislation    on    protection   of    Ancient 

JetBeadsinlreko'!,  221. 

Jews  seod  deputation   to  the  O'Briens, 

minster.  Palatinate  of.  359. 

406, 

Lenin,  daugbter.  or,  102. 
Lett,  EoT.H.W.,  436. 

John,  Earl  of  Morton,  TT. 

Journey  to  Lough  De^,  13,  12S. 

Lelterkpnny,  293. 

Jovene,  lo,  family,  181. 

Lewis,  Peter,  207. 

JntainviUe,  H.  d'Arboia  de,  Hon.  FelIo»f, 

Liath  Meisieth,  379. 

^              02  ;  letter  from,  473. 

Liberty   of    Thomna-court  and   Donore, 

^^        luitioe,  curioiu  example  of  country  ad- 

39-41, 

^1            miniatratioD,  16. 

Uffey  Fishing,  32. 

■ 

Limeritk,  Cathedral,  70. 

^r        KaTmnaeh,  loyal  race  of,  378,  3B7. 
Keue,  iliaa  Prances,  173. 

siege,  76. 

trcaly-stono.  297 ;   protection  of 

Kells,  Co.  Kiltennj,  register  o[  monas- 

ancient remains,  441, 

tery,  362. 

wilohcraft  in,  291. 

Co.  Meath,  visit  of  the  Society 

Liacarton,  129. 

to,  311. 

Lisgavil  Abbey.  134.                                      ^^ 

Book  of.  350,  4fil,461. 

Lismoro  Papers,  440.                                  ^^^^M 

Kelly,  B,  J.,  I8B. 

Castle,  400.                                    ^^^^H 

Eeaoedy,  King  of  Thomond,  401. 

Lianaridh,  135.                                           J^^^^H 

Ketry,  antiquiiivs  of,  liS,  2&6.  299. 
^m            Serry  Luachra,  140. 

Livery.  52.                                                  ^^^^^M 

Longevity,  177,  224,  297.                             ^^^^B 
Lorcon,  King  of  Thomond,  400.                                   ^H 

K           Xevin-sYcw,  106. 

Lanic.  Marquis  of.  472.                                              ^M 

H                ia7:  old  asl,-iiee,    1S8,    3UT. 

••  Love's  Qartand,"  63.                                               ^M 

B^           County  Artliaiologiea]  Society,  83. 

Lubbock,   Sir  John.   Qonorur  Fellow.                 ^M 

92  :  "  Lubbock's  Act,"  414,  420-4  .                      ^H 

Kilkeel.  347. 

Lurgan.  297.                                                               ^1 

Kilkenniensis,  Codei,  3. 

L>-n.'b.  John,  431.                                                      ^M 

Kilkenny,  M«eiing  of  the  Society  at,  303. 

— P.J.,  Keportby.SO.                                    ^M 

^            CosUe,  4S6-60. 

■_          FtuDciecn  Church,  412,  436. 

UaoCready,  Bev.  C.  T.,  310.                     _^^^^M 

^1          61.  John's  Friary,  437. 

MacEligot.  S93.                                          ^^^^M 

H         ShM'a  AlmahouK,  436-6. 

HacEvilly,  139.                                         ^^^^M 

V           Uber  Primus,  207. 

HacGnudia.Augii>liD,8,  11.                    ^^^^H 

^           KiBterran  Church,  Vta. 

MacGuire,  Sev.  E.,  288.                              ^^^^M 

MarMohon,  Miss,  168.                                              ^M 

in  Cathedral,  408. 

MacMurrogh,  Denned,  237.                                       ■ 

Killashoc,  Co-  Kildare,  104. 

Maelmordha,  King  of  Leiniter,  404,  40S.                  ■ 

Killaapugbrone  Church.  184. 

M.g..ni*  Castle,  347.                                                   ■ 

Killeen,  Co.  Meatb,  18-20. 

Uagh   Adhair,   Co.   Clue,  WMtod,  401,                  ■ 

S;l!^1-,. 

406,  428.                                                                           H 

Maghero,  347.                                                                      H 

KilnuKksTit  Chureh,  48-9. 

Uagnus,  King  of  Norway,  it  Kinooim,               H 

_             Kilmalkedar    Church,    281-7;    owtory. 

■ 

■                   270;  sundial,  439. 

480 


INDEX. 


Mahon,  King  of  Munster,  402,  403. 
Halahiddert  (Mulbuddart),  Co.   Dublin, 
14. 

Malahide  CasUe,  468. 

Manor  courts,  40 ;  management,  62. 

Mareschal,  184. 

Mareward,  184. 

Marshal,  Earl,  60. 

Marward,  Walter,  epitapb,  22. 

Martjrology    of  St.    Thomas's   Abbey, 

Dublin,  34-6. 
Marisco,  De,  Geoffrey,  140,  142. 
Maunsell,  140. 
Meath,  Visitation  of  Bishop  Dopping,  16 , 

Earls  of,  38,  39. 
Meetings,  general,  number  reduced,  92, 

97;  at  Dublin,  90,  470;  at  Kilkenny, 

203  ;    at  Belfast,   316 ;     proposed    at 

Cork,   473. 
Members,  elected,   90,  204,    320,  470  ; 

number  of,  91 ;    died,  resigned,  &c., 

93 ;  struck  off,  94,  96. 

local  distribution  of,  96. 

Memorials  of  the  dead,  preservation,  193. 

Meonis  Charters,  183. 

Meredith,  James,  184. 

Metal  work  on  shrines,  350,  355. 

Mill  at  Fore,  10 ;  at  St.  Mullins,  380 ; 

construction  of,  62. 
Milligan,  Seaton  F.,  Paper  by,  224. 
Mills,  James,    Paper  by,  60,  98 ;  extra 

vol.,  edited  by,  92,  189,  207. 
Misereres  in  LimericJc  Cathedral,  73. 
Mochonna,  St.,  165. 
Mochuda,  St.,  180. 
Molloy,    W.    K.,    co-opted    Member    of 

Council,  93. 
Monasterboice,  um  burial  in,  145. 
Monasteries,  Irish,  2 ;    Island,  4  ;    royal 

foundations,    26 ;     exercise    of    royal 

authority,  26  ;  absorb  parish  churches, 

29. 
Monastic  life  (early),  superintendence,  7  ; 

buildings,  9,281-2,  378,  380;  (meUite- 

val),  35. 
Money,  transmission  of,  55. 
Moneymusk  Shrine,  352-4. 
Monuments,   Ancient,    Protection,    411; 

Restoration,  412;   vested  in  Board  of 

Works,  415,  419. 

Prosecution  for  injury  to,  412. 

Acts,  421-4,  427. 

Schedules,  424,  425,  428. 

Morecraft,  Archdeacon,  his  tomb,  129. 

Motto-rings,  63. 

Mountgarrett,  Viscount,  444. 

Muckross  Abbey,  160. 

Mungret,  Co.  Limerick,  441. 

Munro,  Robert,  m.d.,  Hon.  Fellow,  92. 

Murchad  more  O'Brien,  King  of  Ireland, 

407,  408. 
Murphy,  Rev.  Denis,  Papers  by,  98,  151, 

349-65  ;  book  by,  207,  467. 


Muschamp,  Colonel,  307. 

Musical  sounds  used  in  hunting,  156. 

Names,  Paper  on,  137,  389. 

Christian,  popular  forms  o^  437— 

8. 
Navan,  Co.  Meath,  23,  126,  138. 
Nessan,  sons  of,  104. 
NetterviUe,  Viscount,  444. 
Newcastle,  346. 
Newgrange,  430,  474. 
New  Pallas,   Co.   Limerick,  witchcraft, 

291. 
New  Ross,  Extracts  from  Books  of,  ITl* 

281. 
Newry,  wooden  vessel  from  bog,  286 . 
Newtown  Croromelin,    stone  cup  found 

at,  46. 
Newtown,  Trim,  108. 
Norfolk,    Earl    of.    Estates   in    Ireland 

(1279-94),   60. 
Norman  Architecture,    11 ;    hostility  of 

Irish  to,  11. 
Norse  names  in  Kerry,  389. 

Oak  timber  misereres,  73 ;  remains,  441. 
Oats,  66. 

0*Brien,  early  Kings  and  origin  of  the 
race,  400,  410. 

Donat,  Bishop  of  Limerick,  71. 

Donaldmore,    King  of  Munster, 


74-9. 


Donchad    Cairbrech,     King     of 


Thomond,  138. 

Margaret,  152, 


Obsequies,  deed  for  colebration  of,  34. 

Ochre  found,  22. 

O'Clery,  IiUgh:iid  and  Cuco«^'y,  467. 

0' Conor,  Roderick,  King  of  Ireland,  74, 

75. 

Aed,  King  of  Connaught,  405. 

O'Connell,  138. 

O'Connell,  Col.,  tight  with  Brabazon,  39. 

Odin,  promise  of,  2U4. 

O'Donnell,  Uugh  Roc,  life  of,  467,  473 

death  by  poison,  4G8. 
O'Donoghue,  Rev.  D.,  80. 
O'Donovan,  Vice-President,  97. 
O'Dubhagan,  M.,   134. 
Offeriba,  Co.  Kerrj%  140,  389-392. 
0' Flanagan,  Prior  of  Devenish,  134. 
Oghams,   165,    168-170,    256-261,    266 

271. 
O^Laverty,  Rev.  James,  Papers  by,  366 

430. 
Olden,  Rev.  Thomas,  454. 
O'Leary,  Patrick,  237,  303,  306. 
O'Neill,  Sir  Bryan,  tomb,  20. 
Oratory  at  St.  Mullins,  382. 
Organs,  34,  37. 
O'Rian,  Chief  of  Idrone,  237. 
Ormond,  Lord,  302. 
Orpen,  Goddard  H.,   193. 


IHDEZ.                                                      481     ^^^B 

O'Ruark.  Brian,  162. 

Eeportof  Council,  91-3. 

Oven,  commoo,  61. 

186,   299,   441. 

Pucli  horsBi,  66. 

Ehys,  Profesior  John,  Hon.  Fellow.  92. 

Pspoiiam  in  ancient  Iralond,  4. 

HidgOH'sy,  WilUun,  M.A.,  Profeuor,  441. 

Rings,  Poeoy  or  Motto,  63. 

Birera,  Lie  lit. -General  Pitt,  429. 

Puiih  Chunha  atuorbed  hj  Abboys,  29. 

Koche.  David,  slab,  301. 

PwrngB  Money  to  Englimd,  62. 

Eochfort.  139. 

Hocking  Stones,  218. 

P»tmJt,  8t..  gia™  ol.  238. 

Pfttron^iS, 

KilWoe.  408. 

PittenOD,  WilUam  Hugh,  164,  433.  434. 

Roof  of  CasUe.  mode  of  repairing,  62. 

Pertflence,  387. 

Ross,    New,   or  Rospont,  Weiford,  61. 

Petligoe,  136. 

64,  66,  67,  69. 171 ;  8t. Mary's,  287.289. 

Photographic  CoUection,  Heport  of  Cura- 

 (Old),  51,  63,  64.  69. 

Eoimd     Towers.    Caatledermot,    li6-8  ; 

tor,  95,  96. 

Photographj  ftppUed  to  iUostraU   JiBs., 

462. 

126 ;     Devenisb,    134  :     DownpaUick, 

Pigurini,  Sig.  Luigi,  Hon.   Fellow,  92. 

335,  339,  348 1  St.  MuUins  (connected 

Pigg,  trealment  of  stray,   172,431. 

with  Chureb)  388. 

Pilgrims  U)  Skellig,    'iHS  ;    pilgrimage, 

Bowao,  A.M.,  177. 

3tt7. 

Arcbduacon,  299. 

PluDliett  (Eail  of  Fingall]  family,  18,  20. 

Sir  Nicholas,  epitaph,  19. 

Britain,  intendedMeeting in  Dublin,  471- 

Bulei,  alt<-rcd,  97. 

Cbartem,  184,  292. 

Poer,  Poher,  or  Power  funilx,  85,  86. 

roenta,  441. 

Polic«  orgoniiation,  81. 

BusseU  Charters.  184. 

grounda,  413. 
PoiUeBler,   IxHil,   chnrters,   18*. 

St.  Peehin  of  Fore.   1-2 ;    chureb,  7-8 

Portraine,  flint*  at,  182. 

Po«y.rings,  63-6. 

Pound,  horaes  in,  288. 

St.MoUng,377;  work. of,  379-80;  erwi. 

gelislanuni,  387. 

Pi-endargail,  141. 

St.  MuUins,  Co.  Carlow,  211.  386. 

St.  Saronn  of  Great  Isknd,  Co.  Cork,  248. 

"  Prifle  of  Life  "  moral  plsy,  188. 
Proby,  William,  tomb  of,  14. 

St.  Thomas  the  Martyr,  Abbey  in  Dublin, 

26-4t;listDf  Abbots.  27;  gTanttO.28: 

seal.  29  :   court,  29  ;  liberty,  30  ;   dii- 

Meeting..        '         '         ' 

PucklB,  Lieut.,  173. 

Poritui  life   in  Ireland,    17th  centuij, 

St.  Vietor.  congregatiou  of.  25.  108. 

464. 

Saints,  Irish,  2. 

Salmon  in  holy  wells,  406. 

Salmon  Leap  Abbey,  Dublin,  108. 

K 

BancluBiy,  30.  32,  73. 

■             B«leigh'i     House,     Youghtl,     propo«ed 

Sand  ..Md  (or  manure.  6fl. 

■                 remoTHi,  473. 

Sslchel  of  Book  of  Armagh,  463. 

^               Beaik.  Co.  Kerry,  inscribed  etooe,  238. 

Saul.  Co.  Down,  342  ;  soulplure*.  4SS. 
ScaU  C(Bli  Abbey,  Co.  Kildare,  108. 

Itetord  Office.  viBit  to,  100. 

Becorde,  24th  Beport  of  Deputy  Seeper, 

School  at  New  Bou,  67. 

466.                                    r    J         t~ 

Seal    of    Belfast,    323;    of  Trin.   Coll. 

Beeye..  Right  Bov.  W..  Biibaf  of  Down 

Dublin,  449. 

framed   on    sBme,    97. 

Sepulchral  ciaU,  80-82. 

Eegirter  of  Diocew  of  Dublin.  207. 

Sorjeanl,  61. 

aent,  68-9. 

^m             Ropertorium  Viride,  35,  207. 

Sbee,  iu  Riehaid.  43S.                           J^^^H 

482  INI 

Sbee's  Almihotue,  Silhmnj,  i  3G. 

BhMla-aa-Guini.  291,  437. 
Bheridan,  Rar.  Dbiub,  460. 
8hrinea,0[TiitiiientitioDof,  cu-ly.SlS-SSS; 

of  St.  Moling,  37e,  3B7  :  af  St.  CuUin, 

ISl. 
Sinu,  code  of,  in  monuteriea,  107. 
SiiBDoe  in  nionuteriea,  III. 
Simaocu  Cditle,  468,  46D. 
SingerB,  strolling,  Siin. 
SkerdM,  Co.  Dublin,  ISl. 
Skraen,  Co.  UeuUi,  32. 
Sluie,  Bev.  Herrfa  Arcbdill  at,  430. 
Sligo,  Hifltor;  of.  S6,  89. 
Soiial  condition  of  Anvient  Iratand,  S,  11; 

of  HediasTMl  Irelind,  61-7  i    arraEige- 

menta  at  a  fout,  404. 
SociDty  of  Antiqiiariog.  Royal,  worV.  411, 

436  ;    cOTiBuUea  by    Board   of  Works, 

411,437,441. 
Bodwberg,  FrofeMor  Sien,  Hon.  FelloT, 

92, 109. 
Bpa,  Irish,  133,440. 
Bpike  Island,  28,  ISO. 
Sufpole  family.  73  ;  Cliarlara,  184. 
ataigue  Fort,  Keny,  E96,  3B7. 
SUiWtOD,  139. 
Stetuut,  Kirh.,  lomb,  446. 
Sloiratt,  Bernard,  lomb,  416  ;  Archibald, 

447. 
St«ok  in  fanna,  66. 
Btokw,  Bev.  G.  T.,  Hember  of  Council, 

87;   Paper  by,    1-13,  97;    notea  by, 

13-34,  126-34  ;  207. 

Mi»8  Margaret,  Hon.  Fellow,  B3. 

Stone  for  building,  brousbt  from  England, 

26  :  implements  from  Loiigb  Gur,  42-G; 

nalurel  forms  improved  by  art,  42-3. 
mea    of,   43 ;     missilca,   44—5 ; 

drinking  ciipa,  46  ;  aculptured  at  Saul, 

432,  433. 

age,  462. 

grave*.  Letlerkenny,  292,  293. 

StrangwojB.  L.  R.,  474. 

Strata   Florida  compared  with  Graiguo, 

24S. 
Slrongbow,  76. 
Bummer  dreBS,  62. 
SundialB,  438. 
Surnames,  137,  380. 
Sutton,  139. 

Swanlinbur  spa,  133,  440. 
Sworda  Holy  well,  Co.  Dublin,  183. 
Sydenham,  near  Belfast,  164. 
Syrian  chiirchea  resembling  Irish,  0. 

Tnlbot  family,  cbarterB,  184. 
Tara,  Co.  Heath,  21. 
Teach  Moling  or  St.  MuUins,  379. 
Templemanaghan,  276, 
Templorobin,  Co.  Cork,  249,  262. 
TempuU  Fiontin  at  Fote,  8. 
Tunnon  crooses,  314. 


Tormon  Fechin,  4.  i{ 

Tbeatricats  at  Eilkeniif,  436.  |l 

Thomaa  court,  26.  ' 

Tbomas  oourt  wood,  35. 
Thomond,  early  Kings  of,  401-2. 
Tilea,    473;    at    Grsignamanagb,    3STfi 

at  KUdaie,  187.  ■ 

Tinnehinch  Caatle,  Co.  Carlow,  302,  iiMd 
Tithefc  12.  i 

Tobin.  J.,  dramatiit,  tomb  of,  253.  i 

TolboU,  31-S. 
Tcwnbook  of  Beirut.  197. 
Trade,  64  ;  trade  namea,  66, 
Tralee,  300-1 , 

Tranaplactation  certiScates,  3T3,  ST4. 
TraTeUine  e»p™seB,  mediteval,  60-1.      i 
Trarnar,P.,  145. 
Trees,  sacred,  106,386. 
Trtvet,  Co.  Heath.  17. 
Tiinilf  College   Dublin,   Student    Life, 

300;  Book  of,  448-64:  foundaliDD  anc 

history,   448-60  ;    seal,    449 ;    library, 

183,  461,  461. 
Tiiatlo  Diarmada.  66. 
Tuam.  HiBtory  of,  188. 
Twigcrosaoa,  1S3. 

UUard,  210.  I 

Cregare,  H3.  I 

Cm-burial,  146.  | 
Uaber,  family  name,  140. 

VallaaoCT,  "Collectanea,"  69. 
Vanch,  Lough,  131. 
Vundaiiaiu  at  St.  Mtillins,  305, 
Vesting  Order  of  Ancient   Honulnents 

414-19. 
Tictorine  Canons,  107. 
Vignoles,  BeT.  C.  A.,  death  of,  92, 
Vigors,  Colonel,  171,  193.  206,  287,  474. 
Vinycomb,  John,  309,  323. 
Virginia,  131. 

Wade,  Thomas,  68. 

Wages  of  farm  labourers,  &c.,  67. 

Wakeman,  W.  F.,  Paper  by,  98,  101. 

Walefl,  prOTiBionB  Bent  to,  61-2, 

WaUh,  family  deeds,  184. 

Warren,  Rev.  Thomas,  445. 

Waspail,  family  name,  139-40. 

Waterfotd,  108. 

Webb,  Rev.  Naah,  tomb,  16. 

WellB,  holy,  10  ;  St.  Mullins,  384-S. 

Westropp,  Thomas  JohnBon,  Papera  by 

SO,  184,  291    30S,  430.474. 
Wexford  County,  materials  for  history 

60. 
Wheat  exported  from  Ireland,  56. 
"Whetstones"   found,  46;  varieties  da 

SDobed,  47-a  ;  probable  uae,  48. 
Whinkey,  132. 
White,  John  Davis,  2B1, 
J.  Giove,  303. 


INDEX. 


483 


White  family,  184. 
Whitson,  Richard,  arms,  173. 
Wills,  andent,  184,  207. 
Wilson,  J.  M.,  292. 
Window,  diamond-shaped,  382. 
Winter  dress,  62. 
Witchcraft,  291. 
Wolfe,  Bev.  Charles,  tomh,  261. 
Wooden  Churches  (early),  378. 

Vessel,  286. 

Wood-Martin,  Colonel  W.  G.,  86. 
Woodward,  Colonel,  131. 
Wool,  69. 


Works,  Board  of,  Ancient  Monumenta 
vested  in,  414-19 ;  works  undertaken 
hy,  420 ;  Beports,  426-6. 

Wrecks,  granted,  389-90. 

Wright,  E.  Peroeyal,  m.d.,  Member  of 
Council,  97. 

Wyke  family,  391. 

Wynne,  Ven.  G.  B.,  474. 

Yellow  Church,  186. 
Tew-trees,  106;  wood,  361. 
Young,  B.  M.,  197. 


SKD   OP   YOL.    II.,    PIFTH   SEBIB8. 


Printed  <U  Tui  Umiv&rsity  Pkkss,  Dublin. 


OOHEIQEKDl. 

Pag*  I8T>  Um  STi  fur  Rm  Andent  Cliureli,  rtoA  tltr  Aam«nt  Cna. 
„     IBS,  Um  23.     See  etHrectian  kt  page  307. 
„    344,  note,  line  3  frau  fiMt,;WThe  Mpiul  of  oorbel  ihRfti,  rml  The  oorbet) 


^ 


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